Electric Motor
2-23
Losses, Efmilency and Testing of D.C. Machines
2.68 Brake Test
Another method of testing the d.c. motor is brake test method. This is a direct
method of testing the motor. In this method, the motor is put on the direct load
means of a belt and pulley arrangement.
by
By adjusting the tension of belt, the load is
adjusted to give the various values of currents. The load is finally adjusted to get full
load current. The power developed gets wasted
against the friction between belt and
shaft. Due to the braking action of belt the test is called brake test.
The Fig. 26.1 (a) shows the
experiemental setup for performing brake test on a dc.
shunt motor while the Fig. 2.6.1 (b) shows the belt and
the shaft of the motor.
pulley arrangement
mounted on"
Ish
Handle
FL Spring
balance
D.C. Rsh
supply N
Belt W W2
and Belt
pulley
(a) Experimental setup (b) Belt and pulley arrangement
Fig. 2.6.1 Brake test
The tension in the belt can be
adjusted using the handle. The tension in
kg can be
obtained from the spring balance
readings.
Let R Radius of pulley in metre
N
Speed in r.p.m.
W1 Spring balance reading on tight side in kg
=
W2 Spring balance reading on slack side in kg.
So pull on the belt due
net to friction the
at pulley is the difference between the two
spring balance readings.
Net pull W-W2 kg 9.81 (W1-W2) N
As radius R and speed N are known, the shaft torque developed can be obtained as,
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2-24 Losses, Efmiciency and Tosting ofD.c
Electric Motors
Mach
R N-m
TshNetpull x R=9.81 (W1-W2)
Hence the output power can be obtained as,
Rx
21t N W
Pout Tsh X0 9.81 (W-Wa) 60
Now let, V Voltage applied in volts
I = Total line current drawn in amps.
then Pin VI W
taken on full load condition then the efficiency cani
Thus if the readings are
obtained as,
%n Out
X100x100
Pin
number of readings can be obtain
Adjusting the load step by step till full load,
be measured by tachometer. Thus all
the motor characteristics can
The speed can
plotted.
2.6.1 Advantages
The advantages of brake test,
working conditions can be found
out.
under
1. Actual efficiency of the motor
2. The method is simple and easy to perform.
3. Can be performed on any type of d.c. motor.
26.2 Disadvantages
The disadvantages of brake test,
1. Due to friction, heat is generated
and hence there is large dissipation of energ
is
2. Some type of cooling arrangement necessary.
due to limitations regarding heat dissipan
3. Convenient only for small machines
arrangenents.
4. The power developed gets wasted hence method is expensive.
5. The efficiency observed is on lower side.
Electric Motors 2-25 Losses, Efficlency and Testing of D.C. Machines
Example 2.61 In a brake test conducted
d.c. shunt motor the full load
on a readings are
observed as, Tension on tight side = 9.1 kg, Tension on slack side = 0.8 kg,
Total current= 10 A. Supply voltage = 110 V, Speed 1320 rp.m., The radius ofthe
pulley is 7.5 cm. Calculate its full load efficiency.
Solution: Wi = 9.1 kg, W2 = 0.8 kg, I = 10 A, V= 110 V, R = 7.5 cm
Tsh(W1-W2) 9.81 xR = (9.1 - 0.8) x 9.81 x 0.075 6.1067 Nm
outTshX0 =Th X2TN6.1067 x27x1320 844.133 W
60 60
Pin VI = 110x10 = 1100 W
% ux100100X100 76.74 %
Pin 1100
Review Question
1. Explain how to obtain efficiency of a dc. machine by conducting brake test. State its
adoantages and disadvantages.
2.7 Retardation Test or Running Down Test
ATU MoxchA 07 May T0. Dec 0 0Ju 12 1E
This method is generally employed to shunt generators and shunt motors. From this
method we can get stray losses. Thus if armature and shunt copper losses at any given
load current are known then efficiency of a machine can be easily estimated.
The connections required for conducting this test are shown in the Fig. 2.7.1.
The machine whose test is to be taken is run at a speed which is slightly above its
normal speed. The supply to the motor is cut off while the field is kept excited. The
armature consequentdly slows down and its kinetic energy is used in supplying the
rotational or stray losses which includes iron, friction and winding loss.
If I is the moment of inertia of the armature and o is the angular velocity.
