AR L 2330
ESTIMATING ,COSTING &
BUILDING SPECIFICATIONS
ESTIMATES:
• Estimates: Estimate is probable cost of work and is
usually prepared before the start of a projects.
Estimate is prepared by calculating the quantities of
various items of work and then pricing these
quantities at prevailing rates.
Documents Required to preparation of an
Estimate:
1) Project drawings:
2) Specifications:
3) Standard schedule of Rates(SSR)
ESTIMATES:
TYPES OF ESTIMATES:
1) Approximate Estimate:
2) Detailed Estimate:
3) Revised Estimate
4) Supplementary Estimate
5)Supplementary and Revised Estimate
6)Annual Repair or Maintenance Estimate
ESTIMATES:
1) Approximate Estimate:Approximate Estimate is
also known as Preliminary or Abstract Estimate. Or
Rough Cost Estimate.
A) It is Required for Preliminary studies of the project to decide on
financial position and for Administrative sanction by Competent
Athority.
B)The Preliminary Estimate of Project is accompanied with site plan
or Layout plan and includes the approximate cost of all important
items of work such as
I) Land , ii)Each Building (iii) Roads.(iv)Water Supply
v) Sanitary work vi) Electrification vii) Any other services or
requirements of a particular project.
C) A percentage of 5% to 10% is added as contigencies( unforseen
expenditure)
ESTIMATES:
1) Approximate Estimate : Approximate Estimate for building
are prepared by following four methods:
A)Per unit Basis:
B) Plinth Area Method
c) Cube Rate Estimate:
D) Approximate Quantity Method Estimate:
ESTIMATES:
1) Detailed Estimate is also known as Item Rate
Estimate is an accurate estimate and is prepared in
two stages as under
I) Details of Measurements and calculations
II) Abstract of Estimated cost:
I) Details of Measurements and calculations: The
dimensions,Length,breadth and height or thickness of each items of
work is calculated correctly from drawings and quantities under each
item are computed in a tubular form named as a details of
Measurement form.
DESCRIPTION HEIGHT
OR OR
ITEM NO PERTICULARS NO LENGTH BREADTH DEPTH QUANTITY
II) Abstract of Estimated cost:
the cost under this items of work is calculated from the quantities
already computed at standard Schedule of Rates(SSR) in abstract
of Estimate Form.
Abstract of Estimate Form:
DESCRIPTION
OR
ITEM NO PERTICULARS QUANTITY UNIT RATE AMOUNT
The following percentages are added to the cost worked at SSR
rates:
a) The PREVAILING %AGE ABOVE OR BELOW SSR FOR THE
SIMILAR WORKS UNDER EXECUTION.
B) 3 TO 5 % AS A CONTINGENCIES TO MEET PETTY
CONTIGENT UNFORESEEN EXPENDITURE.
C)one and half to 2% as to meet the expenditure of work charged
establishment
The Grand Total obtained after additition of above percentages is
the estimated cost of work / building.
C) REVISED ESTIMATE
Revised Estimate is detailed Estimate and is required
to be prepared under any one of the following
circumstances:
a) when the original sanctioned estimate is
exceeded or likely to exceed by more than 5%
b) when the expenditure on work exceeds or likely
to exceed the amount of administrative approval by
10%
c) When there are material deviations from the
original proposal, even though the cost may be met
from the sanctioned amount
C) REVISED ESTIMATE
A COMPARATIVE STATEMENT SHOWING
VARIATIONS OF EACH ITEM OF WORK ITS
QUANTITY, RATE AND COST UNDER
ORIGINAL AND REVISED SIDE BY SIDE, THE
EXCESS OR SAVING AND REASONS FOR
VARIATION ACCOMPANY THE REVISED
ESTIMATE.
C) SUPPLEMENTARY ESTIMATE
This is a fresh detailed estimate of additional work in
addition to original estimate and is prepared when
additional works are required to supplement the
original works or when further Development is
required during progress of work.
The Abstract should show the amount of original
estimate and the total amount including the
supplementary amount for which sanction is required.
