Problems

Sections 1.1 through 1.8

1.1. Two prismatic bars of a by b rectangular cross section are glued as

shown in Fig. P1.1. The allowable normal and shearing stresses for
the glued joint are 700 and 560 kPa, respectively. Assuming that the
strength of the joint controls the design, what is the largest axial
load P that may be applied? Use φ = 40°, a = 50 mm, and b = 75
mm.

Figure P1.1.

1.2. A prismatic steel bar of a = b = 50-mm square cross section is

subjected to an axial tensile load P = 125 kN (Fig. P1.1). Calculate
the normal and shearing stresses on all faces of an element oriented
at (a) φ = 70°, and (b) φ = 45°.

1.3. A prismatic bar is under an axial load, producing a compressive stress

of 75 MPa on a plane at an angle θ = 30° (Fig. P1.3). Determine the
normal and shearing stresses on all faces of an element at an angle
of θ = 50°.

Figure P1.3.

1.4.
 A square prismatic bar of 1300-mm2 cross-sectional area is composed
of two pieces of wood glued together along the x′plane, which makes
an angle θ with the axial direction (Fig. 1.6a). The normal and
shearing stresses acting simultaneously on the joint are limited to 20
and 10 MPa, respectively, and on the bar itself, to 56 and 28 MPa,
respectively. Determine the maximum allowable axial load that the
bar can carry and the corresponding value of the angle θ.

1.5. Calculate the maximum normal and shearing stresses in a circular bar
of diameter d = 50 mm subjected to an axial compression load of P =
150 kN through rigid end plates at its ends.

1.6. A frame is formed by two metallic rectangular cross sectional parts

soldered along their inclined planes as illustrated inFig. P1.6. What
is the permissible axial load Pall that can be applied to the frame,
without exceeding a normal stress ofσ all or a shearing stress of τall on
the inclined plane? Given: a = 10 mm, b = 75 mm, t = 20 mm, θ =
55°, σ all = 25 MPa, and τall = 12 MPa. Assumption: Material strength
in tension is 90 MPa.

Figure P1.6.

1.7. Redo Prob. 1.6 for the case in which σ all = 20 MPa, τall = 8 MPa,
and θ = 40°.

1.8. Determine the normal and shearing stresses on an inclined plane at

an angle φ through the bar subjected to an axial tensile force
of P (Fig. P1.1). Given: a = 15 mm, b = 30 mm, φ = 50°, P = 120
kN.

1.9. Redo Prob. 1.8, for an angle of φ = 30° and P = –100 kN.
1.10. A cylindrical pipe of 160-mm outside diameter and 10-mm thickness,
spirally welded at an angle of φ = 40° with the axial (x) direction, is
subjected to an axial compressive load of P = 150 kN through the
rigid end plates (Fig. P1.10). Determine the normal σ x′ and shearing
stresses τx′y′ acting simultaneously in the plane of the weld.

Figure P1.10.

1.11. The following describes the stress distribution in a body (in

megapascals):

σx = x2 + 2y, σy = xy – y2z, τxy = –xy2 + 1

τyz = 0, τxz = xz – 2x2y, σz = x2 – z2

Determine the body force distribution required for equilibrium and

the magnitude of its resultant at the point x = –10 mm, y = 30
mm, z = 60 mm.

1.12. Given zero body forces, determine whether the following stress
distribution can exist for a body in equilibrium:

σx = –2c1xy, σ y = c 2z 2, σz = 0

τxy = c1(c2 – y2) + c3xz, τxz = τyz = 0

–c3y,

Here the c’s are constants.

1.13. Determine whether the following stress fields are possible within an
elastic structural member in equilibrium:
 a.
,

b.

The c’s are constant, and it is assumed that the body forces are
negligible.

1.14. For what body forces will the following stress field describe a state of
equilibrium?

σx = –2x2 + 3y2 – 5z, τxy = z + 4xy – 7

σy = –2y2, τxz = –3x + y + 1

σz = 3x + y + 3z – 5, τyz = 0

Sections 1.9 through 1.11

1.15. The states of stress at two points in a loaded body are represented
and in Figs. P1.15 and P1.16. Calculate for each point the normal and
1.16. shearing stresses acting on the indicated inclined plane. As is done
in the derivations given in Section 1.9, use an approach based on
the equilibrium equations applied to the wedge-shaped element
shown.

Figure P1.15.
 Figure P1.16.

1.17. Resolve Probs. 1.15 and 1.16 using Eqs. (1.18).

and
1.18.

1.19. At a point in a loaded machine, the normal and shear stresses have
the magnitudes and directions acting on the inclined element shown
in Fig. P1.19. What are the stresses σ x, σ y, and τxy on an element
whose sides are parallel to the xyaxes?

Figure P1.19.

1.20. The stresses at a point in the enclosure plate of a tank are as

depicted in the element of Fig. P1.20. Find the normal and shear
stresses at the point on the indicated inclined plane. Show the
results on a sketch of properly oriented element.

Figure P1.20.
1.21. A welded plate carries the uniform biaxial tension illustrated in Fig.
P1.21. Determine the maximum stress σ for two cases: (a) The weld
has an allowable shear stress of 30 MPa. (b) The weld has an
allowable normal stress of 80 MPa.

Figure P1.21.

1.22. Using Mohr’s circle, solve Prob. 1.15.

1.23. Using Mohr’s circle, solve Prob. 1.16.

1.24. Using Mohr’s circle, solve Prob. 1.20.

1.25. Using Mohr’s circle, solve Prob. 1.21.

1.26. The states of stress at two points in a loaded beam are represented
in Fig. P1.26a and b. Determine the following for each point: (a) The
magnitude of the maximum and minimum principal stresses and the
maximum shearing stress; use Mohr’s circle. (b) The orientation of
the principal and maximum shear planes; use Mohr’s circle. (c) Sketch
the results on properly oriented elements. Check the values found in
(a) and (b) by applying the appropriate equations.
 Figure P1.26.

1.27. By means of Mohr’s circle, verify the results given by Eqs. (1.35).

1.28. An element in plane stress (Fig. 1.3b) is subjected to stresses σ x =

50 MPa, σ y = –190 MPa, and τxy = –70 MPa. Determine the principal
stresses and show them on a sketch of a properly oriented element.

1.29. For an element in plane stress (Fig. 1.3b), the normal stresses
are σ x = 60 MPa and σ y = –100 MPa. What is the maximum
permissible value of shearing stress τxy if the shearing stress in the
material is not to exceed 140 MPa?

1.30. The state of stress on an element oriented at θ = 60° is shown

in Fig. P1.30. Calculate the normal and shearing stresses on an
element oriented at θ = 0°.

Figure P1.30.

1.31. A thin skewed plate is subjected to a uniform distribution of stress

along its sides, as shown in Fig. P1.31. Calculate (a) the
stresses σ x, σ y, σ xy, and (b) the principal stresses and their
orientations.
 Figure P1.31.

1.32. The stress acting uniformly over the sides of a rectangular block is
shown in Fig. P1.32. Calculate the stress components on planes
parallel and perpendicular to mn. Show the results on a properly
oriented element.

Figure P1.32.

1.33. Redo Prob. 1.31 for the stress distribution shown in Fig. P1.33.

Figure P1.33.

1.34. A thin-walled cylindrical tank of radius r is subjected simultaneously

 to internal pressure p and a compressive force Pthrough rigid end
plates. Determine the magnitude of force P to produce pure shear in
the cylindrical wall.

1.35. A thin-walled cylindrical pressure vessel of radius 120 mm and a wall

thickness of 5 mm is subjected to an internal pressure of p = 4 MPa.
In addition, an axial compression load of P = 30π kN and a torque
of T = 10π kN · m are applied to the vessel through the rigid end
plates (Fig. P1.35). Determine the maximum shearing stresses and
associated normal stresses in the cylindrical wall. Show the results
on a properly oriented element.

Figure P1.35.

1.36. A pressurized thin-walled cylindrical tank of radius r = 60 mm and

wall thickness t = 4 mm is acted on by end torques T = 600 N · m
and tensile forces P (Fig. P1.35 with sense of P reversed). The
internal pressure is p = 5 MPa. Calculate the maximum permissible
value of P if the allowable tensile stress in the cylinder wall is 80
MPa.

1.37. A shaft of diameter d carries an axial compressive load P and two

torques T 1, T 2 (Fig. P1.37). Determine the maximum shear stress at
a point A on the surface of the shaft. Given: d = 100 mm, P = 400
kN, T 1 = 10 kN · m, and T 2 = 2 kN · m.

Figure P1.37.
1.38. What are the normal and shearing stresses on the spiral weld of the
aluminum shaft of diameter d subjected to an axial load P and a
torque T (Fig. P1.38)? Given: P = 120 kN, T = 1.5 kN · m, d = 40
mm, and φ = 50°.

Figure P1.38.

1.39. A hollow generator shaft of 180-mm outer diameter and 120-mm

inner diameter carries simultaneously a torque T = 20 kN · m and
axial compressive load P = 700 kN. What is the maximum tensile
stress?

1.40. A cantilever beam of thickness t is subjected to a constant

traction τ0 (force per unit area) at its upper surface, as shown in Fig.
P1.40. Determine, in terms of τ0, h, and L, the principal stresses and
the maximum shearing stress at the corner points A and B.

Figure P1.40.
1.41. A hollow shaft of 60-mm outer diameter and 30-mm inner diameter is
acted on by an axial tensile load of 50 kN, a torque of 500 N · m and
a bending moment of 200 N · m Use Mohr’s circle to determine the
principal stresses and their directions.

1.42. Given the stress acting uniformly over the sides of a thin, flat plate
(Fig. P1.42), determine (a) the stresses on planes inclined at 20° to
the horizontal and (b) the principal stresses and their orientations.

Figure P1.42.

1.43. A steel shaft of radius r = 75 mm is subjected to an axial

compression P = 81 kN, a twisting couple T = 15.6 kN · m, and a
bending moment M = 13 kN · m at both ends. Calculate the
magnitude of the principal stresses, the maximum shear stress, and
the planes on which they act in the shaft.

1.44. A structural member is subjected to a set of forces and moments.

Each separately produces the stress conditions at a point shown
in Fig. P1.44. Determine the principal stresses and their orientations
at the point under the effect of combined loading.

Figure P1.44.

1.45. Redo Prob. 1.44 for the case shown in Fig. P1.45.

Figure P1.45.
1.46. Redo Prob. 1.44 for the case shown in Fig. P1.46.

Figure P1.46.

1.47. The shearing stress at a point in a loaded structure is τxy = 40 MPa.

Also, it is known that the principal stresses at this point are σ 1 = 40
MPa and σ 2 = –60 MPa. Determine σ x (compression) and σ y and
indicate the principal and maximum shearing stresses on an
appropriate sketch.

1.48. The state of stress at a point in a structure is depicted in Fig. P1.48.

Calculate the normal stress σ and the angle θ.

Figure P1.48.
1.49. Acting at a point on a horizontal plane in a loaded machine part are
normal stress σ y = 20 MPa and a (negative) shearing stress. One
principal stress at the point is 10 MPa (tensile), and the maximum
shearing stress is of magnitude 50 MPa. Find, by the use of Mohr’s
circle, (a) the unknown stresses on the horizontal and vertical planes
and (b) the unknown principal stress. Show the principal stresses on
a sketch of a properly oriented element.

1.50. For a state of stress at a point in a structure, certain stress

components are given for each of the two orientations (Fig. P1.50).
Applying transformation equations, calculate stress components σ y
′ and τx′y′ and the angle θ1 between zero and 90°.

Figure P1.50.

1.51. A solid shaft 200 mm in diameter rotates at f = 20 rps and is

 subjected to a bending moment of 21π kN · m. Determine the
torque T and power P that can also act simultaneously on the shaft
without exceeding a resultant shearing stress of 56 MPa and a
resultant normal stress of 98 MPa (with f expressed in rps and torque
in N · m, P = 2πf · T in watts).

1.52. The cylindrical portion of a compressed-air tank is made of 5-mm-

thick plate welded along a helix at an angle of φ = 60° with the axial
direction (Fig. P1.52). The radius of the tank is 250 mm. If the
allowable shearing stress parallel to the weld is 30 MPa, calculate
the largest internal pressure p that may be applied.

Figure P1.52.

1.53. A thin-walled cylindrical tank is subjected to an internal

pressure p and uniform axial tensile load P (Fig. P1.53). The radius
and thickness of the tank are r = 0.45 m and t = 5 mm. The normal
stresses at a point A on the surface of the tank are restricted to σ x
′ = 84 MPa and σ y′ = 56 MPa, while shearing stress τx′y′ is not
specified. Determine the values of p andP. Use θ = 30°.

Figure P1.53.

1.54. For a given state of stress at a point in a frame, certain stress

components are known for each of the two orientations shown in Fig.
P1.54. Using Mohr’s circle, determine the following stress
components: (a) τxy and (b) τx′y′ and σ y′.
 Figure P1.54.

1.55. The state of stress at a point in a machine member is shown in Fig.

P1.55. The allowable compression stress at the point is 14 MPa.
Determine (a) the tensile stress σ x and (b) the maximum principal
and maximum shearing stresses in the member. Sketch the results on
properly oriented elements.

Figure P1.55.

1.56. In Example 1.3, taking σ z = 0, investigate the maximum shearing

stresses on all possible (three-dimensional) planes.

1.57. A thin-walled pressure vessel of 60-mm radius and 4-mm thickness is

made from spirally welded pipe and fitted with two rigid end plates
(Fig. P1.57). The vessel is subjected to an internal pressure of p = 2
MPa and a P = 50 kN a axial load. Calculate (a) the normal stress
perpendicular to the weld; (b) the shearing stress parallel to the
weld.

Figure P1.57.
 1.58. A thin-walled cylindrical pressure vessel of 0.3-m radius and 6-mm
wall thickness has a welded spiral seam at an angle ofφ = 30° with
the axial direction (Fig. P1.10). The vessel is subjected to an
internal gage pressure of p Pa and an axial compressive load of P =
9π kN applied through rigid end plates. Find the allowable value
of p if the normal and shearing stresses acting simultaneously in the
plane of welding are limited to 21 and 7 MPa, respectively.

Sections 1.12 and 1.13

1.59. The state of stress at a point in an x, y, z coordinate system is

Determine the stresses and stress invariants relative to the x′, y

′, z′ coordinate system defined by rotating x, ythrough an angle of
30° counterclockwise about the z axis.

1.60. Redo Prob. 1.59 for the case in which the state of stress at a point in
an x, y, z coordinate system is

1.61. The state of stress at a point relative to an x, y, z coordinate system

is given by

Calculate the maximum shearing stress at the point.

1.62. At a point in a loaded member, the stresses relative to
an x, y, z coordinate system are given by

Calculate the magnitude and direction of maximum principal

stress.

1.63. For the stresses given in Prob. 1.59, calculate the maximum shearing
stress.

1.64. At a specified point in a member, the state of stress with respect to

a Cartesian coordinate system is given by

Calculate the magnitude and direction of the maximum principal

stress.

1.65. At a point in a loaded structure, the stresses relative to

an x, y, z coordinate system are given by

Determine by expanding the characteristic stress determinant: (a)

the principal stresses; (b) the direction cosines of the maximum
principal stress.

1.66. The stresses (in megapascals) with respect to an x, y, z coordinate

system are described by

σx = x2 +y, σz = –x + 6y + z

σy = y2 – τxy = τxz = τyz = 0

5,

At point (3, 1, 5), determine (a) the stress components with

 respect to x′, y′, z′ if

and (b) the stress components with respect to x″, y″, z″ if

, , and n3 = 1. Show that the quantities given
by Eq. (1.34) are invariant under the transformations (a) and (b).

1.67. Determine the stresses with respect to the x′, y′, z′ axes in the
element of Prob. 1.64 if

1.68. For the case of plane stress, verify that Eq. (1.33) reduces to Eq.
(1.20).

1.69. Obtain the principal stresses and the related direction cosines for the
following cases:

a.

b.

Sections 1.14 through 1.17

1.70. The stress at a point in a machine component relative to

an x, y, z coordinate system is given by

Referring to the parallelepiped shown in Fig. P1.70, calculate the

 normal stress σ and the shear stress τ at point Qfor the surface
parallel to the following planes: (a) CEBG, (b) ABEF, (c) AEG.
[Hint: The position vectors of points G, E, A and any point on
plane AEG are, respectively, rg = 3i, re = 4j, ra =
2k, r = xi + yj + zk. The equation of the plane is given by

Equation P1.70

Figure P1.70.

from which

The direction cosines are then

1.71. Re-solve Prob. 1.70 for the case in which the dimensions of the
parallelepiped are as shown in Fig. P1.71.

Figure P1.71.
1.72. The state of stress at a point in a member relative to
an x, y, z coordinate system is

Determine the normal stress σ and the shearing stress τ on the

surface intersecting the point and parallel to the plane: 2x + y –
3z = 9.

1.73. For the stresses given in Prob. 1.62, calculate the normal
stress σ and the shearing stress τ on a plane whose outward normal
is oriented at angles 35°, 60°, and 73.6° with the x, y, and z axes,
respectively.

1.74. At a point in a loaded body, the stresses relative to an x, y,

z coordinate system are

Determine the normal stress σ and the shearing stress τ on a

plane whose outward normal is oriented at angles of 40°, 75°, and
54° with the x, y, and z axes, respectively.

1.75. Determine the magnitude and direction of the maximum shearing

stress for the cases given in Prob. 1.69.

1.76. The stresses at a point in a loaded machine bracket with respect to

the x, y, z axes are given as
 Determine (a) the octahedral stresses; (b) the maximum shearing
stresses.

1.77. The state of stress at a point in a member relative to an x, y,

z coordinate system is given by

Calculate (a) the principal stresses by expansion of the

characteristic stress determinant; (b) the octahedral stresses and
the maximum shearing stress.

1.78. Given the principal stresses σ 1, σ 2, and σ 3 at a point in an elastic

solid, prove that the maximum shearing stress at the point always
exceeds the octahedral shearing stress.

1.79. Determine the value of the octahedral stresses of Prob. 1.64.

1.80. By using Eq. (1.38b), verify that the planes of maximum shearing
stress in three dimensions bisect the planes of maximum and
minimum principal stresses. Also find the normal stresses associated
with the shearing plane by applying Eq. (1.37).

1.81. A point in a structural member is under three-dimensional stress

with σ x = 100 MPa, σ y = 20 MPa, τxy = 60 MPa, and σ z, as shown
in Fig. P1.81. Calculate (a) the absolute maximum shear stress
for σ z = 30 MPa; (b) the absolute maximum shear stress for σ z = –30
MPa.

Figure P1.81.
1.82. Consider a point in a loaded body subjected to the stress field
represented in Fig. P1.82. Determine, using only Mohr’s circle, the
principal stresses and their orientation with respect to the original
system.

Figure P1.82.

1.83. Re-solve Prob. 1.82 for the case of a point in a loaded body
subjected to the following nonzero stress components: σ x = 80
MPa, σ z = –60 MPa, and τxy = 40 MPa.

1.84. The state of stress at a point in a loaded structure is represented

in Fig. P1.84. Determine (a) the principal stresses; (b) the
octahedral stresses and maximum shearing stress.

Figure P1.84.
1.85. Find the normal and shearing stresses on an oblique plane defined
by , and .

The principal stresses are σ1 = 35 MPa, σ2 = –14 MPa, and σ3 = –

28 MPa. If this plane is on the boundary of a structural member,
what should be the values of surface forces px, py, and px on the
plane?

1.86. Redo Prob. 1.85 for an octahedral plane, σ 1 = 40 MPa, σ 2 = 15 MPa,

and σ 3 = 25 MPa.
Problems
Sections 2.1 through 2.8

2.1. Determine whether the following strain fields are possible in a

continuous material:

a.
,

b.

Here c is a small constant, and it is assumed that εz = γxz = γyz =

0.

2.2. Rectangle ABCD is scribed on the surface of a member prior to

loading (Fig. P2.2). Following the application of the load, the
displacement field is expressed by

u = c(2x + y2), v = c(x2 –

3y2)

Figure P2.2.

where c = 10–4. Subsequent to the loading, determine (a) the

length of the sides AB and AD; (b) the change in the angle
between sides AB and AD; and (c) the coordinates of point A.
2.3. A displacement field in a body is given by

u = c(x2 + 10)
v = 2cyz
w = c(–xy + z2)

where c = 10–4. Determine the state of strain on an element

positioned at (0, 2, 1).

2.4. The displacement field and strain distribution in a member have the
form

u = a0x2y2 + a1xy2 + a2x2y

v = b0x2y + b1xy

γxy = c0x2y + c1xy + c2x2 + c3y2

What relationships connecting the constants (a’s, b’s, and c’s)

make the foregoing expressions possible?

