Forms of Literature- structure of

literary work
Genres of Literature- same with the
 Poetry
songs like reggae
 Drama
 Prose 1. Fiction- tell a story that is not
In prose, an author constructs his true
work in an ordinary way particularly 2. Non-fiction
through using unambiguous words and
When you’re going to analyse
simple formats such as presenting ideas
literature,
in sentences or paragraphs. The exact
example for prose is essay writing for it Example: maganda raw libro ng
implies expressing of insights in natural kaibigan,
way. On the other hand, poetry entails
Prose fiction - is narrative written
expressing thoughts in a more creative
without a metrical pattern that tells an
way. This kind of writing format is more
imaginary or invented story.
complicated compared to the first one.
The reason behind that is because it ELEMENTS OF PROSE FICTION
requires the author to deliver their
 Theme - is the general idea of a
thoughts while considering rhymes,
story.
measures, verse, lines, and stanza.
 Setting - is the information of the
Aside from that, thinking of uncommon
where the story occur and the
words that would arouse the curiosity of
time of the story. – it also include
the readers is recommendable in poetry.
a context (especially society)
The most common example for this is a
beyond the surround of the story,
poem that mostly captures the essence
like culture, historical period,
of one’s life.
geography, and occupation.
Drama is a type of narrative, usually  Plot- is the sequence of events.
fictional, that is performed. Drama  Character and Characterization
usually involves actors on stage in front
Character - is an individual (usually a
of a live audience
person) who play in a story.
Characterization is the method used by •Usually have several characters
the writer to develop a character. and their stories.

 Symbols - is the language style •Are often divided into chapters.

used by the author.
Here are some celebrated fiction writers
 Atmosphere - is condition and
from the 20th and 21st century:
emotion in a story
Writers from 20th and 21st century
Types of Prose Fiction
 George Orwell - best known for
1. Short stories
his dystopian novels 1984 and
• Tell a complete story in a few Animal Farm.
thousand words.  Ian McEwan - known for his
prose fiction in the realist genre.
• Have a limited number of
characters. In literature, the basic purpose of
prose in writing is to convey an idea,
2. Novellas
deliver information, or tell a story. It
• Are mid-way in length between is the way a writer fulfills her basic
short stories and a full-length promise to a reader to deliver a story
novel. with characters, setting, conflict, a
plot, and a final payoff.
• Usually have one plot-line.
Poetry
• Are not always divided into
chapters  Literary work in which the
expression of feelings and ideas
3. Novels
is given significant emphasis
•Are a relatively modern form of through the use of a distinctive
literature. style and rhythm.
 It uses uncommon language in
•Often have a number of different plot
fixed lines with a specific beat
lines which can support or contrast each
and frequently rhymes.
other.
  Some are metered, while others Example: Sonnet 18 by William
are free verse. Shakespeare

GENRE OF POETRY 2. Narrative Poetry – a narrative

poem tells a story
1. Lyric Poetry- uses song-like and
- Also known as epic poetry,
emotional words to describe a
narrative poetry is often set to
moment, an object, a feeling, or a
music as ballads. Narrative
person.
poems are usually of human
Types of Lyric Poetry interest and include epics, or
long stories.
 Elegy - a reflective poem to
honor the dead Types of Narrative Poetry

Example: Death Stands Above me by  Allegory - a narrative poem that

Walter Savage Landor uses an extended metaphor to
make a point.
 Haiku - a seventeen-syllable
poem that uses natural imagery Example: Haunted Palacr by Edgar Alan
to express an emotion Poe

Example: Lighting One Candle by Yosa  Ballad - narrative poetry set to

Buson music.

 Ode - an elevated poem that Example: Rime of the Ancient Mariner

pays tribute to a person, idea, by Samuel Taylor Coleridge
place, or another concept.
 Burlesque - a mock-epic poem
Example: Ode on Grecian Urn by John that tells an ordinary story in a
Keats melodramatic way.

