High Performance Coatings

in Oil and Gas Terminals

14TH FEB 2019 at IOCL HALDIA

Sanjay Chowdhury
Business Head PROTECTON
sravichandran@[Link]
Pioneers in the High Performance Protective Coatings

Partners to protecting your assets

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The Philosophy that makes us the leader

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 • Protect the
Ecology environment

• Cost effective
Economy solutions

Energy • Saving effort

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 PROTECTON
high performance
protective
coatings

Products that has proven

performance
--to cater every industry

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Structural Steel and Concrete
The pillars of the infrastructure needs utmost attention

 From effects of aggressive atmosphere

 From effects of wear and tear
 From effects of accidental fire

 Need protection and aesthetics from coatings

 Need protection from effect of fire
 Need long term durability
 Cost effective coating systems
 Ease in applying coating solutions
sravichandran@[Link]
PROTECTON
coating solutions to most challenging needs

 Corrosion Protection
 Fire Protection
 Floor Abrasion

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 sravichandran@[Link]

CHALLENGES IN PROTECTING
INFRASTRUCTURE
IOCL HALDIA
14.02.2019
Berger Paints India Limited - Kolkata

Installing Protective Coatings

S. Ravichandran, Berger Paints, Kolkata
sravichandran@[Link] | 09230018769
Corrosion of steel can break the concrete foundation

Spot the fallen pieces of metal. Should we change the

steel structure or try to hold it by painting ?
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Can this structure take the load ?
While opting to clean the steel of stratified rust, we normally find
that there is nothing left behind to paint; leave alone the thought of
looking at structural strength for load bearing capacity.
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DM water plant
What is the best method to take this area for painting?
but certainly not with manual cleaning….
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Are gratings safe any longer ?
This opens up the point of when to take up maintenance painting in a plant ?

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CRITICAL
AREA

Chimney

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Above ground pipelines

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sravichandran@[Link]
Concrete Corrosion

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Paint & Protection
SKILL DEVELOPMENT - The Philosophy that makes us the leader
Requirement and Expectations

 Corrosion is a natural process that occurs on all materials

and not a desired phenomena at the point of acceptance
of fabricated steel structures and equipment.
 Rejections of material calls for costly rework and
undesirable as it drains the profitability.
 Doing it right the first time saves money &  value
What is the cost of painting per tonne of steel ?
How many MT of steel is fabricated before despatch of one lot?
Days of credit offered to client from the time of steel purchase ?
Cost of rework on paint at client end ?
CALCULATE THE EFFECT OF INTEREST LOSS IN THE PROCESS

sravichandran@[Link]
Paint
SKILL DEVELOPMENT - The Philosophy that makes us the leader
Fundamentals which we know

 Paint prevent corrosion and imparts colour & gloss.

 There are primers, intermediates and finish paints which are
called as a coating system
 The number of coats with specific thickness are specified
 Different types are specified for different service conditions
 Paints perform provided the surface preparation and
application are done to expected standard practices [!!!]
 Inspection of paints is important; we understand this as a weak
point in the entire process []
 Paints sometimes fail during storage and transit
 Paints require proper over-coating and curing time
before placed in to final service
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Protection
SKILL DEVELOPMENT - The Philosophy that makes us the leader
Requirement and Expectations

 The coating system has been drawn considering lot of

inputs metallurgy, process, service conditions,
atmospheric conditions, fabrication-transit-erection
challenges to the performance requirement of the plant.
 ISO 12944 standard
 [Corrosion protection of steel structures] helps us to understand
many information including the environment classification and
the rate of corrosion.
 To understand the importance let us know the corrosion
allowance considered by the metallurgists/ design
engineers while drawing structural loads.
 How much corrosion allowance is considered ?
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 Classification of Environments
SKILL DEVELOPMENT - The Philosophy that makes us the leader
ISO 12944 Part-2
CORROSION
Typical Exterior Environments Typical Interior Environments
CLASSES
Heated buildings with clean atmospheres eg.
C1 -
Offices, schools, shops, hotels
Atmospheres with low level of Unheated buildings where condensation may
C2
pollution. Mostly rural areas. occur at depots, warehouses, sports halls
Urban and industrial
Production rooms with high humidity and
atmospheres, moderate sulfur
C3 some air pollution (food processing plants,
dioxide pollution. Coastal areas
laundries, breweries, diaries)
with low salinity.
Industrial areas and coastal Chemical plants, swimming pools, coastal
C4
areas with moderate salinity. shipyards.
Industrial areas with high
Buildings or areas with almost permanent
C5-I humidity and aggressive
condensation and high pollution
atmosphere.
Coastal and offshore areas with Buildings or areas with almost permanent
C5-M sravichandran@[Link]
high salinity. condensation and high pollution
Understanding
ISO 12944

Rate of corrosion
C5 atmosphere
Thickness loss is up to
200 micron in the first
year
What happens in five
years if the corrosion
rate remains the same?