2.5. Redo Prob. 2.4 for the following system of strains:

εx = a0 + a1y2 + y4

εy = b0 + b1x2 + x4

γxy = c0 + c1xy(x2 + y2 + c2)

2.6. A rigid horizontal bar BE is supported as illustrated in Fig. P2.6. After

the load P is applied, point E moves 3 mm down and the axial strain
in the bar AB is –500 µ. Calculate the axial strain in the bar CD.

Figure P2.6.
2.7. Find the normal strain in the members AB and CB of the pin-
connected plane structure (Fig. P2.7) if point B is moved leftward 2.5
mm. Assume that axial deformation is uniform throughout the length
of each member.

Figure P2.7.

2.8. The thin, triangular plate ABC is uniformly deformed into a

shape ABC as depicted by the dashed lines in Fig. P2.8. Determine
(a) the plane stress components ε x, ε y, and γxy; (b) the shearing
strain between edges AC and BC.

Figure P2.8.
 2.9. A 100-mm by 150-mm rectangular plate QABC is deformed into the
shape shown by the dashed lines in Fig. P2.9. All dimensions shown
in the figure are in millimeters. Determine at point Q (a) the strain
components ε x, ε y, γxy, and (b) the principal strains and the direction
of the principal axes.

Figure P2.9.

2.10. Calculate the principal strains and their orientations at point A of the
deformed rectangular plate shown in Fig. 2.5 ofExample 2.1.

2.11. As a result of loading, the rectangle shown in Fig. P2.11 deforms

into a parallelogram in which sides QA and BC shorten 0.003 mm and
rotate 500 µ radian counterclockwise while sides AB and QC elongate
0.004 mm and rotate 1000 µ radian clockwise. Determine the
principal strains and the direction of the principal axes at point Q.
Take a = 20 mm and b = 12mm.

Figure P2.11.
2.12. A thin rectangular plate a = 20 mm × b = 12 mm (Fig. P2.11) is
acted upon by a stress distribution resulting in the uniform
strains ε x = 300 µ, ε y = 500 µ, and γxy = 200 µ. Determine the
changes in length of diagonals QB and AC.

2.13. Redo Prob. 2.12 using the following information: a = 30 mm, b = 15

mm, ε x = 400 µ, ε y = 200 µ, and γxy = –300 µ.

2.14. A thin plate is subjected to uniform shear stress τo = 70 MPa (Fig.

P1.42 of Chap. 1). Let E = 200 GPa, ν = 0.3, AB = 40 mm, and BC =
60 mm. Determine (a) the change in length AB, (b) the changes in
length of diagonals AC and BD, and (c) the principal strains and their
directions at point A.

2.15. The principal strains at a point are ε 1 = 400 µ and ε 2 = 200 µ.

Determine (a) the maximum shear strain and the direction along
which it occurs and (b) the strains in the directions at θ = 30° from
the principal axes. Solve the problem by using the formulas
developed and check the results by employing Mohr’s circle.

2.16. A 3-m by 2-m rectangular thin plate is deformed by the movement of

point B to B′ as shown by the dashed lines in Fig. P2.16. Assuming a
displacement field of the form u = c 1xy and v = c 2xy,
wherein c 1 and c 2 are constants, determine (a) expressions for
displacements u and v; (b) strain components ε x, ε y, and γxy at
point B; and (c) the normal strain ε x′ in the direction of line QB.
Verify that the strain field is possible.

Figure P2.16.
2.17. If the strains at a point are ε x = –900 µ, ε y = –300 µ, and γxy =
900 µ, what are the principal strains, and in what direction do they
occur? Use Mohr’s circle of strain.

2.18. Solve Prob. 2.17 for ε x = 300 µ, ε y = 900 µ, and γxy = –900 µ.

2.19. A 3-m by 1-m by 2-m parallelepiped is deformed by movement of

corner A to A′ (2.9995, 1.0003, 1.9994), as shown in Fig. P2.19.
Assuming that the displacement field is given by Eqs. (2.22),
calculate at point A (a) the strain components and ascertain whether
this strain distribution is possible; (b) the normal strain in the
direction of line AB; and (c) the shearing strain for the perpendicular
lines AB and AC.

Figure P2.19.

2.20. Redo Prob. 2.19 for the case in which corner point A is moved to A′
(3.0006, 0.9997, 1.9996).

2.21. At a point in a stressed body, the strains, related to the coordinate

set xyz, are given by

Determine (a) the strain invariants; (b) the normal strain in the x′
direction, which is directed at an angle θ = 30° from the x axis;
(c) the principal strains ε1, ε2, and ε3; and (d) the maximum
shear strain.

2.22. Solve Prob. 2.21 for a state of strain given by

 2.23. The following describes the state of strain at a point in a structural
member:

Determine the magnitudes and directions of the principal strains.

2.24. A tensile test is performed on a 12-mm-diameter aluminum alloy

specimen (ν = 0.33) using a 50-mm gage length. When an axial
tensile load reaches a value of 16 kN, the gage length has increased
by 0.10 mm. Determine (a) the modulus of elasticity; (b) the
decrease ∆d in diameter and the dilatation e of the bar.

2.25. A 12-mm-diameter specimen is subjected to tensile loading. The

increase in length resulting from a load of 9 kN is 0.025 mm for an
original length Lo of 75 mm. What are the true and conventional
strains and stresses? Calculate the modulus of elasticity.

Sections 2.9 through 2.12

2.26. Find the smallest diameter and shortest length that may be selected
for a steel control rod of a machine under an axial load of 5 kN if the
rod must stretch 2 mm. Use E = 210 GPa and σ all = 160 MPa.

2.27. A 40-mm diameter bar ABC is composed of an aluminum part AB and

a steel part BC (Fig. P2.27). After axial force P is applied, a strain
gage attached to the steel measures normal strain at the
longitudinal direction as ε s = 600 µ. Determine (a) the magnitude of
the applied force P; (b) the total elongation of the bar if each
material behaves elastically. Take Ea = 70 GPa and Es = 210 GPa.

Figure P2.27.
2.28. A 5-m-long truss member is made of two 40-mm-diameter steel bars.
For a tensile load of 600 kN, find (a) the change in the length of the
member; (b) the change in the diameter of the member. Use E = 200
GPa, σ yp = 250 MPa, and ν = 0.3.

2.29. The cast-iron pipe of length L, outer diameter D, and thickness t is

subjected to an axial compressive P. Calculate (a) the change in
length ∆L; (b) the change in outer diameter D; (c) the change in
thickness ∆t. Given: D = 100 mm, t = 10 mm, L= 0.4 m, P = 150
kN, E = 70 GPa, and ν = 0.3.

2.30. A typical vibration isolation device consists of rubber cylinder of

diameter d compressed inside of a steel cylinder by a forceQ applied
to a steel rod, as schematically depicted in Fig. P2.30. Find, in terms
of d, Q, and Poisson’s ratio ν for the rubber, as needed: (a) an
expression for the lateral pressure p between the rubber and the
steel cylinder; (b) the lateral pressure p between the rubber and the
steel cylinder for d = 50 mm, ν = 0.3, and Q = 5 kN. Assumptions: 1.
Friction between the rubber and steel can be neglected; 2. Steel
cylinder and rod are rigid.

Figure P2.30.
2.31. A solid sphere of diameter d experiences a uniform pressure of p.
Determine (a) the decrease in circumference of the sphere; (b) the
decrease in volume of the sphere ∆V. Given: d = 250 mm, p = 160
MPa, E = 70 GPa, and ν = 0.3. Note: Volume of a sphere is ,
where r = d/2.

2.32. The state of strain at a point in a thin steel plate is ε x = 500 µ, ε y =

–100 µ, and γxy = 150 µ. Determine (a) the in-plane principal strains
and the maximum in-plane shear strain; (b) true maximum shearing
strain ν = 0.3. Sketch the results found in part (a) on properly
oriented deformed elements.

2.33. An element at a point on a loaded frame has strains as follows: ε x =

480 µ, ε y = 800 µ and γxy = –1120 µ. Determine (a) the principal
strains; (b) the maximum shear strain; (c) the true maximum
shearing strain.

2.34. A metallic plate of width w and thickness t is subjected to a uniform

axial force P as shown in Fig. P2.34. Two strain gages placed at
point A measure the strains ε x′ and at 30° and 60°, respectively, to
the axis of the plate. Calculate (a) the normal strains ε x and ε y; (b)
the normal strains ε x′ and ε y′; (c) the shearing strain γx′y′. Given:
w = 60 mm, t = 6 mm,E = 200 GPa, ν = 0.3, and P = 25 kN.

Figure P2.34.
2.35. During the static test of a panel, a 45° rosette reads the following
normal strains on the free surface (Fig. P2.35): ε a = –800 µ, ε b = –
1000 µ, and ε c = 400 µ. Find the principal strains and show the
results on a properly oriented deformed element.

Figure P2.35.

Figure P2.36.

2.36. A 50-mm-square plate is subjected to the stresses shown in Fig.

P2.36. What deformation is experienced by diagonal BD? Express the
solution, in terms of E, for ν = 0.3 using two approaches: (a)
determine the components of strain along the xand y directions and
then employ the equations governing the transformation of strain;
(b) determine the stress on planes perpendicular and parallel
to BD and then employ the generalized Hooke’s law.

2.37. A uniform pressure p acts over the entire straight edge of a large
plate (Fig. P2.37). What are normal stress
 componentsσ x and σ z acting on a volumetric element at some
distance from the loading in terms of Poisson’s ratio ν and p, as
required? Assume that ε x = ε z = 0 and σ y = –p everywhere.

Figure P2.37.

2.38. A 45° rosette is used to measure strain at a critical point on the

surface of a loaded beam. The readings are ε a = –100 µ,ε b =
50 µ, ε c = 100 µ for θa = 0°, θb = 45°, and θc = 90° (Fig. 2.20b).
Calculate the principal strains and stresses and their directions.
Use E = 200 GPa and ν = 0.3.

2.39. The following state of strain has been measured at a point on the
surface of a crane hook: ε a = 1000 µ, ε b = –250 µ, andε c =
200 µ for θa = –15°, θb = 30°, and θc = 75° (Fig. 2.20b). Determine
strain components ε x, ε y, and γxy.

2.40. The strains measured at a point on the surface of a machine element

are ε a = 400 µ, ε b = 300 µ, and ε c = –50 µ for θa= 30°, θb = –30°,
and θc = 90° (Fig. 2.20b). Calculate (a) the in-plane maximum
shearing strain, and (b) the true maximum shearing strain. Use .

2.41. For a given steel, E = 200 GPa and G = 80 GPa. If the state of strain
at a point within this material is given by

ascertain the corresponding components of the stress tensor.

2.42. For a material with G = 80 GPa and E = 200 GPa, determine the
strain tensor for a state of stress given by
2.43. The distribution of stress in an aluminum machine component is
given (in megapascals) by

σx = y + 2z2, τxy = 3z2

σy = x + z, τyz = x2

σz = 3x + y, τxz = 2y2

Calculate the state of strain of a point positioned at (1, 2, 4).

Use E = 70 GPa and ν = 0.3.

2.44. The distribution of stress in a structural member is given (in

megapascals) by Eqs. (d) of Example 1.2 of Chapter 1. Calculate
the strains at the specified point for E = 200 GPa and ν =
0.25.

2.45. An aluminum alloy plate (E = 70 GPa, ν = 1/3) of dimensions a = 300

mm, b = 400 mm, and thickness t = 10 mm is subjected to biaxial
stresses as shown in Fig. P2.45. Calculate the change in (a) the
length AB; (b) the volume of the plate.

Figure P2.45.
2.46. The steel rectangular parallelepiped (E = 200 GPa and ν = 0.3)
shown in Fig. P2.46 has dimensions a = 250 mm, b = 200 mm,
and c = 150 mm. It is subjected to triaxial stresses σ x = –60
MPa, σ y = –50 MPa, and σ z = –40 MPa acting on the x, y,
and z faces, respectively. Determine (a) the changes ∆a, ∆b,
and ∆c in the dimensions of the block, and (b) the change∆V in the
volume.

Figure P2.46.

2.47. Redo Prob. 2.46 for an aluminum block (E = 70 GPa and ) for
which a = 150 mm, b = 100 mm, and c = 75 mm, subjected to
stresses σ x = 70 MPa, σ y = –30 MPa, and σ z = –15 MPa.

2.48. At a point in an elastic body, the principal strains ε 3, ε 2, ε 1 are in the

ratio 3: 4: 5; the largest principal stress is σ 1 = 140 MPa. Determine
the ratio σ 3: σ 2: σ 1 and the values of σ 2 and σ 3. Take ν = 0.3
and E = 200 GPa.

2.49. A rectangular plate is subjected to uniform tensile stress σ along its

upper and lower edges, as shown in Fig. P2.49. Determine the
displacements u and ν in terms of x, y, and material properties
(E, ν): (a) using Eqs. (2.3) and the appropriate conditions at the
origin; (b) by the mechanics of materials approach.

Figure P2.49.
2.50. The stress field in an elastic body is given by

where c is a constant. Derive expressions for the displacement

components u(x, y) and v(x, y) in the body.

2.51. Derive the following relations involving the elastic constants:

Equation P2.51

2.52. As shown in Fig. P2.52, a thin prismatical bar of specific weight γ

and constant cross section hangs in the vertical plane. Under the
effect of its own weight, the displacement field is described by

Figure P2.52.
 The z displacement and stresses may be neglected. Find the strain
and stress components in the bar. Check to see whether the
boundary conditions [Eq. (1.48)] are satisfied by the stresses
found.

2.53. A uniform bar of rectangular cross section 2h × b and specific weight

γ hangs in the vertical plane (Fig. P2.53). Its weight results in
displacements

Demonstrate whether this solution satisfies the 15 equations of

elasticity and the boundary conditions.

Figure P2.53.

Sections 2.13 through 2.16

2.54. A bar of uniform cross-sectional area A, modulus of elasticity E, and

length L is fixed at its right end and subjected to axial
 forces P1 and P2 at its free end. Verify that the total strain energy
stored in the bar is given by

Equation P2.54

Note that U is not the sum of the strain energies due

to P1 and P2 acting separately. Find the components of the energy
for P1 = P2 = P and ν = 0.25.

2.55. Three bars of successively larger volume are to support the same
load P (Fig. P2.55). Note that the first bar has a uniform cross-
sectional area A over its length L. Neglecting stress concentrations,
compare the strain energy stored in the three bars.

Figure P2.55.

2.56. A solid bronze sphere (E = 110 GPa, , r = 150 mm) is subjected

to hydrostatic pressure p so that its volume is reduced by 0.5%.
Determine (a) the pressure p, and (b) the strain energy U stored in
the sphere. (Note: volume of a sphere .)

2.57. Calculate the total strain energy U stored in the block described in
Prob. 2.46.

2.58. A round bar is composed of three segments of the same material

(Fig. P2.58). The diameter is d for the lengths BC and DEand nd for
length CD, where n is the ratio of the two diameters. Neglecting the
stress concentrations, verify that the strain energy of the bar when
subjected to axial load P is
 Equation P2.58

Figure P2.58.

where A = πd2/4. Compare the result for n = 1 with those for

and n = 2.

2.59. (a) Taking into account only the effect of normal stress, determine
the strain energy of prismatic beam AB due to the axial force P and
moment Mo acting simultaneously (Fig. P2.59). (b) Evaluate the
strain energy for the case in which the beam is rectangular, 100-mm
deep by 75-mm wide, P = 8 kN, Mo = 2 kN · m, L = 1.2 m, a = 0.3
m, b = 0.9 m, and E = 70 GPa.

Figure P2.59.

2.60. A stepped shaft is subjected to pure torsion, as shown in Fig. P2.60.

Neglecting the stress concentrations, develop the following equation
for energy stored in the shaft:

Equation P2.60
 Figure P2.60.

Here φ is the angle of twist and G represents the modulus of

rigidity.

2.61. (a) Determine the strain energy of a solid brass circular

shaft ABC loaded as shown in Fig. P2.61, assuming that the stress
concentrations may be omitted. (b) Calculate the strain energy
for T = 1.4 kN · m, a = 500 mm, d = 20 mm, and G = 42 GPa.

Figure P2.61.

2.62. Consider a simply supported rectangular beam of depth h, width b,

and length L subjected to a uniform load of intensity p. Verify that
the maximum strain energy density equals

Equation P2.62

in which U is the strain energy of the beam and V its volume.

2.63. Consider a beam with simple supports at B and C and an

 overhang AB (Fig. P2.63). What is the strain energy in the beam due
to the load P?

Figure P2.63.

2.64. A simply supported beam carries a concentrated force P and a

moment Mo as shown in Fig. P2.64. How much strain energy is stored
in the beam owing to the loads acting simultaneously?

Figure P2.64.

2.65. Consider the state of stress given in Fig. 1.20b. Determine how
many times more energy is absorbed in changing the shape than in
changing the volume of a unit element. Let E = 200 GPa and ν = 0.3.

2.66. The state of stress at a point is

Decompose this array into a set of dilatational stresses and a set

of deviator stresses. Determine the values ofprincipal deviator
stress.

2.67. Calculate the strain energy per unit volume in changing the volume
and in changing the shape of the material at any point on the surface
of a steel shaft 120 mm in diameter subjected to torques of 20 kN ·
m and moments of 15 kN · m at its ends. Use E = 200 GPa and ν =
0.25.
2.68. The state of stress at a point in a loaded member is represented
in Fig. P2.68. Express the dilatational energy density and the
distortional energy density in terms of the given stresses (σ, τ) at
the point and the material properties (E, ν).

Figure P2.68.

2.69. A circular prismatic cantilever is subjected to a torque T and an axial

force P at its free end. The length of the bar is L, the radius is r, and
the modulus of elasticity of the material is E. Determine the total
strain energy stored in the bar and its components. Assume for
the material.
Problems
Sections 3.1 through 3.8

3.1. A stress distribution is given by

Equation a

where the p and c’s are constants. (a) Verify that this field
represents a solution for a thin plate of thickness t (Fig. P3.1);
(b) obtain the corresponding stress function; (c) find
the resultant normal and shearing boundary forces (Py and Vx)
along edges y = 0 and y = b of the plate.

Figure P3.1.

3.2. If the stress field given by Eq. (a) of Prob. 3.1 acts in the thin plate
shown in Fig. P3.1 andp is a known constant, determine the c’s so
that edges x = ±a are free of shearing stress and no normal stress
acts on edge x = a.

3.3. In bending of a rectangular plate (Fig. P3.3), the state of stress is

expressed by

σx = c1y + c2xy τxy = c3(b2 –y2)

Figure P3.3.
 (a) What conditions among the constants (the c’s) make the
preceding expressions possible? Body forces may be neglected.
(b) Draw a sketch showing the boundary stresses on the plate.

3.4. Given the following stress field within a structural member,

σx = a[y2 + b(x2 –y2)] τxy = –

2abxy
σy = a[x2 + b(y2 –x2)] τyz = τxz =
0
σz = ab(x2 + y2)

where a and b are constants, determine whether this stress

distribution represents a solution for a plane strain problem. The
body forces are omitted.

3.5. Determine whether the following stress functions satisfy the

conditions of compatibility for a two-dimensional problem:

Equation a

Equation b

Here a, b, c, and d are constants. Also obtain the stress fields that
arise from Φ1 and Φ2.
3.6. Figure P3.6 shows a long, thin steel plate of thickness t, width 2h,
and length 2a. The plate is subjected to loads that produce the
uniform stresses σ o at the ends. The edges at y = ±hare placed
between the two rigid walls. Show that, by using an inverse method,
the displacements are expressed by

3.7. Determine whether the following stress distribution is a valid solution

for a two-dimensional problem:

where a is a constant. Body forces may be neglected.

3.8. The strain distribution in a thin plate has the form

in which a is a small constant. Show whether this strain field is a

valid solution of an elasticity problem. Body forces may be
disregarded.

3.9. The components of the displacement of a thin plate (Fig. P3.9) are
given by

u = –c(y2 + vx) v = 2cxy

Figure P3.6.
 Figure P3.9.

Here c is a constant and v represents Poisson’s ratio. Determine

the stresses σx, σy, andτxy. Draw a sketch showing the boundary
stresses on the plate.

3.10. Consider a rectangular plate with sides a and b of thickness t (Fig.

P3.10). (a) Determine the stresses σ x, σ y, and τxy for the stress
function Φ = px3y, where p is a constant. (b) Draw a sketch showing
the boundary stresses on the plate. (c) Find the resultant normal and
shearing boundary forces (Px, Py, Vx, and Vy) along all edges of the
plate.

Figure P3.10.

3.11. Redo Prob. 3.10 for the case of a square plate of side
dimensions a and

where p is a constant.

