TISSUE

Which of these is NOT one of the four basic tissuetypes?

A) glandular
B) connective
C) muscle
D) epithelium
E) nervous
A
Understanding tissue structure and function is important because:
A) There is a relationship between the structure of each tissue type (how it is organized) and its
function (what it does).
B) There is a relationship between tissue structure and organ function.
C) Many diseases and pathologies are tissue and cell type specific.
D) Changes at the tissue level affect the function of organs.
E) All of these are correct.
E
Pick out the FALSE statement about epithelial tissue.
A) Epithelial tissue is vascular.
B) Epithelial tissue provides physical protection for organs.
C) Epithelial tissue functions in absorption & secretion.
D) Epithelial tissue controls the permeability into and out of an area/organ.
E) Epithelial tissue consists almost entirely of cells with very little extracellular material between them
thereby forming a barrier against entry into the body.
A
Basement membranes
A) function as a filter and barrier to cell or pathogen movement
B) attach epithelial cells to the underlying tissue
C) are secreted partially by epithelial cells and partially by the cells of the underlying tissue.
D) function as a filter and barrier to cell or pathogen movement, attach epithelial cells to the underlying
tissue and are secreted partially by epithelial cells and partially by the cells of the underlying tissue are true of
basement membranes.
E) None of these is correct.
D
Epithelial cells
A) cover body surfaces or form glands.
B) usually have a free surface that is not in contact with other cells.
C) have a basement membrane that attaches to underlying tissues.
D) can be somewhat far away from a blood vessel.
E) have all of these properties.
E

The most correct classification of an epithelial tissue consisting of many layers of cells, in which the
outer layers are flat and thin, and the basal layers are cuboidal or columnar is
A) simple columnar epithelium.
B) pseudostratified epithelium.
C) stratified squamous epithelium.
D) transitional epithelium.
E) simple squamous epithelium.
C
Epithelial cells that appear cube like when an organ is relaxed and flattened when the organ is
distended by fluid are classified as
A) simple columnar epithelium.
B) pseudostratified epithelium.
C) stratified squamous epithelium.
D) transitional epithelium.
E) simple squamous epithelium.
D
Epithelium that consists of a single layer of cells, in which some cells are tall and thin and reach the
free surface and others do not, is classified as
A) simple columnar epithelium.
B) pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
C) stratified squamous epithelium.
D) transitional epithelium.
E) simple squamous epithelium.
B
Which of these epithelial types is correctly matched with its major function?
A) simple squamous epithelium — diffusion or filtration
B) stratified squamous epithelium — protection from abrasion
C) Simple cuboidal epithelium — active transport, facilitated diffusion, or secretion
D) Simple columnar epithelium — secretion or absorption
E) All these are correctly paired.
E
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Transitional epithelium has cells that change shape when the tissue is stretched.
B) Transitional epithelium is found in the lining of the urinary bladder, the ureters and the superior
urethra.
C) Transitional epithelium is psuedostratified.
D) As transitional epithelium is stretched, the number of cell layers decreases.
E) Transitional epithelium is found in cavities that can expand greatly in volume.
D
Which of the following characteristics of tissues and cells would aid in diffusion or the movement of
materials into and out of the body through the epithelium?
A) multiple layers of relatively flat, thin cells
B) a single layer of relatively flat, thin cells
C) multiple layers of cuboidal cells
D) a single layer of cuboidal cells
E) multiple layers of columnar cells
B
Stratified epithelial tissues
A) have a single layer of cells and a basement membrane.
B) have multiple layers of cells that hinder movement of materials into the body.
C) aid in the movement of materials into the body.
D) are found in areas of the body where abrasions can occur.
E) have multiple layers of cells that hinder movement of materials into the body and are found in
areas of
the body where abrasions can occur are correct.
E
In which of the following types of epithelial tissues would the movement of materials into or out of the
body be fastest?