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 SKILL DEVELOPMENT - The Philosophy that makes us the leader

Lets discuss some of the technical aspects to understand

BASICS OF PAINT

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Main Coating Components
 Four components of paint:
 Additives (0 - 5%)
 Solvent (30 - 80%)
 Binder, resin, or polymer
(20 - 60 %)
 Pigment (2 - 40%)

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 Functions of the Paint Constituents
Resins Pigments Solvents
 Primary characteristic  Imparts strength to the • Dissolve resins,
of the paint film as a backbone pigments etc.,
 Provides tough,  Anticorrosive, Inert • Reduces the viscosity of
uniform, adherent and Pigments, Colouring the paint.
impervious film pigments • Increases penetrating
 Holds the pigments  Increases the corrosion power of the vehicle.
 Durability and resistance property • Evaporates readily
performance of paints  Helps in and helps drying of
impermeability to film film
 Builds opacity

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Protective mechanism
Inhibition
• Oxidizing the surface and gives a thin oxide layer on the surface
• Zinc Phosphate and Zinc Chromate pigments will function as
inhibitors
Sacrificial
• Zinc will sacrifice to protect iron

Barrier
• Oxygen and moisture cannot penetrate through the barrier
pigments like MIO, glass flake, aluminium
• These flake shaped pigments and it will delay the penetration of
oxygen and moisture

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Types of Coatings

General Liquid Coatings Specialized Coatings

Conventional Alkyds Polysiloxanes
Bituminous Coatings Polyester and Vinyl ester coatings
Chlorinated Rubber Polyurea Coatings
Epoxy coatings CUI Coatings
For External Atmosphere Fire Proof Coatings
For Chemical Atmosphere Ceramic Filled coatings
For Immersion Service Floor Coatings
For underground Service Clean Room Coatings
Inorganic Zinc Silicate Coatings Road Marking & Airfield Markings
Polyurethanes Insulative Coatings
Heat Resistant Coatings Temperature Sensitive Coatings
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 Alkyd Coatings
Single pack Coatings based upon drying oil (linseed oil, tung, soyabean, fish oil).

Slow Curing - by reaction with oxygen.

Alkyd coatings use resin formed by the reaction of polyhydric alcohols ( glycerin)
and polybasic acid ( phthalic acid) followed by modification with drying oils.

Modification of Alkyds
Silicon alkyd coatings were developed by modifying alkyd resin with silicon (
30%) to provide greater gloss retention.

Epoxy ester coatings are another modification of drying oils to improve

performance, particularly chemical resistance.

Uralkyd coatings are formed with polyurethane. These coatings are hard

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Chlorinated rubber Coatings
Thermoplastic Coating and supplied as a single pack.

Easy recoatability during maintenance painting

Excellent water/ moisture resistance, poor solvent resistance

Used in concretes and steel- offshore

Used in wet environments

Reasonably flexible

fast drying, good barrier protection

Poor wetting and difficulty in brush painting (cob-web)

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 Epoxy Coatings
The Most Common two component thermosetting product.

An epoxy resin is based on a reaction product of phenols, commonly

bisphenol F or Cresol with epichloridehydrin.

Available in solvent free, with solvent or water containing formulations.

The two components are called base and the curing agent. Cause
Cross-linking - influence mechanical and chemical resistance properties.

aliphatic amines, ketamines and polyamides.

Epoxy coatings bond well to the abrasive cleaned steel and clean
concrete. Their films are hard and relatively inflexible.

They chalk in sunlight.

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Polyurethane Coatings
Usually two pack systems : isocynate and a polyol.

Available in variety of properties: hard brittle or elastomeric.

Low temperature curing is possible and the performance is good in many

environments.

Two basic types are Aromatic and aliphatic type : Aliphatic have excellent
weathering resistance while aromatic PU chalk in Sunlight but have better
chemical resistance in immersion.

Because of isocynate polyurethane are sensitive to moisture and water.

There are however moisture cure PU formulations also available.

