MỤC LỤC

Trang
Mục lục ……………………………………………………………… 1
Unit 1 - Growing up ……………………………………………….…………….. 2
Unit 2 - Mental and physical development ……………………………………………….…………….. 12
Unit 3 - Practice: Speaking ……………………………………………….…………….. 22
Unit 4 - Keeping fit ……………………………………………….…………….. 26
Unit 5 - Lifestyles ……………………………………………….…………….. 36
Unit 6 - Practice: Writing ……………………………………………….…………….. 46
Unit 7 - Student life ……………………………………………….…………….. 63
Unit 8 - Effective communication ……………………………………………….…………….. 72
Unit 9 - Practice: Listening ……………………………………………….…………….. 81
Unit 10 - On the move ……………………………………………….…………….. 96
Unit 11 - Through the ages ……………………………………………….…………….. 105
Unit 12 - Practice: Reading ……………………………………………….…………….. 117
ANSWER KEY ………………………………………………...…………… 141

1
 1 GROWING UP

Relationships, families and early learning

1. Relationships

date partner(s) children

/deit/ /ˈpaːtnə/ /ˈtʃɪl.drən/

gorgeous caring pretty

/ˈɡoːdʒəs/ /ˈkeə.rɪŋ/ /ˈpriti/

adolescence(s) interaction(s) sibling(s)

/ˌæd.əˈles.əns/ /ˌɪn.təˈræk.ʃən/ /ˈsɪb.lɪŋ/

2
2. Families and early learning

upbringing nuclear family extended family

/ˈʌpˌbrɪŋ.ɪŋ/ /ˌnuː.kliː.ɚ ˈfæm.əl.i/ /ɪkˌsten.dɪd ˈfæm.əl.i/

single-parent relative(s) breadwinner(s)

/ˌsɪŋ.ɡəl ˈper.ənt/ /ˈrel.ə.tɪv/ /ˈbredˌwɪn.ər/

adopt naughty obedient

/əˈdɑːpt/ /ˈnɔː.ti/ /əˈbiː.di.ənt/

Love at first sight Yêu từ cái nhìn đầu tiên

Pop the question Cầu hôn
Tie the knot Thành vợ chồng
Lavish wedding Tiệc cưới hoành tráng
Spouse Vợ/chồng
Big day Ngày trọng đại
Immediate family Gia đình ruột thịt

3
Keep in touch with Giữ liên lạc với ai
Lose touch with Không còn liên lạc, nghe tin tức về ai đó nữa
Splash out on Chi tiêu rất nhiều cho việc gì
Kind-hearted Ấm áp (tính cách)
Determination Sự quyết tâm, kiên định
Strong-willed Ý chí mạnh mẽ

Fill in the blank with these words and phrases:

adopt, determination, big day, tie the knot, breadwinner, caring, pop the question, strong-
willed, spouse, nuclear family
1. Because most couples decide to________________ at a young age; therefore, they
couldn’t afford a lavish wedding.
2. I've always thought of Huy as a very ______________ person.
3. They have no children of their own, but they're hoping to __________ one
4. I heard you had a special date with Tom yesterday; so did he_______?
5. When's the _________ then?
6. You and your ___________ both like Oreos.
7. She has a lot of ____________ to succeed.
8. __________________ means a family consisting of two parents and their children, but not
including aunts, uncles, grandparents.
9. Men are often expected to be the ____________ in a family.
10. She's very ___________ and if she's decided to drop out of school, nothing will stop her.

Indian Marriages
Marriage is one of the oldest human institutions and this is as true in Indian culture as anywhere
else. In India marriage, called “Kanyadana" or “donating a virgin”, is thought of as the greatest
sacrifice that a father can make and for the groom as an obligation to perpetuate his bloodline.
Many people believe that a marriage is still binding after death.
In early times girls were thought to be ready for marriage after puberty and later even children could
be married. Divorce and remarriage were not always possible. By Medieval times Marriage was
compulsory for girls, who very often married between the ages of eight and nine. Among those able
to afford it, polygamy was common and rulers would often have one wife from their own region and
other minor wives from other areas. Now, divorce and remarriage is possible and non-Muslim Indian
men can only have one wife.
4
Although there are many regional variations, some features of the Indian wedding ceremony are
similar throughout the country. In general weddings are very complicated events and involve long
negotiations about dowry payments prior to the event. After this has been decided a day is chosen
by asking an astrologer to find a lucky day. Preparations begin early because a marriage is not only
one of the highlights of a person’s life, but a large and complex social gathering to organize.
The night before, the bride, her friends and female relatives gather together for a party called a
“mehendi”, where they paint each other’s hands and feet with Henna and dance and listen to music.
Her guests often give the bride advice about married life and tease her about her future husband.
Weddings are traditionally held at the bride’s home or in a temple, but parks, hotels and marriage
halls are becoming increasingly popular. On the day a wedding altar or “mandapa” is built and
covered in flowers. All of the wedding ceremonies will be held on the altar.
The clothing a couple wears on their wedding day varies between regions and ethnic groups.
Women most commonly wear a sari. The bride wears a lot of jewelry as this symbolizes the
prosperity she will bring to her new family. In the South wearing flowers is common. The groom
wears a traditional costume or a suit. Turbans are also popular headgear.
The ceremony begins with a mixture of turmeric, sandalwood paste and oils being applied to the
couples face and arms. In the past this was done to the whole body, but now it is only symbolic, with
only a little being rubbed on. Then they are showered in flowers. After this they perform the rituals
that will make them man and wife. First they garland each other and then take seven symbolic steps
together representing seven gifts and seven promises.
Finally they say the vows and then they are legally married. The bride’s father or guardian takes her
hands and puts them in her husband’s giving her to him. Now she is no longer a member of her
father’s family, but a member of her husband’s. They then touch the feet of their elders for luck.
After the wedding ceremony, the couple go to the groom’s house. The bride should be careful to
enter the house on the right foot first for luck. In the evening and late into the night the families and
their guests celebrate with dancing, music and food.
Questions 1-3
Choose the correct answer from A – D.
1. In India weddings are __________
A a duty for the man to continue his family.
B thought to end at death.
C a duty for the father.
D seen asa benefit for the father.
2. Divorce and remarriage __________
A are only possible for non-Muslims.
B were sometimes not possible in the past.
C have always been possible.
D have only become possible in modern times.
3. Indian weddings __________