A) simple squamous epithelial tissue
B) stratified squamous epithelial tissue
C) simple columnar epithelial tissue
D) stratified columnar epithelial tissue
E) transitional epithelial tissue
A
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) The shape and number of layers of epithelial cells can change if they are subjected to long term
irritation or abnormal conditions.
B) The function of psuedostratified columnar epithelial tissue in the respiratory passages is to move
mucus and debris from the passageways.
C) The cells of simple squamous epithelial tissue contain many secretory vesicles filled with mucous
and are therefore the most highly resistant to irritations.
D) Cells that are responsible for secretion or absorption are larger because they contain more
organelles to support their function.
E) Cells with the major function of secretion or absorption are usually cuboidal and columnar in
shape.
C
Which of the types of epithelial free surfaces is correctly matched with its function?
A) smooth — decreases friction
B) with microvilli — cell moves from place to place
C) ciliated — increased surface area
D) with goblet cells — absorption
E) All of these are correctly paired.
A
Cell connections that bind adjacent cells together and form permeability barriers are called
A) tight junctions.
B) gap junctions.
C) desmosomes.
D) plasma junctions.
E) tonosomes.
A) tight junctions.
B) gap junctions.
C) desmosomes.
D) plasma junctions.
E) tonosomes.
A
The blood-brain barrier is a specialized epithelium that prevents many materials from passing from
the blood into the brain. The type of cell connections most likely present between the cells forming
this barrier are
A) desmosomes.
B) gap junctions.
C) tight junctions.
D) plasma junctions.
E) Either desmosomes or gap junctions will produce the same results.
C
Hemidesmosomes
A) anchor cells to the basement membrane.
B) are found in epithelia that is subjected to a high degree of stress.
C) are a modified form of a desmosomes.
D) All of these are correct.
E) None of these is correct.
D
Cells of the epidermis are linked together via __________ which rivet the plasma membranes of the
two cells together with a network of fine proteins and intercellular cement.
A) desmosomes
B) tight junctions
C) gap junctions
D) voltage gated ion channels
A
A gland with branching ducts that expand into saclike structures is a
A) simple tubular endocrine gland.
B) simple acinar exocrine gland.
C) compound tubular exocrine gland.
D) compound acinar exocrine gland.
E) compound tubular endocrine gland.
D
Endocrine glands
A) have ducts.
B) secrete hormones.
C) secrete substances onto a surface or into an organ.
D) do both secrete hormones and secrete substances onto a surface or into an organ.
E) have all of these characteristics.
B
Your significant other is an amazing chef. When you come home from lecture, the smell of whatever
s/ he is cooking makes you salivate as soon as you step in the door. Your saliva is being secreted
from what type of gland?
A) exocrine
B) endocrine
C) unicellular (goblet cells)
D) paracrine
E) exocrine and endocrine are correct
A
Connective tissue
A) joins together cells and tissues and transports substances.
B) provides a supporting framework for the body.
C) is characterized by large amounts of extracellular matrix.
D) does both joins together cells and tissues and transports substances and provides a supporting
framework
for the body.
E) has all of these characteristics.
E
Major components of the extracellular matrix of connective tissue include
A) protein fibers, carbohydrates, and lipids .
B) phospholipids, glycoproteins, and proteins.
C) protein fibers, ground substance, and fluid.
D) ground substance, glycoproteins, and phospholipids.
E) ground substance, carbohydrates, and fluid.
C
Which of these connective tissue cells is NOT correctly matched with its function?
A) blast cells — make holes in extracellular matrix
B) clast cells — break down the extracellular matrix
C) cyte cells — maintain the extracellular matrix
D) mast cells — release chemicals promoting inflammation
E) macrophages — move about and ingest foreign substances
A
Which of these connective tissue types is NOT correctly matched with its description?
