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CHAPTER 3 - Electronic Commnunication Systems - Roy Blake

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CHAPTER 3 - Electronic Commnunication Systems - Roy Blake

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Leo Oliver Lopez-Simbajon
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© © All Rights Reserved
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eee Amplitude Modulation OBJECTIVES ‘After reading this chapter, studying the examples, an solving the prob Jems, you shouldbe able to + Write he time-domain equation for an AM signal and describe how the ‘equation relates othe signal itself, + Define the modulation index, calculate it and measure itusing either an ‘oscillesope ora spectrum analyzer, + Describe the effects of overmidulation and explain why it must be avoided, + Calculate the bandwidth of an AM signal and explain why bandwith is fan important factor in a communications sytem, * Calulate power and voltage for an AM signal and for exch of its com ponents, + Calculate the improvement in signal-to-noise ro that result from the ‘use of suppressed-carie and single-sideband techniques, + Analyze fllcarer,soppressed-carvcr and single-sideband suppressed cartier AM signals in both the time and fequency domains. Early AM Radio Sirouit by meana ofa spark gap. This fs technicalya orm of snpicds ‘madulation. but the technique ig Sbvously not sultable for the tenes mission of audio, Practical transiission of voice atid music’ using AM. radio fad te Walt forthe’ development‘of tha vacutim tube. An early attempe aay ‘made, Hoviever by Reginald Aubray Fessenden, a proliic radio moos On December 23, 1900, after many unsuccesetal used 8 Wranamitter that produced about fen thousand sparks cer gece ‘2d, rodldcing an approximation of a-continuous tranaiteeter 3.1 _Introduetion Jn Chaper 1, we mentioned the several ways in which an information signal ‘Rodulate a carrier wave to produce a highe-requency signal that cares the formation. The most kightforward ofthese and historically ie fc tne ‘is amplitude modulation (AM), AM has the ‘ing inthe medium and high-frequency band, area communications inl ‘HE frequency range, and CB radio, among others, ‘The basic technique of amplitude modulation can also be modified to serve Eile basi fora varity of more sopisicated schemes that re found in sppicn tons as civerse as television broadcasting and long-distance telephony. Thess {tata to undersardthe process of amplitude modulation in some deta bok for its owa ske and as. foundation for further study ‘An AM signal can be produced by using the instantaneous amplitude ofthe {afpmation signal he bechand or modulating signal) o vary the peak spe ‘AM signa in Figure 3.1(9, IF the peaks of the individual waveforms he ace {ued signal are ined, the resuing envelope esebes the original modiling {ial repeats atte medtulating frequency, anc the shape ofeach “hal (eeoe ‘ive or negative) is the same as tht ofthe modulating signal. (The highet-frequency signal that i combined with an inforniation si ‘Produce the modulate waveform is called the carrier Figure 3. lle) shome a ow) like his i shown n Figure 32. ine ther are 1000 eyes fhe er or each cycle ofthe envelope, the nvia RF eyles ae not ise and the emelope canbe seen ‘Now hat amplitude modulation isnt te simple near ston of he to Lines ation would pode the waveforms shown a Figure 3.3 Fig 33%) shows a low-freqieny signal Figure 330 show ihe frequen ‘igang Fiore 3.3.) sows th ret of adding 0 signa ‘Amplitude modulation eset nonlinear process Asin ay nonnesr Imeracon between signal sum an diferene eqencien are prodoced ttn ‘he cise of amplnde motain, contin the information to be tasted ‘Another interesting thing aboot AM sth ken though we see 0 be varying he “mmpitde of te carr (infact this is what simple bythe eam ample Imviation), «lok at th fequncy densa ht he inal eomponet a ‘hecarer feqaeney survives nt, with same amplitude nd equ) ab fore! The myer inca unraveled wih he i of ite athe ‘hal ee son for he momen, js remem tha AM i ica a misnome, "nc the amp