 Sonnet - a descriptive fourteen- Example: The Tale of Sir Thopas by

line poem with a specific rhyme Geoffrey Chaucer
scheme
 Epic - a lengthy poem that tells a
story of heroic adventures.
Example: The Odyssey by Homer ELEMENTS OF POETRY

3. Dramatic Poetry- also known as 1. THEME

dramatic monologue, is meant to  It is the underlying message that
be spoken or acted. the writer or artist wants to
- Similar to narrative poetry, convey.
dramatic poetry tells a story.  It is the unifying generalization
- You’re most likely to find about life stated or implied by the
dramatic poetry in the form of story.
dramatic (or even comedic)
For example, the play Romeo and Juliet
monologues or soliloquies
is based on a brutal and overpowering
written in a rhyming verse.
romantic love between Romeo and
Types of Dramatic Poetry Juliet that forces them to go to
extremes, finally leading them to self-
Monologue - a speech given by one
destruction.
character to another, or by one
character to the audience (also known 2. LINE
as dramatic verse when not in poetic  It is a subdivision of a poem,
form) specifically a group of words
arranged into a row that ends
Example: My Last Duchess by Robert
for a reason
Browning
 It is a unit of language into
Soliloquy - a speech given by one which a poem or play is
character to himself or herself; a divided. The use of a line
dramatic representation of inner operates on principles which
monologue. are distinct from and not

Example: Act III, Scene 1 of Hamlet necessarily coincident with

grammatical structures, such
as the sentence or single
clauses in sentences.
3. STANZA e.g. “Cat” contains one syllable. e.g.
 It is a group of lines of verse “Monkey” contains two syllables. Each
forming one of the divisions of pair (or three), of stressed and
a poem or song unstressed syllables form a larger unit of
 It is usually made up of four or sound called ‘foot.’ Take a look at the
more lines and often has a following example of Shakespear’s
regular pattern in the number sonnets no. 18.
of lines and the arrangement
Example
of meter and rhyme.
4. MOOD • ShallI /comPARE/ theeTO/ aSUM/
 It is the feeling that a poem mer’sDAY. Unstressed syllables are
generates in the reader written in lower case and the stressed

 It might be either positive or syllables in upper case.

negative
7. RHYME
5. RHYTHM
 Is a repetition of similar sounding
 In poetry, it is a pattern of
words occurring at the end of
beats or a series of stressed
lines in poems or songs.
and unstressed syllables
 A rhyme is a tool that uses
 Poets construct rhythm by
repetitive patterns that give
emphasizing or not
poems a rhythm or musicality that
emphasizing sections of word
sets them apart from simple
setter
prose. Example: Humpty Dumpty
6. METER
sat on a wall, Humpty Dumpty
 Is the basic rhythmic structure had a great fall. All the King’s
of a verse. horses, And all the King’s men
 It refers to the recurring Couldn’t put Humpty together
patterns of stressed and again!
unstressed syllables. 
 A line of poetry can be broken  1
into “feet,” which are individual
units within a line of poetry.
 - They are the agents of
progression in a drama.
DRAMA
- Each character in a play has a
Drama- is the portrayal of fictional or personality of its own that has
non-fictional events through the the responsibility of bringing
performance of a written dialogue. the story to life.
3. Setting
Drama began in Ancient Greece. The
- The time and place where a
word drama has its root word from
story is set.
Greek “dran” meaning “to act”.
- This may affect the central
Drama trivia: theme of the play, the conflict,
the interactions between the
The two iconic masks of drama—the
characters and most of all,
laughing face and the crying face—
play’s staging.
are the symbols of two of the ancient
4. Theme
Greek Muses: Thalia, the Muse of
- It represents the central idea
comedy and Melpomene, the Muse of
of the text that immerses the
tragedy.
audience to extract the
Elements of Drama message from what the play
wants to convey.
- These essential elements of
5. Dialogue
drama dictates how the story
- The story is narrated to the
is translated into a stage
audiences through the
performance.
interaction between the play’s
1. Plot - The sequence of events
characters, which is in the
occurring in a play. Essentially,
form of dialogs.
the plot is the story that the play
- It is through the dialogs
narrates.
between characters that the
2. Characters- form a part of the
story can be understood.
story are interwoven with the plot
of the drama.
 - They are important in makes them distinct from
revealing the personalities of each other.
the characters. 1. Comedy
- is a type of drama that aims to
6. Performance make the audience laugh.
- The impact that a story has on
the audience is largely Characteristics of a Comedy
affected by the performances
● Lighthearted tone
of the actors.
- When a written play is ● Clever wordplay or turns of
transformed into a stage phrase
performance, the actors cast
● Serious topics addressed in a
for different roles, the way
humorous way
they portray the characters
assigned to them, and the ● Comical misunderstandings
way their performances are
● Happy ending
directed are some important
factors that determine the ● Silly, offbeat characters
play's impact.
● Often ends with a wedding,
Through the integration of plot, especially in romantic comedies
characters, settings, theme, dialogue
2. Tragedy
and performance, the audience is able
- Is a type of drama in which
to feel like a part of the story. This is
the protagonist is brought
what makes the drama a unique genre
down by his/her flaws. The
of literature.
audience catharsis is brought
Types of Drama about by witnessing some
disastrous and moving
- These types contain all the
change in the fortunes of the
elements of drama but having
protagonist.
their own characteristics that
Characteristics of a Tragedy
 ● A protagonist with a tragic flaw ● Tragically flawed characters
whose actions don’t result in
● Circumstances that quickly get
death
out of control – and not in a funny
way ● An ambiguous theme