A) adipose tissue — very little extracellular matrix; cells filled with lipids
B) bone — hard connective tissue with mineralized matrix
C) dense collagenous connective tissue — widely separated collagen fibers running in random
directions
D) fibrocartilage — more collagen and less ground substance than hyaline cartilage
E) blood — liquid matrix
C
Which of these connective tissues is NOT correctly matched with its functional characteristics?
A) blood — fluid allows cells to travel freely
B) bone — strong and rigid
C) elastic cartilage — recoils to original shape when bent
D) hyaline cartilage — rigid with rough surface for strength
E) fibrocartilage — compressible, but resists tearing or pulling forces
D
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of cardiac muscle?
A) striated
B) branching fibers
C) intercalated disks present
D) under involuntary (unconscious) control
E) many nuclei per cell
E
Which of the following statements about cartilage is FALSE?
A) Cartilage does not have blood vessels and therefore heals slowly after injury.
B) Proteoglycans within the matrix trap water making the cartilage relatively rigid and resistant to
compression.
C) Collagen fibers within the matrix give cartilage its flexibility and strength.
D) Cells within cartilage are located in lacunae.
E) The matrix of cartilage is mineralized and calcified giving it a ring-like pattern.
E
Which of the following fiber types is not correctly paired with its function?
A) collagen - flexible, resists stretching
B) reticular - forms a supporting network between cells
C) elastic - allows for consistent stretch and recoil
D) collagen - gives tissue its strength
All of these are correct
Which of the following would NOT lead to an increase in the strength and compression resistance of
a connective tissue?
A) Increase the number of collagen fibers in the matrix.
B) Decrease the number of collagen fibers in the matrix.
C) Increase the concentration of proteoglycans in the ground substance.
D) Align the fibers in the matrix in direction of most stress or force.
E) All of these would increase the strength and compression resistance of a connective tissue.
B
Which of these comparisons between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle is NOT correct?
A) Smooth muscle cells are tapered at each end; skeletal muscle cells are long and cylindrical.
B) Smooth muscle cells are under voluntary control; skeletal muscle is involuntary.
C) Smooth muscle forms the walls of hollow organs except the heart; skeletal muscle attaches to the
skeleton.
D) Smooth muscle cells have a single nucleus; skeletal muscle cells have many.
E) Smooth muscle cells have no striations; skeletal muscle cells have striations.
B
Which of these characteristics of membranes is correct?
A) Mucous membranes line internal body cavities.
B) Serous membranes produce fluid that is secreted into the blood.
C) Most multi-cellular membranes consist of two layers of tissue (epithelial and connective).
D) Serous membranes are found lining the digestive and excretory systems.
E) Serous membranes are found lining the retroperitoneal organs.
C
When you get sunburn after a day at the beach, which of the following membranes have you
damaged?
A) serous
B) cutaneous
C) peritoneal
D) synovial
E) pleural
B
Following an injury, chemicals are released or activated in the injured tissues. These chemicals,
called mediators of inflammation, include
A) histamine.
B) neutrophils.
C) prostaglandins.
D) pus.
E) Both histamine and prostaglandins are mediators of inflammation.
E
The presence of mediators of inflammation results in
A) vasodilation of blood vessels.
B) increased permeability of blood vessels.
C) pain.
D) symptoms of redness and heat.
E) All of these are directly or indirectly the result of mediators of inflammation.
E
Which of these does NOT occur because of increased permeability of blood vessels during the
inflammatory process?
A) Neutrophils move into the injured tissue.
B) Edema, or swelling, of the tissues occurs.
C) Fibrin diffuses into tissues and forms a fibrous network in the extracellular space.
D) Pus leaks out of blood vessels.
E) Increased fluid in the tissues causes increased tissue pressure, which causes pain.
D
The major symptoms of inflammation include
A) redness and swelling.
B) heat.
C) pain.
D) disturbance of function.
E) All of these are symptoms of inflammation.
E
When new, viable cells replace dead cells, the process is called
A) remuneration.
B) replacement.
C) regeneration.