3.12. Resolve Prob. 3.10 a and b for the stress function of the form
 where p represents a constant.

3.13. A vertical force P per unit thickness is applied on the horizontal

boundary of a semi-infinite solid plate of unit thickness (Fig. 3.11a).
Show that the stress function Φ = –(P/π)y tan–1(y/x) results in the
following stress field within the plate:

Also plot the resulting stress distribution for σx and τxy at a

constant depth L below the boundary.

3.14. The thin cantilever shown in Fig. P3.14 is subjected to uniform

shearing stress τo along its upper surface (y = +h), while
surfaces y = –h and x = L are free of stress. Determine whether the
Airy stress function

Figure P3.14.

satisfies the required conditions for this problem.

Figure P3.15.
3.15. Figure P3.15 shows a thin cantilever beam of unit thickness carrying
a uniform load of intensity p per unit length. Assume that the stress
function is expressed by

Φ = ax2 + bx2y + cy3 + dy5 + ex2y3

in which a,..., e are constants. Determine (a) the requirements

on a,..., e so that Φ is biharmonic; (b) the stresses σx, σy, and τxy.

3.16. Consider a thin square plate with sides a. For a stress

function , determine the stress field and sketch
it along the boundaries of the plate. Here p represents a uniformly
distributed loading per unit length. Note that the origin of the x,
y coordinate system is located at the lower-left corner of the plate.

3.17. Consider a thin cantilever loaded as shown in Fig. P3.17. Assume

that the bending stress is given by

Equation P3.17

Figure P3.17.

and σz = τxz = τyz = 0. Determine the stress

components σy and τxy as functions of xand y.
3.18. Show that for the case of plane stress, in the absence of body forces,
the equations of equilibrium may be expressed in terms of
displacements u and v as follows:

Equation P3.18

[Hint: Substitute Eqs. (3.10) together with (2.3) into (3.6).]

3.19. Determine whether the following compatible stress field is possible

within an elastic uniformly loaded cantilever beam (Fig. P3.17):

Equation P3.19

Here I = 2th3/3 and the body forces are omitted. Given p = 10

kN/m, L = 2 m, h = 100 mm, t = 40 mm, v = 0.3, and E = 200
GPa, calculate the magnitude and direction of the maximum
principal strain at point Q.

3.20. A prismatic bar is restrained in the x (axial) and y directions but free
to expand in zdirection. Determine the stresses and strains in the bar
for a temperature rise of T 1degrees.

3.21. Under free thermal expansion, the strain components within a given
elastic solid are ε x = ε y= ε z = αT and γxy = γyz = γxz = 0. Show that
the temperature field associated with this condition is of the form

αT = c1x + c2y + c3z + c4

 in which the c’s are constants.

3.22. Redo Prob. 3.6 adding a temperature change T 1, with all other
conditions remaining unchanged.

3.23. Determine the axial force Px and moment Mz that the walls in Fig.
3.6b apply to the beam for T = a1y + a2, where a1 and a2 are
constant.

3.24. A copper tube of 800-mm2 cross-sectional area is held at both ends

as in Fig. P3.24. If at 20°C no axial force Px exists in the tube, what
will Px be when the temperature rises to 120°C? Let E = 120 GPa
and α = 16.8 × 10–6per °C.

Figure P3.24.

Sections 3.9 through 3.11

3.25. Show that the case of a concentrated load on a straight boundary

(Fig. 3.11a) is represented by the stress function

and derive Eqs. (3.48) from the result.

3.26. Verify that Eqs. (3.37) are determined from the equilibrium of forces
acting on the elements shown in Fig. P3.26.

Figure P3.26.
3.27. Demonstrate that the biharmonic equation ∇4Φ = 0 in polar
coordinates can be written as

3.28. Show that the compatibility equation in polar coordinates, for the
axisym-metrical problem of thermal elasticity, is given by

Equation P3.28

3.29. Assume that moment M acts in the plane and at the vertex of the
wedge–cantilever shown in Fig. P3.29. Given a stress function

Equation P3.29a

Figure P3.29.
 determine (a) whether Φ satisfies the condition of compatibility;
(b) the stress components σr, σθ, and τrθ; and (c) whether the
expressions

Equation P3.29b

represent the stress field in a semi-infinite plate (that is,

for α = π/2).

3.30. Referring to Fig. P3.30, verify the results given by Eqs. (b) and (c)
of Section 3.11.

Figure P3.30.

3.31. Consider the pivot of unit thickness subject to force P per unit
thickness at its vertex (Fig. 3.10a). Determine the maximum values
of σ x and τxy on a plane a distance L from the apex through the use
of σ r given by Eq. (3.43) and the formulas of the elementary theory:
(a) take α = 15°; (b) take α = 60°. Compare the results given by the
two approaches.
 3.32. Solve Prob. 3.31 for α = 30°.

3.33. Redo Prob. 3.31 in its entirety for the wedge–cantilever shown in Fig.
3.10b.

3.34. A uniformly distributed load of intensity p is applied over a short

distance on the straight edge of a large plate (Fig. P3.34).
Determine stresses σ x, σ y, and τxy in terms of p, θ1, andθ2, as
required. [Hint: Let dP = pdy denote the load acting on an
infinitesimal length dy =rd θ/cos θ (from geometry) and
hence dP = prd θ/cos θ. Substitute this into Eqs. (3.50) and
integrate the resulting expressions.]

Figure P3.34.

Sections 3.12 through 3.16

3.35. Verify the result given by Eqs. (f) and (g) of Section 3.12 (a) by
rewriting Eqs. (d) and (e) in the following forms, respectively,

Equation P3.35

and by integrating (P3.35); (b) by expanding Eqs. (d) and (e),

setting t = In r, and thereby transforming the resulting
expressions into two ordinary differential equations with constant
 coefficients.

3.36. Verify the results given in Fig. 3.15 by employing Eq. (3.55b) and
the method of superposition.

3.37. A 20-mm-thick steel bar with a slot (25-mm radii at ends) is

subjected to an axial load P, as shown in Fig. P3.37. What is the
maximum stress for P = 180 kN? Use Fig. D.8B to estimate the value
of the K.

Figure P3.37.

3.38. What is the full-fillet radius r and width d of the steel plate
with D/d = 1.5 in tension (Fig. P3.38)? Use a maximum allowable
stress of 130 MPa and an allowable nominal stress in the reduced
section of 80 MPa.

Figure P3.38.

3.39. For the 20-mm-thick full-filleted steel bar (σ yp = 250 MPa) shown
in Fig. P3.38, given the ratio of r/d = 0.15, find the maximum axial
load P that can be applied without causing permanent deformation.

3.40. As seen in Fig. P3.40, a stepped shaft ABC with built-in end
at A carries the torques T B andT C sections B and C. Based on a
stress concentration factor K = 1.6, determine the maximum shearing
stress in the shaft. Given: d1 = 50 mm, d2 = 40 mm, T B = 3 kN · m,
andT C = 1 kN · m.

Figure P3.40.
3.41. Figure 3.17 illustrates a circular shaft consisting of
diameters D and d and a groove of radius r carries a
torque T with M = 0 and P = 0. What is the minimum yield strength
in shear required for the shaft material? Given: D = 40 mm, d = 35
mm, r = 2 mm, and T = 100 N · m.

3.42. A circular shaft having diameters D and d and a groove of

radius r (see Fig. 3.17, with M = 0 and P = 0) is made of steel with
the allowable shear stress τall. Find the maximum torque Tthat can be
transmitted by the shaft. Given: D = 40 mm, d = 16 mm, r = 8 mm,
and τall = 250 MPa.

3.43. For a flat bar consisting of two portions, both 10-mm thick, and
respectively 25-mm and 37.5-mm wide, connected by fillets of
radius r = 5 mm (see Fig. D.1), determine the largest axial
load P that can be supported by the bar. Given: σ yp = 210 MPa and a
factor of safety of n = 1.4.

Figure P3.44.

3.44. Figure P3.44 depicts a filleted cantilever spring. Find the largest
bending stress for two cases: (a) the fillet radius is r = 5 mm; (b)
the fillet radius is r = 10 mm. Given: b = 12 mm and P = 400 N.

3.45. A thin-walled circular cylindrical vessel of diameter d and wall

thickness t is subjected to internal pressure p (see Table 1.1). Given
a small circular hole in the vessel wall, show that the maximum
tangential and axial stresses at the hole are σ θ =
 5pd/4t and σ a = pd/4t, respectively.

3.46. The shaft shown in Fig. 3.17 has the following dimensions: r = 20
mm, d = 400 mm, and D= 440 mm. The shaft is subjected
simultaneously to a torque T = 20 kN · m, a bending moment M = 10
kN · m, and an axial force P = 50 kN. Calculate at the root of the
notch (a) the maximum principal stress, (b) the maximum shear
stress, and (c) the octahedral stresses.

3.47. Redo Prob. 3.46 for r = 10 mm, d = 250 mm, D = 500 mm, T = 5 kN
· m, M = 20 kN · m, and P = 0.

3.48. A 50-mm-diameter ball is pressed into a spherical seat of diameter

75 mm by a force of 500 N. The material is steel (E = 200 GPa, ν =
0.3). Calculate (a) the radius of the contact area, (b) the maximum
contact pressure, and (c) the relative displacement of the centers of
the ball and seat.

3.49. Calculate the maximum contact pressure po in Prob. 3.48 for the
cases when the 50-mm-diameter ball is pressed against (a) a flat
surface and (b) an identical ball.

3.50. Calculate the maximum pressure between a steel wheel of

radius r1 = 400 mm and a steel rail of crown radius of the head r2 =
250 mm (Fig. 3.25b) for P = 4 kN. Use E = 200 GPa and ν = 0.3.

3.51. A concentrated load of 2.5 kN at the center of a deep steel beam is

applied through a 10-mm-diameter steel rod laid across the 100-mm
beam width. Compute the maximum contact pressure and the width
of the contact between rod and beam surface. Use E = 200 GPa and ν
= 0.3.

3.52. Two identical 400-mm-diameter steel rollers of a rolling mill are

pressed together with a force of 2 MN/m. Using E = 200 GPa and ν =
0.25, compute the maximum contact pressure and width of contact.

3.53. Determine the size of the contact area and the maximum pressure
between two circular cylinders with mutually perpendicular axes.
Denote by r1 and r2 the radii of the cylinders. Use r1 = 500 mm, r2 =
200 mm, F = 5 kN, E = 210 GPa, and ν = 0.25.

3.54. Solve Prob. 3.53 for the case of two cylinders of equal radii, r1 = r2 =
200 mm.

3.55. Two 340-mm-diameter balls of a rolling mill are pressed together

with a force of 400 N. Calculate (a) the half-width of contact, (b) the
maximum contact pressure, (c) the maximum principal stresses and
shear stress in the center of the contact area. Assumption: Both balls
are made of steel of E = 210 GPa and ν = 0.3.
3.56. A 16-mm-diameter cylindrical roller runs on the inside of a ring of
inner diameter 100 mm. Determine (a) the width a of the contact
area, (b) the maximum contact pressure. Given:The roller load is F =
240 kN per meter of axial length. Assumption: Both roller and ring
are made of steel having E = 210 GPa and ν = 0.3.

3.57. It is seen in Fig. P3.25b, a wheel of radius r1 = 480 mm and a rail of

crown radius of the head r2 = 340 mm. Calculate the maximum
contact pressure po between the members.Given: Contact force F = 4
kN. Assumption: Both roller and ring are made of steel having E= 210
GPa and ν = 0.3.

3.58. Determine the maximum pressure at the contact point between the
outer race and a ball in the single-row ball bearing assembly shown
in Fig. 3.25a. The ball diameter is 50 mm; the radius of the grooves,
30 mm; the diameter of the outer race, 250 mm; and the highest
compressive force on the ball, F = 1.8 kN. Take E = 200 GPa and ν =
0.3.

3.59. Redo Prob. 3.58 for a ball diameter of 40 mm and a groove radius of
22 mm. Assume the remaining data to be unchanged.
Problems
Sections 4.1 through 4.9

4.1. A steel circular bar (σ yp = 250 MPa) of d = 60-mm diameter is acted

upon by combined moments M and axial compressive loads P at its
ends. Taking M = 1.5 kN · m, determine, based on the maximum
energy of distortion theory of failure, the largest allowable value ofP.

4.2. A 5-m-long steel shaft of allowable strength (σ all = 100 MPa)

supports a torque of T = 325 N · m and its own weight. Find the
required shaft diameter d applying the von Mises theory of
failure. Assumptions: Use ρ = 7.86 Mg/m3 as the mass per unit
volume for steel (see Table D.1). The shaft is supported by
frictionless bearings that act as simple supports at its ends.

4.3. At a critical point in a loaded ASTM-A36 structural steel bracket, the

plane stresses have the magnitudes and directions depicted on
element A in Fig. P4.3. Calculate whether the loadings will cause the
shaft to fail, based on a safety factor of n = 1.5, applying (a) the
maximum shear stress theory; (b) the maximum energy of distortion
theory.

Figure P4.3.

4.4. A steel circular cylindrical bar of 0.1-m diameter is subject to

compound bending and tension at its ends. The material yield
strength is 221 MPa. Assume failure to occur by yielding and take the
value of the applied moment to be M = 17 kN · m. Using the
octahedral shear stress theory, determine the limiting value of P that
can be applied to the bar without causing permanent deformation.

4.5. The state of stress at a critical point in a ASTM-A36 steel member is

shown in Fig. P4.5. Determine the factor of safety using (a) the
 maximum shearing stress criterion; (b) the maximum energy of
distortion criterion.

Figure P4.5.

4.6. At a point in a structural member, yielding occurred under a state of

stress given by

Determine the uniaxial tensile yield strength of the material

according to (a) maximum shearing stress theory, and (b)
octahedral shear stress theory.

4.7. A circular shaft of 120-mm diameter is subjected to end loads P = 45

kN, M = 4 kN · m, andT = 11.2 kN · m. Let σ yp = 280 MPa. What is
the factor of safety, assuming failure to occur in accordance with the
octahedral shear stress theory?

4.8. Determine the width t of the cantilever of height 2t and length 0.25
m subjected to a 450-N concentrated force at its free end. Apply the
maximum energy of distortion theory. The tensile and compressive
strengths of the material are both 280 MPa.

4.9. Determine the required diameter of a steel transmission shaft 10 m

in length and of yield strength 350 MPa in order to resist a torque of
up to 500 N · m. The shaft is supported by frictionless bearings at its
ends. Design the shaft according to the maximum shear stress
theory, selecting a factor of safety of 1.5, (a) neglecting the shaft
weight, and (b) including the effect of shaft weight. Use γ = 77
kN/m3 as the weight per unit volume of steel.

4.10. The state of stress at a point is described by

 Using σyp = 90 MPa, ν = 0.3, and a factor of safety of 1.2,
determine whether failure occurs at the point for (a) the
maximum shearing stress theory, and (b) the maximum distortion
energy theory.

4.11. A solid cylinder of radius 50 mm is subjected to a twisting

moment T and an axial load P. Assume that the energy of distortion
theory governs and that the yield strength of the material is σ yp =
280 MPa. Determine the maximum twisting moment consistent with
elastic behavior of the bar for (a) P = 0 and (b) P = 400π kN.

4.12. A simply supported nonmetallic beam of 0.25-m height, 0.1-m width,

and 1.5-m span is subjected to a uniform loading of 6 kN/m.
Determine the factor of safety for this loading according to (a) the
maximum distortion energy theory, and (b) the maximum shearing
stress theory. Use σ yp = 28 MPa.

4.13. The state of stress at a point in a machine element of irregular

shape, subjected to combined loading, is given by

A torsion test performed on a specimen made of the same

material shows that yielding occurs at a shearing stress of 9 MPa.
Assuming the same ratios are maintained between the stress
components, predict the values of the normal
stresses σy and σx at which yielding occurs at the point. Use
maximum distortion energy theory.

4.14. A steel rod of diameter d = 50 mm (σ yp = 260 MPa) supports an axial

load P = 50R and vertical load R acting at the end of an 0.8-m-long
arm (Fig. P4.14). Given a factor of safetyn = 2, compute the largest
permissible value of R using the following criteria: (a) maximum
shearing stress and (b) maximum energy of distortion.

Figure P4.14.
4.15. Redo Prob. 4.13 for the case in which the stresses at a point in the
member are described by

and yielding occurs at a shearing stress of 140 MPa.

4.16. A thin-walled cylindrical pressure vessel of diameter d = 0.5 m and

wall thickness t = 5 mm is fabricated of a material with 280-MPa
tensile yield strength. Determine the internal pressure p required
according to the following theories of failure: (a) maximum distortion
energy and (b) maximum shear stress.

4.17. The state of stress at a point is given by

Taking σyp = 82 MPa and a factor of safety of 1.2, determine

whether failure takes place at the point, using (a) the maximum
shearing stress theory and (b) the maximum distortion energy
theory.

4.18. A structural member is subjected to combined loading so that the

following stress occur at a critical point:
 The tensile yield strength of the material is 300 MPa. Determine
the factor of safety naccording to (a) maximum shearing stress
theory and (b) maximum energy of distortion theory.

4.19. Solve Prob. 4.18 assuming that the state of stress at a critical point
in the member is given by

The yield strength is σyp = 220 MPa.

Sections 4.10 through 4.12

4.20. A thin-walled, closed-ended metal tube with ultimate strengths in

tension σ u and compression , outer and inner diameters D and d,
respectively, is under an internal pressure of p and a torque of T.
Calculate the factor of safety n according to the maximum principal
stress theory. Given: σ u = 250 MPa, = 520 MPa, D = 210 mm, d =
200 mm, p = 5 MPa, and T = 50 kN · m.

4.21. Design the cross section of a rectangular beam b meters wide by

2b meter deep, supported and uniformly loaded as illustrated in Fig.
P4.21. Assumptions: σ all = 120 MPa and w = 150 kN/m. Apply the
maximum principal stress theory of failure.

Figure P4.21.

4.22. Simple tension and compression tests on a brittle material reveal

 that failure occurs by fracture at σ u = 260 MPa and ,
respectively. In an actual application, the material is subjected to
perpendicular tensile and compressive stresses, σ 1 and σ 2,
respectively, such that . Determine the limiting values
of σ 1 and σ 2 according to (a) the Mohr theory for an ultimate stress
in torsion of τu = 175 MPa and (b) the Coulomb–Mohr theory. [Hint:
For case (a), the circle representing the given loading is drawn by a
trial-and-error procedure.]

4.23. The state of stress at a point in a cast-iron structure (σ u = 290

MPa, ) is described by σ x = 0, σ y = –180 MPa, and τxy =
200 MPa. Determine whether failure occurs at the point according to
(a) the maximum principal stress criterion and (b) the Coulomb–Mohr
criterion.

4.24. A thin-walled cylindrical pressure vessel of 250-mm diameter and 5-

mm thickness is subjected to an internal pressure pi = 2.8 MPa, a
twisting moment of 31.36 kN · m, and an axial end thrust
(tension) P = 45 kN. The ultimate strengths in tension and
compression are 210 and 500 MPa, respectively. Apply the following
theories to evaluate the ability of the tube to resist failure by
fracture: (a) Coulomb–Mohr and (b) maximum principal stress.

4.25. A piece of chalk of ultimate strength σ u is subjected to an axial force

producing a tensile stress of 3σ u/4. Applying the principal stress
theory of failure, determine the shear stress produced by a torque
that acts simultaneously on the chalk and the orientation of the
fracture surface.

4.26. The ultimate strengths in tension and compression of a material are

420 and 900 MPa, respectively. If the stress at a point within a
member made of this material is

determine the factor of safety according to the following theories

of failure: (a) maximum principal stress and (b) Coulomb–Mohr.

4.27. A plate, t meters thick, is fabricated of a material having ultimate

strengths in tension and compression of σ u and Pa, respectively.
Calculate the force P required to punch a hole of dmeters in diameter
through the plate (Fig. P4.27). Employ (a) the maximum principal
stress theory and (b) the Mohr–Coulomb theory. Assume that the
shear force is uniformly distributed through the thickness of the
plate.
 Figure P4.27.

Sections 4.13 through 4.17

4.28. A 2024-T851 aluminum alloy panel, 125-mm wide and 20-mm thick, is
loaded in tension in longitudinal direction. Approximate the maximum
axial load P that can be applied without causing sudden fracture
when an edge crack grows to a 25-mm length (Case B, Table 4.2).

4.29. An AISI 4340 steel ship deck, 10-mm wide and 5-mm thick, is
subjected to longitudinal tensile stress of 100 MPa. If a 60-mm-long
central transverse crack is present (Case A,Table 4.2), estimate (a)
the factor of safety against crack; (b) tensile stress at fracture.