D) SUPPLEMENTARY & REVISED ESTIMATE
When work is partially abandoned and the estimated
cost of the remaining work is less than 95%of the
original sanctioned Estmate
OR
When there are material Deviations and changes in
design which may cause substantial savings, then the
amount of original estimate is revised by the
competent authority.
A supplementary and revised estimate is then
prepared and fresh Technical Sanction of competent
athority is obtained.
D) ANNUAL REPAIR OR MAINTENANCE
ESTIMATE:
This is a detailed estimate to maintain the the structure in
proper order and in safe condition. For Building this includes
periodical Services ie white / colour washing / Distempering,
painting and minor Repairs.
E) PROJECT ESTIMATE:
Besides the estimated cost of different items of work , the
following is also included
a) Cost of Preliminary works e.g. Kacha road, site levelling,
surveying and soil investigation
b) Cost of Land including cost of acquisition.
C) cost of external servises.
d) 5% TO 10% is added for supervision of Departmental
charges to get the estimated cost of project.
STANDARD COSTING:
On the basis of case studies of efficient
organizations, the process by which an optimum cost
of the item with respect to material, labour,
supervision, equipment etc. is worked out is known as
the standard costing. Thus, the cost of an item arrived
at by the process of standard costing indicates the
cost which would be incurred, If all the activities
connected with the items are efficiently. Due to
Standard Costing method Management can brought
actual cost of project very close to standard cost.
METHODS OF BUILDING ESTIMATES
METHOD-I-LONG WALL SHORT WALL METHOD
METHOD-II-CENTER LINE METHOD
A) METHOD-I: LONG WALL SHORT WALL METHOD
1) in this method walls aligned in the direction of X axis are
known as Long walls and walls aligned to Y axis are
designated as Short walls. This method is also known as
Separate or individual wall method.
2) In case of symmetrical footings, Length of Long walls is
measured out to out as under:
Calculate center to center length of wall from plan and then-
METHODS OF BUILDING ESTIMATES
A)Long wall Length out to out= center to center length+
Half breadth on one side+ half the breadth of other side=
center to center length+ one breadth and length of short
walls is measured in to in as under:
B) Calculate center to center length of short wall from
PLAN and then
SHORT WALL LENGTH IN – TO – IN= CENTER TO
CENTER LENGTH- HALF BREADTH ON ON SIDE- HALF
THE BREADTH ON OTHER SIDE: CENTER TO CENTER
LENGTH – ONE BREADTH
C) calculate quantities multiplying length by breadth and
height of wall. The same rule applies for excavation in
foundation to concrete in foundation and to masonary
METHOD II:CENTERLINE METHOD
A) In this method sum total length of center lines of
wall both long and short have to be calculated in
case the building has different types( breadth) of
walls each set of walls will be dealt seprately.
B) This method requires special attention and
consideration at the “T” Junctions. Suppose the
outer walls of a building are A type and cross walls
are B type, then ALL A Type walls shall be taken
jointly first and then ALL b type walls shall be taken
together seprately.
Rules for Estimation of plastering:
Plastering usually 12 mm thick is calculatedin square meter. For
walls the measurement are taken for the whole face of wall for
both sides as solid and deductions for the openings are made in
the following manner
1) No deductions are made for the ends of beam, rafters etc.
2) Neither any deductions are nor any additions are made for
jambs, soffits and sills in case of openining upto 0.5 [Link]
3)For opening exceeding 0.5 [Link] but not exceeding 3 [Link].
deduction is made for one face only and the other face is allowed
for jambs ,soffits and sills which are not taken into account
seprately. As the outer jambs, etc. are much smaller than the
inner ones, the deduction is usually made from the outer face.
4) Pointing: pointing in walls is calculated in square meter for
whole surface and deductions similar to plastering are made.
METHOD II:CENTERLINE METHOD
C) In this case no Diductition is to be made from
“A”type walls but when “B” type walls are taken ,then
for each “T” JUNCTION S deduction of Breadth of “A”
type wall shall have to be made from total center
length of “B” type walls.
D) At corners of Building were two walls are meeting
no substtraction or addition is required.
E) For buildings Rectangular, circular and polygonal
in plan this method is quite simple.