D) reunification.
E) Either replacement or regeneration is equally correct.
E
Which of these statements concerning the ability of certain cells to divide and produce new cells is
correct?
A) Permanent cells cannot undergo mitosis and divide.
B) Labile cells do not actively replicate, but retain the ability to divide after an injury.
C) Stable cells continue to divide throughout life.
D) Neurons and skeletal muscle cells are considered to be stable cells.
E) Permanent cells are routinely replaced by regeneration.
A
In regeneration
A) a new type of tissue develops causing the loss of some function.
B) new cells of a different tissue develop and normal function is restored.
C) new cells of the same type are created and normal function is usually restored.
D) the damaged cells repair themselves perfectly, restoring function.
E) viable cells are replaced by dead cells.
C
Two types of phagocytic cells involved in tissue repair are
A) fibroblasts and chondrocytes.
B) epithelial cells and fibroblasts.
C) neutrophils and macrophages.
D) clots and scabs.
E) dead cells and live cells.
C
During tissue repair, the clot is first replaced by _____, a delicate connective tissue that consists of
fibroblasts, collagen, and capillaries.
A) granulation tissue
B) phagocytic tissue
C) dense connective tissue
D) fibrin tissue
E) pus
A
Which of these would NOT be a benefit of suturing large wounds together?
A) more rapid healing
B) less chance of infection
C) more wound contracture
D) less scar tissue formed
E) less granulation tissue formed
C
Heavy smoking destroys pseudostratified ciliated epithelium in the trachea ("windpipe"). Which of
these conditions might occur in the trachea if replacement epithelial cells were not ciliated?
A) accumulation of mucus in the trachea
B) accumulation of foreign particles in the trachea
C) increased coughing
D) Both accumulation of foreign particles in the trachea and increased coughing would be expected.
E) All of these would be expected.
E
You would normally expect to find ____________________ in the urinary bladder.
A) simple squamous epithelium
B) simple cuboidal epithelium
C) stratified squamous epithelium
D) transitional epithelium
E) simple columnar epithelium
D
You would normally expect to find ____________________ in the alveoli of lungs.
A) simple squamous epithelium
B) simple cuboidal epithelium
C) stratified squamous epithelium
D) transitional epithelium
E) simple columnar epithelium
A
You would normally expect to find ____________________ in the kidney tubules.
A) simple squamous epithelium
B) simple cuboidal epithelium
C) stratified squamous epithelium
D) transitional epithelium
E) simple columnar epithelium
B
You would normally expect to find ____________________ lining the small intestine.
A) simple squamous epithelium
B) simple cuboidal epithelium
C) stratified squamous epithelium
D) transitional epithelium
E) simple columnar epithelium
E
You would normally expect to find ____________________ in the outer layer of skin.
A) simple squamous epithelium
B) simple cuboidal epithelium
C) stratified squamous epithelium
D) transitional epithelium
E) simple columnar epithelium
C
You would normally expect to find ____________________ lining blood vessels.
A) simple squamous epithelium
B) simple cuboidal epithelium
C) stratified squamous epithelium
D) transitional epithelium
E) simple columnar epithelium
A
_________ are small channels that allow materials to pass from one epithelial cell to another.
A) Tight junctions
B) Gap junctions
C) Desmosomes
D) Hemidesmosomes
B
____________ forms the disks between vertebrae.
A) Dense collagenous connective tissue
B) Hyaline cartilage
C) Fibrocartilage
D) Elastic cartilage
E) Loose or areolar connective tissue
C
The connective tissue that makes up the external ear is
A) dense collagenous connective tissue.
B) hyaline cartilage.
C) fibrocartilage.
D) elastic cartilage.
E) loose or areolar connective tissue.
D
The connective tissue that composes tendons and ligaments is
A) dense collagenous connective tissue.
B) hyaline cartilage.
C) fibrocartilage.
D) elastic cartilage.