5
A are straightforward and brief.
B are thought to be lucky
C are intricate and time consuming.
D involve only the immediate family.

Questions 4-9
Complete the statements below. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS.
4. The evening prior to the wedding, the wife-to-be is given recommendations
about_____________________________
5. The wedding ceremony is conducted in a special __________________
6. The gold and jewels the bride wears represent___________________
7. These days, the materials applied to the face and arms at the start of the ceremony are
just____________________
8. After the wedding, the bride has left_______________.and belongs to her husband’s.
9. It is important that the new bride goes into the new house with her_______________

Listen to the recording and answer the questions (Track 1).

1. Where is Pancho from?
A. Paraguay B. Portugal C. Peru
2. How many brothers and sisters does Pancho have?
A. 12 B. 13 C. 11
3. What is his father's job?
A. police officer B. taxi driver C. dentist
4. What does his mother do?
A. She works at a bread shop.
B. She runs a small family store.
C. She owns a beauty salon.
5. Who works at the family business?
A. family B. neighbors C. friends

Do you want to live with or live far from your parents? Yes or No, why?
Write about this topic in 120 - 150 words using these suggestions:
● Who do you live now?
● Do you live with your parents?
● Are there any rules in your family?
● What are good things about living with parents?

6
● What are bad things about living far from with parents?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Answer these questions:

1. Who are you closest to in your family?
2. Which member of your family are you most similar to?
3. Were your parents strict when you were a child?
4. In what way is your family important to you?
5. Would you take a friend on a family holiday?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

7
Read the text below and answer these multiple-choice questions by choosing the appropriate
letters A, B, C or D
The value of friendship
Recent research into the world of teenagers has suggested that they value friendship above
everything else. Children aged between 12 and 15 were asked what was important to them. Their
answers included possessions such as money and computer gadgets but also relationships with
people. The teenagers questioned said that friends were the most important to them, more even
than family, or boyfriends and girlfriends.
We wanted to find out more about the results of this research so we asked our readers what they
thought about the value of friendship. Here are some examples of what they said about their friends:
Ben, 15:
Every time I have a fight with my parents, I need some time on my own. But after that, the first
thing I do is meet up with my friends. After playing football for a while, or skateboarding, I usually
feel much happier again.
Rory, 13:
When I moved to a village in the countryside, I thought that it would be the end of my friendships.
But my old friends have kept in touch and they come and visit on the holidays. There's a lake nearby,
so we often go sailing, water-skiing or windsurfing. And I have made some new friends here too.
at school, and since I joined the rugby club.
Cartos, 11:
Last year, I broke my arm on a skiing holiday. Unfortunately, it was my left arm and I am left
handed. My school friends all helped and copied their notes for me.
It seems that our readers value their friendships very highly. From what they told us. they spend a
lot of time with their friends, just hanging out, or sharing hobbies and interests. They seem to need
their friends for advice, help, chats. and for having fun. Clearly, friends make each other feel better.
Looking at what our readers told us. the results of the recent research are not really surprising.

1. Why are Ben, Rory and Carlos mentioned in the article?

A. They know why teenagers value friendship.
B. They gave information about themselves.
C. They read magazines.
D. They are teenage boys
2. Which of the following best describes Ben?
A. He often has fights.
B. He likes being alone.
C. He is happier than his friends.
D. He likes some sports.
3. What do we know about the lake that Rory visits?
A. It is near the school.
B. It is near his home.
C. It is used by a lot of people who do water sports.
8
 D. It is in a village.
4. Carlos mentions that he is left-handed because ...
A. It makes skiing harder.
B. It is an interesting fact about himself and he was talking about his left arm.
C. It makes it worse that he broke the arm he uses most.
D. It is very unfortunate when you break your left arm.
5. The answers to the recent research and the answers from the readers ...
A. were surprising.
B. were the same.
C. were similar.
D. were both about sports