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Zinc Coatings
Organic and Inorganic Zinc Coatings

Second best to hot dip galvanizing

Two pack Inorganic Zinc Coating; ethyl silicate and the zinc dust

Two pack Organic Zinc Coating; epoxy loaded with zinc pigments and
second pack is catalyst

Works well in coastal atmosphere

IZS is only applied by spray

Epoxy ZR can be applied by spray or brush

Temp resistance of IZS 400oC; Epoxy ZR is much less and up to 200oC

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 TANK - New Construction

COATING SYSTEM EXTERNAL INTERNAL BOTTOM PLATE

PRIMER ZINC ANODE 304 EPILUX FRX AC EPILUX STGF

HS @ 75 µ COATING @ 75 µ COATING @500 µ

INTERMEDIATE EP 455 HB MIO @ EPILUX STL EPILUX STGF

125 µ COATING @250- COATING @ 500 µ
500 µ

FINISH BERGERTHANE 41 EPILUX STL

SG PU FINISH @ COATING @ 250-
50 µ 500 µ
-----

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 MAINTENANCE COATING

TANK-EXTERNAL, STRUCTURAL, PIPE LINE

Implemented in IOCL-HALDIA REFINERY

SPEC EXTERNAL
PRIMER-Epoxy Mastic BERGER PROTECTOMASTIC @ 100-125 µ

INTERMEDIATE-Epoxy MIO EPILUX 155 HB MIO-BROWN @ 100-125

micron

FINISH-Aliphatic Polyurethane BERGERTHANE FINISH @ 2 x 40 µ

coating

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 MAINTENANCE COATING

TANK-INTERNAL – implemented in IOCL-HALDIA REFINERY

COATING SYSTEM EXTERNAL

PRIMER-Epoxy Zinc Phosphate Primer EPILUX FRX A/C COATING @ 75-125 µ

INTERMEDIATE-Solvent free Epoxy Tank EPILUX STL COATING @ 200-250 micron

Liner

FINISH-Solvent free Epoxy Tank Liner EPILUX STL COATING @ 200-250 micron

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 PIPE LINE

COATING PIPE EXTERNAL PIPE INTERNAL BOTH UNDERGROUND PIPE

SYSTEM UNDER GROUND ABOVE & LINE EXTERNAL
UNDERGROUND

PRIMER EPILUX EPILUX STL COATING BERGERTHANE SF

SUPERBUILT STGF @500 µ PU COATING @
COATING @ 500 µ
500 micron
FINISH EPILUX EPILUX STL COATING BERGERTHANE SF
SUPERBUILT STGF @500 µ PU COATING @
COATING @ 500 µ
500 micron

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 COOLING TOWER AREA
within the vicinity of100 mts

COATING SYSTEM MS-SURFACE CONCRETE -SURFACE

PRIMER EPILUX DUREBUILD FRE EPILUX DUREBILD WSE

COATING @ 125-150 micron COATING @ 150 µ

MIDDLE COAT EPILUX SUPERBUILT STGF EPILUX DUREBILD WSE

COATING @ 300-350 micron COATING @ 150 µ

FINISH BR EPOXY PU HB COATING/

BERGERTHANE FINSIH- 50
micron

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 TANK ROOF TOP

COATING SYSTEM MS-SURFACE

PRIMER-Mannich cured Epoxy , EPILUX DUREBUILD FRE COATING @ 125-

suitable on moist surface 150 micron

INTERMEDIATE-Epoxy MIO EPILUX 455 HB MIO @ 125 micron

FINISH-Epoxy Coating EPILUX 89 HB FINSIH- 125 micron X 2 COATS

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Pipeline Coatings
Different conditions, speciality products

Service Condition Product Coating Recommendation

High temperature up to BR Thermolite Aluminium 150- 250µ (in 2 coats on
600oC SSPC SP10 cleaned steel)

Corrosion under insulation Epilux CUI Coating 250µ (in 2 coats on SSPC
-196oC to 230oC SP10 cleaned steel)

Normal High Temperatures Ferrotol HR Aluminium 50-60µ (in 2-3 coats on

up to 250oC SSPC SP 7 cleaned steel)
Underground Pipelines Epilux Superbild ST Glass 1000µ (in 2-3 coats on
Flake Coating SSPC SP 10 cleaned steel)
Sweating pipelines Epilux Durebild WSE 200µ (in 1 or 2coats on
Coating SSPC SP 7 cleaned steel)
Fire proofing Solutions
PROTECTON

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Coatings to protect from very high and acute fire
exposure on steel that are used in high rise
buildings, where human traffic is predominant

Passive Fire Protection Systems

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Why Fire proof Coatings?