4.30. A long Ti-6Al-6V alloy plate of 130-mm width is loaded by a 200-kN

tensile force in longitudinal direction with a safety factor of 2.2.
Determine the thickness t required to prevent a central crack to grow
to a length of 200 mm (Case A, Table 4.2).

4.31. Resolve Example 4.5 if the frame is made of AISI 4340 steel.
Use a = 8 mm, d = 170 mm,w = 40 mm, t = 10 mm, and n = 1.8.

4.32. A 2024-T851 aluminum-alloy plate, w = 150 mm wide and t = 30 mm

thick, is under a tensile loading. It has a 24-mm-long transverse
crack on one edge (Case B, Table 4.2). Determine the maximum
allowable axial load P when the plate will undergo sudden fracture.
Also find the nominal stress at fracture.

4.33. An AISI-4340 steel pressure vessel of 60-mm diameter and 5-mm

wall thickness contains a 12-mm-long crack (Fig. P4.33). Calculate
the pressure that will cause fracture when (a) the crack is
longitudinal; (b) the crack is circumferential. Assumption: A factor of
safety n = 2 and geometry factor λ = 1.01 are used (Table 4.2).

Figure P4.33.
4.34. A 7075-T7351 aluminum alloy beam with a = 48-mm-long edge crack
is in pure bending (see Case D, Table 4.2). Using w = 120 mm
and t = 30 mm, find the maximum moment M that can be applied
without causing sudden fracture.

4.35. Redo Example 4.7 using the SAE criterion. Take σ f = 700 MPa, σ c r =
240 MPa, and Fm = 120 kN.

4.36. Redo Example 4.8 employing the maximum shear stress theory
together with the Soderberg criterion.

4.37. A bolt is subjected to an alternating axial load of maximum and

minimum values Fmax andFmin. The static tensile ultimate and fatigue
strength for completely reversed stress of the material
are σ u and σ cr. Verify that, according to the modified Goodman
relation, the expression

Equation P4.37

represents the required cross-sectional area of the bolt.

4.38. An electrical contact contains a flat spring in the form of a cantilever

beam, b = 5 mm wide by L = 50 mm long by t mm thick, is subjected
at its free end to a load P that varies continuously from 0 to 10 N
(Fig. P4.38). Employ the Soderberg criterion to calculate the value
of t based on yield strength σ yp = 1050 MPa, fatigue strength σ c r =
510 MPa, and a factor of safety n = 1.5.

Figure P4.38.
4.39. A small leaf spring b = 10 mm wide by L = 125 mm long by t mm
thick is simply supported at its ends and subjected to a center
load P that varies continuously from 0 to 20 N (Fig. P4.39). Using the
modified Goodman criterion, determine the value of t, given a fatigue
strength σ cr = 740 MPa, ultimate tensile strength σ u = 1500 MPa,
and safety factor of n = 2.5.

Figure P4.39.

4.40. A circular rotating shaft is subjected to a static bending

moment M and a torque that varies from a value of zero to T. Apply
the energy of distortion theory together with Soderberg’s relation to
obtain the following expression for the required shaft radius:

Equation P4.40

4.41. Compute the fatigue life of the rotating hub and shaft assembly
described in Example 4.9 if at a critical point in the shaft the state
of stress is described by σ x, max = 1000 MPa, σ x, min= –800 MPa, τxy,
max = 300 MPa, τxy, min = –100 MPa, and σ y = σ z = τxz = τyz = 0.
Employ the maximum shear stress theory of failure together with the
four criteria given in Table 4.4. Take σ yp = 1600 MPa, σ u = 2400
MPa, and K = 1.

4.42. Determine the fatigue life of a machine element subjected to the

following respective maximum and minimum stresses (in
 megapascals):

Use the maximum energy of distortion theory of failure together

with the (a) modified Goodman criterion and (b) Soderberg
criterion. Let σu = 1600 MPa, σyp = 1000 MPa, andK = 1.

4.43. A steel cantilever of width t = 0.05 m, height 2c = 0.1 m, and

length L = 1.2 m is subjected to a downward-acting alternating end
load of maximum and minimum values Pmax and Pmin = 10 kN. The
static tensile yield and fatigue strengths for the completely reversed
stress of the material are σ yp = 300 MPa and σ c r = 200 MPa. Use the
Soderberg criterion to determine the value of Pmax that will result in
failure.

4.44. A sliding collar of m = 80 kg falls onto a flange at the bottom of a

vertical rod (Fig. P4.44). Calculate the height h through which the
mass m should drop to produce a maximum stress in the rod of 350
MPa. The rod has length L = 2m, cross-sectional area A = 250 mm2,
and modulus of elasticity E = 105 GPa.

Figure P4.44.

4.45. A sliding collar W is dropped from a distance h onto a flange at the

bottom of the rod of length L, cross-sectional area A, and modulus of
elasticity E (Fig. 4.44). Verify that the weight may be expressed in
the form

Equation P4.45
 in which σmax represents the maximum stress in the rod.

4.46. A 0.125-m-diameter and 1.5-m-long circular shaft has a flywheel at

one end and rotates at 240 rpm. The shaft is suddenly stopped at
the free end. Determine the maximum shear stress and the maximum
angle of twist produced by the impact. It is given that the shaft is
made of steel with G = 80.5 GPa, ν = 0.3, the weight of the flywheel
is W = 1.09 kN, and the flywheel’s radius of gyration is r = 0.35 m.
[Note that kinetic energy Ek = Wω2r2/2g =Tφ/2.
Here ω, g, T, φ represent the angular velocity, acceleration of
gravity, torque, and angle of twist, respectively.]

4.47. A weight W is dropped from a height h = 0.75 m onto the free end of
a cantilever beam of length L = 1.2 m. The beam is of 50-mm by 50-
mm square cross section. Determine the value of W required to result
in yielding. Omit the weight of the beam. Let σ yp = 280 MPa and E =
200 GPa.
Problems
Sections 5.1 through 5.5

5.1. A simply supported beam constructed of a 0.15 × 0.15 × 0.015 m

angle is loaded by concentrated force P = 22.5 kN at its midspan
(Fig. P5.1). Calculate stress σ x at A and the orientation of the
neutral axis. Neglect the effect of shear in bending and assume that
beam twisting is prevented.

Figure P5.1.

5.2. A wood cantilever beam with cross section as shown in Fig. P5.2 is
subjected to an inclined load P at its free end. Determine (a) the
orientation of the neutral axis; (b) the maximum bending
stress. Given: P = 1 kN, α = 30°, b = 80 mm, h = 150 mm, and
length L = 1.2 m.

Figure P5.2.

5.3. A moment Mo is applied to a beam of the cross section shown in Fig.

P5.3 with its vector forming an angle of α. Use b = 100 mm, h = 40
 mm, Mo = 800 N · m, and α = 25°. Calculate (a) the orientation of
the neutral axis; (b) the maximum bending stress.

Figure P5.3.

5.4. Couples My = Mo and Mz = 1.5Mo are applied to a beam of cross

section shown in Fig. P5.4. Determine the largest allowable value
of Mo for the maximum stress not to exceed 80 MPa. All dimensions
are in millimeters.

Figure P5.4.

5.5. For the simply supported beam of Fig. P5.5, determine the bending
stress at points D andE. The cross section is a 0.15 × 0.15 × 0.02 m
angle (Fig. 5.4).

Figure P5.5.
5.6. A concentrated load P acts on a cantilever, as shown in Fig. P5.6.
The beam is constructed of a 2024-T4 aluminum alloy having a yield
strength σ yp = 290 MPa, L = 1.5 m, t = 20 mm,c = 60 mm, and b =
80 mm. Based on a factor of safety n = 1.2 against initiation of
yielding, calculate the magnitude of P for (a) α = 0° and (b) α = 15°.
Neglect the effect of shear in bending and assume that beam
twisting is prevented.

Figure P5.6.

5.7. Redo Prob. 5.6 for α = 30°. Assume the remaining data to be
unchanged.

5.8. A cantilever beam has a Z section of uniform thickness for which

, , and I = –th3. Determine the maximum bending
yz
stress in the beam subjected to a load P at its free end (Fig. P5.8).

Figure P5.8.
 5.9. A beam with cross section as shown in Fig. P5.9 is acted on by a
moment Mo = 3 kN · m with its vector forming an angle α = 20°.
Determine (a) the orientation of the neutral axis, and (b) the
maximum bending stress.

Figure P5.9.

5.10. For the thin cantilever of Fig. P5.10, the stress function is given by

a. Determine the stresses σx, σy, and τxy by using the elasticity
method.

b. Determine the stress σx by using the elementary method.

c. Compare the values of maximum stress obtained by the

preceding approaches for L= 10h.

Figure P5.10.

5.11. Consider a cantilever beam of constant unit thickness subjected to a

uniform load of p = 2000 kN per unit length (Fig. P5.11). Determine
the maximum stress in the beam:
 a. Based on a stress function

b. Based on the elementary theory. Compare the results of (a)

and (b).

Figure P5.11.

Sections 5.6 through 5.11

5.12. A bending moment acting about the z axis is applied to a T-beam

shown in Fig. P5.12. Take the thickness t = 15 mm and depth h = 90
mm. Determine the width b of the flange in order that the stresses at
the bottom and top of the beam will be in the ratio 3 : 1,
respectively.

Figure P5.12.

5.13. A wooden, simply supported beam of length L is subjected to a

uniform load p. Determine the beam length and the loading
necessary to develop simultaneously σ max = 8.4 MPa andτmax = 0.7
 MPa. Take thickness t = 0.05 m and depth h = 0.15 m.

5.14. A box beam supports the loading shown in Fig. P5.14. Determine the
maximum value of Psuch that a flexural stress σ = 7 MPa or a
shearing stress τ = 0.7 MPa will not be exceeded.

Figure P5.14.

5.15. A steel beam of the tubular cross section seen in Fig. P5.15 is
subjected to the bending moment M about the z axis. Determine (a)
the bending moment M; (b) the radius of curvature rx of the
beam. Given: σ all = 150 MPa, E = 70 GPa, b = 120 mm, h = 170 mm,
andt = 10 mm.

Figure P5.15.

5.16. An aluminum alloy beam of hollow circular cross section is subjected

to a bending moment Mabout the z axis (Fig. 5.16). Determine (a)
the normal stress at point A; (b) the normal stress at point B; (c) the
radius of curvature rz of the beam of a transverse cross
section.Given: M = 600 N · m, D = 60 mm, d = 40 mm, E = 70 GPa,
 and ν = 0.29.

5.17. A simply supported beam AB of the channel cross section carries a

concentrated load P at midpoint (Fig. P5.17). Find the maximum
allowable load P based on an allowable normal stress of σ all = 60
MPa in the beam.

Figure P5.16.

Figure P5.17.

5.18. A uniformly loaded, simply supported rectangular beam has two 15-
mm deep vertical grooves opposite each other on the edges at
midspan, as illustrated in Fig. P5.18. Find the smallest permissible
radius of the grooves for the case in which the normal stress is
limited to σ max = 95 MPa. Given: p = 12 kN/m, L = 3 m, b = 80 mm,
and h = 120 mm.

Figure P5.18.
5.19. A simple wooden beam is under a uniform load of intensity p, as
illustrated in Fig. P5.19. (a) Find the ratio of the maximum shearing
stress to the largest bending stress in terms of the depth h and
length L of the beam. (b) Using σ all = 9 MPa, τall = 1.4 MPa, b = 50
mm, and h = 160 mm, also calculate the maximum permissible
length L and the largest permissible distributed load of intensity p.

Figure P5.19.

5.20. A composite cantilever beam 140-mm wide, 300-mm deep, and 3-m
long is fabricated by fastening two timber planks (Et = 10 GPa), 60
mm × 300 mm, to the sides of a steel plate (Es = 200 GPa), 20-mm
wide by 300-mm deep. Note that the 300-mm dimension is vertical.
The allowable stresses in bending for timber and steel are 7 and 120
MPa, respectively. Calculate the maximum vertical load P the beam
can carry at its free end.

5.21. A 180-mm-wide by 300-mm-deep wood beam (Ew = 10 GPa) 4-m long

is reinforced with 180-mm-wide and 10-mm-deep aluminum plates
(Ea = 70 GPa) on the top and bottom faces. The beam is simply
supported and subject to a uniform load of intensity 25 kN/m over its
entire length. Calculate the maximum stresses in each material.

5.22. Referring to the reinforced concrete beam of Fig. 5.15a, b = 300

mm, d = 450 mm, As = 1200 mm2, and n = 10. Given allowable
stresses in steel and concrete of 150 and 12 MPa, respectively,
calculate the maximum bending moment the section can carry.

5.23. Referring to the reinforced concrete beam of Fig. 5.15a, b = 300

mm, d = 500 mm, and n = 8. Given the actual maximum stresses
developed to be σ s = 80 MPa and σ c = 5 MPa, calculate the applied
bending moment and the steel area required.
5.24. A beam is constructed of half a hollow tube of mean radius R and
wall thickness t (Fig. P5.24). Assuming t
R, locate the shear
center S. The moment of inertia of the section about the z axis
is I z = πR3t /2.

Figure P5.24.

5.25. An H-section beam with unequal flanges is subjected to a vertical

load P (Fig. P5.25). The following assumptions are applicable:

1. The total resisting shear occurs in the flanges.

2. The rotation of a plane section during bending occurs about

the symmetry axis so that the radii of curvature of both
flanges are equal.

Figure P5.25.

Determine the location of the shear center S.

5.26. Determine the shear center S of the section shown in Fig. P5.26. All
dimensions are in millimeters.
 Figure P5.26.

5.27. A cantilever beam AB supports a triangularly distributed load of

maximum intensity po (Fig. P5.27). Determine (a) the equation of
the deflection curve, (b) the deflection at the free end, and (c) the
slope at the free end.

Figure P5.27.

5.28. The slope at the wall of a built-in beam (Fig. P5.28a) is as shown
in Fig. P5.28b and is given by pL3/96EI . Determine the force acting
at the simple support, expressed in terms of pand L.

Figure P5.28.

5.29. A fixed-ended beam of length L is subjected to a concentrated

 force P at a distance c away from the left end. Derive the equations
of the elastic curve.

5.30. A propped cantilever beam AB is subjected to a couple Mo acting at

support B, as shown inFig. P5.30. Derive the equation of the
deflection curve and determine the reaction at the roller support.

Figure P5.30.

5.31. A welded bimetallic strip (Fig. P5.31) is initially straight. A

temperature increment ∆Tcauses the element to curve. The
coefficients of thermal expansion of the constituent metals
are α1 and α2. Assuming elastic deformation and α2 > α1, determine
(a) the radius of curvature to which the strip bends, (b) the maximum
stress occurring at the interface, and (c) the temperature increase
that would result in the simultaneous yielding of both elements.

Figure P5.31.

Sections 5.12 through 5.16

5.32. Verify the values of α for cases B, C, and D of Table 5.1.

5.33. Consider a curved bar subjected to pure bending (Fig. 5.22). Assume
the stress function

Φ = A ln r + Br2 ln r + Cr2 + D
 to rederive the stress field in the bar given by Eqs. (5.67).

5.34. The allowable stress in tension and compression for the clamp body
shown in Fig. P5.34 is 80 MPa. Calculate the maximum permissible
load the member can resist. Dimensions are in millimeters.

Figure P5.34.

5.35. A curved frame of rectangular cross section is loaded as shown in Fig.

P5.35. Determine the maximum tangential stress (a) using the
second of Eqs. (5.67) together with the method of superposition; (b)
applying Eq. (5.73). Given: h = 100 mm, , and P = 70 kN.

Figure P5.35.

5.36. A curved frame having a channel-shaped cross section is subjected to

bending by end moments M, as illustrated in Fig. P5.36. Determine
the dimension b required if the tangential stresses at
points A and B of the beam are equal in magnitude.

Figure P5.36.
5.37. A curved beam of a circular cross section of diameter d is fixed at one
end and subjected to a concentrated load P at the free end (Fig.
P5.37). Calculate (a) the tangential stress at point A; (b) the
tangential stress at point B. Given: P = 800 N, d = 20 mm, a = 25
mm, andb = 15 mm.

Figure P5.37.

5.38. The circular steel frame has a cross section approximated by the
trapezoidal form shown inFig. P5.38. Calculate (a) the tangential
stress at point A; (b) the tangential stress at pointB. Given: ri = 100
mm, ro = 250 mm, b = 75 mm, b = 50 mm, and P = 50 kN.

Figure P5.38.
5.39. The triangular cross section of a curved beam is shown in Fig. P5.39.
Derive the expression for the radius R along the neutral axis.
Compare the result with that given for Fig. D inTable 5.2.

Figure P5.39.

5.40. The circular cross section of a curved beam is illustrated in Fig.

P5.40. Derive the expression for the radius R along the neutral axis.
Compare the result with that given for Fig. B inTable 5.2.

Figure P5.40.

5.41. The trapezoidal cross section of a curved beam is depicted in Fig.

P5.41. Derive the expression for the radius R along the neutral axis.
Compare the result with that given for Fig. E in Table 5.2.
 Figure P5.41.

5.42. A machine component of channel cross-sectional area is loaded as

shown in Fig. P5.42. Calculate the tangential stress at
points A and B. All dimensions are in millimeters.

Figure P5.42.

5.43. A load P is applied to an eye bar with rigid insert for the purpose of
pulling (Fig. P5.43). Determine the tangential stress at
points A and B (a) by the elasticity theory, (b) by Winkler’s theory,
and (c) by the elementary theory. Compare the results obtained.

Figure P5.43.
5.44. A ring of mean radius R and constant rectangular section is subjected
to a concentrated load (Fig. P5.44). You may omit the effect of shear
in bending. Derive the following general expression for the tangential
stress at any section of the ring:

Equation P5.44

Figure P5.44.

where

Use Castigliano’s theorem.

5.45. The ring shown in Fig. P5.44 has the following

dimensions: , t = 50 mm, and h = 100 mm. Taking ,
determine (a) the tangential stress on the inner fiber at θ = π/4 and
(b) the deflection along the line of action of the load P, considering
the effects of the normal and shear forces, as well as bending
moment (Sec. 10.4).
Problems
Sections 6.1 through 6.3

6.1. A hollow steel shaft of outer radius c = 35 mm is fixed at one end

and subjected to a torqueT = 3 kN · m at the other end. Calculate
the required inner radius b, knowing that the average shearing stress
is limited to 100 MPa.

6.2. A solid shaft of 40-mm diameter is to be replaced by a hollow circular

tube of the same material, resisting the same maximum shear stress
and the same torque. Determine the outer diameter D of the tube for
the case in which its wall thickness is t = D/25.

6.3. A solid shaft of diameter d and a hollow shaft of outer diameter D =

60 mm and thickness t= D/4 are to transmit the same torque at the
same maximum shear stress. What is the required diameter d the
shaft?

6.4. Figure P6.4 shows four pulleys, attached to a solid stepped shaft,
transmit the torques. Find the maximum shear stress for each shaft
segment.

Figure P6.4.

6.5. Resolve Prob. 6.4, for the case in which a hole of 16-mm diameter
drilled axially through the shaft to form a tube.

6.6. As seen in Fig. P6.6, a stepped shaft ABC with built-in end at A is
subjected to the torquesT B = 3 kN · m and T C = 1 kN · m at
sections B and C. Based on a stress concentration factorK = 1.6 at
the step B, what is the maximum shearing stress in the shaft? Given:
 d1 = 50 mm and d2 = 40 mm.

Figure P6.6.

6.7. A brass rod AB (Gb = 42 GPa) is bonded to an aluminum rod BC (Gd =

28 GPa), as illustrated in Fig. P6.6. Determine the angle of twist
at C, for the case in which T B = 2T C = 8 kN · m,d1 = 2d2 = 100 mm,
and L1 = 2L2 = 0.7 m.

6.8. A hollow shaft is made by rolling a metal plate of thickness t into a

cylindrical form and welding the edges along the helical seams
oriented at an angle of φ to the axis of the member (Fig. P6.8).
Calculate the maximum torque that can be applied to the
shaft.Assumption: The allowable tensile and shear stresses in the
weld are 120 MPa and 50 MPa, respectively. Given: D = 100 mm, t =
5 mm, and φ = 50°.

Figure P6.8.
 6.9. Resolve Prob. 6.8 for the case in which the helical seam is oriented
at an angle of φ = 35° to the axis of the member (Fig. P6.8).

6.10. What is the required diameter d1 for the segment AB of the shaft
illustrated in Fig. P6.6 if the permissible shear stress is τall = 50 MPa
and the total angle of twist between A and C is limited to φ = 0.02
rad? Given: G = 39 GPa, T B = 3 kN · m, T C = 1 kN · m, L1 = 2
m, L2 = 1 m, and d2 = 25 mm.