E) loose or areolar connective tissue.
A
____________ covers ends of bones at joints.
A) Dense collagenous connective tissue
B) Hyaline cartilage
C) Fibrocartilage
D) Elastic cartilage
E) Loose or areolar connective tissue
B
The connective tissue that covers muscles, glands, and nerves is
A) dense collagenous connective tissue.
B) hyaline cartilage.
C) fibrocartilage.
D) elastic cartilage.
E) loose or areolar connective tissue.
E
The tracheal rings are composed of
A) dense collagenous connective tissue.
B) hyaline cartilage.
C) fibrocartilage.
D) elastic cartilage.
E) loose or areolar connective tissue.
B
_____________ are striated muscle cells.
A) Skeletal muscle cells
B) Cardiac muscle cells
C) Smooth muscle cells
D) Both skeletal and cardiac muscle cells
E) Both cardiac and smooth muscle cells
D
_____________ are branched cells.
A) Skeletal muscle cells
B) Cardiac muscle cells
C) Smooth muscle cells
D) Both skeletal and cardiac muscle cells
E) Both cardiac and smooth muscle cells
B
______________ are located in the walls of the stomach and small intestine.
A) Skeletal muscle cells
B) Cardiac muscle cells
C) Smooth muscle cells
D) Both skeletal and cardiac muscle cells
E) Both cardiac and smooth muscle cells
C
______________ are joined to each other by structures called intercalated disks.
A) Skeletal muscle cells
B) Cardiac muscle cells
C) Smooth muscle cells
D) Both skeletal and cardiac muscle cells
E) Both cardiac and smooth muscle cells
B
______________ usually contain only a single nucleus.
A) Skeletal muscle cells
B) Cardiac muscle cells
C) Smooth muscle cells
D) Both skeletal and cardiac muscle cells
E) Both cardiac and smooth muscle cells
E
The supportive cells of the nervous system are called
A) dendrites.
B) cell body.
C) axon.
D) neuroglia.
E) neuron.
D
The part of the nerve cell in which the nucleus is located is the
A) dendrites.
B) cell body.
C) axon.
D) neuroglia.
E) neuron.
B
___________ are nerve cell processes that conduct action potentials away from the cell body.
A) Dendrites
B) Cell body
C) Axon
D) Neuroglia
E) Neuron
C
____________ are nerve cell processes that receive action potentials and conducts them toward the
nerve cell body.
A) Dendrites
B) Cell body
C) Axon
D) Neuroglia
E) Neuron
A
Which one of the following is NOT a function of epithelial tissue?
A) protects underlying structures
B) secretion and absorption of substances
C) cushions and insulates
D) acts as a barrier
E) permits passage of substances
C
_____________ cells are unicellular glands that produce mucus.
A) Goblet
B) Blast
C) Germ
D) Mast
E) Adipose
A
___________ cells are non-motile cells that release chemicals that promote inflammation.
A) Goblet
B) Blast
C) Germ
D) Mast
E) Adipose
D
____________ membranes are associated with the lungs.
A) Peritoneal
B) Pericardial
C) Pleural
D) Synovial
E) Cutaneous
C
Age related changes include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Cell division is slower.
B) Red blood cell synthesis decreases.
C) Injury healing time is slower.
D) Collagen fibers decrease and become more flexible.
E) All of these are age related changes.
D
what are stem cells?
an undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism that is capable of giving rise to indefinitely more
cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds of cell arise by differentiation.
what are the pros and cons of stem cells?
Pros

Stem cell research can potentially help treat a range of medical problems. It could lead humanity
closer to better treatment and possibly cure a number of diseases:

Parkinson's Disease
Alzheimer's Disease
Heart Diseases, Stroke and Diabetes (Type 1)
Birth Defects
Spinal Cord Injuries
Replace or Repair Damaged Organs
Reduced Risk of Transplantation (You could possibly get a copy of your own heart in a heart-
transplantation in the future
Stem cells may play a major role in cancer

Cons

"We should not mess with human life."

