A Comparative Study: Energy Performance Analysis of

Conventional Office Buildings at Lucknow

Farheen Bano1*, Vandana Sehgal2

1
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical
University, Lucknow
2
Principal & Dean (Professor), Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Technical University, Lucknow.

1
* [email protected],, [email protected]

Received: 29th April 2019 Final version received: 21thApril 2020

In this study, the energy consumption of three government and three private office buildings in
Lucknow was investigated, and the energy performance index (EPI) for each building was determined.
The main purpose of this research was to assess the energy usage of the buildings and identify factors
affecting the energy usage. An analysis was performed using data from an energy audit of government
buildings, electricity bills of private office buildings, and an on-site visit to determine building envelope
materials and its systems. The annual energy consumption of buildings has been evaluated through EPI.
The EPI, measured in kilowatt hour per square meter per year, is annual energy consumption in kilowatt
hours divided by the gross floor area of the building in square meters. In this study, the energy
benchmark for day-time-use office buildings in composite climate specified by Energy Conservation
Building Code (ECBC) has been compared with the energy consumption of the selected buildings.
Consequently, it has been found that the average EPI of the selected buildings was close to the national
energy benchmark indicated by ECBC. Moreover, factors causing inefficient energy consumption were
determined, and solutions for consistent energy savings are suggested for buildings in composite
climate.
Keywords: Energy efficiency: Office building; Energy performance index; Energy audit; Solar passive
features

1. INTRODUCTION al. (2017) and Ismail et al. (2006) compared the

A steady increase in the construction of tall indoor temperature and air quality with user
buildings has occurred in fast-growing cities in satisfaction of bioclimatic and conventional
India, such as Lucknow, because of rapid urban high-rise office buildings located in Penang
population growth, limited land, and Island. They observed that bioclimatic high-rise
globalization. Many low performance buildings office buildings had comfortable indoor
are present and growing in the city regardless of conditions and high user satisfaction. However,
environmental concerns over energy scarcity and the energy performance of bioclimatic and
global warming. Consequently, within a certain conventional high-rise office buildings was not
period, most of the current office buildings in considered. Thus, a holistic approach for
Lucknow consume energy inefficiently because analysing a high-rise building is required to
of the absence of energy optimization measures evaluate the energy performance associated with
in them. This causes a significant increase in design strategies. Mahdavi et al. (2013)
recurring expenditures because of high energy established the optimal value of Window-to-Wall
consumption. Ratio (WWR) pertaining to daylight in office
buildings without considering thermal comfort.
Several studies have examined the impact of Therefore, an holistic approach is required to
design strategies on the energy consumption of study the effect of all passive design feature on
high rise office buildings (Table 1). Esfandiari et

24 Journal of Design and Built Environment, Vol 20(1) 24-34, April 2020 F. Bano et al.
thermal comfort and energy efficiency of an additional study for tropical areas to frame
office building. design consideration for high-rise buildings.
Limited in-depth studies are available regarding
Tahir, Nawi, and Rajemi (2015) analyzed the design strategies for making conventional
pattern of electricity consumption in three buildings efficient and the energy breakdown
government office buildings and investigated the usage of tall office buildings in a tropical climate.
factors contributing to inefficient energy Consequently, this study aims to develop an
consumption. Moreover, they concluded that overarching framework to investigate the factors
further investigation was required to determine affecting the energy usage of office buildings in
energy breakdown usage in detail. Raji et al. Lucknow (composite climate sub-category of
(2016) compared 12 buildings from three climate tropical climate). The outcome of this study
groups (temperate, subtropical, and tropical) to provides an insight regarding the reasons for
study the effectiveness of different design high energy consumption. Moreover, suitable
strategies for decreasing energy usage for energy efficiency measures are suggested for
cooling, heating, ventilation, and electric lighting. buildings located in Lucknow.
They recommended the performance of an