6.11. Redo Prob. 6.10 for the case in which the torque applied at B is T B =
2 kN · m and T C = 0.5 kN · m.

6.12. A stepped shaft of diameters D and d is under a torque T, as shown

in Fig. P6.12. The shaft has a fillet of radius r (see Fig. D.4).
Determine (a) the maximum shear stress in the shaft for r = 1.0 mm;
(b) the maximum shear stress in the shaft for r = 5 mm. Given: D =
60 mm,d = 50 mm, and T = 2 kN · m.

Figure P6.12.

6.13. A stepped shaft having solid circular parts with diameters D and d is
in pure torsion (Fig. P6.12). The two parts are joined with a fillet of
radius r (see Fig. D.4). If the shaft is made of brass with allowable
shear strength 80 MPa, determine the largest torque capacity of the
shaft. Given: D = 100 mm, d = 50 mm, r = 10 mm.

6.14. Consider two bars, one having a circular section of radius b, the other
an elliptic section with semiaxes a, b (Figure P6.14). Determine (a)
for equal angles of twist, which bar experiences the larger shearing
 stress, and (b) for equal allowable shearing stresses, which bar
resists a larger torque.

Figure P6.14.

6.15. A hollow (ri = b, r0 = c) and a solid (r0 = a) cylindrical shaft are

constructed of the same material. The shafts are of identical length
and cross-sectional area and both are subjected to pure torsion.
Determine the ratio of the largest torques that may be applied to the
shafts for c = 1.4b (a) if the allowable stress is τa and (b) if the
allowable angle of twist is θa.

6.16. A solid circular shaft AB, held rigidly at both ends, has two different
diameters (Fig. 6.4a). For a maximum permissible shearing
stress τall = 150 MPa, calculate the allowable torque Tthat may be
applied at section C. Use da = 20 mm, db = 15 mm, and a = 2b = 0.4
m.

6.17. Redo Problem 6.16 for τall = 70 MPa, da = 25 mm, db = 15 mm,

and a = 1.6b = 0.8 m.

Sections 6.4 through 6.7

6.18. The stress function appropriate to a solid bar subjected to torques at

its free ends is given by

Φ = k(a2 – x2 + by2)(a2 + bx2 – y2)

where a and b are constants. Determine the value of k.

6.19. Show that Eqs. (6.6) through (6.11) are not altered by a shift of the
origin of x, y, z from the center of twist to any point within the cross
section defined by x = a and y = b, where aand b are constants.
[Hint: The displacements are now expressed as u =
–θz(y – b), v =θz(x – a), and w = w(x, y).]

6.20. Rederive Eq. (6.11) for the case in which the stress function Φ = c on
 the boundary, where cis a nonzero constant.

6.21. The thin circular ring of cross-sectional radius r, shown in Fig. P6.21,
is subjected to a distributed torque per unit length, T θ = T cos 2θ.
Determine the angle of twist at sections Aand B in terms of T, a,
and r. Assume that the radius a is large enough to permit the effect
of curvature on the torsion formula to be neglected.

Figure P6.21.

6.22. Consider two bars of the same material, one circular of radius c, the
other of rectangular section with dimensions a × 2a. Determine the
radius c so that, for an applied torque, both the maximum shear
stress and the angle of twist will not exceed the corresponding
quantities in the rectangular bar.

6.23. The torsion solution for a cylinder of equilateral triangular section

(Fig. 6.11) is derivable from the stress function, Eq. (j) of Section
6.5:

Derive expressions for the maximum and minimum shearing

stresses and the twisting angle.

6.24. The torsional rigidity of a circle, an ellipse, and an equilateral

triangle (Fig. 6.11) are denoted by Cc , Ce, and Ct , respectively. If the
cross-sectional areas of these sections are equal, demonstrate that
the following relationships exist:

where a and b are the semiaxes of the ellipse in

the x and y directions.
6.25. Two thin-walled circular tubes, one having a seamless section, the
other (Fig. 6.17a) a split section, are subjected to the action of
identical twisting moments. Both tubes have equal outer
diameter do, inner diameter di, and thickness t. Determine the ratio
of their angles of twist.

6.26. A steel bar of slender rectangular cross section (5mm × 125 mm) is
subjected to twisting moments of 80 N · m at the ends. Calculate the
maximum shearing stress and the angle of twist per unit length.
Take G = 80 GPa.

6.27. The torque T produces a rotation of 15° at free end of the steel bar
shown in Fig. P6.27. Use a = 24 mm, b = 16 mm, L = 400 m,
and G = 80 GPa. What is the maximum shearing stress in the bar?

Figure P6.27.

6.28. Determine the largest permissible b × b square cross section of a

steel shaft of length L = 3 m, for the shearing stress is not to exceed
120 MPa and the shaft is twisted through 25° (Fig. P6.27). Take G =
75 GPa.

6.29. A steel bar (G = 200 GPa) of cross section as shown in Fig. P6.29 is
subjected to a torque of 500 N · m. Determine the maximum shearing
stress and the angle of twist per unit length. The dimensions
are b1 = 100 mm, b2 = 125 mm, t 1 = 10 mm, and t 2 = 4 mm.

Figure P6.29.
 6.30. Rework Example 6.6 for the case in which segments AC and CB of
torsion member AB have as a cross section an equilateral triangular
of sides a1 = 60 mm and a2 = 45 mm, respectively.

6.31. Derive an approximate expression for the twisting moment in terms

of G, θ, b, and t o for the thin triangular section shown in Fig. P6.31.
Assume that at any y the expression for the stress function Φ
corresponds to a parabolic membrane appropriate to the width at
that y: Φ = Gθ[(t /2)2 – x2].

Figure P6.31.

6.32. Consider the following sections: (a) a hollow tube of 50-mm outside
diameter and 2.5-mm wall thickness, (b) an equal-leg angle, having
the same perimeter and thickness as in (a), (c) a square box section
with 50-mm sides and 2.5-mm wall thickness. Compare the torsional
rigidities and the maximum shearing stresses for the same applied
torque.

6.33. The cross section of a 3-m-long steel bar is an equilateral triangle

with 50-mm sides. The bar is subjected to end twisting couples
causing a maximum shearing stress equal to two-thirds of the elastic
strength in shear (τyp = 420 MPa). Using Table 6.2, determine the
angle of twist between the ends. Let G = 80 GPa.

Sections 6.8 through 6.11

6.34. Show that when Eq. (6.2) is applied to a thin-walled tube, it reduces
to Eq. (6.22).

6.35. A torque T is applied to a thin-walled tube of a cross section in the

form of a regular hexagon of constant wall thickness t and mean side
length a. Derive relationships for the shearing stress τ and the angle
of twist θ per unit length.

6.36. Redo Example 6.7 with a 0.01-m-thick vertical wall at the middle of
 the section.

6.37. The cross section of a thin-walled aluminum tube is an equilateral

triangular section of mean side length 50 mm and wall thickness 3.5
mm. If the tube is subjected to a torque of 40 N · m, what are the
maximum shearing stress and angle of twist per unit length? Let G =
28 GPa.

6.38. A square thin-walled tube of mean dimensions a × a and a circular

thin-walled tube of mean radius c, both of the same material, length,
thickness t, and cross-sectional area, are subjected to the same
torque. Determine the ratios of the shearing stresses and the angle
of twist of the tubes.

6.39. A hollow, multicell aluminum tube (cross section shown in Fig.

P6.39) resists a torque of 4 kN · m. The wall thicknesses
are t 1 = t 2 = t 4 = t 5 = 0.5 mm and t 3 = 0.75 mm. Determine the
maximum shearing stresses and the angle of twist per unit length.
Let G = 28 GPa.

Figure P6.39.

6.40. Consider two closely coiled helical springs, one made of steel, the
other of copper, each 0.01 m in wire diameter, one fitting within the
other. Each has an identical number of coils,n = 20, and ends
constrained to deflect the same amount. The steel outer spring has a
diameter of 0.124 m, and the copper inner spring, a diameter of 0.1
m. Determine (a) the total axial load the two springs can jointly
sustain if the shear stresses in the steel and the copper are not to
exceed 500 and 300 MPa, respectively, and (b) the ratio of spring
constants. For steel and copper, use shear moduli of elasticity Gs =
79 GPa and Gc = 41 GPa, respectively.
Problems
Sections 7.1 through 7.4

7.1. Referring to Fig. 7.2, demonstrate that the biharmonic equation

takes the following finite difference form:

Equation p7.1

7.2. Consider a torsional bar having rectangular cross section of width

4a and depth 2a. Divide the cross section into equal nets
with h = a/2. Assume that the origin of coordinates is located at the
centroid. Find the shear stresses at points x = ±2a and y = ±a. Use
the direct finite difference approach. Note that the exact value of
stress at y = ±a is, fromTable 6.2, τmax = 1.860Gθa.

7.3. For the torsional member of cross section shown in Fig. P7.3, find
the shear stresses at point B. Take h = 5 mm and h1 = h2 = 3.5 mm.

Figure P7.3.

7.4. Redo Prob. 7.3 to find the shear stress at point A. Let h = 4.25 mm;
then h1 = h and h2 = 2.25 mm.

7.5. Calculate the maximum shear stress in a torsional member of

rectangular cross section of sides a and b (a = 1.5b). Employ the
finite difference method, taking h = a/4. Compare the results with
that given in Table 6.2.
Section 7.5

7.6. A force P is applied at the free end of a stepped cantilever beam of

length L (Fig. P7.6). Determine the deflection of the free end using
the finite difference method, taking n = 3. Compare the result with
the exact solution v(L) = 3PL3/16EI .

Figure P7.6.

7.7. A stepped simple beam is loaded as shown in Fig. P7.7. Apply the
finite difference approach, with h = L/4, to determine (a) the slope at
point C; (b) the deflection at point C.

Figure P7.7.

7.8. A stepped simple beam carries a uniform loading of intensity p, as

shown in Fig. P7.8. Use the finite difference method to calculate the
deflection at point C. Let h = a/2.

Figure P7.8.
 7.9. Cantilever beam AB carries a distributed load that varies linearly as
shown in Fig. P7.9. Determine the deflection at the free end by
applying the finite difference method. Use n = 4. Compare the result
with the “exact” solution w (L) = 11poL4/120EI .

Figure P7.9.

7.10. Applying Eq. (7.22), determine the deflection at points 1 through 5

for beam and loading shown in Fig. P7.10.

Figure P7.10.

7.11. Employ the finite difference method to obtain the maximum

deflection and the slope of the simply supported beam loaded as
shown in Fig. P7.11. Let h = L/4.

Figure P7.11.
7.12. Determine the deflection at a point B and the slope at point A of the
overhanging beam loaded as shown in Fig. P7.12. Use the finite
difference approach, with n = 6. Compare the deflection with its
“exact” value vB = Pa3/12EI .

Figure P7.12.

7.13. Redo Prob. 7.6 with the beam subjected to a uniform load p per unit
length and P = 0. The exact solution is v(L) = 3pL4/32EI .

7.14. A beam is supported and loaded as depicted in Fig. P7.14. Use the
finite difference approach, with h = L/4, to compute the maximum
deflection and slope.

Figure P7.14.

7.15. A fixed-ended beam supports a concentrated load P at its midspan as

shown in Fig. P7.15. Apply the finite difference method to determine
the reactions. Let h = L/4.

Figure P7.15.
 7.16. Use the finite difference method to calculate the maximum deflection
and the slope of a fixed-ended beam of length L carrying a uniform
load of intensity p (Fig. P7.16). Let h =L/4.

Figure P7.16.

Sections 7.6 through 7.16

7.17. The bar element 4–1 of length L and the cross-sectional area A is
oriented at an angle αclockwise from the x axis (Fig. P7.17).
Calculate (a) the global stiffness matrix of the bar; (b) the axial force
in the bar; (c) the local displacements at the ends of the bar. Given:
A = 1350 mm2, L = 1.7 m, α = 60°, E = 96 GPa, u4 = –1.1 mm, v4 =
–1.2 mm, u1 = 2 mm, andv1 = 1.5 mm.

Figure P7.17.

7.18. The axially loaded bar 1–4 of constant axial rigidity AE is held
between two rigid supports and under a concentrated load P at node
 3, as illustrated in Fig. P7.18. Find (a) the system stiffness matrix;
(b) the displacements at nodes 2 and 3; (c) the nodal forces and
reactions at the supports.

Figure P7.18.

7.19. The axially loaded composite bar 1–4 is held between two rigid
supports and subjected to a concentrated load P at node 2, as
depicted in Fig. P7.19. The steel bar 1–3 has cross-sectional
area A and modulus of elasticity E. The brass bar 3–4 is with cross-
sectional area 2A and elastic modulus E/2. Determine (a) the system
stiffness matrix; (b) the displacements of nodes 2 and 3; (c) the
nodal forces and reactions at the supports.

Figure P7.19.

7.20. A stepped bar 1–4 is held between rigid supports and carries a
concentrated load P at node 3, as illustrated in Fig. P7.20. Find (a)
the system stiffness matrix; (b) the displacements of nodes 2 and 3;
(c) the nodal forces and reactions at the supports.

Figure P7.20.
7.21. A planar truss containing five members with axial rigidity AE is
supported at joints 1 and 4, as shown in Fig. P7.21. What is the
global stiffness matrix for each element?

Figure P7.21.

7.22. The plane truss is loaded and supported as illustrated in Fig. P7.22.
Each element has an axial rigidity AE. Find (a) the global stiffness
matrix for each element; (b) the system stiffness matrix; (c) the
system force-displacement relations.

Figure P7.22.

7.23. A two-bar planar truss is supported by a spring of stiffness k at joint

1, as depicted in Fig. P7.23. Each element has an axial rigidity AE.
Calculate (a) the stiffness matrix for bars 1 and 2, and spring 3; (b)
the system stiffness matrix; (c) the force-displacement
equations.Given: L = L, (AE) = AE, , .
2 2

Figure P7.23.
7.24. A vertical concentrated load P = 6 kN is applied at joint 2 of the two-
bar plane truss supported as shown in Fig. P7.24. Take AE = 20 MN
for each member. Find (a) the global stiffness matrix of each bar; (b)
the system stiffness matrix; (c) the nodal displacements; (d) the
support reactions; (e) the axial forces in each bar.

Figure P7.24.

7.25. In a two-bar plane truss, its support at joint 1 settles vertically by an

amount of u = 15 mm downward when loaded by a horizontal
concentrated load P (Fig. P7.25). Calculate (a) the global stiffness
matrix of each element; (b) the system stiffness matrix; (c) the
nodal displacements; (d) the support reactions. Given: E = 105
GPa, A = 10 × 10–4 m2, P = 10 kN.

Figure P7.25.
7.26. A cantilever of constant flexural rigidity EI carries a concentrated
load P at its free end, as shown in Fig. P7.26. Find (a) the
deflection v1 and angle of rotation θ1 at the free end; (b) the
reactions R2 and M2 at the fixed end.

Figure P7.26.

7.27. A simple beam 1–3 of length L and flexural rigidity EI is supports a

uniformly distributed load of intensity p, as illustrated in Fig. P7.27.
Determine the deflection of the beam at midpoint 2 by replacing the
applied load with the equivalent nodal loads (see Table D.5).

Figure P7.27.
7.28. A beam supported by a pin, a spring of stiffness k, and a roller at
points 1, 2, and 3, respectively, is under a concentrated load P at
point 2 (Fig. P7.28). Calculate (a) the nodal displacements; (b) the
nodal forces and spring force. Given: L = 4 m, P = 12 kN, EI = 14 MN
· m2, and k = 200 kN/m.

Figure P7.28.

7.29. A cantilever beam 1–2 of length L and constant flexural rigidity EI is

subjected to a concentrated load P at the midspan, as shown in Fig.
P7.29. Find the vertical deflection v2and angle of rotation θ2 at the
free end by replacing the applied load with the equivalent nodal
loads acting at each end of the beam (see Table D.5).

Figure P7.29.

7.30. A propped cantilever beam with flexural rigidities EI and EI/2 for the
parts 1–2 and 2–3, respectively, carries concentrated load P and
moment 3PL at point 2 (Fig. P7.30). Calculate the
displacements v2, θ2, and θ3. Given: L = 1.2 m, P = 30 kN, E = 207
GPa, and I = 15 × 106 mm4.
 Figure P7.30.

7.31. A continuous beam of constant flexural rigidity EI is loaded and

supported as seen in Fig. P7.31. Determine (a) the stiffness matrix
for each element; (b) the system stiffness matrix and the force-
displacement relations.

Figure P7.31.

7.32. A propped cantilever beam with an overhang is subjected to a

concentrated load P, as illustrated in Fig. P7.32. The beam has a
constant flexural rigidity EI. Determine (a) the stiffness matrix for
each element; (b) the system stiffness matrix; (c) the nodal
displacements; (d) the forces and moments at the ends of each
member; (e) the shear and moment diagrams.

Figure P7.32.
7.33. A plane truss consisting of five members having the same axial
rigidity AE is supported at joints 1 and 4, as seen in Fig. P7.33. Find
the global stiffness matrix for each element.

Figure P7.33.

7.34. The planar truss, with the axial rigidity AE the same for each
element, is loaded and supported as illustrated in Fig. P7.34.
Determine (a) the global stiffness matrix for each element; (b) the
system matrix and the system force-displacement equations.

Figure P7.34.

7.35. A vertical load P = 20 kN acts at joint 2 of the two-bar (1–2 and 2–3)
truss shown in Fig. P7.35. Find (a) the global stiffness matrix for
each member; (b) the system stiffness matrix; (c) the nodal
displacements; (d) reactions; (e) the axial forces in each member,
and show the results on a sketch of each member. Assumption: The
 axial rigidity AE = 60 MN is the same for each bar.

Figure P7.35.

7.36. A plate with a hole is under an axial tension loading P (Fig. P7.36).
Dimensions are in millimeters. Given: P = 5 kN and plate
thickness t = 12 mm. (a) Analyze the stresses using a computer
program with the CST (or LST) elements. (b) Compare the stress
concentration factor K obtained in part (a) with that found from Fig.
D.8.

Figure P7.36.

7.37. Resolve Prob. 7.36 for the plate shown in Fig. P7.37.

Figure P7.37.
7.38. A simple beam is under a uniform loading of intensity p (Fig. P7.38).
Let L = 10h, t = 1, and v = 0.3. Refine meshes to calculate the
stress and deflection within 5% accuracy, by using a computer
program with the CST (or LST) elements. Given: Exact solution
[Ref. 7.7] is of the form:

Equation p7.38

Figure P7.38.

where t represents the thickness.

7.39. Resolve Prob. 7.38 for the case in which a cantilever beam is under
a uniform loading of intensity p (Fig. P7.39). Given: Exact solution
[Ref. 7.7] is given by

Equation p7.39

Figure P7.39.
 in which t is the thickness.

7.40. Verify Eqs. (7.78) and (7.79) by determining the static resultant of
the applied loading. [Hint: For Eq. (7.79), apply the principle of
virtual work.]

with

to obtain

7.41. Redo Case Study 7.1 for the beam subjected to a uniform additional
load throughout its span, p = –7 MPa, and a temperature rise of
50°C. Let γ = 77 kN/m3 and α = 12 × 10–6/°C.

7.42. A -cm-thick cantilever beam is subjected to a parabolically varying

end shear stress resulting in a load of P N and a linearly distributed
load p N/cm (Fig. P7.42). Dividing the beam into two triangles as
shown, calculate the stresses in the member. The beam is made of a
transversely isotropic material, in which a rotational symmetry of
properties exists within the xz plane:

E1 = 210 GPa, v2 = 0.1

E2 = 70 GPa, G2 = 28 GPa
 Figure P7.42.

Here E1 is associated with the behavior in the xz plane,

and E2, G2, and v2 with the direction perpendicular to
the xz plane. Now the elasticity matrix, Eq. (7.54), becomes

where n = E1/E2 and m = G2/E2.

7.43. Redo Case Study 7.1 if the discretized beam consists of triangular
elements 1 4 3 and 1 2 4 (Fig. 7.27b). Assume the remaining data to
be unchanged.
Problems
Sections 8.1 through 8.5

8.1. A cylinder of internal radius a and external radius b = 1.10a is

subjected to (a) internal pressure pi only and (b) external
pressure po only. Determine for each case the ratio of maximum to
minimum tangential stress.

8.2. A thick-walled cylinder with closed ends is subjected to internal

pressure pi only. Knowing that a = 0.6 m, b = 1 m, σall = 140 MPa,
and τall = 80 MPa, determine the allowable value ofpi.