"Humans should not be trying to play God"
Some argue that stem cell research in the far future can lead to knowledge on how to clone humans.
It is hard to say whether this is true, but we have seen devastating consequences of other research-
programs, even with good intentions, such as nuclear research.
where can the different types stem cells found?
all over the body and found at different times
diagrams of the tissues
anatomical position
standard position of the body
what do we call all chemical processes within the body?
metabolism
what do we call the study of body structures?
anatomy
the soles of the feet are the most __________ part of the body
inferior
what do we call the lowest power objective lens
scanner
in humans, the ventral cavity call also be called the ________ cavity
abdo
the study of body processes or functions is called______
physiology
the ears are ___________ to the shoulders
superior
structures closest to the median line
medial
what thoracic structure separates the lungs?
heart
study of external features that serve as landmarks
surface
the ears are _________ to the nose
lateral
adrenal glands, thyroid gland, and pancreas are in what system?
endocrine
trachea is in what system?
respiratory
what is another name for calf?
sural
what objective do we use to initially look at something?
scanner
what structure allows you to control the amount of light going into a microscope?
diaphragm
what would total magnification be when using the scanner objective?
4X
what do we call the rib area on the back of the body?
costal (?)
what is the back of the head where the vision is housed?
occipital
structure farthest from the point of attachment?
distal
what is the study of the body's parts?
anatomy
what is another name for the groin area?
inguinal
the thoracic and abdominal cavities are subdivisions of the _________ cavity
ventral
the spinal and cranial cavities are subdivisions of the ________ cavity
dorsal
all of the body's chemical reactions is called _________?
metabolism
the stomach is found in the _______ cavity
abdominal
what do we call the chemicals used for energy and cell building in the body?
nutrients
_________ is an increase in size, usually due to increased number of cells
growth
________ is the process of breaking down food into simple molecules
digestion
________ consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function
tissue (?)
more organs are found in the __________ cavity because it is the largest cavity
abdominal
what is the consequence of loss of homeostasis, or homeostasis imbalance?
death
integumentary system is composed of
skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands, mammary glands(slide 10)
functions of integumentary system
protection, body temperature regulation, sensation, metabolic functions, immune defense (slides 5, 6,
7)
Epidermis composed of
Thick skin - found on palms/soles, made of 5 layers of cells
Thin skin - 4 layers of cells (slide 19, 20)
Cell types of the epidermis
keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, langerhans cells
Layers of the epidermis
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum (slide 14,
15 for more info)
Stratum basale
deepest layer of epidermis
melanocytes
cells in this layer are undergoing active reproduction
Stratum spinosum
a layer of the epidermis that provides strength and flexibility to the skin
keratinocytes bound together by desmosomes
stratum granulosum
a layer of the epidermis that marks the transition between the deeper, metabolically active strata and
the dead cells of the more superficial strata
stratum corneum
superficial layer of epidermis
consists of interlocking, dehydrated dead cells
Dermis consists of
papillary layer(superficial dermis) and reticular layer(deep dermis) (slides 28, 29)
Papillary layer consists of
dermal papillae, capillaries, nerve axons
Reticular layer consists of
dense irregular connective tissue, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
Wrinkles
Due to age and UV light
Fibers of the reticular layer of the skin stretch and recoil
Stretch marks
Extensive stretching during pregnancy causes reticular fibers to break
The skin does not recoil
The skin wrinkles and creases resulting in stretch marks
Lines of cleavage
Fibers have a tendency to organize themselves in a parallel fashion. In certain areas of the body,
there is a pattern. To reduce scar formation (extensive damage to the fibers), surgeons try to cut
parallel to the lines of cleavage.