Table 1: Review of related literature

Author/Reference Objective Findings Scope for future study
Esfandiari, Zaid, To establish the Green buildings have The building construction
and Ismail (2017) relationship between the better indoor air quality related parameters should
indoor air quality and user and user satisfaction; be studied in detail to
satisfaction (thermal however, the minor fault characterise the effect of
comfort. Health and leads to dissatisfaction. each parameter.
productivity)
Raji, Tenpierik, To perform a comparative Lessons obtained from The results indicated that
and Dobbelsteen study on 12 buildings these buildings were used for tropics, additional
(2016) from three climate groups to define passive features studies are required
(temperate, subtropical, for the three climate regarding the design of
and tropical) for groups. high-rise buildings.
investigating the
effectiveness of different
design strategies for
overall reduction energy
consumption in heating,
cooling and lighting.
Tahir, Nawi, and To analyze the pattern of Energy savings can be Further investigation is
Rajemi (2015) electricity consumption in achieved by implementing required to determine
three government office an energy-efficient design energy breakdown usage
buildings. in the early stage of in detail.
construction.
Mahdavi, Rao, and To investigate the effect 25% WWR found to be Holistic approach should
Inangda (2013) of WWR for optimising optimum for horizontal be applied to investigate
daylight in office fenestrations and 35% for the optimum daylight as
buildings. vertical. well as thermal comfort
with respect to WWR in
an office building.
Ismail and Sibley To compare the Bioclimatic high-rise The study does not
(2006) performance, indoor office buildings had evaluate the energy
temperature, and user comfortable indoor performance of
perception of a high-rise conditions and high user bioclimatic and
bioclimatic office block satisfaction. conventional high-rise
designed by Ken Yeang office buildings. Thus, a
with those of a detailed study is required
conventional office to evaluate energy
building. performance.

25 Journal of Design and Built Environment, Vol 20(1) 24-34, April 2020 F. Bano et al.
2. METHODOLOGY and electrical systems, such as artificial lighting,
In this study, the energy performance of six heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)
(three government and three private) (UP Power Corporation Limited, 2015). HVAC,
conventional office buildings in Lucknow was lighting, and equipment loads were examined to
examined by focusing on the electricity usage analyse the energy usage pattern of an office
pattern (Figure 1), and the causes of high energy building and calculated in terms of the energy
consumption were investigated. Moreover, performance index (EPI). The EPI (measured in
suitable measures are suggested to decrease kWh/m²/year) is commonly used for comparing
energy consumption. The selected cases the energy consumption of buildings. “It is the
represent a sample of almost all upcoming office annual energy consumption of a building in
buildings in the city. The selection criteria for the kilowatt-hours divided by gross floor area of the
case studies were as follows: building in square meters” [Eq. (1)] (Srinivas,
2015).
• Energy use indices higher than 100
Total energy consumed in a year (kWh)
kW/m²/year and having daytime EP = Total floor area of the building (m2 )
……. (1)
working hours.
• Typical floor area ranging from 700 to
2000 m², with the air-conditioned space
exceeding 50%. 3. BUILDING PROFILE OF THE
• Comprising eight or more floors. SELECTED CONVENTIONAL
• Developed in a time period of 1989– OFFICE BUILDINGS IN
2014, located in an iconic area that LUCKNOW
represents the image of Lucknow. The study focuses on Lucknow city (26°30'–
• To expand the analysis, plans with 27°0' N and 80°30'–81°13' E), which is the
different aspect ratios were considered. capital of Uttar Pradesh, India. It lies in a
composite climate zone of India (tropical
Data regarding the electricity consumption, climate) , which is categorized by extremely high
floor plans, working hours, building envelope and low temperatures in summers and winters,
materials, and schedules of occupancy and respectively. Summers are marked by high direct
equipment were collected through on-site survey solar radiation, low humidity, and hot winds,
for the selected buildings. To determine the whereas winters are marked by low
reasons for high electricity consumption in temperatures, high humidity, and cold winds.
buildings, the selected buildings were compared Moreover, humidity is high in monsoon with
according to the shape and form of the buildings, strong winds. The details of the buildings and
WWR, materials used in the building envelope, their building profile and energy consumption
presence of passive features (if any), and data are summarized in Tables 2 and 3. The
location of the core. Moreover, the energy usage operational hours of the government office
of conventional office buildings in Lucknow was buildings, namely Shakti Bhawan, Uttar Pradesh
benchmarked. That benchmark can be further Rajkiya Nirman Nigam (UPRNN), and Lucknow
used for comparing the energy savings of Development Authority (LDA), are from 9 am to
energy-efficient buildings in Lucknow. 5 pm for six days a week, and the buildings
Moreover, the representation model of a typical occupy 1100, 475, and 1350 staff, respectively.
office building in Lucknow, derived from the Shalimar Titanium, the Bank of Baroda (BOB)
average of the surveyed data for the six selected office, and Eldeco Corporate Chamber II were
office buildings, can be used create base-case in the private office buildings selected for the
energy simulation studies. study. These buildings currently cater to 1424,
1578, and 997 staff, respectively, whose working
Office buildings in Lucknow consumes hours are from 9 am to 6 pm (Tables 1 and 2).
energy in the form of electricity for mechanical