8.3. A cylinder of inner radius a and outer radius na, where n is an

integer, has been designed to resist a specific internal pressure, but
reboring becomes necessary. (a) Find the new inner radius rx required
so that the maximum tangential stress does not exceed the previous
value by more than ∆σθ, while the internal pressure is the same as
before. (b) If a = 25 mm and n= 2 and after reboring the tangential
stress is increased by 10%, determine the new diameter.

8.4. A steel tank having an internal diameter of 1.2 m is subjected to an

internal pressure of 7 MPa. The tensile and compressive elastic
strengths of the material are 280 MPa. Assuming a factor of safety of
2, determine the wall thickness.

8.5. Two thick-walled, closed-ended cylinders of the same dimensions are

subjected to internal and external pressure, respectively. The outer
diameter of each is twice the inner diameter. What is the ratio of the
pressures for the following cases? (a) The maximum tangential stress
has the same absolute value in each cylinder. (b) The maximum
tangential strain has the same absolute value in each cylinder.
Take .

8.6. Determine the radial displacement of a point on the inner surface of

the tank described inProb. 8.4. Assume that outer diameter 2b =
1.2616 m, E = 200 GPa, and ν = 0.3.

8.7. Derive expressions for the maximum circumferential strains of a

thick-walled cylinder subject to internal pressure pi only, for two
cases: (a) an open-ended cylinder and (b) a closed-ended cylinder.
Then, assuming that the allowable strain is limited to 1000 µ, pi = 60
MPa, and b = 2 m, determine the required wall thickness. Use E =
200 GPa and .

8.8. An aluminum cylinder (E = 72 GPa, ν = 0.3) with closed and free ends
 has a 500-mm external diameter and a 100-mm internal diameter.
Determine maximum tangential, radial, shearing, and longitudinal
stresses and the change in the internal diameter at a section away
from the ends for an internal pressure of pi = 60 MPa.

8.9. Rework Prob. 8.8 with pi = 0 and po = 60 MPa.

8.10. A steel cylinder of 0.3-m radius is shrunk over a solid steel shaft of
0.1-m radius. The shrinking allowance is 0.001 m/m. Determine the
external pressure po on the outside of the cylinder required to reduce
to zero the circumferential tension at the inside of the cylinder.
Use Es = 200 GPa.

8.11. A steel cylinder is subjected to an internal pressure only. (a) Obtain

the ratio of the wall thickness to the inner diameter if the internal
pressure is three-quarters of the maximum allowable tangential
stress. (b) Determine the increase in inner diameter of such a
cylinder, 0.15 m in internal diameter, for an internal pressure of 6.3
MPa. Take = 210 GPa and .
E

8.12. Verify the results shown in Fig. 8.5 using Eqs. (a) and (8.21)
of Section 8.3.

8.13. A thick-walled cylinder is subjected to internal pressure pi and

external pressure po. Find (a) the longitudinal stress σ z if the
longitudinal strain is zero and (b) the longitudinal strain ifσ z is zero.

8.14. A cylinder, subjected to internal pressure only, is constructed of

aluminum having a tensile strength σ yp. The internal radius of the
cylinder is a, and the outer radius is 2a. Based on the maximum
energy of distortion and maximum shear stress theories of failure,
predict the limiting values of internal pressure.

8.15. A cylinder, subjected to internal pressure pi only, is made of cast iron

having ultimate strengths in tension and compression of σ u = 350
MPa and MPa, respectively. The inner and outer radii
are a and 3a. Determine the allowable value of pi using (a) the
maximum principal stress theory and (b) the Coulomb–Mohr theory.

8.16. A flywheel of 0.5-m outer diameter and 0.1-m inner diameter is

pressed onto a solid shaft. The maximum tangential stress induced in
the flywheel is 35 MPa. The length of the flywheel parallel to the
shaft axis is 0.05 m. Assuming a coefficient of static friction of 0.2 at
the common surface, find the maximum torque that may be
transmitted by the flywheel without slippage.

8.17. A solid steel shaft of 0.1-m diameter is pressed onto a steel cylinder,
inducing a contact pressure p1 and a maximum tangential stress
 2p1 in the cylinder. If an axial tensile load ofPL = 45 kN is applied to
the shaft, what change in contact pressure occurs? Let .

8.18. A brass cylinder of outer radius c and inner radius b is to be press-

fitted over a steel cylinder of outer radius b + δ and inner
radius a (Fig. 8.6). Calculate the maximum stresses in both materials
for δ = 0.02 mm, a = 40 mm, b = 80 mm, and c = 140 mm. Let Eb =
110 GPa, νb = 0.32, Es = 200 GPa, and νs = 0.28.

8.19. An aluminum alloy cylinder (Ea = 72 GPa, νa = 0.33) of outer and

inner diameters of 300 and 200 mm is to be press-fitted over a solid
steel shaft (Es = 200 GPa, νs = 0.29) of diameter 200.5 mm.
Calculate (a) the interface pressure p and (b) the change in the outer
diameter of the aluminum cylinder.

8.20. A thin circular disk of inner radius a and outer radius b is shrunk onto
a rigid plug of radius a+ δo (Fig. P8.20). Determine (a) the interface
pressure; (b) the radial and tangential stresses.

Figure P8.20.

8.21. When a steel sleeve of external diameter 3b is shrunk onto a solid

steel shaft of diameter 2b, the internal diameter of the sleeve is
increased by an amount δ0. What reduction occurs in the diameter of
the shaft? Let .

8.22. A cylinder of inner diameter b is shrunk onto a solid shaft. Find (a)
the initial difference in diameters if the contact pressure is p and the
maximum tangential stress is 2p in the cylinder and (b) the axial
compressive load that should be applied to the shaft to increase the
contact pressure from to . Let .
p p1

8.23. A brass solid cylinder is a firm fit within a steel tube of inner
diameter 2b and outer diameter 4b at a temperature T 1°C. If now the
temperature of both elements is increased toT 2°C, find the maximum
 tangential stresses in the cylinder and in the tube. Take αs = 11.7 ×
10–6/°C, α = 19.5 × 10–6/°C, and , and neglect longitudinal
b
friction forces at the interface.

8.24. A thick-walled, closed-ended cylinder of inner radius a and outer

radius b is subjected to an internal pressure pi only (Fig. P8.24). The
cylinder is made of a material with permissible tensile strength
σall and shear strength τall. Determine the allowable value of pi.
Given: a = 0.8 m, b = 1.2 m, σall = 80 MPa, and τall = 50 MPa.

Figure P8.24.

8.25. A thick-walled cylindrical tank of inner radius a and outer radius b is

made of ASTM A-48 cast iron (see Table D.1) having a modulus of
elasticity E and Poisson’s ratio of v. Calculate the maximum radial
displacement of the tank, if it is under an internal pressure of pi, as
illustrated in Fig. P8.24. Given: a = 0.5 m, b = 0.8 m, pi = 60
MPa, E = 70 GPa and v = 0.3.

8.26. A steel cylinder (σyp = 350 MPa) having inner radius a and outer
radius 3a is subjected to an internal pressure pi (Fig. P8.24). Find
the limiting values of the pi, using (a) the maximum shear stress
theory; (b) the maximum energy of distortion theory.

8.27. A cylinder with inner radius a and outer radius 2a is subjected to an

internal pressure pi (Fig. P8.24). Determine the allowable value of pi,
applying (a) the maximum principal stress theory; (b) the Coulomb–
Mohr theory. Assumptions: The cylinder is made of aluminum of σu=
320 MPa and .
 8.28. A bronze bushing 60 mm in outer diameter and 40 mm in inner
diameter is to be pressed into a hollow steel cylinder of 120-mm
outer diameter. Calculate the tangential stresses for steel and
bronze at the boundary between the two parts. Given: Eb = 105
GPa, Es = 210 GPa, v = 0.3. Assumption: The radial interference is
equal to δ = 0.05 mm.

8.29. A cast-iron disk is to be shrunk on a 100-mm-diameter steel shaft.

Find (a) the contact pressure; (b) the minimum allowable outside
diameter of the disk. Assumption: The tangential stress in the disk is
limited to 80 MPa. Given: The radial interference is δ = 0.06
mm, Ec = 100 GPa, Es = 200 GPa, and v = 0.3.

8.30. A cast-iron cylinder of outer radius 140 mm is to be shrink-fitted over

a 50-mm-radius steel shaft. Find the maximum tangential and radial
stresses in both parts. Given: Ec = 120 GPa,vc = 0.2, Es = 210 G
Pa, vs = 0.3. Assumption: The radial interference is δ = 0.04 mm.

8.31. In the case of which a steel disk (v = 0.3) of external diameter 4b is

shrunk onto a steel shaft of diameter of b, internal diameter of the
disk is increased by an amount λ. Find the reduction in the diameter
of the shaft.

8.32. A gear of inner and outer radii 0.1 and 0.15 m, respectively, is shrunk
onto a hollow shaft of inner radius 0.05 m. The maximum tangential
stress induced in the gear wheel is 0.21 MPa. The length of the gear
wheel parallel to shaft axis is 0.1 m. Assuming a coefficient of static
friction of f = 0.2 at the common surface, what maximum torque may
be transmitted by the gear without slip?

Sections 8.6 through 8.13

8.33. A solid steel shaft of radius b is pressed into a steel disk of outer
radius 2b and the length of hub engagement t = 3b (Figure 8.11).
Calculate the value of the radial interference in terms of b.
Given: The shearing stress in the shaft caused by the torque that the
joint is to carry equals 120 MPa; E = 200 GPa, and f = 0.2.

8.34. A cast-iron gear with 100-mm effective diameter and t = 40 mm hub

engagement length is to transmit a maximum torque of 120 N · m at
low speeds (Fig. 8.11). Determine (a) the required radial interference
on a 20-mm diameter steel shaft; (b) the maximum stress in the
gear due to a press fit. Given: Ec = 100 GPa, Es = 200 GPa, v = 0.3,
and f = 0.16.

8.35. Show that for an annular rotating disk, the ratio of the maximum
tangential stress to the maximum radial stress is given by
 Equation P8.35

8.36. Determine the allowable speed ωall in rpm of a flat solid disk
employing the maximum energy of distortion criterion. The disk is
constructed of an aluminum alloy with σ = 260 MPa, , = 2.7
yp ρ
2 4
kN · s /m , and b = 125 mm.

8.37. A rotating flat disk has 60-mm inner diameter and 200-mm outer
diameter. If the maximum shearing stress is not to exceed 90 MPa,
calculate the allowable speed in rpm. Let ν = 1/3 and ρ = 7.8 kN
· s 2/m4.

8.38. A flat disk of outer radius b = 125 mm and inner radius a = 25 mm is

shrink-fitted onto a shaft of radius 25.05 mm. Both members are
made of steel with E = 200 GPa, ν = 0.3, andρ = 7.8 kN · s 2/m4.
Determine (a) the speed in rpm at which the interface pressure
becomes zero and (b) the maximum stress at this speed.

8.39. A flat annular steel disk (ρ = 7.8 kN · s 2/m4, ν = 0.3) of 4c outer

diameter and c inner diameter rotates at 5000 rpm. If the maximum
radial stress in the disk is not to exceed 50 MPa, determine (a) the
radial wall thickness and (b) the corresponding maximum tangential
stress.

8.40. A flat annular steel disk of 0.8-m outer diameter and 0.15-m inner
diameter is to be shrunk around a solid steel shaft. The shrinking
allowance is 1 part per 1000. For ν = 0.3, E = 210 GPa, and ρ = 7.8
kN · s 2/m4, determine, neglecting shaft expansion, (a) the maximum
stress in the system at standstill and (b) the rpm at which the shrink
fit will loosen as a result of rotation.

8.41. Show that in a solid disk of diameter 2b, rotating with a tangential
velocity , the maximum stress is . Take .
v

8.42. A steel disk of 500-mm outer diameter and 50-mm inner diameter is
shrunk onto a solid shaft of 50.04-mm diameter. Calculate the speed
(in rpm) at which the disk will become loose on the shaft. Take ν =
0.3, E = 210 GPa, and ρ = 7.8 kN · s 2/m4.

8.43. Consider a steel rotating disk of hyperbolic cross section (Fig. 8.13)
with a = 0.125 m, b = 0.625 m, t i = 0.125 m, and t o = 0.0625 m.
Determine the maximum tangential force that can occur at the outer
 surface in newtons per meter of circumference if the maximum stress
at the bore is not to exceed 140 MPa. Assume that outer and inner
edges are free of pressure.

8.44. A steel turbine disk with b = 0.5 m, a = 0.0625 m, and t o = 0.05 m

rotates at 5000 rpm carrying blades weighing a total of 540 N. The
center of gravity of each blade lies on a circle of 0.575-m radius.
Assuming zero pressure at the bore, determine (a) the maximum
stress for a disk of constant thickness and (b) the maximum stress
for a disk of hyperbolic cross section. The thickness at the hub and
tip are t i = 0.4 m and t o = 0.05 m, respectively. (c) For a thickness at
the axis t i = 0.02425 m, determine the thickness at the outer
edge, t o, for a disk under uniform stress, 84 MPa. Take ρ = 7.8 kN
· s 2/m4 and g = 9.81 m/s 2.

8.45. A solid, thin flat disk is restrained against displacement at its outer
edge and heated uniformly to temperature T. Determine the radial
and tangential stresses in the disk.

8.46. Show that for a hollow disk or cylinder, when subjected to a

temperature distribution given by T = (T a – T b) ln (b/r)/ln (b/a), the
maximum radial stress occurs at

Equation P8.46

8.47. Calculate the maximum thermal stress in a gray cast-iron cylinder for
which the inner temperature is T a = –8°C and the outer temperature
is zero. Let a = 10 mm, b = 15 mm, E= 90 GPa, α = 10.4 × 10–6 per
°C, and ν = 0.3.

8.48. Verify that the distribution of stress in a solid disk in which the
temperature varies linearly with the radial dimension, T(r) = T 0(b –
r)/b, is given by

Equation P8.48

Here T0 represents the temperature rise at r = 0.

8.49. Redo Example 7.12 with the element shown in Fig.
7.26 representing a segment adjacent to the boundary of a sphere
subjected to external pressure p = 14 MPa.

8.50. A cylinder of hydraulic device having inner radius a and outer radius
4a is subjected to an internal pressure pi. Using a finite element
program with CST (or LST) elements, determine the distribution of
the tangential and radial stresses. Compare the results with the
exact solution shown in Fig. 8.4a.

8.51. A cylinder of a hydraulic device with inner radius a and outer radius
4a is under an external pressure po. Employing a finite element
computer program with CST (or LST) elements, calculate the
distribution of tangential and radial stresses.

8.52. Redo Prob. 8.51 if the cylinder is under an internal pressure pi.
Compare the results with the exact solution shown in Fig. 8.4.

8.53. Resolve Prob. 8.51 for the case in which the cylinder is subjected to
internal pressure pi and external pressure po = 0.5pi.
Problems
Sections 9.1 through 9.4

9.1. A very long S127 × 15 steel I-beam, 0.127-m deep, resting on a

foundation for which k = 1.4 MPa, is subjected to a concentrated load
at midlength. The flange is 0.0762-m wide, and the cross-sectional
moment of inertia is 5.04 × 10–6 m4. What is the maximum load that
can be applied to the beam without causing the elastic limit to be
exceeded? Assume that E= 200 GPa and σyp = 210 MPa.

9.2. A long steel beam (E = 200 GPa) of depth 2.5b and width b is to rest
on an elastic foundation (k = 20 MPa) and support a 40-kN load at its
center (Fig. 9.2). Design the beam (compute b) if the bending stress
is not to exceed 250 MPa.

9.3. A long beam on an elastic foundation is subjected to a sinusoidal

loading p = p1 sin (2πx/L), where p1 and L are the peak intensity and
wavelength of loading, respectively. Determine the equation of the
elastic deflection curve in terms of k and β.

9.4. If point Q is taken to the right of the loaded portion of the beam
shown in Fig. 9.3, what is the deflection at this point?

9.5. A single train wheel exerts a load of 135 kN on a rail assumed to be

supported by an elastic foundation. For a modulus of foundation k =
16.8 MPa, determine the maximum deflection and maximum bending
stress in the rail. The respective values of the section modulus and
modulus of rigidity are S = 3.9 × 10–4 m3 and EI = 8.437 MN · m2.

9.6. Resolve Prob. 9.1 based on a safety factor of n = 2.5 with respect to
yielding of the beam and using the modulus of foundation of k = 12
MPa.

9.7. An infinite 6061-T6 aluminum alloy beam of b × b square cross

section resting on an elastic foundation of k carries a concentrated
load P at its center (Fig. 9.2). Using a factor of safety of n with
respect to yielding of the beam, compute the allowable value
of b. Given: E = 70 GPa, σyp = 260 MPa (Table D.1), k = 7 MPa, P =
50 kN, and n = 1.8.

9.8. Redo Prob. 9.5 for the case in which a single train wheel exerts a
concentrated load of P = 250 kN on a rail resting on an elastic
foundation having k = 15 MPa.

9.9. A long rail is subjected to a concentrated load at its center (Fig. 9.2).
Determine the effect on maximum deflection and maximum stress of
overestimating the modulus of foundation kby (a) 25% and (b) 40%.
 9.10. Calculate the maximum resultant bending moment and deflection in
the rail of Prob. 9.5 if two wheel loads spaced 1.66 m apart act on
the rail. The remaining conditions of the problem are unchanged.

9.11. Determine the deflection at any point Q under the triangular loading
acting on an infinite beam on an elastic foundation (Fig. P9.11).

Figure P9.11.

9.12. What are the reactions acting on a semi-infinite beam built in at the
left end and subjected to a uniformly distributed loading p? Use the
method of superposition. [Hint: At a large distance from the left end,
the deflection is p/k.]

9.13. A semi-infinite beam on elastic foundation is subjected to a

moment MA at its end (Fig. 9.5with P = 0). Determine (a) the ratio of
the maximum upward and maximum downward deflections; (b) the
ratio of the maximum and minimum moments.

9.14. A semi-infinite beam on an elastic foundation is hinged at the left

end and subjected to a moment ML at that end. Determine the
equation of the deflection curve, slope, moment, and shear force.

Sections 9.5 through 9.10

9.15. A machine base consists partly of a 5.4-m-long S127 × 15 steel I-

beam supported by coil springs spaced a = 0.625 m apart. The
constant for each spring is K = 180 kN/m. The moment of inertia of
the I-section is 5.4 × 10–6 m4, the depth is 0.127 m, and the flange
width is 0.0762 m. Assuming that a concentrated force of 6.75 kN
transmitted from the machine acts at midspan, determine the
maximum deflection, maximum bending moment, and maximum
stress in the beam.

9.16. A steel beam of 0.75-m length and 0.05-m square cross section is
supported on three coil springs spaced a = 0.375 m apart. For each
spring, K = 18 kN/m. Determine (a) the deflection of the beam if a
load P = 540 N is applied at midspan and (b) the deflection at the
 ends of the beam if a load P = 540 N acts 0.25 m from the left end.

9.17. A finite beam with EI = 8.4 MN · m2 rests on an elastic foundation

for which k = 14 MPa. The length L of the beam is 0.6 m. If the beam
is subjected to a concentrated load P = 4.5 kN at its midpoint,
determine the maximum deflection.

9.18. A finite beam is subjected to a concentrated force P = 9 kN at its

mid-length and a uniform loading p = 7.5 kN/m. Determine the
maximum deflection and slope if L = 0.15 m, EI = 8.4 MN · m2,
and k = 14 MPa.

9.19. A finite beam of length L = 0.8 m and EI = 10 MN m resting on an

elastic foundation (k = 8 MPa) is under a concentrated load P = 15 kN
at its midlength. What is the maximum deflection?

9.20. A finite cast-iron beam of width b, depth h, and length L, resting on

an elastic foundation of modulus k, is subjected to a concentrated
load P at midlength and a uniform load of intensity p. Calculate the
maximum deflection and the slope. Given: E = 70 GPa (Table
D.1), b = 100 mm, h = 180 mm, L = 400 mm, P = 8 kN, p = 7 kN/m,
and k = 20 MPa.

9.21. Redo Example 9.6 for the case in which both ends of the beam are
simply supported.

9.22. Assume that all the data of Example 9.7 are unchanged except that
a uniformly distributed load p replaces the concentrated force on the
longitudinal beam. Compute the load RCCsupported by the central
transverse beam.
Problems
Sections 10.1 through 10.7

10.1. A cantilever beam of constant AE and EI is loaded as shown in Fig.

P10.1. Determine the vertical and horizontal deflections and the
angular rotation of the free end, considering the effects of normal
force and bending moment. Employ Castigliano’s theorem.

Figure P10.1.

10.2. The truss shown in Fig. P10.2 supports concentrated forces

of P1 = P2 = P3 = 45 kN. Assuming all members are of the same
cross section and material, find the vertical deflection of point B in
terms of AE. Take L = 3 m. Use Castigliano’s theorem.