Listen to the video and answer the questions below (Track 2).
Complete the sentences below.
Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for each answer.
It can seem something of a 1 ___________ as to how friendships are formed.
The basis of many close relationships is 2 __________________ .
We generally believe that it’s our strengths and 3 _________________ that people like us for.
We keep many things a secret for fear that other people will 4 ____________ at us if they know
the truth.
Two of the most valuable things we possess are our self-respect and 5 _______________

Write a paragraph about 100 words to describe the person in your family who you most admire.
(Miêu tả người trong gia đình mà bạn ngưỡng mộ nhất).
You should write:
● what their relationship is to you
● what they have done in their life
● what they do now
● and explain why you admire them so much.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
9
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

SPEAKING: Answer these questions:

● Do you have a lot of close friends?
● Do you think friendship is important?
● Which do you prefer: to spend time with a friend or spend time alone?
● What kind of people do you like to have as friends?
● How often do you meet with your friends?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Write a paragraph of at least 100 words to describe a person you are very close to.
- Who is he/ she?
- Why do you love him/ her?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
10
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

11
 MENTAL AND PHYSICAL
2 DEVELOPMENT
The body, the mind

1. The body

crawl walk talk

/ krɔːl / / wɔːk/ / tɔːk/

ride (a bike) tie (a shoelace) reminisce

/raɪd/ /taɪ/ /ˌrem.ɪˈnɪs/

infant toddler adult(s)

/ˈɪn.fənt/ /ˈtɑːd.lɚ/ /ˈæd.ʌlt/

12
2. The mind

mind memory imagination

/maɪnd/ /ˈmem.ər.i/ /ɪˌmædʒ.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

reminder full-grown mature

/rɪˈmaɪn.dər/ /ˌfʊlˈɡrəʊn/ /məˈtʊr/

irresponsible significant tolerant

/ˌɪr.ɪˈspɒn.sə.bəl/ /sɪɡˈnɪf.ɪ.kənt/ /ˈtɑː.lɚ.ənt/

ability Khả năng làm gì đó

behaviour hành vi, cách ứng xử
childhood thời thơ ấu
concept ý tưởng
consequence kết quả, hậu quả
growth sự phát triển

13
height chiều cao
knowledge kiến thức, sự hiểu biết
maturity trưởng thành
persistent có tính kiên trì
rate tỷ lệ
social skills các kỹ năng xã hội
stage giai đoạn
transition chuyển tiếp
abstract trừu tượng
clumsy vụng về
rebellious cứng đầu, ương ngạnh
acquire có được, thu được

Fill in the blank with these words and phrases:

crawl, ride a bike, clumsy, acquire, stage, rate, knowledge, persistent, social skills, childhood
1. Duck finds a stray bike and decides to learn to ___________________
2. He read many books to increase his ___________________
3. He is so ___________________ that he can't even push the small cart ahead.
4. We meet at very short intervals, not having had time to ___________________ any new value
for each other.
5. The project is still at the planning ___________________
6. She has been ___________________ in pursuing the job.
7. His ___________________ was passed in dire poverty.
8. Gun violence is increasing at an alarming ____________
9. Parents say their children in Young Athletes also develop better___________________
10. Their children have just learned to ___________________

Answer these questions after reading the passages:

The Body
The concept of 'the body' is closely related to the ideas of 'illness' and 'health'.
All of us exist in 'bodies' of different shapes, heights, colours and physical abilities.
The main reason for the differences are genetic, and the fact that people's bodies change as they
age. However, a huge range of research indicates that there are social factors too.

14
Poorer people are more likely to eat 'unhealthy' foods, to smoke cigarettes and to be employed in
repetitive, physically difficult work or the opposite: boring, inactive employment. Moreover, their
housing conditions and neighbourhoods tend to be worse. All of these factors impact upon the
condition of a person's health: the physical shapes of bodies are strongly influenced by social
factors.
These social factors are also closely linked to emotional wellbeing. People with low or no incomes
are more likely to have mental health problems. It is not clear, however, whether poverty causes
mental illness, or whether it is the other way around. For example, certain people with mental
health issues may be at risk of becoming homeless, just as a person who is homeless may have
an increased risk of illnesses such as depression.
There are other types of social factors too. Bodies are young or old, short or tall, big or small, weak
or strong. Whether these judgments matter and whether they are positive or negative depends
on the cultural and historical context. The culture - and media - of different societies promote
very different valuations of body shapes. What is considered as attractive or ugly, normal or
abnormal varies enormously. Currently, for example, in rich societies the idea of slimness is highly
valued, but historically this was different. In most societies the ideal body shape for a woman was
a 'full figure' with a noticeable belly, while in middle-aged men, a large stomach indicated that
they were financially successful in life. In many traditional African and Pacific island cultures, for
example, a large body shape was a sign of success and a shape to be aimed at.
It is easy for people to feel undervalued because of factors they have no power to change, for
example, their age and height. Equally, they can feel pressured into making changes to their
appearance when there is a choice, which in extreme cases can lead to obsessions with weight loss
and fitness regimes.
Sociologists, then, are suggesting that we should not just view bodies and minds in biological
terms, but also in social terms. The physical body and what we seek to do with it change over
time and society. This has important implications for medicine and ideas of health. Thus, the
idea of people being 'obese' is physically related to large amounts of processed food, together
with lack of exercise. and is therefore a medical issue. However, it has also become a mental
health issue and social problem as a result of people coming to define this particular body shape
as 'wrong' and unhealthy.
1. In what ways do our bodies physically differ?
A. Shapes, heights, colours, abilities
B. Genetics, ageing social factors
C. Physically difficult or inactive
2. Why do our bodies differ physically?
A. Shapes, heights, colours, abilities
B. Housing (conditions) and neighbourhoods
C. Genetics, ageing social factors
3. What types of jobs are poor people likely to have?