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Protection to Buildings
Refinery fires, which Yield strength of structural steel
normally reach
temperatures of about
1000oC, can affect the
loadbearing capacity off
structural bearing elements.

Permanent loss of strength

in the remaining material
Thermal expansion may
cause damage in parts of
Test results with different
the building not directly specimens and different heating rates
[email protected]
affected by the fire. at temperatures 20-700°C.
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Intumescent Coating
The yield strength of
steel is reduced to
about half at 550 ºC.
At 1000 ºC, the yield
strength is 10% or less.

sravichandran@bergeri
[Link]

Thin sections heat up

faster than thick
sections of equivalent
size
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CAFCO WB3 Spray Film
At approx 200°C it reacts to produce CHAR
CHAR grows to 50 times it’s original size
Prevents the failure temperature of the steel being reached for a
particular period of time

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Fire Proof coatings

Also provides up to 180 minutes

protection against hydrocarbon
fires.

Fire Proof coating is sandwiched

between Epoxy primer and PU top
coats
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Berger-Promat range
Water based Fire Proof
Intumescent coating

Vermiculte-Gypsum
based Fire Proof coating

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 Berger-Promat range
Product name Product Type Where it can be used

Berger- Water based Steel structures:-

Infratsructure; Hospital; Mall;
Intumescent
Cafco coating Stadium; MetroRail; Corporate
Buildings; Smart City Buildings;
SPRAYFILM Club Houses; Logistic Hubs ;
WB 3 Pharma Plants ; Cable trays

Berger Vermiculite- Concrete/ Steel Structures:-

Metrorail; Malls ; Office Buildings
Gypsum
PROMASPRAY based ; AC-Duct Lines ; Storage
Places –not exposed to
P 300 Environment/UV Light

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Floor Coating Solutions
PROTECTON

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Protection to Concrete Floor
The need to protect concrete floors

 Resistance
to cracking
 Impermeable to corrosive attack
 Hygienic and clean floors
 Thwarts off microbiological growth
 Better abrasion resistance
 Improved chemical resistance & oil resistance
 Easy maintenance and improved service life
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Product Range in Floor
Coatings
• Epoxy Floor coatings

Self levelling • Chemical Resistant Coatings

• HVI Coatings

Coatings • ESD Coatings

• Antiskid coatings
• PU Coatings

Roller • Floor toppings

• Floor markings

applied • Anti-slip coatings

• UV resistant coatings

[email protected]
om sravichandran@[Link]
Floor to wall solutions
Pro Epishield and Polyshield systems
Epoxy-PU based anti slip anti scratch,
U.V resistant floorings with 1mm/2mm/3mm

Pro Epishield antiskid systems.

Anti skid floorings for wet areas with 2mm/3mm

Pro Epishield NE 100

Chemical resistant floorings for chemical spillage

Pro Epishield Mark 100.

Floor marking coatings for bay marking,

Pro Epishield HVI Coatings

Di-Electric high voltage resistant Floorings

Aqugreen EPX and PUD systems.

[email protected] Wall coatings
om sravichandran@[Link]
Abrasion Resistant flooring High Voltage Insulation
Pro Epishield SL Coating Pro Epishield HVI Coating

Deck Coatings Acid resistant floorings

[email protected]
Pro Epishield DECK Coating om Pro Epishield NE 100
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 PRO EPISHIELD HVI COATINGS
ALL SUBSTATIONS AND ELECTRICAL
PANEL ROOMS

 Passes 44kV Dielectric Break

Down Voltage
[email protected]
om sravichandran@[Link]
CLEAN ROOM Coatings
Aqugreen water based epoxy
primer & PU Finish

Anti Fungal, Anti Bacterial, ZERO

VOC, Stain free coatings for floors
and walls

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Lane Marking Solutions
PROTECTON

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 SIGMARK hot melt
thermoplastic compound
FOR APPLICATION ON

Edges
Centre line
Zebra Crossings
Chevron
Arrows
Retro reflective road marking With drop-on glass beads

[email protected]
om sravichandran@[Link]
Guideline Quick Drying RM Paint

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Quick drying of lane marking for car parking sravichandran@[Link]
om
and zebra crossings with varying spray width as
required by specification
 GUIDELINE RM Paint

 Water-based, for better bonding onto asphalt and concrete surfaces

 Quick drying and durable [email protected]
 Easy to apply - by Brush or Spray om sravichandran@[Link]
Pioneers in the High Performance Protective Coatings
Partners to protecting your assets

[email protected]
om sravichandran@[Link]
Are we adopting the right practices !!!!