ofthe carer remainscontant. The ampitueof he entire {nl does change wih molto, howeey, es ¥ery lel shown in Figu 3.1. ‘Figure 3.4(a) shows frequency-domain representations for amplitude modu- Anion, andthe linen adtion of to signals shown in Figure 348). The AM ‘Souths no component atthe modalaing Regency: al he infomation is ens- tte at fequncts near hat of the air In cont, ier aon has 2 Srmtshd ming te fegueny domain ketch shows hat he lotion and eer signal resin sare cah is vigil fgoeny. we, ie ney eee 104 Chapter 3 @:Ampttude Modtation Faure 3.3 Linea sition of sigmls a etm 7 t Figure 3.4 AM and linear ado inthe frequency domain Re Full-Carrier AM: Time-Domain hat the genera ea of AM hs Been deserted, iis net eae the a te ea. We wl ok athe module sig in bth te Gime en asa snc ach apron pass ome of te IMPs eo) ene time dain is probaly more fants 50 Ie os jae de mdulon rene by wg te instars molting 5 sae of th mods signal The care is almost ae Seog ion can baie wae ats me ofl = ery uf since Fourier analysis often allows complex signals 2 expressed ab aseris of sinusoids. “We can express the above relationship the equation pepmecartanerneass! Yee an ‘= fnstantaeows arplude of the mods signal in vols "f= peak emplitue ofthe carer in volts 7 Frsntneous ampliude ofthe mdulning signal n vols = agian frequency ofthe cater f= timeinseconds a sebion of Ez and en is algebric. That the peak ample ofthe mae signal is both inreased and deceased by the rodeo, ean oe tne ference between amplinde modulation a8 satan om aging the carer nd modaltng signals would give ihe VQ = Esinwd + em an etntely ot the same as Equation 3.1). The summing of 8 We, 3g form: nae ie) fete Be = peakampltd ofthe modlating siz nv © fadanfeueney ofthe msl staph ‘ec he other variables areas defined in Equation (3. _ Secin 32 Facer AME Tine comet ‘The Modulation Index ‘The amount by which the signal ampliudes changed in modulation depends on theratio between the amides of the moulaing signal andthe carer. or con- ‘iene, ths aes defioed as the modulation index mt expressed mathe- smatcaly 38 “Modulation can also be expressed as a percentige, with percent modulation found ‘by multiplying m by 100, Forexample,m = 0.5 corresponds to 50% modulation. ‘Subtinting into Equation (3.3) gives: ee ete eae @m=o 108 Chapter 3 © Ampittude Modulation {a)m = 2in Haquation (9.5) igure 2.5 Overmodlation these conditions the peak signal voltage wil vary between zero and twice the un- ‘modulated carier amplitude. Overmodulation ‘When te modulation index i great than 1, overmodulaton i said to be pre~ sen. Theres nothing in Equation (3.3) that Would seem o prevent, rom being ‘greater then E and m from being greter than 1. There are practical sifficulis, however. Figure 3.6(a) sows the result f simply sbsiuting m = 2 into Equa- tion (85). As you ean se, the envelope no longer resembles the modulating sig- ‘nal Therefore, m must be kep les than r equal t0 1. ‘Whenever we work with mathematical models, we must remember keep checking against physical realty This situation i good example. tis possible to builds ctcit that does produce an output that agrees with Equation 3.5) form fzeater than 1. However, most practical AM modulators produse the signal shown in Figure 3.6(6) under these conditions. This is not the waveform predicted by Equation (3.5), bt it does have the characteristic thatthe modulation envelope is ‘no longer an accurate representation ofthe modulating signa Infect, if subjected to Fourier analysis the sharp “comers” on the waveform as the output goes to ‘210 on negative modulation peaks would be found to represent high-frequency ‘Components added to the original baseband signal. This type of overmosulation treats side fequeacies further from the cartier than would otherwise be the cas. “These spurious frequencies are known as splatter, and they ease the modulated signal to have increased bandwidth. "Prom the foregoing, we can conclude that for ful-saries AM, mmwst be in the range from 0 to 1. Overmodilation crests distoion in the demodulated sig- ral and may result inthe signal occupying larger bandwidth