26 Journal of Design and Built Environment, Vol 20(1) 24-34, April 2020 F. Bano et al.
 Shakti Bhawan (Extension) UPRNN (UP Rajkiya Nirman Nigam) LDA (Lucknow development Authority),
14 Ashok Marg Vibhuti Khand, Gomti Nagar Extension, Vipin khand,Gomti Nagar

Government offices

13 storey 9 storey 12 storey

Completed Completed Completed
1989 1992 2009
Shalimar Titanium Office building of Bank of Baroda Eldeco Corporate Chamber II
Vipin khand,Gomti Nagar Vipin khand,Gomti Nagar Vipin khand,Gomti Nagar
Private offices

12storey 8 storey 12 storey

Completed Completed Completed
2002 2010 2011

Figure1. The six selected buildings in Lucknow (Source: Author)

3.1. Building configuration of 50%–60%, without any shading devices

The buildings are oriented and configured (Tables 2 and 3).
according to the urban grid and plot size, with
the aim of maximizing the view. Environmental 3.3. Envelope materials
concerns were not taken into account during the No special considerations were taken to
construction of the buildings. Shakti Bhawan, the reduce heat transfer from the building envelope
LDA building, and Shalimar Titanium have an of the selected buildings. Conventional materials
east-west orientation. However, the I-shape of and techniques were employed to construct the
Shakti Bhawan and LDA building allows envelope, specifically a 120-mm brick wall, a
maximum windows in north and south 150-mm RCC roof, and 6-mm glass fitted in
directions, with the core in the center. By aluminum frames. Mud + husk composite
contrast, the rectangular shape (aspect ratio of terracing (locally called mud phuska) was used
1:2) of the fully glazed Shalimar Titanium in Shakti Bhawan whereas, in the UPRNN and
building exposes a long facade in the east-west LDA buildings, 40-mm vitrified tiles on
direction, thereby increasing the cooling load. reinforced cement concrete (RCC) slab was laid.
The UPRNN office building has a square shape, Stone and aluminum cladding panel (ACP)
and the BOB office building has a rectangular cladding were applied on the walls of the
shape (aspect ratio of 1:1.5 and oriented north- UPRNN, Shalimar Titanium, BOB, and Eldeco
south). A void in the center of the BOB and Corporate Chamber II office buildings. The
UPRNN buildings reduces the plan depth and selected private offices and the LDA building
allows deep penetration of daylight. Eldeco have windows with reflected glass. Tinted and
Corporate Chamber II has a rectangular shape, clear glasses are used in the BOB building and
with an aspect ratio of 1:2.5. The plan depths of Shakti Bhawan (Tables 2 and 3), respectively.
Shakti Bhawan, the LDA building, Shalimar
Titanium, and Eldeco Corporate Chamber II are 3.4. Energy consumption
12, 14, 32, and 17 m, respectively, between the Central air conditioning systems are used in
facades, whereas the UPRNN and BOB almost all the selected office buildings,
buildings have a plan depth of 10 m from the excluding the UPRNN building, where split and
void. (Tables 2 and 3). window ACs are used for air conditioning the
individual rooms. The energy consumption data
3.2. Window parameters for the government office buildings were
The selected government office buildings obtained from energy audit reports, whereas that
have a low WWR range of 20%–25%, with a of private offices were obtained from electricity
recessed window of 450 mm depth, whereas the bills. The annual electricity consumption of the
selected private offices have a high WWR range Shakti Bhawan, UPRNN, and LDA buildings