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 Surface Application
Preparation

Coating Inspection
Selection
Coatings
Project
Management

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Laminations in steel plate
Not easily visible, but seen easily after blasting. To be grounded smooth by
grinding.

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Edges of sharp cuts during fabrication
Sharp edges and corners to be rounded smooth

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Round-off the edges gets better protection
Coatings cannot work on sharp edges. STRIPE COATS ARE RECOMMENDED

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Improper weld finish
No paint can fill these craters

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Mill Scale in new steel
Mill scale is hard to be removed and takes a long time. Removed effectively by
blasting method for very large structures

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Mill Scale getting popped up due to rust
Mill scale is cathodic to steel

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Just leave it for some more time

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Hard rust removed by chisel and Hammer
Use a blunt edge knife to check whether any loose paint is left unremoved

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Power Tool
Power tool preparation using air-driven wire brush

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Dry Abrasive Blasting unit
Sand is
banned
nowadays

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 Inspection tools for surface preparation
Surface cleanliness Profilometer
pictorial standard
Magnifier 5X
Pit gauge

Testex tape,
micrometer

Keane Tator
comparator

ISO comparator
sravichandran@[Link] micrometer
Surface Preparation
 Pre-cleaning inspection
 Knife Edges, Burrs & spatters, Deep Weld Undercuts
 Oil and grease

 Post-cleaning inspection
 Substrate cleanliness
 To Sa2.5 std., Dust & salt contaminants
 Substrate profile
 Ambient temperature monitoring
 Substrate temperature, dew point temperature, Rh
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Application of Paints
 No heat work close to painting area
 No dust or flying debris to settle on a wet paint
 The correct paint, proper batch, mixing ratio, right
quantum of thinner usage, prudent mixed quantity
 Application transfer efficiency at right wet film
thickness
 Inspection for a uniform coating free from defects
 Dry film thickness measurement
 Ambient conditions recording
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 Points during application

 Substrate temperature should be 3oC above dew point

temperature
 Addition of Thinner to mixed paint (reduces VS%)
 Increased requirement of high WFT
 Ambient condition should be 21oC at a relative
humidity of 50-60 %
 Wind Conditions that has an effect in painting yard
 Lighting requirements
 General Area 10 to 20 light foot candle
 Surface Preparation & Application 20- 50 light foot candle
 Inspection of coatings 50 to 200 light foot candles

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Substrate Surface Temperature

 Most of coatings are

applied on surfaces at
temperatures of 10-40o C
 Surface temperature
should be 30C higher than
dew point temperature
 Models with dual scale
 0 to 500°F -20 to +260°C
for atm temp 10°F /5°C
 50 to 750°F (10 to 400°C)
for atm temp 10°F /10°C

sravichandran@[Link]
 Whirling hygrometer

ASTM E 337 Method B

Sling psychrometer —
measures relative
humidity and
temperature directly.
Ideal humidity is 40-50%
for application of
coatings
Check the dry and wet bulb temperatures and
refer the tables to get the Relative humidity

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Dew Point and Humidity
All readings from one guage

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sravichandran@[Link]
Use a proper stirrer
Mix the base and catalyst with slow speed heavy duty stirrer

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Brush Painting
Choice of right brush is very important.
Choose depending on the type of area and use clean brush

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Brush Painting
Ideally suited for smaller areas and more important when the surface is
pitted

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Job sequence to be planned
Look for the corrosion the next day morning in all the welded joints

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Weld failures
Proper weld technique, buffing and following stripe coat will help the situation

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Stripe Coat
To coat by brush before spray application in areas like bolts and joints

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Stripe coating
Stripe coat should be done on all edges, corners and on
welded areas
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Stripe coat the edges before spray application
No coating can stand on edges and hence it is important to stripe
coat
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Failure at edges
Happens when sharp edges are not rounded off and when a stripe coat is not
applied to edges

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Roller Application

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 Professional Spray Better Results

Finish Quality - Spray produces an even coat

of paint on all types of surfaces.