than norm Since ‘Spectrum space is ight controlled by law, overmodulation ofan AM tansiter ‘actly legal, as means must be provided to prevent i. ‘Modulation Index for Multiple Modulating Frequencies ‘Practical AM systems ate seldom used to transmit sine waves, of course. The it~ formation signs is more likely to be a voice signal, which contains many fre- {qocnces. Though a typical audio signal is not srt period, itis close enough Section 22 © FullCarriar AM: Tame-Domait 151 to ptiodic that we ean use the idea of Fourie sere to consider i sw seis of Sine waves of diferent frequencies. ‘Wien there are two or more sine waves of diferent, correlated frequencies eatin Requencies that ae not mulples ofeach oer) modulating a single ca rie, is calculated by using the equation is NE ao total resultant modulation index modslaion indices du tote individel modulating ‘components ‘Measurement of Modulation Index Ifwe let and Ee the peak modulation and carier voltages respectively. then ream se ether by using Equations (33) and (3.5) orb inspecting Figure 37, thatthe maximum envelope voltage is simply Enis = Ee + Ew Sores an ne misimum envelope volges Fu Be Ba ‘Note, bythe way, that these results agree with te conclusions expressed euler Fass ov the peak voliage Hs E and for m m= 1, the envelope voltage anges from 2B 1022. 3 "Applying litle algebra to the above expressions it easy t0 show that eS ao, OB (MO Gmpter 3'@ Amplitude Modulation gure 3.7 VWngeaiontpsn a AM signal i we Of cous, doubling both Eas ad En wil have no effect on this equation 3 quite easy to find m by displaying the envelope onan oscilloscope and ‘measuring the maximom and minimum peak-to-peak values for the envelope poltze. Other time-domain methods for measuring the amplitude modulation ‘index wil be described along with AM transmitters, in Chapter 5 ‘Why ate values of modsiion index greater thn oe not ued ia leaner AM SUESTION. sjsems? 33° Full-Carrier AM: Frequency Domain ‘Frealauetio, So fr, weave looked at the AM signal exclusively inthe ie domain tha, st trean be sen on an ordinary oscilloscope In order to ind out more about this g, ‘al however, its necessary to consider its spectral makeup, We could use Fourier eee ‘To stan, we should note that although both the carrier and the modulating signal may be sine waves, the modulated AM waveform is nota sine wave. This ‘canbe seen from a simple examination of the waveform of Figure 3.1(c). Iti im- portant fo remember that the modulated waveform is nat sine wave when, forin- Stance, trying to find RMS from peak voltages. The usual formulas, so laboriously Tearned in fundamentals courses, donot apply here! ‘fan AM signal isnot sine wave, then what is it? We already have a mathe- ‘matical expression, given by Equation (3.5): : YE) = EL + msin ve! sins Expanding tand using igonometic identity wil prove wef. Expanding gives (0 = E-sinuyt + mE, sin wytsin ot ‘The est tem ‘metric identities: just the caries The second can be expanded using two tigono- snadas Lina host +3 £05 = o0s(~A) topive WO = Eesinwt + ESI oy ren gery 2 ‘which canbe separated ino thre distinct teams were an BS oa a Cnet tabad ee, OM ‘We now have, besides the righ cares, tvo additonal sinusoidal waves, one above the eae frequency and one below. When the compete gal sketched inte fequeny dma, asin Figure 3.8, we sete caer and wo td onal frequencies (one t ech id), which are called, logically enough, ide ‘frequencies. The separation of each side frequency from the carrier is equal to. > ae ‘the modulating frequency, and the relative amplitude ofthe side frequency, com- aged with that ofthe cate, is proportional tm, becoming half the cart vol ageform=1. ‘In. realite situation there is generally more than one set of side fequen- ces, because there i mare than one modulating frequency. Each modulating fe- quency produces two side frequencies. Those above the caer can be grouped {mp a bend of frequencies called the upper sldeband, and the lower sidebend looks like a mirror image ofthe upper, efeted in te cre, From now on, we wil generally use the tex sideband, rather than ede fre- ‘quency,even