Figure P10.2.

10.3. The moments of inertia of the tapered and constant area segments
of the cantilever beam shown in Fig. P10.3 are given by I 1 =
(c 1x + c 2)–1 and I 2, respectively. Determine the deflection of the
beam under a load P. Use Castigliano’s theorem.
 Figure P10.3.

10.4. Determine the vertical deflection and slope at point A of the

cantilever loaded as shown inFig. P10.4. Use Castigliano’s theorem.

Figure P10.4.

10.5. Redo Prob. 10.4 for the case in which an additional uniformly
distributed load of intensity pis applied to the beam.

10.6. Rework Prob. 10.4 for the stepped cantilever shown in Fig. P10.6.

Figure P10.6.

10.7. A square slender bar in the form of a quarter ring of radius R is fixed
at one end (Fig. P10.7). At the free end, force P and moment Mo are
applied, both in the plane of the bar. Using Castigliano’s theorem,
determine (a) the horizontal and the vertical displacements of the
free end and (b) the rotation of the free end.

Figure P10.7.
 10.8. The curved steel bar shown in Fig. 10.6 is subjected to a rightward
horizontal force F of 4 kN at its free end and P = 0. Using E = 200
GPa and G = 80 GPa, compute the horizontal deflection of the free
end taking into account the effects of V and N, as well as M. What is
the error in deflection if the contributions of V and N are omitted?

10.9. It is required to determine the horizontal deflection of point D of the

frame shown in Fig. P10.9, subject to downward load F, applied at
the top. The moment of inertia of segmentBC is twice that of the
remaining sections. Use Castigliano’s theorem.

Figure P10.9.

10.10. A steel spring of constant flexural rigidity is described by Fig.

P10.10. If a force P is applied, determine the increase in the
distance between the ends. Use Castigliano’s theorem.

Figure P10.10.
10.11. A cylindrical circular rod in the form of a quarter-ring of radius R is
fixed at one end (Fig. P10.11). At the free end, a concentrated
force P is applied in a diametral plane perpendicular to the plane of
the ring. What is the deflection of the free end? Use the unit load
method. [Hint: At any section, Mθ = PR sin θ and T θ = PR(1 –
cosθ).]

Figure P10.11.

10.12. Redo Prob. 10.11 if the curved bar is a split circular ring, as shown
in Fig. P10.12.

Figure P10.12.

10.13. For the cantilever beam loaded as shown in Fig. P10.13, using
Castigliano’s theorem, find the vertical deflection δA of the free end.

Figure P10.13.
10.14. A five-member plane truss in which all members have the same axial
rigidity AE is loaded as shown in Fig. P10.14. Apply Castigliano’s
theorem to obtain the vertical displacement of point D.

Figure P10.14.

10.15. For the beam and loading shown in Fig. P10.15, use Castigliano’s
theorem to determine (a) the deflection at point C; (b) the slope at
point C.

Figure P10.15.

10.16. A beam is loaded and supported as illustrated in Figs.

and P10.16 and P10.17. Apply Castigliano’s theorem to find the
10.17. deflection at point C.

Figure P10.16.
 Figure P10.17.

10.18. A load P is carried at joint B of a structure consisting of three bars of

equal axial rigidityAE, as shown in Fig. P10.18. Apply Castigliano’s
theorem to determine the force in each bar.

Figure P10.18.

10.19. Applying the unit-load method, determine the support

reactions RA and MA for the beam loaded and supported as shown
in Fig. P10.19.

Figure P10.19.
10.20. A propped cantilever beam AB is supported at one end by a spring of
constant stiffness kand subjected to a uniform load of intensity p, as
shown in Fig. P10.20. Use the unit-load method to find the reaction
at A.

Figure P10.20.

10.21. A beam is supported and loaded as illustrated in Figs. P10.21. Use

Castigliano’s theorem to determine the reactions.

Figure P10.21.

10.22. Redo Prob. 10.19, using Castigliano’s theorem.

10.23. A beam is supported and loaded as shown in Fig. P10.23. Apply

Castigliano’s theorem to determine the reactions.

Figure P10.23.
10.24. Determine the deflection and slope at midspan of the beam
described in Example 10.8.

10.25. A circular shaft is fixed at both ends and subjected to a

torque T applied at point C, as shown in Fig. P10.25. Determine the
reactions at supports A and B, employing Castigliano’s theorem.

Figure P10.25.

10.26. A steel rod of constant flexural rigidity is described by Fig. P10.26.

For force P applied at the simply supported end, derive a formula for
roller reaction Q. Apply Castigliano’s theorem.

Figure P10.26.

10.27. A cantilever beam of length L subject to a linearly varying loading

per unit length, having the value zero at the free end and po at the
fixed end, is supported on a roller at its free end (Fig. P10.27). Find
the reactions using Castigliano’s theorem.

Figure P10.27.
10.28. Using Castigliano’s theorem, find the slope of the deflection curve at
midlength C of a beam due to applied couple moment Mo (Fig.
P10.28).

Figure P10.28.

10.29. The symmetrical frame shown in Fig. P10.29 supports a uniform

loading of p per unit length. Assume that each horizontal and
vertical member has the modulus of rigidity E1I 1and E2I 2,
respectively. Determine the resultant reaction RA at the left support,
employing Castigliano’s theorem.

Figure P10.29.

10.30. Forces P are applied to a compound loop or link of constant flexural

rigidity EI (Fig. P10.30). Assuming that the dimension perpendicular
to the plane of the page is small in comparison with radius R and
taking into account only the strain energy due to bending, determine
the maximum moment.
 Figure P10.30.

10.31. A planar truss shown in Fig. P10.31 carries two vertical

loads P acting at points B and E.Use Castigliano’s theorem to obtain
(a) the horizontal displacement of joint E; (b) the rotation of
member DE.

Figure P10.31.

10.32. Calculate the vertical displacement of joint E of the truss depicted

in Fig. P10.32. Each member is made of a nonlinearly elastic
material having the stress–strain relation σ = Kε 1/3and the cross-
sectional area A. Apply the Crotti–Engesser theorem.

Figure P10.32.
10.33. A basic truss supports a load P, as shown in Fig. P10.33. Determine
the horizontal displacement of joint C, applying the unit-load
method.

Figure P10.33.

10.34. A frame of constant flexural rigidity EI carries a concentrated

load P at point E (Fig. P10.34). Determine (a) the reaction R at
support A, using Castigliano’s theorem; (b) the horizontal
displacement δh at support A, using the unit-load method.

Figure P10.34.

10.35. A bent bar ABC with fixed and roller supported ends is subjected to
a bending moment Mo, as shown in Fig. P10.35. Obtain the
 reaction R at the roller. Apply the unit-load method.

Figure P10.35.

10.36. A planar curved frame having rectangular cross section and mean
radius R is fixed at one end and supports a load P at the free end
(Fig. P10.36). Employ the unit-load method to determine the
vertical component of the deflection at point B, taking into account
the effects of normal force, shear, and bending.

Figure P10.36.

10.37. A large ring is loaded as shown in Fig. P10.37. Taking into account
only the strain energy associated with bending, determine the
bending moment and the force within the ring at the point of
application of P. Employ the unit-load method.

Figure P10.37.
Sections 10.8 through 10.11

10.38. Redo Problem 10.25, employing Castigliano’s first theorem. [Hint:

Strain energy is expressed by

Equation P10.38

where θ is the angle of twist and GJ represents the torsional

rigidity.]

10.39. Apply Castigliano’s first theorem to compute the force P required to

cause a vertical displacement of 5 mm in the hinge-connected
structure of Fig. P10.39. Let α = 45°, Lo = 3 m, and E = 200 GPa.
The area of each member is 6.25 × 10–4 m2.

Figure P10.39.

10.40. A hinge-ended beam of length L rests on an elastic foundation and

is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of intensity p. Derive the
 equation of the deflection curve by applying the principle of virtual
work.

10.41. Determine the deflection of the free end of the cantilever beam
loaded as shown in Fig. 10.14. Assume that the deflection shape of
the beam takes the form

Equation P10.41

where a1 is an unknown coefficient. Use the principle of virtual

work.

10.42. A cantilever beam carries a uniform load of intensity p (Fig. P10.42).

Take the displacement v in the form

Equation P10.42

where a is an unknown constant. Apply the Rayleigh–Ritz method

to find the deflection at the free end.

Figure P10.42.

10.43. Determine the equation of the deflection curve of the cantilever

beam loaded as shown inFig. 10.14. Use as the deflection shape of
the loaded beam

Equation P10.43
 where a1 and a2 are constants. Apply the Rayleigh–Ritz method.

10.44. A simply supported beam carries a load P at a distance c away from

its left end. Obtain the beam deflection at the point where P is
applied. Use the Rayleigh–Ritz method. Assume a deflection curve of
the form v = ax(L – x), where a is to be determined.

10.45. Determine the midspan deflection for the fixed-ended symmetrical

beam of stepped section shown in Fig. P10.45.
Take v = a1x3 + a2x2 + a3x + a4. Employ the Rayleigh–Ritz method.

Figure P10.45.

10.46. Redo Prob. 10.45 for the case in which the beam is uniform and of
flexural rigidity EI. Use

Equation P10.46

where the an’s are unknown coefficients.

Problems
Sections 11.1 through 11.7

11.1. In the assembly shown in Figure P11.1, a 50-mm outer-diameter

and 40-mm inner-diameter steel pipe (E = 200 GPa) that is 1-m long
acts as a spreader member. For a factor of safety n = 2.5, what is
the value of F that will cause buckling of the pipe?

Figure P11.1.

11.2. Figure P11.2 shows the cross sections of two aluminum alloy 2114-
T6 bars that are used as compression members, each with effective
length of Le. Find (a) the wall thickness the hollow square bar so
that the bars have the same cross-sectional area; (b) the critical
load of each bar. Given: Le = 3 m and E = 72 GPa (from Table D.1).

Figure P11.2.

11.3. Based on a factor of safety n = 1.8, determine the maximum

load F that can be applied to the truss shown in Figs. P11.3. Given:
Each column is of 50-mm-diameter aluminum bar having E = 70 GPa.

Figure P11.3.
11.4. Figure P11.4 shows a column AB of length L and flexural
rigidity EI with a support at its base that does not permit rotation
but allows horizontal displacement and is pinned at its top. What is
the critical load Pcr?

Figure P11.4.

11.5. Figure P11.5 shows the tube of uniform thickness t = 25 mm cross

section of a fixed-ended rectangular steel (E = 200 GPa) of a 9-m-
long column. Determine the critical stress in the column.

Figure P11.5.
 11.6. Resolve Prob. 11.5 for the case in which the column is pinned at
one end and fixed at the other.

11.7. Brace BD of the structure illustrated in Fig. P11.7 is made of a steel

rod (E = 210 GPa andσ yp = 250 MPa) with a square cross section (50
mm on a side). Calculate the factor of safety n against failure by
buckling.

Figure P11.7.

11.8. Verify the specific Johnson’s formulas, given by Eqs. (11.11) and
(11.12), for the intermediate sizes of columns with solid circular and
rectangular cross sections, respectively.

11.9. A steel column with pinned ends supports an axial load P = 90 kN.
Calculate the longest allowable column length. Given: Cross-
sectional area A = 3 × 103 mm2 and radius of gyration r = 25 mm;
the material properties are E = 200 GPa and σ yp = 250 MPa.

11.10. Compute the allowable axial load P for a wide-flange steel column
with fixed-fixed ends and a length of 12 m, braced at
midpoint C (Fig. P11.10). Given: Material properties E = 210
GPa, σ yp = 280 MPa; cross-sectional area A = 27 × 103 mm2 and
radius of gyration r = 100 mm.

Figure P11.10.
Sections 11.1 through 11.7

11.11. A column of length 3L is approximated by three bars of equal length

connected by a torsional spring of appropriate stiffness k at each
joint. The column is supported by a torsional spring of stiffness k at
one end and is free at the other end. Derive an expression for
determining the critical load of the system. Generalize the problem
to the case of nconnected bars.

11.12. A 3-m-long fixed-ended column (Le = 1.5 m) is made of a solid

bronze rod (E = 110 GPa) of diameter D = 30 mm. To reduce the
weight of the column by 25%, the solid rod is replaced by the hollow
rod of cross section shown in Fig. P11.12. Compute (a) the
percentage of reduction in the critical load and (b) the critical load
for the hollow rod.

Figure P11.12.

11.13. A 2-m-long pin-ended column of square cross section is to be

constructed of timber for which E = 11 GPa and σ all = 15 MPa for
compression parallel to the grain. Using a factor of safety of 2 in
 computing Euler’s buckling load, determine the size of the cross
section if the column is to safely support (a) a 100-kN load and (b) a
200-kN load.

11.14. A horizontal rigid bar AB is supported by a pin-ended column CD and

carries a load F (Fig. P11.14). The column is made of steel bar
having 50- by 50-mm square cross section, 3 m length, and E = 200
GPa. What is the allowable value of F based a factor of safety of n =
2.2 with respect to buckling of the column?

Figure P11.14.

11.15. A uniform steel column, with fixed- and hinge-connected ends, is

subjected to a vertical load P = 450 kN. The cross section of the
column is 0.05 by 0.075 m and the length is 3.6 m. Taking σ yp = 280
MPa and E = 210 GPa, calculate (a) the critical load and critical Euler
stress, assuming a factor of safety of 2, and (b) the allowable stress
according to the AISC formula, Eq. (11.13).

11.16. Figure P11.16 shows a square frame. Determine the critical value of
the compressive forces P. All members are of equal length L and of
equal modulus of rigidity EI. Assume that symmetrical buckling,
indicated by the dashed lines in the figure, occurs.

Figure P11.16.
11.17. A rigid block of weight W is to be supported by three identical steel
bars. The bars are fixed at each end (Fig. P11.17). Assume that
sidesway is not prevented and that, when an additional downward
force of 2W is applied at the middle of the block, buckling will take
place as indicated by the dashed lines in the figure. Find the
effective lengths of the columns by solving the differential equation
for deflection of the column axis.

Figure P11.17.

11.18. A simply supported beam of flexural rigidity EI b is propped up at its

center by a column of flexural rigidity EI c (Fig. P11.18). Determine
the midspan deflection of the beam if it is subjected to a uniform
load p per unit length.

Figure P11.18.
11.19. Two in-line identical cantilevers of cross-sectional area A, rigidity EI,
and coefficient of thermal expansion α are separated by a small gap
δ. What temperature rise will cause the beams to (a) just touch and
(b) buckle elastically?

11.20. A W203 × 25 column fixed at both ends has a minimum radius of

gyration r = 29.4 mm, cross-sectional area A = 3230 mm2, and
length 1.94 m. It is made of a material whose compression stress–
strain diagram is given in Fig. P11.20 by dashed lines. Find the
critical load. The stress–strain diagram may be approximated by a
series of tangentlike segments, the accuracy improving as the
number of segments increases. For simplicity, use four segments, as
indicated in the figure. The modulus of elasticity and various tangent
moduli (the slopes) are labeled.

Figure P11.20.

11.21. The pin-jointed structure shown in Fig. P11.21 is constructed of two

0.025-m-diameter tubes having the following properties: A = 5.4 ×
10–5 m2, I = 3.91 × 10–9 m4, E = 210 GPa. The stress–strain curve
for the tube material can be accurately approximated by three
straight lines as shown. If the load P is increased until the structure
 fails, which tube fails first? Describe the nature of the failure and
determine the critical load.

Figure P11.21.

11.22. Two 0.075- by 0.075-m equal leg angles, positioned with the legs
0.025 m apart back to back, as shown in Fig. P11.22, are used as a
column. The angles are made of structural steel with σ yp = 203 MPa
and E = 210 GPa. The area properties of an angle are thickness t=
0.0125 m, A = 1.719 × 10–3 m2, I c = 8.6 × 10–7m4, I /c = S = 1.719
× 10–5 m3, rc = 0.0225 m, and = = 0.02325 m. Assume that the
columns are connected by lacing bars that cause them to act as a
unit. Determine the critical stress of the column by using the AISC
formula, Eq. (11.13), for effective column lengths (a) 2.1 m and (b)
4.2 m.

Figure P11.22.

11.23. Redo Prob. 11.22(b) using the Euler formula.

11.24. A 1.2-m-long, 0.025- by 0.05-m rectangular column with rounded

 ends fits perfectly between a rigid ceiling and a rigid floor. Compute
the change in temperature that will cause the column to buckle.
Let α = 10 × 10–6/°C, E = 140 GPa, and σ yp = 280 MPa.

11.25. A pin-ended W150 × 24 rolled-steel column of cross section shown

in Fig. P11.25 (A = 3.06 × 103 mm2, rx = 66 mm, and ry = 24.6 mm)
carries an axial load of 125 kN. What is the longest allowable
column length according to the AISC formula? Use E = 200 GPa
and σ yp = 250 Pa.

Figure P11.25.

Sections 11.8 and 11.9

11.26. A pinned-end rod AB of diameter d supports an eccentrically applied

load of P, as depicted in Fig. P11.26. Assuming that the maximum
deflection at the midlength is vmax, determine (a) the eccentricity e;
(b) the maximum stress in the rod. Given: d = 40 mm, P = 80
kN,vmax = 1.0 mm, and E = 200 GPa.

Figure P11.26.
11.27. Redo Prob. 11.26 for the case in which column AB is fixed at
base B and free at top A.

11.28. A cast-iron hollow-box column of length L is fixed at its base and

free at its top, as depicted in Fig. P11.28. Assuming that an
eccentric load P acts at the middle of side AB(that is, e = 50 mm) of
the free end, determine the maximum stress σ max in the
column.Given: P = 250 kN, L = 1.8 m, E = 70 GPa, and e = 50 mm.

Figure P11.28.

11.29. Resolve Prob. 11.28, knowing that the load acts at the middle of
side AC (that is, e = 100 mm).

11.30. A steel bar (E = 210 GPa) of b = 50 mm by h = 25 mm rectangular

cross section (Fig. P11.30) and length L = 1.5 m is eccentrically
compressed by axial loads P = 10 kN. The forces are applied at the
middle of the long edge of the cross section. What are the maximum
 deflection vmax and maximum bending moment Mmax?

Figure P11.30.

11.31. A 0.05-m square, horizontal steel bar, 9-m long, is simply supported
at each end. The only force acting is the weight of the bar. (a) Find
the maximum stress and deflection. (b) Assume that an axial
compressive load of 4.5 kN is also applied at each end through the
centroid of cross-sectional area. Determine the stress and deflection
under this combined loading. For steel, the specific weight is 77
kN/m3, E = 210 GPa, and v = 0.3.

11.32. The properties of a W203 × 46 steel link are A = 5880 mm2, I z ≈

45.66 × 106 mm4, I y ≈ 15.4 × 106 mm4, depth = 203.2 mm, width
of flange = 203.2 mm, and E = 210 GPa. What maximum end
load P can be applied at both ends, given an eccentricity of 0.05 m
along axis yy? A stress of 210 MPa is not to be exceeded. Assume
that the effective column length of the link is 4.5 m.

11.33. A hinge-ended bar of length L and stiffness EI has an initial

curvature expressed by v0 = a1sin(πx/L) + 5a1 sin(2πx/L). If this bar
is subjected to an increasing axial load P, what value of the load P,
expressed in terms of L, E, and I, will result in zero deflection at x =
3L/4?

11.34. Employing the equilibrium approach, derive the following differential

equation for a simply supported beam column subjected to an
arbitrary distributed transverse loading p(x) and axial force P:

Equation P11.34
 Demonstrate that the homogeneous solution for this equation is

where the four constants of integration will require, for

evaluation, four boundary conditions.

Section 11.10

11.35. Assuming v = a0[1 – (2x/L)2], determine the buckling load of a pin-

ended column. Employ the Rayleigh–Ritz method, placing the origin
at midspan.

11.36. The cross section of a pin-ended column varies as in Fig. P11.36.

Determine the critical load using an energy approach.

Figure P11.36.

11.37. A cantilever column has a moment of inertia varying as I = I 1(1

– x/2L), where I 1 is the constant moment of inertia at the fixed end
(x = 0). Find the buckling load by choosing v =v1(x/L)2. Here v1 is
the deflection of the free end.

11.38. Derive an expression for the deflection of the uniform pin-ended

beam-column of length L, subjected to a uniform transverse
load p and axial compressive force P. Use an energy approach.

11.39. A simply supported beam column of length L is subjected to

compression forces P at both ends and lateral loads F and 2F at
quarter-length and midlength, respectively. Employ the Rayleigh–
 Ritz method to determine the beam deflection.

11.40. Determine the critical compressive load P that can be carried by a

cantilever at its free end (x = L). Use the Rayleigh–Ritz method and
let v = x2(L – x)(a + bx), where a and b are constants.

