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Field dependence of magnetoelectric effect in the electromechanical

resonance region on the Permendur -Quartz - Permendur structures
To cite this article: V M Laletin et al 2020 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 939 012040

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ISPCIET 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 939 (2020) 012040 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/939/1/012040

Field dependence of magnetoelectric effect in the

electromechanical resonance region on the Permendur –
Quartz – Permendur structures

V M Laletin1, N N Paddubnaya1 and D A Filippov2,3

1
Institute of Technical Acoustics National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Generala
Lyudnikova Ave., 13, 210009, Vitebsk, Belarus
2
Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, B. St. Peterburgskaya, 41 173003,
Velikiy Novgorod, Russia

3
E-mail: [Link]@[Link]

Abstract. The results of an experimental study of the field dependences of the magnetoelectric
effect on three-layer Permendur-Quartz-Permendur structures in the region of electromechanical
resonance are presented. It has been established that at the electromechanical resonance there
exists a bias magnetic field region in that an anomalous behavior of the field dependence of the
magnetoelectric coefficient are observed. This effect is explained due to the presence of the ∆E
effect in the magnetostrictive material.

1. Introduction
Compositional multiferroics have recently attracted increasing attention of researchers, as evidenced by
the growth of publications on this subject [1]. The potential applications of such materials are possible
due to the magnetoelectric (ME) effect, which consists in changing the polarization of a substance under
the influence of a magnetic field (direct ME effect) and, conversely, in changing the magnetization under
the influence of an electric field (converse or inverse ME effect). Due to the presence of the ME effect
based on them, it is possible to create devices in which both electric and magnetic fields are controlled
simultaneously [2–5]. Recently, a large number of new composite ME materials based on the
magnetostrictive and piezoelectric phases have been synthesized. The ME effect is a new property of
such materials, or as they say, product properties [6], and arises due to the mechanical interaction of the
magnetostrictive and piezoelectric phases of the composite. The main characteristic of the ME effect is
the magnetoelectric voltage coefficient (MEVC) 𝛼𝛼𝐸𝐸 , which is determined by the ratio:
<𝐸𝐸>
𝛼𝛼𝐸𝐸 = 𝐻𝐻
, (1)

where < 𝐸𝐸 >= 𝑈𝑈/ 𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡 is the average electric field strength in the sample, U is the electric voltage arising
on the sample under the influence of an alternating magnetic field H, pt is the thickness of the
piezoelectric. According to the theory of the ME effect presented in [6, 7], the MEVC value at the low-
frequency region is determined by the expression:

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ISPCIET 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 939 (2020) 012040 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/939/1/012040

𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝
𝑌𝑌 𝑑𝑑31( 𝑚𝑚𝑞𝑞 11+𝑚𝑚𝑞𝑞 12) 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝑌𝑌 𝑡𝑡
𝛼𝛼𝐸𝐸 = ⋅ 𝑚𝑚𝑌𝑌 𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡 + 𝑝𝑝𝑌𝑌 𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡 , (2)
𝑚𝑚𝑌𝑌 𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡
𝑝𝑝
𝜀𝜀3𝜀𝜀0 �1−𝐾𝐾𝑝𝑝2 � 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝 ��
𝑌𝑌 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑌𝑌 𝑡𝑡

𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝
where 𝑌𝑌, 𝑚𝑚𝑌𝑌 are the Young’s modules of the piezoelectric and magnetostrictive phases; 𝑑𝑑31 , 𝑚𝑚𝑞𝑞11 ,
𝑚𝑚 𝑝𝑝
𝑞𝑞12 are the piezoelectric and piezomagnetic coefficients; 𝑡𝑡, 𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡 are the thickness of the piezoelectric
𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝
𝑌𝑌 ( 𝑑𝑑31)2
and the magnetostrictive layers; 𝑝𝑝𝜀𝜀3 is permittivity, 𝜀𝜀0 is dielectric constant and 𝐾𝐾𝑝𝑝 2 = 𝑝𝑝 is the
𝜀𝜀 3
squared coefficient of electromechanical coupling.
Using the fact that 𝐾𝐾𝑝𝑝 2 << 1, we can rewrite equation (2) in the first approximation in the form
𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝
𝑌𝑌 𝑑𝑑31 𝑚𝑚𝑞𝑞 11 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝑌𝑌 𝑡𝑡
𝛼𝛼𝐸𝐸 = 𝑝𝑝 ⋅ 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝 . (3)
𝜀𝜀3 𝜀𝜀0 𝑌𝑌 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑌𝑌 𝑡𝑡