forthe case of single-tone modulation, because itis more geneal ‘and more commonly used in practice, 0 fle fe fits ft Figure 3.8 AM inthe fequeny onan Mathematically, we have: om : G12) es ey where fy = trequency of the upper sideband Jin = frequency ofthe lower sideband uy. = peak voltage ofthe upper sideband component Eon = peak voltage of the lower-sdeband component Bandwidth , ‘Signal bandwidth is one of the most important characteristics of any modulation Scheme, In general, a narrow bandwidth i desirable. In any situation where spec- trum space is limited, a narow bandwidth allows more signals to be transmitted simultaneously than does a wider bandwidth, I also allows a narrower bandwidth to be used in the receiver. Sine ordinary thermal noise is evenly eistibuted over the frequency domain, using narrower bandwidth in receivers will include less noise, thereby increasing the signl-o-aolse ratio, There is ane major exception to the general rue that reducing the bandwidth improves the sigal-to-nois aio ‘The exception is for wideband fequeney modulation, which willbe desrined fn ‘Chapter 4 However, the receiver must havea wide enough baidvidth o piss the ‘complete signal including all the sidebends, or distortion will result, Conse- ‘quest, we will have to calculate the signal bandwidth for each ofthe modulation schemes we consider. ‘A glance at Equation (3.10) and Figure 3.8 will show thet this eslelation is very ey for AM. The signal extends fom the lower side frequency, whch is at the easier frequency Iss the modulation fequency, tothe upperside frequency, at the carter frequency pls the modulation frequency. The difference besween these is simply twice the modulation frequency. If we have a complex modulating signal with more than one modulating frequency, asin Figure 3.90), the bandwith will be twice the highest modult- ing frequency. For telephone-qualty voice, for instance, bandwith of about (6 kz would suffice, while a video sigoal with a 4 MHz meximum baseband ‘frequency would need 8 MHz of bandwidth if rensmited in this way. (Since a television channel is only 6 MEz wide, we can surmise, correctly, tht television ‘mus actualy be transmited by a moze complex modulation scheme thet uses Jess bandwidth) ‘Mathematically, the relationship is: aoe oY “bandwidth in ber 3 Fy = highest modulating requncy in bare where By the way, many people assume that because AM radio broadcast channels se also assigned at 10 kf intervals, here i similar imitation onthe alo fre ‘quency response fr broadcasting. This is not the case: AM broadcast transmits ‘yplelly have an audio frequency response extending to about 10 ki, giving & ‘theoretical signal bandwidth of 20 kHz. This work because adjacent channel are not assigned in the same locality, so some overlap is posible, For instance, if your city has a sation at 1000 KH, there will not be one at 990 or 1010 kz. Tn onder to reduce interference from distant stations, many AM receivers do have narrow bandieth and consequently limited audio requeney response. Power Relationships Powers important in ny communications scheme, because the crucial signalto- noite ratio atthe récever depends as much on the signal power being large as on the noise power being smal. The power thats mos important, however, isnot ‘the total signal power but only that poron that swsed to transmit information. ‘Since the caret in an AM signal remains unchanged with modulation, tontans ‘no information. fs only function ist uid in demodulating the signal atthe re- ceiver, This makes AM inherently wasteful of power, compared with some othér ‘modulation schemes we will deseibe ltr, 7 ‘The easiest way to lok a the power in ani AM signal iso se the frequency ‘domain, We can find the power in each frequency component and ten add them to get total power. We will assume thatthe signal appears across aresistanceR, $0 that reactive voli-amperes can be Fgnored. We will lso assume that the power require i average power ‘Suppose tat the modulating signa is a sine wave. Then the AM signal con- sins of three sinusoids, the carver and two side frequencies (sidebands), a shown, inFigure 3.8 ‘The power in the carrie is easy to calbult, since the earier by itself is a sine wave. The caters given by the equation = Esinog where ge = instantaneous eaier vole Eom peskcater volage appears across a resistance Ris simply (ONE z B Ew ‘The next stp isto find the power in each sideband The two frequency com ponents have the sme amplitude so they will ave equal power. Assuming Sine ‘wave motion each sideband sa cosine wave whose peak vllage given by Equation G.13): > aie F Fy Eas = Since the cater and both sideband. are part ofthe same signal, the side tans will appear across the same resistance Ras the cartier. The two sidebands wll hae equal power. Looking a the lower sideband, aa oas) G16, ‘The total power Pin the whole signal i jus the sum ofthe power in the car- rier andthe sdebands, soit is : om 15 Chapter 3 © Amptuce Modkaatlon "These latest equations tel us soverl use things 1. The total power in an AM signal increases with modulation, reaching 2 value ‘50% greater than tat of tho unmodulated caver for 100% modulation. As we 2, The extra power with modulation goes into the sideband: the curer power does not change with modulation, — 3. The useful power; that is, the power that caries information, is rether smal, reaching a maximum of one-third of the ttl signal power for 100% modula: tion nd much fess.atFover modulation indices. For this reason, AM transmis- sion ismor efficient when the modulation index i as close to 1 as practicable, ‘Measuring the Modulation Index in the Frequency Domain ‘Since the ratio between sideband and eanier power is simple function of mts ‘uite posible to measure the modulation index by observing the spectrum of an ‘AM signal. The ony slight complication is that spectrum analyzers generally play power ratios in decibels. The power ratio between sideband and carrer power ean esiy be found from the relation: ; fe eng a0 au se Pe ee FASS pm eo en cen i Za refs pd eB oe oe 62 = Gites ene isae item gs mel seer ate mes ‘Once ie ratio between carer and sideband power has been found, it is easy to find the modalation index. from Equation (3.13): aay) ‘Section 3.3 @ FulhCerrier ANE Frecuency Domain 17 (Figure 3.10. Movslation index ‘rom frequency-domain measurements Figate 3.10 i a handy graph for finding m directly fram the difference in decibels between sideband and caier powers, Although the time-domain measurement described earlier is simpler and ses lesbenpensive equipment frequency-domain measurement enables much ‘smaller values of m to be found. A modulation level of 5%, for instance, ‘would be almost invisible on an oscilloscope, but itis quite obvious and easy {© measure on a spectrum analyze. The spect analyze also allows the con. tribution from lfferent modulating frequencies to be observed and calulsted ee Sere a ee SESE SECTION 3.3 REVIEW “The et sols har the sideband can havea aku of one thd h ol signa l SUESTION [pore for 100% modulation Calcul the perentage of power in he sideband or 10% modula. Does this explain why AM wanariters re renealy oper with ‘emodatonaselos to 100% as possible? 3.4 Quadrature AM and AM Stereo {cis possible to send two separation sigpls using amplitude mode tion tone cae frequency. This canbe secompliied by generating two cares ale same fequeney but separated in phase by 0” Then, each e malate by Section 2.4 @ Quadrature AM and AM Steren 19, ‘separate information signal andthe tv resulting signals ae sumed, Because ofthe 90° phase shift involve, the scheme is called quadrature AM (QUAM or ‘QAND, Figure 3.12( shows how itean be implemented. ean) ze ee a) fitieuoaner | cay Qt oa oe ome Nasa : Si ona | ia wuts saposlaae Figure 22 Qoadrstute AM, Recovery of the two informaton-signals requires synchronous detection ‘sing two balanced demodulatrs. The demedolators must be supplied with refer- ‘ence carriers having exactly the sume frequency snd phase a the orginl carer. ‘Otherwise the outpat from each detector will be some combination of the two ‘baseband signals. Figure 3.120) gives the general dea. Balanced demosuletors ‘are essentially the same as the