27 Journal of Design and Built Environment, Vol 20(1) 24-34, April 2020 F. Bano et al.
was 135, 125, and 148 kWh/m², respectively. which is a systematic approach to investigate
The annual energy consumption of the Shalimar current energy usage (Tahir, Nawi, & Rajemi,
Titanium, BOB, and Eldeco Chamber buildings 2015). Maximum electricity was consumed by
was 257, 167, and 228 kWh/m², respectively. the air conditioning system, electrical lighting
system, and office equipment. For artificial
4. FINDING AND DISCUSSION lighting, the buildings mainly used fluorescent
All the six office buildings lack any energy- tubes, compact fluorescent lamps, tungsten
efficient design measures and an energy halogen lamps, and LED lamps. A hydronic
management program. Conventional materials central air conditioning system with variable air
were used for the construction of the building volume (VAV) system is employed in Shakti
envelope, and no additional measures were taken Bhawan, a unitary system (window and split AC)
to reduce heat gain or loss. Overall, the energy is employed in the UPRNN building, and
consumed by the six buildings is mainly used for Variable refrigerant volume (VRV) system or
the air conditioning system, lighting system, and multiple split AC systems are used in the LDA
office equipment. office building for air conditioning. Figure 2
displays the distribution of energy consumption
for the three selected government office
4.1. Building configuration
buildings.
The electricity consumption of the selected
government offices was obtained from the
energy investment grade audit report 2009-10,

Figure 2. Electricity usage pattern in the government office buildings (source: energy investment grade
audit report 2009–10)

Table 2. Details of the three selected government office buildings (source: energy audit reports and
surveyed data).

Shakti Bhawan UPRNN LDA

28 Journal of Design and Built Environment, Vol 20(1) 24-34, April 2020 F. Bano et al.
 Shakti Bhawan UPRNN LDA
Year of completion 1989 1992 2009
Open plan/Cellular office 60% Cellular + 40% Cellular 70% Cellular + 30%
Open plan Open plan
% of the air-conditioned 80 70 95
area
Orientation E–W - E–W
Building footprint (m²) 1053 737 960
PARAMETERS

Total floor area (m²) 15718 3320 8766

BUILDING
SHAPE

No. of floors G + 12 G+8 G + 11

Floor-to-floor height (m) 3.6 3.3 3.6
Compactness (S/V) ratio 0.19 0.17 0.23
Shape coefficient (aspect 0.7 0.9 0.5
ratio)
Sill level (m) 0.9 0.9 0.9
PARAMETE
WINDOW

Window height (m) 1.8 1.2 1.6

Overall WWR 24 20 23
RS

Shading device Box Box Box + horizontal

No louver on the west
Plan depth 12 m between facades 10 m from the void 14 m between facades
Wall type (outer to 18 plasters + 230 bricks Grey and white 18 plasters + 230
inner) + 12 plasters stone/ACP + 230 bricks bricks + 12 plasters
MATERIAL
ENVELOPE

+ 12 plasters
Roof type (outer to 40 screed + 100 mud 40 tiles + 150-mm RCC 40 vitrified tiles +
inner) phuska + 150 RCC slab 150-mm RCC slab
Glass type Aluminum frame + 6 Aluminum frame + 6- Aluminum frame + 6-
mm-clear glass mm tinted glass mm reflected glass
Working hours 9 am to 5 pm 9 am to 5 pm 9 am to 5 pm
OCCUPANCY AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION

(6 days per week) (6 days per week) (6 days per week)

Area per person (m²) 14.3 7 6.5
HVAC system type Central AC system Window and split AC Variable refrigerant
[variable air volume volume (VRV) system
(VAV)]
AC load 8 h per day for 8 8 h per day for 8 8 h per day for 8
months per year months per year months per year
Lighting load 10 h per day 10 h per day 10 h per day
EPI (kWh/m2/year) 135 125 148
Monthly electricity consumption of Shakti Monthly electricity consumption of UPRNN Monthly electricity consumption of LDA
Bhawan 70000 180000
Electrcity consumption in Kwh

Electrcity consumption in Kwh

450000 60000 160000

Electrcity consumption in Kwh

400000 140000
50000
350000 120000
300000 40000 100000
250000 80000
30000
200000
150000 20000 60000
100000 40000
10000 20000
50000
0 0 0

Months Months Months

29 Journal of Design and Built Environment, Vol 20(1) 24-34, April 2020 F. Bano et al.
Table 3. Details of the three selected private buildings (source: electricity bills and surveyed data).