Kinetic energy of armature =
Rotational Losses, W= Rate of change of kinetic energy
27TN
Angular velocity, o =
60
W -12N(27N-27N/2 dN
dt
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Electric Motors 2-26 Losses, Efficiency and Testig of n
Starting
resistance
+0 Switch
D.C S Separately Dc
excited
Supply field Suo
-0
2
Lww
Load
resistance RL
Flig. 2.7.1 Retardation test
2
21 IN
W60 dt
dN
Thus if we want to find the rotational losses, the moment of inertia I and N
dt
be known.
These quantities can be found as follows
dN
2.7.1 Determination of
The voltmeter V, which is connected across the armature will read the back [Link].
the motor. We know that back e.m.f. is proportional to speed so that voltmeter i
calibrated to read the speed directly.
When motor is cut-off from the
the speed decreases. The time
supply, Speed
required for definite decrease in speed is
noted with the help of stop watch. A
curve showing variation between time
and speed which is obtained from
Time
voltmeter which is suitably calibrated is
Fig. 2.7.2
shown in the Fig. 2.7.2.
At any point C corresponding to normal speed, a tangent AB is drawn. Then
dN OA (in r.p.m.
dt OB (in seconds)
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Machines
Losses, EfMciency and Testing of D.C.
Electric Motors
2-27
The value obtained from above can be substituted in the expression for W which can
give the rotational losses.
27:2 Determination of Moment of Inertia ()
Method (a) Using Flywheel
The armature supply is cut off and time required for definite change in speed is
to draw This
noted the corresponding curve
is drawn considering only armature of
as we have drawn in previous
the machine. Now a flywheel with known
case. curve
moment of inertia say I is keyed onto the shaft and the same curve is drawn again. The
slowing down time will be extended as combined moment of inertia of the two is
increased.
For any given speed (dN/dt) and (dN/dt,) are determined same as ptevious case. It
can be seen that the losses in both the cases are almost same as addition of flywheel will
not make much difference to the losses.
In the first case where flywheel is not there then,
W
W 260)
I N dN
dt
Adding the flywheel to the motor armature in second case we get,
W (2T) (+I) N dN
60 dt2
i.e. I+I1(dN/dt)
d=1+1Ndt
I N dN
dt
dN
(dN/ dt2)
dN/ dt dt
I =
(dN/ dt1)-(dN/ dt2)dt2 -dti
11 2-tt
Method (b) - Without Using Flywheel
In this method time is noted for the machine to slow down
the armature alone. Then a
by say 5 % considering
retarding torque either mechanical or electrical is applied.
Preferably electrical retarding torque is applied and time required to slow down by 5 %
is noted again. The method
by which electrical torque can be provided is shown in the
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Eectic Motors 229
Fig. 27.1 in which the switch S after disconnecting from the suppl is
terminals 12. The machine then gets connected to a non-inductive load nesis
The power drawn by this resistance will acts as a retarding torque on the
which will make it slow more quickly.
The additional loss in the resistance will be equal to product of ammeter readay
the average reading of the voltmeter (for a fall of 5 % of voltmeter reading, the
noted.) The ammeter reading is also changing so its average reading is taken Tha
additional loss
is I (R, +R). Let t be the time when armature is considered alor
b e the time when armature is connected across a load resistance, V be averagen
R and I, be
across the average current and W' is additional retarding electrical t
supplied by motor.
2
W 60
IN dN
dt
W+W'
" - I N dN
dt2
If dN ie. change in speed is same in two cases then
W+W 1/ dt2 dt
W d 1/dt dt2 t2
(W+W) th =
Wt i.e. W
(t-t,) W =
W=W 2
t-t2
Here dN is rate of change in speed without extra load
dt whereas is rate change in
speed with extra electrical load which
provides retarding torque.
dt2
ample 2.7.1 A retardation test is made on a4 separately excited d.c.
induced voltage falls from 240 Vto 220 V in 25 seconds on machine as a motor Th
and in 6seconds on suddenly changing the armature opening the armature
ure circui
resistance which takes average current of 10 A. Find the
connection from supply to a load
running as a motor taking a current of 25 A on a of supply
efficiency of the mac
achine whet
armature is 0.3 and that of its field winding is 200 250 V The
resistance its
VTU May- 10, of
Solution: 10A Marks
=240+220 230 V
Average voltage across load 2