balanced mixers desorbed in Chapter 2. Taeit ‘operation as detectors will be covered in detail in Chapter 6, in connection with single-sideband systems ‘Quadrature AM isa much more complex scheme then ordinary AM. Until re- ‘cently ts main applications have been in date tansmission and in olor televi- sion. The main reason for including a brie introduction to it here is that a Yara tion of QUAM i also used for AM stereo brotdcasting. The scheme used is called (C-Quam™ and was developed by Motorola ne. ‘Quadrature AM could be used to transmit stereo signals without any increase in bandwiath by modulating each earer wih one channel (left or right). Unfor- tunately, ordinary quadrature AM would not be very suitable for stereo broadzass| ‘because it would nt be compatible with the envelope detectors used in ordinary AM radios For compatibility, such a detector should produce a monaural (riona) signal consisting of the sum ofthe to channels, Using the sytem just described ‘yoald result in distorted signals in an ordinary (mono) radio, Mathematically, the Signal pred by an ideal envelope detector would be 0 = VINE w+ ve ¥ Do) — vO ‘where v(t and g(t) represent the lef and right signal voltages, respectively. tis ‘easy to se that this represents a sum (+ vp signal (plus ade component) only when vz, ~ vq = O, thats, when the original signal is monaural. Otherwise, thre il erms of the form vv, which repeetent intermodulation distortion. 20 Chapter3 © Ampiftude Modulation ‘The C-Quarit™ system solves this problem by preistorting the QUAM sig- nal otha the envelope ofthe resulting signal represents the sum ofthe two stereo channels (refered os the L. + R signal) Thus a mono receiver, with a conven- tional envelope detector, will ceive an L +R signal. stereo receiver wll have the necessary circuitry to convert the C-Quamn™ signal to an ordinary QUAM signal and extact the L-R information. TInadition tothe predstored QUAM signal, stereo AM signal has a 25 Hz pilot carer thet indestes the presence of stereo to the receiver. Single-chip C-Quam™ decoders that sense the 25 Hz carer and automatically switch 19 ‘sere operation inthe presence ofa stereo signal are avilable. SECTION 3.4 REVIEW 4 QUESTION Fin ut wheter the AM radio stations a your ares trod in AM sere. If s0, 0 you know anyone wo actually has a AM stereo receiver? 3.5. Suppressed-Carrier AM “Athough fl-crier AM is simple itis nota particulary ecient form of mod- tation in terms of bandit or signal-to-noise ratio, We hve see thatthe rans ‘mission bandwidth istic the highest modulating frequency because there ae two sideband containing the same information. We have also noticed that t9o- thirds or more of the tansmited power is found in the cae, which contains no information and merely serves as ans to demodulation. Removing the carer before powes amplification takes pace would allow all ofthe transmitter power tobe devoted othe sidebands, resulting ina substantial Increase in sideband power. Removing the case from a fully modulated AM "signal would change the power availabe forthe sideband from one-third ofthe tol tal fi The power increase in he iebands would be the ol avaiable ower divided by the power nthe sidebands with ll carer 2 “TBR, “3 ‘where Ap = power advantage gained by suppressing the carrier ‘This can easily be expressed in decibels Ap (4B) = 10 log Ay 02) 4778 ‘The powet advantage of almost $ dB given by Equation (3.20) isa minimum ‘valu, sincea practical AM system generally operstsatlessthan 100% modvlaion, Figure 3.13 shows the effect of removing the cartier from a flly modo- Tated AM signal, n both the frequency and time domains. Figure 3.13(a) shows 8.1 MHz carrier 100% modulaed by a1 Kz sine wave and applied toa $0.0. load. The earier power is 1 W G0 dBm). Each sideband has one-quarter the ‘carrier power, or 4 dBm. In Figure 3.13(), we see the result of using the same total signal power (15 W) to produce a doublesideband suppressed-carier (DSBSC) signal. Since there is no caries, each sideband has half the tx power: 0.75 WQ88 dBi). Obviously, the envelope of the signal is no longer a fultfol