In equation (3), the piezomagnetic coefficients 𝑚𝑚𝑞𝑞11 and 𝑚𝑚𝑞𝑞12 are defined as follows:
𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝜆𝜆 𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝜆𝜆
𝑞𝑞11 (𝐻𝐻𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 ) = 𝜕𝜕𝐻𝐻∥ � , 𝑞𝑞12 (𝐻𝐻𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 ) = 𝜕𝜕𝐻𝐻⊥ � (4)
1 Н=𝐻𝐻𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 1 Н=𝐻𝐻𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

where 𝜆𝜆∥ and 𝜆𝜆⊥ are longitudinal and transverse magnetostriction, 𝐻𝐻𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 is bias magnetic field. In
equation (3) terms 𝑚𝑚𝑞𝑞11 and 𝑚𝑚𝑞𝑞12 have a strong dependence on magnetic field and a term 𝑚𝑚𝑌𝑌 has a
weakly magnetic field dependence. The remaining terms in expression (3) for the MEVC are
independent of the bias field. Thus, the field dependence of the MEVC is determined by the dependence
of the piezomagnetic modules on the bias field. The field dependence of MEVC is important when
creating devices based on the ME effect. Since the ME effect in composites is associated with
mechanical vibrations, a peak increase in MEVC occurs in the region of electromechanical resonance
[9]. Despite the fact that the main contribution to the dependence of the magnitude of the effect on the
magnetic field is made by piezomagnetic coefficients, the dependence of the Young's modulus on the
magnetic field or the so-called Delta E effect makes the significant contribution tо magnitude of the
effect only in the field of electromechanical resonance [10]. Currently, based on the Delta E - effect,
highly sensitive magnetic field sensors have been created [11,12]. Studies have shown that the main
frequency of electromechanical resonance for a sample in the form of a rectangular plate with planar
vibrations is determined by the expression [13]:
𝑚𝑚 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝
1 𝑌𝑌 ⋅2𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡 + 𝑌𝑌 ⋅ 𝑡𝑡
𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = �𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝 , (5)
2𝐿𝐿 𝜌𝜌⋅2 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜌𝜌 ⋅ 𝑡𝑡

where 𝐿𝐿 is the sample length. When the bias field 𝐻𝐻𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 changes, the Young's modulus of the magnet
𝑚𝑚
𝑌𝑌, changes too, which leads to a change in the frequency of the electromechanical resonance. This
makes it possible to determine the change in the Young's modulus of a magnet from a change in the
frequency of electromechanical resonance [14]. In the present work, the influence of the magnetic field
on the MEVC value and the Q factor of the structure in the region of electromechanical resonance are
analyzed.

2. Samples and Methodology

The objects of research were the layered structures of permendur – quartz – permendur in the form
of rectangular plates 20.0 × 4.5 mm in size. The schematic drawing of the structure is presented on
figure 1.

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ISPCIET 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 939 (2020) 012040 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/939/1/012040

Figure 1. The schematic drawing of the asymmetric three layered structure.

A quartz plate (X-cut) with a thickness of pt=0.5 mm was used in a piezoelectric, and two rectangular
permendur plates with a thickness of mt=0.16 mm each were used as a magnetostrictive material. Epoxy
adhesive was used as a mechanical connection between layers. The thickness of the polymer layer in the
obtained samples did not exceed 5 μm. The ME effect was studied by detecting an alternating voltage
on a sample when it was placed in a bias field and an alternating magnetic field directed along the long
side of the sample.

3. Results and Discussion

The results of studies of the field dependence of the ME coefficient at a frequency of 1 kHz are presented
in figure 2. The field dependence of the ME coefficient has a typical form for magnetostrictive-
piezoelectric composite materials. The maximum magnitude of the ME coefficient was 1.9 V/A with a
bias field 𝐻𝐻𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 ≃ 10 kA/m. A study of the frequency dependences of the ME effect showed that they
have a pronounced resonance, whose amplitude and frequency change with a change of the bias field.
Figure 3 shows the frequency dependence of the ME coefficient in the magnetization field corresponding
to the maximum of the effect. The resonance was observed at a frequency of 153.37 kHz, the resonance
value of MEVC was equal to 920 V/A at a quality factor Q = 980.

Figure 2. The field dependence of low frequency Figure 3. The frequency dependence of MEVC
MEVC. at bias magnetic field Hbias=22 kA/m.