Subcutaneous(hypodermis) layer consists of
adipose tissue and major blood vessels
Types of hair
Vellus - covers most of the body
Intermediate - arms and legs
Terminal - covers head
Functions of hair
Protection from UV light
Insulation
Guards entrance to nose and ears
Movement of the hair sends impulses via nerves to the brain
Contraction of the arrector pili muscles
(Slides 38-41 for structure)
Hair color
Due to: variation in melanin production(which decreases as you age)
Influenced by:
Genetics, environment, and hormones
Phases of hair growth
Active - 2-5 years
Regression -
Resting phase - Hair loses attachment to follicle and becomes club hair
Reactivation phase - Club hair lost, replacement hair production begins
(slide 46)
Glands in the skin
sebaceous glands and sweat glands (slide 48)
Types of sweat glands
apocrine, ceruminous(apocrine), mammary (apocrine), merocrine
Function of gland
Lubicrate epidermis, excrete waste, assist in thermoregulation
sebaceous glands
secrete sebum --> lubricate skin
found all over body EXCEPT palms and soles
found in high concentrations on forehead, face and upper back
If ducts blocked --> acne
(slide 50)
Apocrine glands
high concentration in armpits and nipple
odorous secretions may contain pheromones
(slide 52)
Merocrine glands
Aka eccrine glands
found all over body, high concentrations on palms and soles
produces sweat
(slide 54)
Mammary glands
special type of apocrine gland
produces milk under the control of hormones from the pituitary gland
Ceruminous gland
special type of apocrine
found in ear canal
produces ear wax(cerumen)
provide minimal protection associated w/ ear
Nails Function
provides protection for the tips of the fingers and toes
Nails structure
Free edge, lateral nail fold, lunula, eponychium, hyponychium (see slides 57 and 58 for image)
How does aging affect the integumentary system?
Epidermis becomes thinner
Dermis becomes thinner
Number of Langerhans' cells decreases
Vitamin D production declines
Melanocyte activity declines
Glandular activity declines
Hair follicles stop functioning
Skin repair slows down
(slide 60)
ntegumentary system
Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D,
and houses
cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat & oil glands.
-skin
-hair
-nails
-sweat glands
-sebaceous (oil) glands
Integumentary system is made up of 5 things ____, ____, ____, _____, _______

-stratum basale (active)

-stratum spinosum
-stratum granulosum
-stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
-stratum coreum
Butt Sex Gives Lantz (can be taken away) Cum
order of layers of epidermis (bottom to top)
oil
sebaceous means ____
-epidermis: superficial region
-dermis: underlies epidermis
skin consists of 2 regions: ______ and ______
hypodermis (superficial fascia)
-subcutaneous layer deep to the skin
-not part of skin but shares some functions
-adipose tissue that shock & insulates
-anchors skin to underlying structures (muscles)
-epithelial
-avascular
-fibrous connective tissue
-vascular
epidermis consists of _____ tissue & is _____; while dermis consists of _____ tissue and is ______
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
epidermis consists mostly of _______
-keratinocytes
-melanocytes
-dendritic (langerhans) cells
-tactile (merkel) cells
4 types of cells found in the epidermis
melanin
pigment that protects from UV damage
tactile merkel cells
sensory receptors that sense touch
stratum lucidum
which layer of skin is found only in thick skin? (thick skin has 5 while thin has 4 strata)
-stratum basale (deepest)
-stratum spinosum
-stratum granulosum
-stratum lucidum (only thick)
-stratum corneum
5 layers of epidermis (thick)
stratum basale (basal layer)
-deepest of all epidermal layers (base layer)
-firmly attached to dermis
-single row of stem cells that activly divide (mitotic) producing 2 daughter cells
-known as stratum germinativum b/c of active mitosis
-10-25% of layer composed of melanocytes
-cells change by going through apoptosis (controlled cell death)
-apoptosis
-basal layer
cells change by going through ________ = controlled cell death (dead cells slough off as dandruff