● Darker themes than a ● Broad characters who act in

melodrama, such as human classically comical ways
suffering, hatred, or poverty
● Neither a happy nor a comic
● Features the downfall of a ending
previously heroic or well-liked
4. Melodrama
character
- It is a kind of drama in which
● An irredeemable ending that everything is hyperbolized.
results in one or more characters’ - Usually, themes depicted in
deaths melodramas are simple and
without any unpredictable plot
● Reaches a tragic catharsis
twists.
3. Tragicomedy - However, the main point of a
- is a special kind of drama that melodrama is not to tell a
combines the features of story but to awaken feelings in
tragedy and comedy. the audience.
- This means that such play
Characteristics of a Melodrama
may be sad but will have a
happy ending, or it may be ● Character tropes such as heroes,
serious with some elements of heroines, villains, mentors, etc.
humor emerging throughout
● Sweeping stories of romance or
the whole play.
serious topics
Characteristics of a Tragicomedy
● Larger-than-life plots and
● A serious storyline told in a circumstances (or very small
humorous, sardonic, or snide way stories told in big ways)
 ● Exaggerated character reactions Through the technique of switching
moods between hope and despair,
● Clear literary themes
Shakespeare creates heartbreaking
● Flawed characters who must dramatic tension in Romeo and Juliet.
overcome their faults in order to
Other Examples of drama in
reach their resolution
literature:
● Ending that is sometimes happy,
 Much Ado About Nothing
sometimes unhappy
(Comedy) By William
Examples of Drama Shakespeare
 Othello (Tragedy) By William
1. Romeo and Juliet by William
Shakespeare
Shakespeare
 A Streetcar Named Desire
Young lovers live anything but (Tragicomedy) By: Tennessee
happily ever after in Shakespeare’s Williams
unforgettable tragedy Romeo and Juliet.  A Doll’s House. (Melodrama) By
In what is still one of the most-performed Henrik Ibsen
plays in history, the love between
Romeo and Juliet is doomed by the
raging feud between their families, the PLOT
Montagues and the Capulets. The night
Plot
before the star-crossed lovers are
secretly married, Romeo kills Juliet's - is the sequence of events through
cousin in a duel, and Juliet fakes her which an author constructs a story.
own death to avoid being forced by her
- is the story, and more specifically it is
parents to marry a family friend.
how the story develops, unfolds, and
Unaware of Juliet’s plan, Romeo visits
moves in time.
her grave and, believing she is dead,
kills himself. When she learns of  EPISODIC PLOT
Romeo’s death, Juliet truly does kill - Consists of a series of loosely
herself. related incidents, which are
 tied together by a common rising events but then crash
theme and/or characters. together at the climax.