Consistent Coverage

Brushing Spraying
Thick Thin Consistent

Paint Coverage Paint Coverage

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 Air-spray application
SKILL DEVELOPMENT - The Philosophy that makes us the leader

 Air-spray / Conventional Spray

 Common applications:
 Decorative coating, Primers, Top
Coats, Clear Coats
 Air from compressor has a
pressure of 90- 100 psi
 Atomizing pressure is around
50-75 psi
 Distance from substrate to gun
is 6-8 inches
 Air flow of 15- 20 cfm/ gun Ratio of air to paint is 600:1;
 Air flow at agitator for mixing cleanliness of air is very critical
shall be 10- 15 cfm
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 Airless Application unit
SKILL DEVELOPMENT - The Philosophy that makes us the leader

 Available in various pump ratio

 30:1, 45:1, 63:1, 68:1, 75:1
 Air inlet pressure
 100 psi
 Air out put pressure
 3000 psi 4500 psi 6300 psi 6800 psi
7500 psi
 Air consumption
 30 cfm 60 cfm

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Airless Spray System
SKILL DEVELOPMENT - The Philosophy that makes us the leader

Heart Brains

Pump Hose Gun Tip

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 Reading the Spray Tip number
SKILL DEVELOPMENT - The Philosophy that makes us the leader

• The last three digits (517) indicate 517 Tip

the fan width and the tip’s orifice
(hole) size
5 17
• In this example, double the first
number (5) for the minimum fan
width (2x5 = 10 in. spray pattern)
when the gun is held 12 inches X2
from the surface.

• The last two numbers (17) indicate = 10 inch

= .017”
the tip size (the orifice or hole fan width orifice
size) in thousandths of an inch.

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Effects of Spray Tip Wear
SKILL DEVELOPMENT - The Philosophy that makes us the leader

Spray Pattern Width

12 in. 11 in. 9 in. 5.5 in.
New 515 worn to worn to worn to
Tip .017 .019 .021

Orifice Fan Gallons Flow Rate

Size Width Minute Increase
Original .015 12 in. .23 NA
Worn to .017 11 in. .30 +30%
Worn to .019 9 in. .36 +61%
Worn to .021 5.5 in. .46 +100%

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 SKILL DEVELOPMENT - The Philosophy that makes us the leader

Surgical
opening of
capillaries

Hazardous Activity- paint application

Airless spray
Paint injection
Skin laceration
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Paint enters blood stream
inspection hold points
1. pre-surface preparation inspection
2. measurement of ambient condition
3. surface preparation cleanliness and profile
4. inspection for a uniform coating free from defects
5. determination of dry film thickness
6. pin hole and holiday testing
7. evaluation of cleanliness between coats
8. adhesion testing (if specified)
9. evaluating cure (visual or other tests if specified)
10. documentation and record keeping
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sravichandran@[Link]
 The Dust Test Tape
BS 8502-3

Magnifying glass

adhesive tape

Why ????:---Dust on blast-cleaned steel surfaces may reduce the adhesion of applied
coatings and by absorbing moisture, may promote the corrosion of the blast-cleaned
steel surface.

sravichandran@[Link]
Checking Surface Profile
Coupon Comparator
 Comparing
Standard
coupons
Tape Method
 Replica
Tapes
 Dial gauge
to measure
Surface Profilometer
the depth
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 Measuring WFT
 Place the gauge perpendicular to the
surface immediately after paint
application so as to have the two edge
legs touch the hard substrate beneath
the paint film
 Do not drag the gauge
 Withdraw the gauge and observe the
coated teeth between the edge legs
 The highest notch coated is the wet film
thickness
 If all the notches are coated choose the
next side of the WFT which will have
higher readings

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Dry Film Thickness –Type 2

 Used on ferrous and

non ferrous metals
 To be calibrated at site
for different DFT range
for every shift
 Latest models have
dual calibration

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Low Voltage wet sponge Holiday detector

 Range 5V – 90 V
 Locates holidays /
pinholes in nonconductive
coatings less than 20 mil
over conductive substrate
 1 feet per second

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 Coating Failures
What type of
problems we may
come across in
coating failures?

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 SUBSTRATE INTERCOAT
SURFACE CONTAMINATION
CONTAMINATION

PIN POINT RUSTING

OIL CONTAMINATION

RUST
SCALES
TOO LONG
CONDENSATION OVERCOATING
INTERVAL
OSMOTIC
BLISTERING

SOFT COAT UNDER A

HARD TOP COAT TACKY SHINY
sravichandran@[Link] SURFACE
SAGGING

SOLVENT ORANGE
PINHOLES POP-UP PEEL

THIN COAT

MUD-
CRACKING CESSING OVER SPRAY
RUN-
DOWN

MISSING STRIPE COAT

DRY SPRAY
sravichandran@[Link]
WRINKLING
How the rupee matters in painting

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 Contact us to serve you

[Link]
protectonhelpdesk@[Link]

Thanks for
your
sravichandran@[Link] patronage