15
 A. Genetis, ageing social factors
B. Housing (conditions) and neighbourhoods
C. Physically difficult or inactive
4. What aspects of poor people's living environments are not good?
A. Culture and media
B. Housing (conditions) and neighbourhoods
C. Genetics, ageing social factors
5. What influences how groups of people value bodies?
A. Culture and media
B. Housing (conditions) and neighbourhoods
C. Physically difficult or inactive
6. What have wealthy cultures changed their opinion about?
A. Culture and media
B. Belly or stomach
C. The idea of slimness/ ideal body shape

Listen to the recording and answer the questions (Track 1).

1. The man was injured when ____________.
A. his wife pushed him
B. he fell down the stairs
C. the family dog bit him
2. The man is going to physical therapy _____ a week.
A. once B. three times C. twice
3. The man broke his ______.
A. arm B. hand C. leg
4. His physical therapy appointments last _____ minutes.
A. 50 B. 60 C. 40
5. The physical therapy office is located ________ the man's workplace.
A. next to B. across from C. behind

Do you think people are keen on doing physical activity? Why?

Write about this topic in 100 words using these suggestions:
● Do you do any physical exercises?
● What are good things to have physical exercises?
● Why do people nowadays not do physical exercises?
● What is a good time to do physical exercises?

16
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Answer these questions:

● What kinds of exercises do you do?
● Do you think children should play sports regularly?
● What was your favourite sport when you were young?
● Do you like extreme sports?
● What kinds of exercises are popular in your country?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Read the conversation and answer the question below:

Woman: Hey, what happened to you?
Man: It’s a long story.
Woman: Okay, I love long stories.

17
Man: Well, . . . .
Woman: Let me guess. You forgot your wife’s birthday, and she got angry.
Man: No. Actually, I was carrying some boxes down the stairs at home . . .
Woman: She pushed you?
Man: No, no! I was walking down the stairs at home when I tripped over our dog and fell and
broke my arm and injured my shoulder.
Woman: Boy, how’s the dog? You look really sore, too.
Man: Well, I am, but I am going to physical therapy three times a week, and they’re trying to teach
me some exercises to increase my strength.
Woman: Good. So, how long are your appointments?
Man: They last about 50 minutes.
Woman: Is this office nearby?
Man: Actually, it is across the street from my office, so it’s really convenient.
Woman: You can’t beat that.
Man: Yeah, and it should help me get back to where I was before the accident, and I really want to
play tennis again.
Woman: Well, maybe now, at least I have a chance to beat you.
Man: In your dreams.

What happened to the man and what he is doing to recover from his injury.
● Where did this accident happen?
● How did it happen?
● When did it happen?
● Who was involved in the accident?
● How often is he getting physical therapy?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

18
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Listen to the recording and answer the questions (Track 2).

1. What time does the man get up?
A. at 6:00 a.m.
B. at 7:00 a.m.
C. at 5:00 a.m.
2. What time does he get to work?
A. at 9:00 a.m.
B. at 7:00 a.m.
C. at 8:00 a.m.
3. What does he do with his family around 6:30 p.m.?
A. They eat dinner.
B. They play games.
C. They read books together.
4. What do the man and his wife do after the kids go to bed?
A. They clean the house.
B. They clean the house.
C. They watch TV.
5. What is one thing the man does NOT say about his wife?
A. She helps the kids with their homework.
B. She goes shopping for food.
C. She has to take their children to school.

Write a paragraph about 100 words to describe a memorable childhood experience.

You should write:
● Who was with you
● Where it took place
● What you did and explain why it is memorable.
19
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

SPEAKING: Answer these questions:

● Do you have any unhealthy habits?
● Did your parents teach you about sharing?
● Do you like sharing things with other people?
● What things do you like to share with others?

20
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Write a paragraph of at least 100 words to describe an old person you know or know about.
You should say
● Who he/she is
● When you knew his/her
● What you know about him/her
● Why you respect him/her

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

21
 3 PRACTICE: SPEAKING

Talk to your partner to ask and answer these questions:

● What kind of housing/accommodation do you live in?
● What do you usually do in your house/flat/room?
● Are the transport facilities to your home very good?
● Do you prefer living in the house or a flat?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Talk to your partner to ask and answer these questions:

● What’s the weather like in your country?
● Which season do you like best?
● Would you prefer to live in a place that has the same weather all year, or a place that has four
seasons?

22
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Share your ideas with the whole class about these questions:
● What public holidays do you have in your country?
● Do people in your country celebrate Christmas?
● Do you like public holidays?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
23
Share your ideas with the whole class about these questions:
● Do you often use a computer?
● How do you usually get online?
● Do you prefer desktops or laptops?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Speaking: Describe an interesting animal you have seen.