and dander) in the _____ layer of epidermis
dermis
-strong flexible, connective tissue
-fibers in matrix bind together (make up "hide" used in leather)
-contains nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
-contains epidermal hair follicles, oil glands, and sweat glands
-two layers: papillary & reticular
-papillary (top, areolar)
-reticular (bottom)
2 layers of dermis: _____, ____
-dermal papillae
superficial region of dermis that sends fingerlike projections up into epidermis
papillary layer of dermis
-Superficial layer of areolar connective tissue
-dermal papillae
areolar connective tissue
papillary layer of dermis is superficial layer made of _______
Cutaneous plexus
network of blood vessels between reticular layer and hypodermis
Cleavage (tension) lines
in the reticular layer (in the dermis) are caused by many collagen fibers running parallel to skin
surface
-externally visable
-imp to surgeons b/c incisions parallel to cleavage lines heal more readily
Flexure lines
of the reticular layer (of the dermis) are dermal folds at or near joints
-Visible on hands, wrists, fingers, soles, toes
-melanin
-carotene
-hemoglobin
3 pigments that contribute to skin color
reticular layer of dermis
cleavage & flexure lines occur in ______
hair (pili)
flexible strands of dead keratinized cells
-shaft
-root
2 regions of hair
root
area within scalp, where keratinization is still going on
shaft
area that extends above scalp, where keratinization is complete
-medulla: central core of large cells and air spaces
-cortex: several layers of flattened cells surrounding medulla
-cuticle: outer layer consisting of overlapping layers of single cells
3 parts of hair shaft
hair bulb
expanded area at deep end of hair follicle
Hair follicle receptor (or root hair plexus)
sensory nerve endings that wrap around bulb
reticular layer of dermis
-80 % dermal thickness
-dense fibrous connective tissue
-cutaneous plexus: binds to hypodermis
-melanin (reddish yellow --> brownish black) (freckles & moles)
-carotene (yellow to orange) can be converted to vitamin A for vision & epidermal health
-hemoglobin (pink)
3 pigments contribute to skin color
-Warn of insects on skin
-Hair on head guards against physical trauma
-Protect from heat loss
-Shield skin from sunlight
functions of hair
-hair
-skin
______= hard keratin
______= soft keratin
hair matrix
actively dividing area of bulb that produces hair cells
arrector papilla
small band of smooth muscle attached to follicle
-responsible for goose bumps
Hair papilla
Dermal tissue containing a knot of capillaries that supplies nutrients to growing hair
Hair follicle receptor (or root hair plexus)
sensory nerve endings that wrap around bulb
nail bed
epidermis underneath keratinized nail plate
nail matrix
thickened portion of bed responsible for nail growth
Eponychium (cuticle)
nail fold that projects onto surface of nail body
Hyponychium
area under free edge of plate that accumulates dirt
sweat glands
sudoriferous glands
-eccrine
-apocrine
two main types of sudoriferous (sweat) glands
eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands
-most numerous
-palms, soles, forehead
-ducts connect to pores
-thermoregulation
-secrete sweat
apocrine sweat glands
-axillary & anogenital areas
-secrete viscous milky/yellowish sweat
-larger
-ducts empty into hair follicles (other one enters into pores)
-begin functioning at puberty
-unknown function
-sexual scent gland
ceruminous
modified apocrine glands: __________: lining of external ear canal; secrete cerumen (earwax)
mammary glands
modified apocrine glands: ________: secrete milk
sebaceous (oil) glands
-Widely distributed, except for thick skin of palms and soles
-develop from hair follicles & secrete into hair follicles
-secrete sebum
sebum
hair follicles
sebaceous (oil) glands develope & secrete _____ into _______
Acid mantle
Chemical barrier of skin (protection): ______= low pH of skin retards bacterial multiplication
-insensible perspiration
-sensible persiration
___________= unnoticeable sweat
__________= noticeable sweat (designed to cool body)
sebaceous (oil) gland

eccrine sweat gland