representation of ‘the modulating signal n fac, its merely the sum of the upper and lower een “me domain my esiin (b) DSBSC AM_ si band signals, When these two Sine waves (one at 0.999 MHz and the other at 11001 MHz) are added, there is reinforcement when the two signals ar in phase And cancellation when they ee ot of pase. Te result i an envelope with afe- ‘quency equal tote difference between the fequencis ofthe two sidebands: that Is, the envelope frequency is twice the modulating fequency. - The peak amplitude of this signal can be found as follows. Each sideband has 1a power of 0.75 W. In & 50 0 load, the RMS voltage corresponding to one side- ‘band canbe found from 5 wee chapter 3.6 Amplitude Modutation ‘We need the peak voltage. Sine one individual sideband is sine wave, this is aiven by es Vp (for one sideband) = V2Vaus =Vix6.2v = 866 ‘When the two signs are in phase, the peak envelope voltage will be the sum of ‘the individual pea voliages, or $ Vp (forthe whole signal) = 866V + 8.66 V =173¥ DSBSCAM isnot often found on its own as a modulation scheme. tis used 4 the bass for generating single-sideband suppressed-carrier (SSBSC, oF jst ‘SSB) signals, which will be discussed inthe next section, anit is also found asa ‘component in some rather complex multiplexed signals, such as color television ‘and stereo FM signals, which wil be described late inthis book. ‘Single Sideband AM ‘The two sidebands ofan AM signal are miror images ofeach other, since ‘one consists ofthe sum ofthe carrer and modulation frequencies and the thers the iffernce, Thus one sideband is redundant, assuming the carier frequency is ‘known, and it should not be necessary to transmit bth in order to communist, ‘Removing one sideband obviously reduces the bandwidth by at east factor (of ovo, Since the modulating signal rarely extends right down to de, the band. ‘width improvement wil usully be greater than two. Figure 315 illustrates ti effect. The baseband, shown in Figure 3.15), is a voice signe extending over a frequency range from 300 He to 3 Kila. Figure 3.150) shows this signal transmited by DSBSC AM with a carrer frequency of I MHz. Te bandwidth will be . B oan 2k lle |With SSB transmission, a shown in Figure 3.15(c), the bandwidth of one sde- band is B > Snray ~ Ft Side — 03 kite 27K ‘This bandwidth reduction has two benefits. Perhapé the more obvious one is that the signal tkes up less spectrum. This allows twice as many signals to be transmitted in 8 given spectrum allotment. At lest as important, however, isthe improvement in the signal-tonoise ratio that can be achieved by redacing ban ‘widths, IF the bandwidth ofthe tansmite signal is reduced by 50%, the receiver bandwidth can be reduced by an equivalent amount, Since noise power is propor: tional o bandwith, reducing the receivor bandwidth by One-half eliminates one ‘al he noise. Assuming the signal power remains constant, his represents a3.4B Improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio, i; Figure 315 DSBSC and SSB ‘taneisson of voice signal 0907 ‘oge97 1 10008 3,008 (@ $SB (USB) spectrom “The signal-to-noise improvement resulting ftom bandwith reduction is ia fon to that achieved by increasing te transmitted power in the sidebands. ‘Combining the 3 dB improvement from bandwidth reduetion with the 4:77 4B lngrveneaeie sae 62) pea ime signalto- ‘SiN'improvement = 47.68 + 3.dB : = 1718 compared with full eariee AM with 1005 modulation. ‘Since the two sidebands of an AM signal contain identical information either ‘uppersideband (USB) oF lowersidebund (LSB) transmission can be used, and both are found in practice. eee ee Section 35 @ Suppresied-Corrier AM ‘SSB tansmissions are even more unlike full-crrier AM than are DSBSC signals. In fact, if We lok ata single-ione SSB signal, we find that thers isnoen- ‘elope at al. For instance, considera USB signal in which a 1 Mis caer is ‘modulated by a 1 kHz baseband signal, The USB willbe simply a sinusold at a frequency given by hh t fy = "1.001 Mee enfin form of SSB modulation that soften used for transmit measure ‘ents isthe two-tone teat signal Foran example, see Figure 3.16. 