You should say:
● What animal it was
● When and Where you saw it
● And explain how you feel about this animal

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

24
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Then answer these questions:
● What are the main roles of animals in your country?
● Which species are endangered in your country? Why?
● Do many people in your country like to have a pet?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

25
 4 KEEPING FIT

Diet, Health and Exercise

1. Diet

immune system organic food vegetables

/ɪˈmjuːn ˈsɪstɪm / /ɔːˈgænɪk fuːd/ / ˈvɛʤtəb(ə)lz /

fast food beef pork

/ fɑːst fuːd / / biːf / / pɔːk /

Cereal(s) seasoning(s) soda

/ ˈsɪərɪəl/ / ˈsiːznɪŋ / / ˈsəʊdə /

26
2. Health and exercise

flu runny nose allergy

/fluː/ /ˈrʌni nəʊz/ /ˈæləʤi/

obesity headache stomachache

/əʊˈbiːsɪti/ /ˈhɛdeɪk/ /ˈstʌməkeɪk/

workout stay active aerobics

/ˈwɜːkaʊt/ /steɪ ˈæktɪv/ /eəˈrəʊbɪks/

catch a cold/flu/chill/pneumonia cảm lạnh / cúm / ớn lạnh / viêm phổi

contract disease/malaria/typhoid mắc bệnh lao / sốt rét / thương hàn
develop cancer phát triển ung thư
suffer from asthma/fever/backache bị hen suyễn / sốt / đau lưng
terminally ill = will die soon bệ nh hiểm nghè o
excruciating/unbearable pain đau dữ dội.

27
incurable illness bệnh không thể chữa được
life-threatening đe dọa tính mạng
trivial/minor ailments bệnh nhẹ
dull ache đau nhức
prescribe some tablets kê đơn thuốc
take ill bị ốm
splitting headache đau nửa đầu
alive and kicking tiếp tụ c sống tốt, khỏe mạnh và thà nh công.
bag of bones ngườ i cự c kỳ gầy
be full of beans chi ̉ ngườ i năng độ ng, trà n đầy sứ c sống
bitter pill to swallow mộ t thứ gì đó mà bạn phải chấp nhận

PLAYING GAMES: Divide students into 2 to 3 large groups. Each group will send a representative to
compete with other groups. The representatives will have to guess the word at Vocabulary and
Extend the Vocabulary through some host's actions or saying. The person who gives the correct
answer in the fastest time will get 1 point. In conclusion, the team with more points wins.

Read the text and answer questions below

Chocolate - the absolute delight
Chocolate is extremely popular in Britain just like in all the other countries of the world. The British
are one of the biggest chocolate consumers of chocolate. They eat about 10kg per person per year.
Apparently women buy more chocolate than men but it doesn’t mean they eat more because they
give some of it away as a present. Men buy less chocolate, but normally eat it all themselves. And
finally, according to statistics, most men would rather eat chocolate than drive around in a sports
car; and most women rather spend an evening eating chocolate than in the theatre.
The popularity of chocolate is shown by the fact that there are chocolate societies, chocolate
weekends and there are magazines just about chocolate in Britain. But what makes it so special?
Scientists proved that chocolate can make you feel physically good because of the materials it
contains. It is sweet, light and absolutely delicious. But on the downside if you eat a lot of chocolate
you may put on weight and become fat. And dentists say that it is not good for your teeth. So
chocolate makes you feel good but you often feel bad about eating a lot of chocolate because you
know or you think it’s not good for you.

28
1. Chocolate is ________
A. more popular in Britain than in other countries
B. as popular in Britain as in other countries
C. more popular in other countries than in Britain
2. Women ________ more chocolate than men.
A. Eat
B. buy
C. get as present
3. Men like eating chocolate more than ____
A. driving a sports car
B. going to the theatre
C. than women
4. In Britain you can ____
A. buy special chocolate in some cities
B. buy special chocolate at weekends
C. read only about chocolate in some magazines
5. Eating chocolate ____
A. always makes you feel good
B. makes only some people feel good
C. can make you feel good and bad, too.

Listen and choose the correct answers (Track 1).

1 The man wants to ______.
A. run a mountain marathon

29
B. try out for the company basketball team
C. join a soccer club
2 The woman is worried that ______.
A. her husband is becoming a fitness freak
B. her husband's health isn't good
C. the man works too much
3 First, the woman suggests that her husband _____.
A. start with light workouts
B. visit with a fitness trainer
C. see a doctor
4 Her husband should ____.
A. consume less salt
B. eat less fatty foods
C. eat more protein
5 Why does the man's wife recommend cycling?
A. It helps develop mental toughness.
B. It helps strengthen the heart.
C. It is good for improving muscle tone.

Write a paragraph of at least 100 words to describe an activity you do for your health or fitness.
Here are some suggestions:
● What you do
● How often you do it
● Where you do it
● And explain how you think this activity helps you stay healthy or fit.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
30
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Answer these questions:

● Do you have any unhealthy habits?
● In what ways do you try to stay healthy?
● Is it easy to keep fit where you live?
● What do you think is more important, eating healthy or doing exercise?
● What are the health benefits of playing a sport?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Read and choose the correct answers.