Shalimar Titanium Office building of BOB Eldeco Corporate Chamber II

Shalimar Titanium BOB Eldeco
Year of completion 2002 2010 2011
Open plan/Cellular 40% Cellular + 60% 20% Cellular + 80% Open 60% Cellular + 40%
office Open plan plan Open plan
% of air-conditioned 100% 100% 100%
area
Orientation E–W N–S N–S
Building footprint (m²) 1891 1009 706
Total floor area (m²) 22785 7889 8472
BUILDING SHAPE

No, of floors G + 11 G+7 G + 11

PARAMETERS

Floor-to-floor height 3.6 3.9 3.5

(m)
Compactness (S/V) 0.12 0.2 0.18
ratio
Shape coefficient 0.57 0.7 0.4
(aspect ratio)
Plan depth (m) 32 m between facades 10 m from the void 17 m between facades
Sill level (m) 0.45 0.45 0.3
PARAMETERS

Window height (m) 2.25 2.25 2.4

WINDOW

Overall WWR 55 31 60
Shading device No shading No shading No shading

Wall type (outer to Stone + 230 bricks +12 ACP + 230 bricks + 12 Stone /ACP + 230
inner) inner plasters inner plasters bricks + 12 inner
plasters
ENVELOPE
MATERIAL

Roof type (outer to 150-mm RCC slab, 150-mm RCC slab, screed 150-mm RCC slab,
inner) screed screed
Glass type Aluminum frame + 6- Aluminum frame + 6-mm Aluminum frame + 6-
mm reflected glass reflected glass structural mm reflected glass
structural glazing glazing structural glazing
Working hours 9 am to 6 pm 10 am to 7 pm 9 am to 6 pm
ENERGY CONSUMPTION

(6 days per week) (6 days per week) (6 days per week)

OCCUPANCY AND

Area per person (m²) 7.1 15 10

HVAC system type VRV system Central AC system (VAV) Central AC system
(VAV)
AC load 8 h per day for 8 months 8 h per day for 8 months 8 h per day for 8
per year per year months per year
Lighting load 10 h per day 10 h per day 10 h per day
EPI (kWh/m2/year) 257 167 228

30 Journal of Design and Built Environment, Vol 20(1) 24-34, April 2020 F. Bano et al.
 Monthly Electricity consumption of Shalimar Monthly Electricity consumption of BOB
Titanium 180000

Electricity Consumption in Kwh

160000
700000
140000

Electricity Consumption in Kwh

600000
120000
500000
100000
400000 80000
300000 60000
200000 40000
100000 20000
0 0

Billing Month Billing Month

Comparison Monthly Electricity consumtion of 4.2. Factors affecting energy use in

government office building
25
buildings
Electricity Consumption in Kwh/m²

20 Government offices consume less energy than

15 private offices because their WWR is less than
10 that of private offices. Government offices have
5 recessed windows that provide shade, whereas
0 private offices are glass boxes with no shading.
Moreover, the mixed-mode system is used in
Months
government offices, where circulation spaces are
SHAKTI BHAWAN UPRNN LDA
naturally ventilated and office spaces are air-
Figure 3. Comparison of the monthly electricity conditioned. By contrast, private office buildings
consumption in the government office buildings. are fully air-conditioned.