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ISPCIET 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 939 (2020) 012040 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/939/1/012040

Figure 4 shows the dependence of the resonance frequency on the bias field. As can be seen from
figure 4, in fields up to 16 kA/m, the value of the resonance frequency is less than the resonance
frequency of the sample at zero magnetic field. This is the region of negative Delta E – effect. In the
bias fields above 16 kA/m, at increasing the magnetic field, the resonant frequency increases and reaches
saturation at a magnetic field near 100 kA/m. This is the region of the positive Delta Е – effect. This is
the region of positive Delta Е – effect.

Figure 4 The field dependence of resonance Figure 5 The field dependence of Q-factor
frequency

Figure 5 shows the dependence of the Q factor on the bias field. In this case, the quality factor was
defined as the ratio of the resonant frequency to the width of the resonance line at the level of 0.707. As
follows from a comparison of figure 4 and figure 5, the field dependence of the Q factor qualitatively
reflects the field dependence of the resonant frequency.
In the region of negative Delta E – effect, the Q factor decreases by more than four times. As is
known, the quality factor is determined by losses in the structure. Thus, it can be argued that the
processes associated with the negative Delta E-effect are accompanied by an increase in losses in the
structure. The dependence of the resonance frequency and the Q factor on the magnetization field leads
to the fact that the field dependence of MEVC in the region of electromechanical resonance has
significant differences from the field dependence of MEVC outside the resonance region. Figure 6 and
figure 7 show the field dependences of MEVC at frequencies f1 =151 kHz and f2 =155 kHz, located
below (f1 < fres) and above (f2 > fres) the region of resonant frequencies shown in figure 4. In this case,
the field dependences have the form characteristic of the low-frequency ME effect, but with a large
MEVC value. The maximum signal is observed at the field 𝐻𝐻𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 ≃10 kA/m, while the MEVC value at
the maximum is more than 50 times its low-frequency value, reaching α1 = 158 V/A at a frequency f1
=151 kHz and α2 = 98 V/A at a frequency f2 =155 kHz against its low-frequency value αlow=1.9 V/А at
a frequency f = 1 kHz. This increase in the coefficient is due to the approach of the frequency to its
resonance value and the associated resonant increase in MEVC. A change in MEVC with a change in
the magnetization field in this case is due to a change in the piezomagnetic coefficients 𝑚𝑚𝑞𝑞11 and 𝑚𝑚𝑞𝑞12 .
The mechanisms associated with a change in the quality factor due to an increase in losses with a
negative Delta E – effect have not yet been manifested, apparently, due to the still small amplitude of
the oscillations.
As the frequency approaches its resonance value, the amplitude of the oscillations increases, which
leads, on the one hand, to an increase in the magnitude of the effect, and simultaneously to an increase
in losses, and, as a result, to a decrease in the Q factor in the magnetic field region of the negative Delta
E-effect, which leads to a decrease in MEVC. Figure 8 and Figure 9 show the field dependences of
MEVC at a frequency f0 =152.8 kHz, corresponding to the frequency of electromechanical resonance in
the zero bias field and in the mode of continuous tuning to the resonant frequency.

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ISPCIET 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 939 (2020) 012040 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/939/1/012040

Figure 6. The field dependence of MEVC at Figure 7. The field dependence of MEVC at
frequency f1=151 kHz. frequency f2=155 kHz.

Figure 8. The field dependence of MEVC at Figure 9. The field dependence of MEVC in the
frequency f0=152.8 kHz, corresponding to the regime of continuous tuning to the resonant
frequency of electromechanical resonance in the frequency.
zero bias field.

A characteristic feature of these dependencies is the presence of two maxima. This anomalous
behavior of the MEVC coefficient is associated with the presence of two mechanisms - a change in the
piezomagnetic coefficients due to a change in magnetostriction with a change in the magnetic field, and
a change in the quality factor of the system due to the negative Delta E – effect. Therefore, it can be
argued that the presence of two maxima in the field dependence of the MEVC coefficient is a
consequence of the field dependence of the piezomagnetic coefficients and quality factor.

4. Conclusion
A change in the Young's modulus of the permendur in a magnetic field leads to a change in the resonance
frequency and quality factor of the structure, which is accompanied by an anomalous behavior of the
field dependence of the ME effect in the region of electromechanical resonance in the range of magnetic
fields corresponding to the presence of a negative Delta E – effect. Outside the region of

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ISPCIET 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 939 (2020) 012040 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/939/1/012040

electromechanical resonance, the field dependences of the ME coefficient have a typical form
characteristic of the low-frequency ME effect.

Acknowledgment
The work was jointly supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and Belarussian
Foundation for Basic Research (Russian project no. 18-52-00021 and Belarussian project no. F18R-
300).

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