Intelligence pills
Some scientists have predicted that healthy adults and children may one day take drugs to improve
their intelligence and intellectual performance. A research group has suggested that such drugs
might become as common as coffee or tea within the next couple of decades.
To counter this, students taking exams might have to take drugs tests like athletes. There are
already drugs that are known to improve mental performance, like Ritalin, which is given to children
with problems concentrating. A drug given to people with trouble sleeping also helps people
remember numbers.

31
These drugs raise serious legal and moral questions, but people already take vitamins to help them
remember things better, so it will not be a simple problem to solve. It will probably be very difficult
to decide at what point a food supplement becomes an unfair drug in an examination.

1. Only children will take pills to improve their intellectual performance.

A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say
2. Intelligence pills are already as common as coffee or tea.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say
3. Coffee is as common as tea.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say
4. Students could have to take intelligence drugs tests.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say
5. A sleeping pill helps people remember numbers.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say
6. Vitamins to help people study are illegal.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say
7. Food supplements are unfair.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say

Listen and circle the best answer (Track 2).

1. What did the doctor tell Phil?
A. He was fit and healthy.
B. His blood pressure was too high and he would soon need medication.
C. His blood pressure was too low and he would soon need medication.
2. What did Phil say to the doctor?
A. He would take medication.
B. He would get more sleep.
C. He would take more exercise instead of taking medication.
3. Why didn’t Phil just go running?
A. He gets very tired.
B. He finds it boring.
C. He isn’t very good at it.
4. Apart from being good exercise, what is the other advantage of tennis for Phil?
A. You can meet new people and socialise.
B. You can win a lot of competitions.
C. You can watch matches on television.
5. How is Phil’s blood pressure now?
A. The same as before he started playing tennis.

32
B. It has gone down since before he started playing tennis.
C. It has gone up since before he started playing tennis.
6. What sport did Phil play when he was younger?
A. Squash B. Rugby C. Badminton
7. How old was Phil when he started playing tennis?
A. In his early 50s
B. In his early 60s
C. In his early 70s
8. How does Phil say that his tennis has improved?
A. He has watched YouTube tutorials.
B. He has watched a lot of professional tennis matches on TV.
C. His friend has given him tips.

Write a paragraph about the topic: Describe a piece of advice you recently received.
You should write:
● when this happened
● who gave you the advice
● what the advice was
● and explain how you felt about the advice.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

33
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Talk to your partner to describe a time when you were ill

You should say:
● when this was
● what your symptoms were
● how long the illness lasted and say how it affected your life at the time

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Write a paragraph about 100 words to share your ideas:

What are the most popular ways of keeping healthy in your country?
Suggestions:
● Which activity do you do most to keep fit?
● Do people in your country like doing exercises?
● Is it important to stay healthy?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

34
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

35
 5 LIFESTYLES

Life, leisure

1. Life

eating habits stress working conditions

/ˈiːtɪŋ ˈhæbɪts/ /strɛs/ /ˈwɜːkɪŋ kənˈdɪʃənz/

means of transport relationship(s) technology

/miːnz ɒv ˈtrænspɔːt/ /rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪps/ /tɛkˈnɒləʤi/

creativity talent(s) relax

/ˌkriːeɪˈtɪvɪti/ /ˈtælənt(ɛs)/ /rɪˈlæks/

36
2. Leisure

daily routine go camping computer games

/ˈdeɪli ruːˈtiːn/ /gəʊ ˈkæmpɪŋ/ /kəmˈpjuːtə geɪmz/

go fishing watch TV surf the internet

/gəʊ ˈfɪʃɪŋ/ /wɒʧ ˌtiːˈviː/ /sɜːf ði ˈɪntəˌnɛt/

Gardening Extracurricular activities sedentary lifestyle

/ˈgɑːdnɪŋ/ /ˌɛkstrəkəˈrɪkjʊlər ækˈtɪvɪtiz/ /ˈsɛdntəri ˈlaɪfˌstaɪl/

Have one’s energy boosted Làm cho năng lượng tăng lên
Hectic Vội vã, hối hả
Leisure pursuit Hoạt động trong giờ giải lao
Recharge one’s battery Nạp năng lượng
Daily routine Thói quen hàng ngày
Be a drain on one’s energy Lấy hết năng lượng của ai

37
Do wonders for Rất tốt/có ích cho ai/cái gì
Agility Sự nhanh nhạy
Sedentary lifestyle Thói quen ngồi nhiều, ít vận động
Physical/Mental health Sức khỏe thể trạng/tâm trí
Occupied with Bận rộn với việc gì
The rat race Guồng quay mệt mỏi của cuộc sống
Improve social relationships Cải thiện các mối quan hệ xã hội

PLAYING GAMES: Divide students into 2 to 3 large groups. Each group will send a representative to
compete with other groups. The representatives will have to guess the word at Vocabulary and
Extend the Vocabulary through some host's actions or saying. The person who gives the correct
answer in the fastest time will get 1 point. In conclusion, the team with more points wins.