The electricity consumption of the private The three government office buildings are
office buildings was analyzed by collecting their oriented in the east-west direction, which is
monthly electricity bills from their respective unfavorable for the composite climate of
administrative offices. The duration of the Lucknow and increases the cooling and lighting
collected bills was from January to December load of the building. A majority of the windows
(2014-15). (Hence, no separate data for HVAC face east-west, which causes the building to
or lighting systems were available.) Almost absorb heat from the low-angled morning and
100% of the building area in the three buildings, afternoon sun (Koenigsberger et.al., 1973).
including the circulation areas and staircases but Therefore, large-area windows are recommended
excluding the toilets, is air-conditioned. to be installed in the north-south direction to
Fluorescent tubes, compact fluorescent lamps, avoid heat absorption into the building. The
and LED lamps are used for artificial lighting, UPRNN building had an EPI of 125 kWh/m²,
and a central VRV system is used for air whereas the Shakti Bhawan and LDA buildings
conditioning. have an EPI of 135 and 148 kWh/m²,
respectively (Table 1). The UPRNN building had
The energy consumption of the three private the lowest energy consumption because of the
office buildings was steady throughout the year, following possible reasons:
with a marginal decrease in consumption in
December, January, March, and April (Figure 4). • The aspect ratio of the UPRNN building
is close to 1 (0.9). Hence, the surface
Comparison Monthly Electricity consumption of private office area to volume (S/V) ratio is low, which
building
35
reduces the heat gain of the building.
Electricity Consumption in Kwh/m²

30
25 • The presence of a courtyard in the
20
15
middle of the building reduces the
10
5
lighting load by reducing the plan depth
0
and ventilating the non-air-conditioned
spaces.
Months • The percentage of air-conditioned
Shalimar Titanium BOB Eldeco spaces is low. Window and split ACs
Figure 4. Comparison of the monthly electricity are used in individual cabins and can be
consumption in the private office buildings. customized according to the usage.

31 Journal of Design and Built Environment, Vol 20(1) 24-34, April 2020 F. Bano et al.
 Hence, the HVAC load can be • The WWR of the BOB building is
decreased. optimum (31%) as per Mahoney's
• The windows are recessed with tinted recommendations (Koenigsberger et.
glass and restrict the entry of direct al., 1973) for the climate of Lucknow.
radiation, thereby decreasing the Consequently, heat gain is restricted,
cooling load. and sufficient daylight enters the
interiors. Moreover, the compact plan
Furthermore, the electricity consumption of and low plan depth (5 m) because of the
Shakti Bhawan was less than that of the LDA presence of a courtyard at the center of
building because of the following possible the BOB building reduces the electricity
reasons: consumption by artificial lighting.

• Both the buildings are H-shaped with Shalimar Titanium has an east-west
the core in the center. However, they orientation, has a WWR of 55%, has a high plan
have different aspect ratios (0.7 for depth (16 m), does not have shading devices on
Shakti Bhawan and 0.5 for the LDA its windows, and does not include energy-
building), which causes Shakti Bhawan efficient measures. These properties may have
to have a lower S/V ratio than that of augmented the cooling and lighting loads of
the LDA building, thereby reducing the Shalimar Titanium, which is reflected in its
cooling load of the building (Szokolay, electricity bills. Eldeco Corporate Chamber II
2014). has a large WWR (60%). However, its north-
• The insulation provided by a 100-mm south orientation and low plan depth (8.5 m)
mud phuska in roofing reduces the heat reduce the cooling and lighting loads,
transferred into Shakti Bhawan. respectively.
• The air-conditioned area in the LDA
building (95%) is higher than that in 4.3. Comparison with energy
Shakti Bhawan (80%), which benchmarks
consequently leads to higher electricity The EPI benchmark for office buildings in
consumption in the LDA building. composite climates is 86 and 179 kWh/m²/year if
• Reflective glass is used in the LDA the air-conditioned space is less than 50% and
building, which reduces the cooling exceeds 50%, respectively (ICEEB, 2015). The
load but increases the lighting load of average EPI of the selected buildings was 177
the building. The occupants of Shakti kWh/m², which can be considered the energy
Bhawan who work along the clear glass benchmark for office buildings in Lucknow. The
facade can utilize the daylight along EPI of 177 kWh/m² is close to the national
with the blinds when required. benchmark for office buildings in composite
climates, with an air-conditioned space
The BOB building had an EPI of 167 kWh/m², exceeding 50%.
and Shalimar Titanium and Eldeco Corporate
Chamber II had an EPI of 257 and 228 kWh/m², The Energy conservation building code
respectively (Table 2). The electricity (ECBC) standard indices indicate that any
consumption of the BOB building was lower building implementing energy-efficient measures
than that of the other two private offices despite can achieve an EPI up to 110 kWh/m²/year
the occupancy, operation, and activity schedule (BEE, 2012). On the basis of this energy range,
of all the three buildings being similar. government office buildings have an energy
Moreover, reflected glass is used in savings potential of 20%–30%, whereas private
fenestrations, with no other provision for energy buildings have an energy saving potential of
efficiency or energy conservation. 35%–60%.