- It is used by authors to
shallow an event, place, time,
or idea from many different
angles, as well as to explore
one or more character’s
personalities, of the socio-
Example: The Old Man and the Sea by
cultural background of the era.
Ernest Hemmingway
Example:

 The Adventure of Tom Sawyer by  FLASHBACK PLOT

Mark Twain - Presents action or
 The Adventures of Huckleberry occurrences inconsequentially
Finn by Mark Twain so that the author is able to
deliver information about
events that occurred earlier.
- This helps the reader get a full
understanding of the present
events before going to
upcoming events.

 LINEAR PLOT
- Also called Dramatic or
 PARALLEL PLOT Progressive Plot.
- Enables the author to - It presents action or
combine or weave two or occurrences chronologically. 
more dramatic plots in a story.
FIVE TRADITIONAL ELEMENTS
- The multiple dramatic plots
OF PLOT
run on their own up to their
• Exposition
 - It is the opening of the story, - The big showdown where
including a reader’s your characters encounter
introduction to characters and their opposition, and either
settings. opposition and either win or
lose.

• Rising Action

- A series of events that

complicates matters for your
characters, and results in
increase drama or suspense
• Falling Action
which leads to the climax.
- A series of events that unfold
after the climax and lead to
the end of the story.

• Climax
 • Resolution

- The end of the story, in which

the problems are resolved (or
civilization is collapsing or has
not resolved, depending on
collapsed.
the story). Also called the
denouement, catastrophe, or Theme-message
revelation.
Subject- topic

Rhythm- sound for example in the

poem

Natural rhythm of human speech in

english- badam badam badam

And so my friend I say to you Rhyming

ADDITIONAL KNOWLEDGE:
or Rhyme
Prose fiction- novels or short stories,
Eye Rhyme- because when u stare at
mga kathang isip lamang
those words, they sounds similar but if
Semi fiction- based from true stories or you read they're not similar
real life but the dialogue is fiction
Masculine Rhyme- isa lang rhyme
Post - apocalyptic- after war, iba na
Feminine Rhyme- marami magkarhyme
ang set up
Rhyme Sceheme- pattern of rhyming
Example: K-drama, binomba ang south
korea ng atomic bobmb tas pagtapos Spoken Poetry- you will see the beauty
nun naiba na ang buhay of it not just from paper but also when
you speak it. The rhythm is there, the
Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic
rhyming is there
fiction is a subgenre of science fiction,
science fantasy, dystopia or horror in Drama- it is not prose
which the Earth's (or another planet's)
- roleplay
- may characters, dialogue, and  usually expressed in a word or
pineperform sa stage two. (e.g. love, childhood, death)
 is the topic or thing that is being
Script- directions and dialogue
discussed or dealt with directly or
- no description of feelings indirectly in a work of literature.

Drama- a rhythm to be performed THEME

- pag naperform na sa stage, it is  could be thought of as “moral” /

already called "Theater" “message” / “meaning”
 is NOT something factual,
"Film" kapag nasa tv na
extremely specific, or simply
Theater - started in Greece concrete
 is usually something implied
Plot Example- may film na nagstart sa
rather than stated within the text
simula talaga meron ding nagsisimula
sa gitna, babalik sa past or present tas
papunta sa future
THEME VS. SUBJECT
Meron ding film na nagstart sa dulo
The difference between subject and
Example: Twilight, simple lang siya theme is that theme is a debatable
dahil tuloy tuloy lang story niya opinion  about a subject while the
subject is a topic the author deside's  to
Hindi parepareho ang conflicts ng tao at
stick with and use through out the book
di sabay sabay na nasosolve
and in his writing.  
SUBJECT VS. THEME
THEME VS. SUBJECT
“THEME IS NOT THE SAME AS
The subject of the Jurassic Park movies
SUBJECT”
is dinosaurs.
SUBJECT
The theme is, Don’t mess with Mother
 the topic a writer is writing about. Nature.

Subject: Greed
Theme: Do not be greedy

Social Ambition - SUBJECT Types of Characters

Be happy with who you are and what  Flat Character- author is
you have. - THEME showing one side only of
character
Characters- People, Not people, the
- not showing all layers of one’s
author’s presentation and development character
of characters, the author’s action - example may nag-aaway, tas si
flat character kakain ng popcorn
Characterization- is the process of “hey everyone luto na ba ang
conveying characters in fiction. It can be ulam?!” tas titigil away
direct or indirect - the one who breaks high intensity

 Direct Characterization- tells the

 Round Character- has multiple
reader the personality traits of
personality traits
character
- resembles real people
Ex. Physical appearance of a person
 Static Character- remain the
 Indirect Characterization- writer same throughout the work
shows the reader the personality - they are consistently good or bad
traits of the character
 Dynamic Character- change
Ex. Instead of telling Katniss is strong,
during the course of the work
the author (basta di direct ang pag
- Epiphany: Climax of the growth
drescribe)

 Stock Character- represent

specific stereotypes.
- These characters are types and
not individuals.
- are based on clichés and social
prejudices
 Protagonist- character in the
work of fiction whose
intentions are the primary
focus of the story
  Anatagonist- villain in the Example: Lumabas character sa
story and against protagonist scene “Parang may nabulong
bulong” pag may sinasabing iba sa

MA’AM JOBELLE’S kausap (parang backstab sa isip)

EXPLANATION
Example: Harry Potter
Flat Character- author is showing one
- flaws (keyword for round
side only of character
character)
- not showing all layers of one’s - basta maraming side ang tao
character - example (magaling sa pera kaso
- example may nag-aaway, tas si madamot siya)
flat character kakain ng popcorn - has negative and positive
“hey everyone luto na ba ang personalities
ulam?!” tas titigil away - the more flaws the character is
- the one who breaks high intensity showing, the more you can relate
to the character
- sometimes we respond to
Round Character- we think of this as a situation in worst ways
person
Static Character- development of
- layers po ang round character characters in the story
- courageous, siya masigasig,
“although siya ay matapang, may - change in perspective or insights

insecurities pa rin siya” of that character

- it’s more like of a person because - pwede siyang round but yung

people in real life have multiple belief system niya ay di

personalities nagchechange
- Halimbawa: pag talo paniniwala,
Example: Usually, protagonist ang hanggang dulo na ata
ginagawang round character sa
story. Dynamic Character-
Naniniwala ang bida na lahat ng bagay For example dito po papasok nga yung
ay masosolve by means of sinasabi na although siya ay matapang,
understanding may insecurities pa rin siya

Inuunawa niya ang lahat nang walang - it’s more like of a person because
violence people in real life have multiple
personalities
Ex. Namatay ang anak niya, meron
- flaws is the keyword for round
isyang
character
Igigive up niya pagiging superman pag - it may show the negative and
halimbawa lahat ng tao natulungan niya positive personalities of the
pero pamilya niya di kinaya person

Although bumalik siya sa pagiging hero,

nabago naman ang belief niya

- There is a change in behaviour

LITERARY DEVICES
and belief
LITERARY DEVICES are specific
techniques that allow a writer to convey
a deeper meaning that goes beyond

RECAP: what's on the page.

Flat character and Round character LITERARY DEVICES work alongside

I have learned that flat character simply plot and characters to elevate a story

refers to the character that shows only and prompt reflection on life, society,

one side of the character. In other and what it means to be human.

words, the other layers or personality of

 PERSONIFICATION
a person
- giving human or “person” like

As for the round character, we think of qualities to something that is not

this as a person. The other layers of a a person. It helps the writer

person is being shown here create an exciting picture in the

reader’s mind.
Example: The leaves danced their
way through the lawn  ASSONANCE
- Repitition of vowel sound.

 METAPHOR Example:

- Comparison between two things,  “Laiden, Aiden”

where one is said to be the other.  The fleet sweep by the sleeping
Metaphor do NOT use like or as. geese.

Example:
 HYPERBOLE
 The sun was a gleaming pearl
- An intentional and extravergant
 The car seat is a fluffy cloud
exaggeration of ideas to give
 My baby brother is a cute little
emphasis, usually in a humorous
teddy bear
manner
 My sister’s memory is a
camera that remembers Example:

everything we see
 I have a millions things to do
 FORESHADOWING today.
- An author drops subtle hints  Lily could finish the mile-high
about plot developments to come burger steak in a glance.
later in the story. It’s a way of
giving the reader a chance to
make a prediction about what  I had to wait in the situation for
might happen next in the story. ten days– an eternerty.

Example:
 ONOMATOPOEIA
 Music in a scary movie.
- When the name of an action
 A character breaks a mirror, a
imitates the sound it makes.
black cat crosses his path and
then later on in the story Example:

something bad happens to  Tick-tock

him/her.
  Zap - A literary work that ridicules its subject
 Hiccup through the use of techniques such as
 Boom goes the grenade as it hits exaggeration, reversal, incongruity,
the target! and/or parody in order to make a
 How they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle in comment or criticism about it.
the icy air of night!
Example: “Alice in Wonderland”

 SIMILE  SYMBOLISM
- A comparison between two unlike - An object or entity within a literary
things using the connective words work represents another object or
entity completely separate from
“like” or “as” (than, or resembles)
itself.

Example: Example:

 Her cheeks were as red as  Pink – the fight against breast

apples cancer
 Her cheeks were like two red  The Statue of Liberty – freedom
apples  Lilies stand for beauty and
 Cry like a baby temptation.

 ALLITERATION
CONFLICT
- Repetition of initial consonant
sound. -  is a literary device characterized
by a struggle between two
Example:
opposing forces.
 “Once, while, weak, weak” (1) - provides crucial tension in any
 “nodded, nearly napping” (3) story and is used to drive the
 “Doubting, dreaming dreams no narrative forward.
mortal ever dared to dream
TYPES OF CONFLICT
before” (20)
 PERSON VS. PERSON
 SATIRE
 - the conflict is between two forms Example: In the movie The Matrix, Neo,
of like beings. This is often the Trinity,and Morpheus struggle to free
protagonist versus the antagonist. their society from “the matrix.”
Conflict may be verbal, physical,
or emotional.
WORLDLIT
Example: Ang Probinsyano.
 Literature and culture are
 PERSON VS. NATURE
inseparable activities of man
- occurs when a character faces
resistance from a natural force.  Literature uses language as a
This can mean the weather, the means to shapre an image to
wilderness, or a natural disaster. reflect social life and express the
author’s thoughts and feelings
Example: In the movie The Perfect
Storm, the crew struggles against the  Culture is a social and historical
ocean. phenomenon. It is the product of
long- term creation
 PERSON VS. SOCIETY
 A writer is always influenced by
- a protagonist has a strong belief
the culture in which he was born
against the majority of the
and brought up.
community or surroundings and
decides to act on it. Culture

Example: In the movie Shrek, Shrek  the beliefs, customers, values,

struggles against all human beings, and activities of a particular group

who consider him a horrid and mean of people at a particular time

outcast.
 Culture refers to the history,

 PERSON VS TECHNOLOGY geography, customs, traditions,

and ways of life, literature and art,
- The central character struggles with or behavioral norms, modes of
against the forces of technology. thinking, and values of a country
or nation
  It includes material culture,  Literary and cultural studies
institutional culture and give us access to historical and
psychological culture emergent traditions of literature,
culture and thought
Hence:

 A literary work of art written by an

individual may reflect the culture
in which he was born

 It is important to consider cultural

context of a work of art

 The work of art produced in a

given cultural context expresses
the cultural values I both overt
and unconscious

 Cultural values change as time

changes and these reflect in the
works of literature produced in
that period.

 Literature and culture are c-

related because when we talk
about the culture, the literature
can also appear unconsciously

 As literature is composed of
feelings, emotions and thoughts,
similarly, the culture is
composed of thoughts, feelings
and emotions.