Read the text and choose the correct answers

The Importance of Sport for The Children’s Health
Sport helps children to develop both physically and mentally. Physical activity should be part of our
daily life. Practicing any kind of sport from an early age helps children in many ways, for example,
group activities improve interaction and social integration. It also improves the mental level and
promotes a healthy lifestyle in adulthood, as the habits we acquire as children are often to stay.
Sports have multiple healthy benefits. If we talk on a psychological or personality level, sports
activities (especially those done in groups) help children to strengthen* their social self-esteem, and
allow them to understand the importance of having and respecting the rules.
Another aspect to consider is what type of sport or activity will suit best the child considering his/her
conditions and abilities. A more timid and shy child is likely to get better at a sport where she/he
has to relate to peers*. To a more active one, an individual sport such as tennis can help better
develop her/his ability to concentrate. One of the perhaps most relevant issues is the importance
of physical exercise, not only in children but also in young and old people, because moderate daily
physical exercise helps prevent overweight and obesity. Taking into account the growth of the
percentage of children and young people with obesity and overweight in the Western world, the
inclusion of sport in the family routine becomes almost mandatory.
Sport can also have the power to help us rest. For all those fathers and mothers of active children,
try to get them to run every day playing soccer, or swimming or any other activity that keeps them
physically active. They will fall asleep in bed in a matter of seconds and you, dads and moms, too.

38
1. Children who practice sports _________.
A. are more likely to understand why something can’t be done.
B. tend to reinforce the social abilities of the team.
C. know more about their own self-esteem than children who don’t.
2. Which of these statements is NOT true?
A. Playing tennis can help children focus their attention.
B. Practicing sports during childhood will encourage good health decisions later in life.
C. The positive experiences that sports bring play an important role only in a young person’s
life.
3. The author believes that ___________.
A. children should be obliged to participate in sports at school.
B. parents should be forced to include sports with their children in their schedules.
C. parents with obese children must practice sports.
4. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Practicing sports together can help all the members of the family sleep better.
B. Parents of active children should consider participating in sports in order to relax
appropriately.
C. Active children will be able to sleep more easily if they play sports daily.
5. According to the text, _____________.
A. by playing sports, children understand the power of hard work.
B. When practicing sports, children learn that in order to achieve their goals they have to
obey their coach.
C. sports are particularly helpful for children who have no discipline.

Listen and choose the correct answers (Track 1).

1.Stuart is going to ______ with his friends.
A. go for a drive and have a picnic
B. watch a football game
39
C. see a movie and have dinner
2.Why can't Amy go with her friends?
A. She already has plans to attend a party.
B. She doesn't have any spending money.
C. She has to study for an exam.
3.At the end of the evening, the friends are going to ____.
A. have a party
B. play some games
C. watch a video
4.How is Amy getting to the activity?
A. She's taking the bus.
B. Stuart is giving her a ride.
C. She's taking the bus.
5.Amy wants to be home at ____.
A. midnight
B. 10:30 p.m.
C. 11:30 p.m.

Write a paragraph of at least 100 words to describe a leisure activity you do with your family.
Here are some suggestions:
● What it is
● When you do it
● Where you do it
● And explain how you feel about it

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

40
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Answer these questions:

● What do you do in your spare time?
● What do you do to relax?
● How do you usually spend your weekends?
● What do you usually do after work or classes?
● How much time do you have each week for doing these things?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Read and choose the correct answers.

Here are the instructions for next weekend's camping trip in Scotland. There are seventeen people
going on this trip so it's important that you arrive at the meeting point early enough for us to be
able to leave at 8am. There will be two minibuses and please make sure you are on the right one.
Last week's email gave all this information.
We should arrive in the camping area at about 2pm, which will give us enough time to buy the food
we need in the local supermarket and then go to the area where we will set up the tents, which is a
long way from town.
There will be a total of four large tents put up and each tent will have a tent leader, a person who
went on this trip last year and therefore has the necessary experience. If you have any problems
during the two days, you should always go directly to your tent leader and speak to him/her.

41
We are not expecting there to be very bad weather this weekend in Scotland, but the weather
situation in the Scottish hills is always very unpredictable and for this reason, we have advised
everyone to take wet weather clothing with you. If windy, stormy weather arrives at the camping
area, it may also be necessary to leave the hills and go down into the town.
It's very likely that your phones will not work in the hills, so you must warn your parents of this. You
will be able to use your phones when we are in the town, but not when we are camping.
If you have any other questions about the trip, come either to me or Mrs. Sanderson.

1. This letter is from a teacher.

A. True B. False C. Not given
2. Instructions about the minibuses will be in a future email.
A. True B. False C. Not given
3. The tents will be set up near the supermarket.
A. True B. False C. Not given
4. Some of the people going camping this year also went last year.
A. True B. False C. Not given
5. There was very bad weather on the camping trip last year.
A. True B. False C. Not given
6. Wet weather clothing can be hired in the town.
A. True B. False C. Not given
7. Nobody can use their phone during the trip.
A. True B. False C. Not given

Listen and circle the best answer (Track 2).

1. The man smokes _______ packs of cigarettes a day.
A. two B. one C. three
2. The man and woman are ____.
A. coworkers B. husband and wife C. siblings
3. Where does the man probably smoke at home?
A. on the porch B. in his bedroom C. in the bathroom
4. The woman knows the man's son, Jacob, is smoking because ____.
42
A. she caught him smoking at school
B. she discovered his habit at her house
C. he confessed to her about his problem
5. Based on the tone of the conversation, the man is _____ the woman's ideas.
A. resistant to B. open to C. confused with

Write a paragraph to describe a time of the day you like.