• The BOB and Eldeco buildings are The study results indicate that the EPI of
oriented in the north-south direction, government buildings is lower than that of the
with most of the windows facing north- private buildings possibly because government
south, which reduces heat transmission buildings have a high WWR, with no shading
in the building from the low-angled east devices, whereas office equipment is excessively
and west sun. used in private offices. The average EPI of the

32 Journal of Design and Built Environment, Vol 20(1) 24-34, April 2020 F. Bano et al.
selected government and private offices is 136 because of the north-south orientation
and 217 kWh/m²/year, respectively. The average of the Eldeco building.
working area per person in the buildings is 10 2. The aspect ratio of the building plan and
m², which is approximately the value prescribed S/V ratio influence heat gain and loss
by ASHRAE (ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard through the envelope. The compact
90.1, 2010). planning (square shape) of the BOB and
UPRNN buildings may be the reason
Comparison of EPI between six selected office for their low EPI. Furthermore, the
buildings at Lucknow with standard error bars presence of a courtyard at the center of
300
257 Average
228
the plan (the BOB and UPRNN
250
buildings) allows daylight to cover a
EPI in Kwh/m²

200 167
150 135 125
148
large area of the building, which can be
100 an effective method to reduce energy
50 consumption.
0
Shakti
UPRNN LDA
Shalimar
BOB Eldeco
3. Dividing internal space into areas with
Bhawan Titanium
different temperatures could reduce the
EPI in Kwh/m² 135 125 148 257 167 228
Average 177 177 177 177 177 177
cooling or heating load of high-rise
Selected cases buildings because a high degree of
Descriptive Statistics
comfort is required at workstations,
Mean 176.7
whereas some discomfort can be
Standard Error 18.5 tolerated at lift lobbies and circulation
Median 167.0 spaces. Consequently, spaces, such as
Mode #N/A corridors, staircases, and lift lobbies,
Standard Deviation 49.0 can be naturally ventilated, thereby
Sample Variance 2401.6 reducing the load on the HVAC system,
Kurtosis -0.6 as seen from the case studies of
Skewness 0.8
government office buildings.
Range 132.0
Minimum 125.0
4. Devising an optimum WWR is critical
Maximum 257.0 to minimize heat transfer and maximize
Sum 1236.7 daylight in interiors. Government office
Count 7.0 buildings, with WWRs ranging from 20%
Confidence to 30% and including shaded windows,
Level(95.0%) 45.3 had lower energy consumption than
Figure 5. Comparison of the EPI of the six private office buildings.
selected office buildings in Lucknow 5. High thermal mass or insulation in the
walls or roofs (Shakti Bhawan) is an
5. CONCLUSION effective method to reduce heat transfer
The energy consumption of six office in buildings. Moreover, placing service
buildings in Lucknow was studied to determine areas as thermal buffers on hot sides
energy consumption and factors affecting energy with limited openings (Eldeco) and
usage. These six buildings represent a sample of using reflective external materials
all commercial buildings that will be built in (selected cases of private office
Lucknow in the future. The EPI of these buildings) are some of the strategies to
buildings was relatively high, and considerable control heat gain.
energy savings can be achieved by incorporating
energy conservation measures at the early stage The energy usage of the three private office
of construction. Hence, to decrease energy buildings in this case study should be thoroughly
consumption in high-rise office buildings, the investigated further, and other energy indices
following design strategies are proposed: should be identified as vital components of the
energy management program.
1. The orientation of the building should
be north-south. Despite having a high
WWR and being fully air-conditioned,
the energy consumption of Eldeco
Corporate Chamber II was lower than
that of Shalimar Titanium probably

33 Journal of Design and Built Environment, Vol 20(1) 24-34, April 2020 F. Bano et al.
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