1 ME car ‘er is modulated by two baseband frequencies, | kHz and 3 KHz, producing the ‘AM signal shown in Figure 3.16(2). The carer and ths LSB are suppressed, feat ing the two USB components at 1.001 and 1.003 Miz. This is quite obvious in ‘the frequency domain, es shown in Figure 3.16(). In the time domain, illustrated {in Figute3:16( the summation ofthe two frequency components creates an en ‘elope thit is identical to that ofthe DSBSC signal with single-tone modulation, as shown in Figure 3.13, eats rote) (a) AM with 1s and 9 Kit modulation (eequeney dansin) (Grequency domais) (2 USB with two-tone madulation (time domain) Figure 3.16 Two%one meduation 2 : $25 Chapter 3 @-Ampittute Mosstion’ Power in Suppressed-Carrier Signals CCarier power is useless asa measure ofthe power in a DSBSC or SSBSC signal, ts te cutie power is theoretically 2er0 for these signals. Instead, the peak enve- lope power (PEP) is ued. fis simply the power at mn peas, calculated ean ‘where PEP = peakenvelope power in wats Vp = peak signal voltage in volts Ri, = load cesistance in ohms gue 317 astates tis eaeaatin, The signal shown represent an SSB signal with two-tone mossatin, The peak voltage is 5, and ets assume that the oad 500, resisive. ‘Then he peak emeone powers EP ie noth sam sinstantnens pea power In fa itis oe al Figure 3.17 PEP alcltion max iste ower Thiscn easly beeen sealing tat asanae neous power i simply # g where v= Instantaneous voltage across resistance R instantaneous voltages simply Vso the maximum instantaneous ¥ a 922) Pa ‘sbich is just wice the PEP given by Equation (3.21). Tis also important distinguish PEP from average power Fora well-defined ‘est signal, relation ean be found between them. With single-tone modulation, “the PEP and the average power are equal, since the signal isa sine wave with ‘he same peak voltage for every cyele. With the two-tone signal of Figure 3.17, ‘he relationship is a litle more complicated but sill easily found. There are & ‘number of way’ todo this, of whick one i lustrated in the following example. ‘There is no simple celationship between PEP and average power fora ran- dom voice signal. In general the average power with voice modulation varies from PEPIS 10 PEPI3. ‘Compact bandit an efclency of Fllcurie AM, DSBSC, nd SSBSC ig Section 45 © SuppressedCarrier AM 127 SECTION 3.5 REVIEW rogram “Sian MATLAB athe eset noiel seinen em hrs rpg isn his etn, SIMULINK lb wed fo imple ‘The AM equation indicates the’ eal te SIMULINK blocks: + Conse bi” “Most the modulation index (Changing te gsi nthe Apri bls, teint en ea: + Two gain blocks: ed Maden Ine a his, mast AM braces boost the fear ANE _figherauciofrequencle before moditation. This Is caled pre-emphasis, The. : ae fli radians nat ponlg mount of boost Sax Be ON ee ev ae eet cts £0 rt Sin ert : ambunt of pe-emphasin and have ago determined that sitions ay tranert tid signe up to 10 Ker requoncy (20K tot! bande). Th AM ‘ ‘bai hs now boon extend to 1700 kc. At the came tna, te Eectonics ‘ect Association inthe United States has developed a voluntary stand reoeivarsrequiingressonably fit audio response to at east 7.5 ka, vith ah ace nceneme. a (cscussed in RAS lL Here are the main pints to remember fom this chapter. SUMMARY 1. Full-carier amplitude modulation produsss « signal with an envelope that closely resembles the origina information signe. 2, Inthe frequency domain, a fll-carrier AM signal consists ofthe case, which {is unchanged from its unmodulated state, and two sidebends, The total bund. with of the signal is twice the maximum riodalating frequency. ‘3. The useful power in an AM signal isthe sideband power, which inreases with ‘modulation, becoming one-third the total signal power for 100% modulation. improve the efficiency of an AM signal by suppressing the car~ hanges te envelope so thet it no longer resembles the informa: ion signal, making demodulation more dificult. 5. The bandwidth ofan AM signet canbe halved by suppressing one ofthe two sidebands, with n loss of information. IMPORTANT EQUATIONS _

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