You should say:

● what time of day it is
● what you do at that time
● who you are usually with
● and explain why you like it.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Speaking: Talk to your partner to describe something important for maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
You should say:
● what does healthy lifestyle mean to you
● what important aspect you have in your mind
● how it is important

43
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Write a paragraph about 100 words to share your ideas:

Is it important to have a hobby?
Suggestions:
● What is your hobby?
● What are the benefits of your hobby?
● Can your hobby help you improve skills in life?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
44
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

45
 6 PRACTICE: WRITING

1. Task 1:
Phần 1 của bài thi IELTS Writing yêu cầu người học phải nắm rõ các bước để hoàn thiện một
bản REPORT (báo cáo) dựa trên các số liệu được cung cấp qua các bảng/biểu đồ/hình vẽ/sơ đồ/
quá trình/ cách thức hoạt động của vật thể/ chu trình vòng lặp/ bản đồ. Mục đích của bài thi
Writing Task 1 là để kiểm tra khả năng phân tích xu hướng và diễn đạt những xu hướng này theo
hướng tăng/giảm/thay đổi một cách chuyên nghiệp và hiệu quả. Một bài viết trong phần này có độ
dài trung bình rơi vào 150 từ. Người học được quyền phân bổ thời gian làm bài khi làm kỹ năng viết,
tuy nhiên quãng thời gian hợp lý nhất để thực hiện phần này là 20 phút.
a. Cấu trúc phổ biến nhất cho một bài Task 1 như sau:
● Introduction
● Overview
● Detail 1
● Detail 2
b. Cách viết Introduction:
Nội dung của phần mở bài là câu trả lời cho câu hỏi: Các bảng biểu trình bày về cái gì?
Các bạn hãy bắt đầu bài viết với 1 – 2 câu mở đầu bằng cách viết lại ý của câu hỏi với ngôn từ của
mình (paraphrasing). Phương pháp ‘paraphrase’ sẽ giúp các bạn viết phần mở bài rất nhanh chóng
và dễ dàng.
Các từ thường được paraphrase trong Introduction:
The bar chart(s) = the chart(s) = graph(s)
shows = compare(s) = illustrate(s)
figures for = number of
in 2010 = in the year 2010
between 1995 and 2000 = over a period of 5 years
Cụm từ thường được sử dụng khi bắt đầu phần mở bài:
The bar chart(s) / table(s) / map(s)… / the chart(s) / graph(s) shows / compare(s) / illustrate(s)
figures for / number of….
Các bạn tham khảo cách ‘paraphrase’ sau đây và luyện tập theo nhé.
Câu hỏi trong cuốn Cambridge IELTS 2 trang 95 như sau: “The table below shows the figures for
imprisonment in five countries between 1930 and 1980.”

46
3 thành phần chính của câu hỏi được thay đổi như sau:
● table shows = bar chart compares
● figures for imprisonment = number of people in prison
● .. and… = over a period of
Và đây là câu mở bài được viết lại: The bar chart compares the number of people in prison in five
different countries over a period of 50 years.
c. Cách viết Overview:
Đúng như ý nghĩa của từ Overview, trong phần này chúng ta cần nêu ra bức tranh tổng quan của
bảng biểu được cho. Các bạn hãy nêu ra những thay đổi hay những điểm chính của bảng biểu chứ
không đi vào chi tiết. Chúng ta chỉ nên viết một đoạn văn ngắn gồm 2 câu mô tả 2 đặc điểm chính
và nổi bật trên bảng biểu.
(Trong Writing Task 1 đề bài chỉ yêu cầu chúng ta miêu tả bảng biểu chứ không yêu cầu nhận xét.
Đó là lý do vì sao chúng ta viết ‘overview’ về bức tranh toàn cảnh của bảng biểu chứ không viết ý
kiến của chúng ta ‘conclusion’.)
Đôi khi các bạn có thể thấy phần tổng quan này khá giống với một kết luận. Do đó có thể để phần
Overview này ở ngay sau phần Instruction hay cuối bài cũng được, nhưng hãy nhớ là bài viết của
các bạn phải có nó ở 1 trong 2 vị trí trên.
Các (cụm) từ thường được sử dụng để bắt đầu khi viết “overview”:
● It is clear that
● Overall,
Các bạn học hỏi cách viết qua những ví dụ sau:

Trong biểu đồ này chúng ta dễ dàng nhận thấy 2 điểm chính như sau nhé:

47
 ● Dân số India trẻ và tuổi thọ thấp hơn France thể hiện ở
+ Tuổi thọ: chiều cao của biểu đồ
+ Phần trăm dân số: chiều ngang ở từng nấc tuổi của biểu đồ
● Dân số France có cơ cấu phần trăm lớn hơn India ở độ tuổi cao (phần trên ngọn của biểu
đồ)
Overview:
It is clear that the population of India was younger than that of France in 1984, with a noticeably
larger proportion of people aged under 20. France, on the other hand, had a significantly larger
percentage of elderly inhabitants.

Biểu đồ thể hiện rất rõ hai xu hướng sau:

● