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1 HEMATOLOGIC ALTERATIONS Hematology

This document provides an outline and overview of hematologic alterations and the composition of blood. It discusses clinical manifestations related to conditions like anemia, polycythemia, bleeding, thrombosis, lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. It also describes the cellular elements of blood including red blood cells, white blood cells like neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes, as well as platelets. The fluid elements of plasma are also mentioned. Key functions of different blood components are highlighted.

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Rhea Andrea Uy
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197 views2 pages

1 HEMATOLOGIC ALTERATIONS Hematology

This document provides an outline and overview of hematologic alterations and the composition of blood. It discusses clinical manifestations related to conditions like anemia, polycythemia, bleeding, thrombosis, lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. It also describes the cellular elements of blood including red blood cells, white blood cells like neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes, as well as platelets. The fluid elements of plasma are also mentioned. Key functions of different blood components are highlighted.

Uploaded by

Rhea Andrea Uy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

HEMATOLOGY

HEMATOLOGIC ALTERATIONS
TOPIC OUTLINE:

- ANEMIA AND POLYCYTHEMIA


- BLEEDING AND THROMBOSIS
- LYMPHADENOPATHY AND SPLENOMEGALY

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:

- Pallor sec. to anemia


- Plethoric in instances of excess red cell (kulay talong)
- Shortness of breath especially in anemia
- Spectacular hemorrhages from severe anemia or
thrombocytopenia
- Papilledema from cerebral bleeding
- Engorged veins in waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
RED BLOOD CELLS
which there is an excess in gamma globulin of the
- Carries oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
IgM type that causes hyper-viscosity of blood
- Bleeding
o Purpura
o Ecchymoses
o Petechiae
o Hematoma – definite lump or tumor mostly
composed of blood
- Buccal signs:
o Angular stomatitis
- Ulcerations esp. those undergoing chemotherapy
- Smooth sore tongue or glossitis (beefy red tongue) in
those with vit. B12 deficiency
- Gingival hyperplasia in patients with acute leukemia
- Enlarged tonsils
- Enlarged liver or Enlarged spleen
o Organs of hematopoiesis
- Intraabdominal lymphadenopathy esp. those with
lymphoid malignancy or with HIV (generalized
lymphadenopathy)
- Koilonychia (spoon nails)
- Hemarthroses in patients with hemophilia
- Digital gangrene in myeloproliferative disorders

COMPOSITION OF THE BLOOD

- CELLULAR ELEMENT
o Red blood cells
o White blood cells
 Granulocytes
 Neutrophils
 Eosinophils
- Neutrophils: predominating granulocytes as well as
 Basophils predominating white cell
 Monocytes o 60-70% of total white cell
 Lymphocytes - Eosinophils
o Platelets - hemostasis o Less than 1%
- FLUID ELEMENTS - plasma o Plays a role in allergic response
o Have a role in eliminating parasites
Buffy coat: contains most of the white cells and platelets
 Roundworms or helminths
- Basophils
o Less than 1%
o Plays a role in allergic response
HEMATOLOGY
HEMATOLOGIC ALTERATIONS

- Monocytes
o Largest cells in the peripheral blood
o Has a very abundant cytoplasm with ground
glass appearance containing numerous
granules
o The nucleus assumes different sizes,
convoluted, bean-shaped, horseshoe
o When monocytes are converted to
macrophages, they become the major
antigen presenting cell together with the
dendritic cells
- Lymphocytes
o 2 types:
 T cell: 70%
 For cellular immunity
 B cell
 For humoral immunity
o

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