Sections 11.11 and 11.12

11.41. A stepped cantilever beam with a hinged end, subjected to the axial
compressive load P, is shown in Fig. P11.41. Determine the critical
value of P, applying the method of finite differences. Let m = 3
and L1 = L2 = L/2.

Figure P11.41.

11.42. A uniform cantilever column is subjected to axial compression at the

free end (x = L). Determine the critical load. Employ the finite
differences, using m = 2. [Hint: The boundary conditions are v(0)
= v′(0) = v″(L) = v″′(L) = 0.]

11.43. The cross section of a pin-ended column varies as in Fig. P11.36.

Determine the critical load using the method of finite differences.
Let m = 4.

11.44. Find the critical value of the load P in Fig. P11.41 if both ends of
the beam are simply supported. Let L1 = L/4 and L2 = 3L/4. Employ
the method of finite differences by taking the nodes at x =
0, x = L/4, x = L/2, and x = L.
Problems
Sections 12.1 through 12.6

12.1. A solid circular cylinder of 100-mm diameter is subjected to a

bending moment M = 3.375 kN · m, an axial tensile force P = 90 kN,
and a twisting end couple T = 4.5 kN · m. Determine the stress
deviator tensor. [Hint: Refer to Sec. 2.15.]

12.2. In the pin-connected structure shown in Fig. 12.4, the true stress–
engineering strain curves of the members are expressed by
and . Verify that, for all three bars to
reach tensile instability simultaneously, they should be set initially
at an angle described by

Equation P12.2

Calculate the value of this initial angle for n1 = 0.2 and n2 = 0.3.

12.3. Determine the deflection of a uniformly loaded rigid-plastic

cantilever beam of length L. Locate the origin of coordinates at the
fixed end, and denote the loading by p.

12.4. Redo Prob. 12.3 for p = 0 and a concentrated load P applied at the
free end.

12.5. Consider a beam of rectangular section, subjected to end moments

as shown in Fig. 12.7a. Assuming that the relationship for tensile
and compressive stress for the material is approximated
by σ = Kε 1/4, determine the maximum stress.

12.6. A simply supported rigid-plastic beam is described in Fig. P12.6.

Compute the maximum deflection. Reduce the result to the case of a
linearly elastic material. . Let = 8 kN, =
P E
200 GPa, L = 1.2 m, and a = 0.45 m. Cross-sectional dimensions
shown are in millimeters.

Figure P12.6.

[View full size image]

 12.7. Figure P12.7 shows a stepped steel bar ABC, axially loaded until it
elongates 10 mm, and then unloaded. Determine (a) the largest
value of P; (b) the plastic axial deformation of
segments AB and BC. Given: d1 = 60 mm, d2 = 50 mm, E = 210
GPa, and σ yp = 240 MPa.

Figure P12.7.

12.8. Resolve Prob. 12.7, knowing that d1 = 30 mm, d2 = 20 mm,

and σ yp = 280 MPa.

12.9. The assembly of three steel bars shown in Fig. 12.4 supports a
vertical load P. It can be verified that [see Ref. 12.5], the forces in
the bars AD = CD and BD are, respectively,

Equation P12.9

Using these equations, calculate the value of ultimate

load Pu. Given: Each member is made of mild steel with σyp =
250 MPa and has the same cross-sectional area A = 400 mm 2,
and α = 40°.

12.10. When a load P = 400 kN is applied and then removed, calculate the
residual stress in each bar of the assembly described in Example
 12.3.

12.11. Figure P12.11 depicts a cylindrical rod of cross-sectional

area A inserted into a tube of the same length L and of cross-
sectional area At ; the left ends of the members are attached to rigid
support and the right ends to a rigid plate. When an axial load P is
applied as shown, determine the maximum deflection and draw the
load-deflection diagram of the rod–tube assembly. Given: L = 1.2
m, Ar = 45 mm2, At = 60 mm2, Er = 200 GPa, Et = 100 GPa, (σ r)yp =
250 MPa, and (σ t )yp = 310 MPa. Assumption: The rod and tube are
both made of elastoplastic materials.

Figure P12.11.

Sections 12.7 and 12.8

12.12. A ductile bar (σ yp = 350 MPa) of square cross section with sides a =
12 mm is subjected to bending moments M about the z axis at its
ends (Fig. P12.12). Determine the magnitude ofM at which (a)
yielding impends; (b) the plastic zones at top and bottom of the bar
are 2-mm thick.

Figure P12.12.
12.13. A beam of rectangular cross section (width a, depth h) is subjected
to bending moments Mat its ends. The beam is constructed of a
material displaying the stress–strain relationship shown in Fig.
P12.13. What value of M can be carried by the beam?

Figure P12.13.

12.14. A perfectly plastic beam is supported as shown in Fig. P12.14.

Determine the maximum deflection at the start of yielding.

Figure P12.14.

12.15. Figure P12.15 shows the cross section of a rectangular beam made
of mild steel with σ yp= 240 MPa. For bending about the z axis, find
(a) the yield moment; (b) the moment producing a e = 20-mm-thick
plastic zone at the top and bottom of the beam. Given: b = 60 mm
and h = 40 mm.

Figure P12.15.
12.16. A steel rectangular beam, the cross section shown in Fig. P12.15, is
subjected to a moment about the z axis 1.3 times greater than M.
Calculate (a) the distance from the neutral axis to the point at which
elastic core ends, e; (b) the residual stress pattern following release
of loading.

12.17. A singly symmetric aluminum beam has the cross section shown
in Fig. P12.17. (Dimensions are in millimeters.) Determine the
ultimate moment Mu. Assumption: The aluminum is to be
elastoplastic with a yield stress of σ yp = 260 MPa.

Figure P12.17.

12.18 Find the shape factor f for an elastoplastic beam of the cross
and sections shown in Figs. P12.18 and P12.19 (Refer to Table C.1).
12.19.
Figure P12.18.
 Figure P12.19.

12.20. A rectangular beam with b = 70 mm and h = 120 mm (Fig. P12.15)

is subjected to an ultimate moment Mu. Knowing that σ yp = 250 MPa
for this beam of ductile material, determine the residual stresses at
the upper and lower faces if the loading has been removed.

12.21. Consider a uniform bar of solid circular cross section with radius r,
subjected to axial tension and bending moments at both ends.
Derive general relationships involving N and Mthat govern, first, the
case of initial yielding and, then, fully plastic deformation. Sketch
the interaction curves.

12.22. Figure P12.22 shows a hook made of steel with σ yp = 280 MPa,
equal in tension and compression. What load P results in complete
plastic deformation in section A–B? Neglect the effect of curvature
on the stress distribution.

Figure P12.22.
12.23. A propped cantilever beam made of ductile material is loaded as
shown in Fig. P12.23. What are the values of the collapse
load pu and the distance x?

Figure P12.23.

12.24. Obtain the interaction curves for the beam cross section shown
in Fig. 12.14a. The beam is subjected to a bending moment M and
an axial load N at both ends. Take b = 2h, b1 = 1.8h, and h1 = 0.7h.

12.25. Obtain the collapse load of the structure shown in Fig. P12.25.
Assume that plastic hinges form at 1, 3, and 4.

Figure P12.25.

12.26. What is the collapse load of the beam shown in Fig. P12.26?
Assume two possible modes of collapse such that plastic hinges
form at 2, 3, and 4.
 Figure P12.26.

12.27. A propped cantilever beam AB, made of ductile material, supports a

uniform load of intensity p (Fig. P12.27). What is the ultimate limit
load pu?

Figure P12.27.

12.28. Figure P12.28 shows two beam cross sections.

Determine Mu/Myp for each case.

Figure P12.28.

Sections 12.9 through 12.14

12.29. Figure 12.24 shows a circular elastoplastic shaft with yield strength
 in shear τyp, shear modulus of elasticity G, diameter d, and
length L. The shaft is twisted until the maximum shearing strain
equals 6000µ. Determine (a) the magnitude of the corresponding
angle of twist φ; (b) the value of the applied torque T. Given: L =
0.5 m, d = 60 mm, G = 70 GPa, and τyp = 180 MPa.

12.30. A circular shaft of diameter d and length L is subjected to a torque

of T, as shown in Fig. 12.24. The shaft is made of 6061-T6
aluminum alloy (see Table D.1), which is assumed to be
elastoplastic. Find (a) the radius of the elastic core ρ0; (b) the angle
of twist φ. Given: d = 25 mm, L = 1.2 m, and T = 4.5 kN · m.

12.31. The fixed-ended shaft illustrated in Fig. P12.31 is made of an

elastoplastic material for which the shear modulus of elasticity
is G and the yield stress in shear is τyp. Find the magnitude of the
applied torque T. Assumption: The angle of twist at step C is φyp =
0.25 rad. Given: a = 2 m, b = 1.5 m, d1 = 80 mm, d2 = 50 mm, G =
80 MPa, and τyp = 240 MPa.

Figure P12.31.

12.32. Determine the elastic–plastic stresses in a rotating solid disk.

12.33. For a rectangular bar of sides a and b, determine the ultimate torque
corresponding to the fully plastic state (Table 12.1). Use the sand
hill analogy.

12.34. For an equilateral triangular bar of sides 2a, determine (a) the
ultimate torque corresponding to the fully plastic state (Table 12.1)
(use the sand hill analogy) and (b) the maximum elastic torque by
referring to Table 6.2. (c) Compare the results found in (a) and (b).

12.35. An annular disk of equilateral hyperbolic profile with outer and inner
radii b and a (Fig. 8.13) is shrunk onto a solid shaft so that the
interfacial pressure is pi. Demonstrate that, according to the Tresca
yield criterion, when the disk becomes fully plastic,

Equation P12.35
 Here σyp is the yield point stress and r represents any arbitrary
radius.

12.36. Consider a thin-walled cylinder of original radius ro, subjected to

internal pressure p. Determine the value of the required original
thickness at instability employing Hencky’s relations. Use the
following:

K = 900 MPa, n = 0.2

ro = 0.5 m, p = 14 MPa

12.37. Redo Example 12.13 for the cylinder under uniform axial tensile
load P and p = 0.

12.38. A thin-walled tube of original thickness t o and outer radius Ro just

fits over a rigid rod of radius ro. Employ the Lévy–Mises relations to
verify that the axial load the tube can sustain before instability
occurs is represented by

Equation P12.38

Assume the tube–rod interface to be frictionless. Use σ = Kεn as

the true stress–true strain relationship of the tube material in
simple tension.

12.39. A thick-walled cylinder (σ yp = 250 MPa) of inner radius a = 50 mm is

subjected to an internal pressure of pi = 60 MPa. Determine the
outer radius b such as to provide (a) a factor of safety n = 2.5
against yielding; (b) a factor of safety n = 3 against ultimate
collapse based on maximum shearing stress theory of failure.

12.40. A thick-walled cylinder has an inner radius a and outer radius b = 2a.
What is the internal pressure at which the elastic–plastic boundary
is at r = 1.4a, based on maximum energy of distortion criterion?
Let σ yp = 260 MPa.
12.41. Consider a perfectly plastic pipe (σ yp = 420 MPa) having an outer
radius of 60 mm and inner radius of 50 mm. Determine the maximum
internal pressures at the onset of yielding and for complete yielding
on the basis of a factor of safety n = 3 and the following theories of
failure: (a) maximum shearing stress and (b) maximum energy of
distortion.

12.42. A perfectly plastic, closed-ended cylinder is under internal

pressure p (Fig. 12.29a). Applying the maximum shearing stress
criterion of failure, calculate the residual stress components at r =
0.25 m when the cylinder is unloaded from pu. Use a = 0.2 m, b =
0.3 m, and σ yp = 400 MPa.

12.43. A thick-walled compound cylinder having a = 20 mm, b = 30 mm,

and c = 50 mm is subjected to internal pressure. Material yield
strengths are 280 MPa and 400 MPa for inner and outer cylinders,
respectively. Determine the fully plastic pressure on the basis of the
maximum shearing stress criterion of failure.

12.44. A perfectly plastic cylinder for which b/a = 3 is subjected to internal

pressure causing yielding of the material to the mid-depth c =
(a + b)/2. In terms of k and σ yp, determine (a) the pressure between
the elastic and plastic zones, (b) the radial stress at r = a, and (c)
the tangential stresses at r = b, r = c, and r = a. Note:
Relationships derived (Sec. 12.14) depend on the ratios of the radii
rather than on their magnitudes. Accordingly, convenient numbers
such as a = 1, c = 2, and b = 3 may be employed.
Problems
Sections 13.1 through 13.10

13.1. A uniform load po acts on a long and narrow rectangular plate with
edges at y = 0 and y =b both clamped (Fig. 13.6). Determine (a)
the equation of the surface deflection and (b) the maximum
stress σ at the clamped edge. Use .
y

13.2. An initially straight steel band 30-mm wide and t = 0.3-mm thick is
used to lash together two drums of radii r = 120 mm (Fig. P13.2).
Using E = 200 GPa and ν = 0.3, calculate the maximum bending
strain and maximum stress developed in the band.

Figure P13.2.

13.3. For the plate described in Example 13.1, for po = 20 kN/m2, b = 0.6
m, t = 12 mm, E = 200 GPa, and , calculate the maximum
deflection w max, maximum strain ε y, max, maximum stress σ y, max,
and the radius of the midsurface.

13.4. A thin rectangular plate is subjected to uniformly distributed bending

moments Ma and Mbapplied along edges a and b, respectively.
Derive the equations governing the surface deflection for two cases:
(a) Ma ≠ Mb and (b) Ma = –Mb.

13.5. The simply supported rectangular plate shown in Fig. 13.7a is

subjected to a distributed load p given by

Derive an expression for the deflection of the plate in terms of the

constants P, a, b, and D.
 13.6. A simply supported square plate (a = b) carries the loading

(a) Determine the maximum deflection. (b) Retaining the first

two terms of the series solutions, evaluate the value of po for
which the maximum deflection is not to exceed 8 mm. The
following data apply: a = 3 m, t = 25 mm, E = 210 GPa, and ν =
0.3.

13.7. A clamped circular plate of radius a and thickness t is to close a

circuit by deflecting 1.5 mm at the center at a pressure of p = 10
MPa. (Fig. 13.9). What is the required value of t? Take a = 50
mm, E = 200 GPa, and ν = 0.3.

13.8. A simply supported circular plate of radius a and thickness t is

deformed by a moment Mouniformly distributed along the edge.
Derive an expression for the deflection w as well as for the
maximum radial and tangential stresses.

13.9. Given a simply supported circular plate containing a circular hole

(r = b), supported at its outer edge (r = a) and subjected to
uniformly distributed inner edge moments Mo, derive an expression
for the plate deflection.

13.10. A brass flat clamped disk valve of 0.4-m diameter and 20-mm
thickness is subjected to a liquid pressure of 400 kPa (Fig. 13.9).
Determine the factor of safety, assuming that failure occurs in
accordance with the maximum shear stress theory. The yield
strength of the material is 100 MPa and .

13.11. A circular plate of radius a is simply supported at its edge and

subjected to uniform loadingpo. Determine the center point
deflection.

13.12. A rectangular aluminum alloy sheet of 6-mm thickness is bent into a

circular cylinder with radius r. Calculate the diameter of the cylinder
and the maximum moment developed in the member if the allowable
stress is not to exceed 120 MPa, E = 70 GPa, and ν = 0.3.

13.13. The uniform load p0 acts on a long and narrow rectangular plate with
edge y = 0 simply supported and edge y = b clamped, as depicted
in Figure P13.13. Find (a) the equation of the surface deflection w;
(b) the maximum bending stress.

Figure P13.13.
13.14. An approximate expression for the deflection surface of a clamped
triangular plate (Figure P13.14) is given as follows:

Equation P13.14

Figure P13.14.

in which c is a constant. (a) Show that Equation

P13.14 satisfies the boundary conditions. (b) Find the
approximate maximum plane stress components at
points Aand B.

13.15. A square instrument panel (Figure P13.15) is under uniformly

distributed twisting momentMxy = M0 at all four edges. Find an
expression for the deflection surface w.

Figure P13.15.
13.16. A cylindrical thick-walled vessel of 0.2-m radius and flat, thin plate
head is subjected to all internal pressure of 1.5 MPa. Calculate (a)
the thickness of the cylinder head if the allowable stress is limited
to 135 MPa; (b) the maximum deflection of the cylinder head.Given:
E = 200 GPa and ν = 0.3.

13.17. A high-strength, ASTM-A242 steel plate covers a circular opening of

diameter d = 2a.Assumptions: The plate is fixed at its edge and
carries a uniform pressure po. Given: E = 200 GPa, σ yp = 345 MPa
(Table D.1), v = 0.3, t = 10 mm, a = 125 mm. Calculate (a) the
pressure po, and maximum deflection at the onset of yield in the
plate; (b) allowable pressure based on a safety factor of n = 1.2
with respect to yielding of the plate.

13.18. A 500-mm simply supported square aluminum panel of 20-mm

thickness is under uniform pressure po. For E = 70 GPa, ν = 0.3,
and σ yp = 240 MPa and taking into account only the first term of the
series solution, calculate the limiting value of po that can be applied
to the plate without causing yielding and the maximum
deflection w that would be produced whenpo reaches its limiting
value.

13.19. Verify that integrating Eq. (b) of Section 13.9 results in Eq. (c).

13.20. Apply the Rayleigh–Ritz method to determine the maximum

deflection of a simply supported square plate subjected to a lateral
load in the form of a triangular prism (Fig. P13.20).

Figure P13.20.
Sections 13.11 through 13.16

13.21. Consider two pressurized vessels of cylindrical and spherical shapes

of mean radius r = 150 mm (Figure 13.13), constructed of 6-mm-
thick plastic material. Find the limiting value of the pressure
differential the shells can resist given a maximum stress of 15 MPa.

13.22. A spherical vessel of radius r = 1 m and wall thickness t = 50 mm is

submerged in water having density γ = 9.81 kN/m3. On the basis of
a factor of safety of n = 2, calculate the water depth at which the
tangential stress σ θ in the sphere would be 30 MPa.

13.23. Figure P13.23 shows a closed-ended cylindrical steel tank of a

radius r = 4 m and a heighth = 18 m. The vessel is completely filled
with a liquid of density γ = 15 kN/m3 and is subjected to an
additional internal gas pressure of p = 500 kPa. Based on an
allowable stress of 180 MPa, calculate the wall thickness needed (a)
at the top of the tank; (b) at quarter-height of the tank; (c) at the
bottom of the tank.

Figure P13.23.

13.24. Resolve Prob. 13.23, assuming that the gas pressure is p = 200
kPa.
13.25. A cylinder of 1.2 m in diameter, made of steel with maximum
strength σ max = 240 MPa, is under an internal pressure of p = 1.2
kPa. Calculate the required thickness t of the vessel on the basis of
a factor of safety n = 2.4.

13.26. A pipe for conveying water (density γ = 9.81 kN/m3) to a turbine,

called penstock, operates at a head of 150 m. The pipe has a 0.8-m
diameter and a wall thickness of t. Find the minimum required value
of t for a material strength of 120 MPa based on a safety factor
ofn = 1.8.

13.27. Resolve Prob. 13.26 if the allowable stress is 100 MPa.

13.28. A closed cylindrical tank fabricated of 12-mm-thick plate is under an

internal pressure of p= 10 MPa. Calculate (a) the maximum diameter
if the maximum shear stress is limited to 35 MPa; (b) the limiting
value of tensile stress for the diameter found in part (a).

13.29. Given an internal pressure of 80 kPa, calculate the maximum stress

at point A of a football of uniform skin thickness t = 2 mm (Fig.
P13.29).

Figure P13.29.

13.30. For the toroidal shell of Fig. P13.30 subjected to internal

pressure p, determine the membrane forces Nφ and Nθ.

Figure P13.30.
13.31. A toroidal pressure vessel of outer and inner diameters 1 and 0.7 m,
respectively, is to be used to store air at a pressure of 2 MPa.
Determine the required minimum thickness of the vessel if the
allowable stress is not to exceed 210 MPa.

13.32. Show that the tangential (circumferential) and longitudinal stresses

in a simply supported conical tank filled with liquid of specific
weight γ (Fig. P13.32) are given by

Equation 13.32

Figure P13.32.

13.33. A simply supported circular cylindrical shell of radius a and

length L carries its own weight pper unit area (that is, px = 0, pθ =
–p cos θ, and pr = p sin θ). Determine the membrane forces. The
angle θ is measured from the horizontal axis.

13.34. Redo Example 13.8 for the case in which the ends of the cylinder
are fixed.
13.35. An edge-supported conical shell carries its own weight p per unit
area and is subjected to an external pressure pr (Fig. 13.13b).
Determine the membrane forces and the maximum stresses in the
shell.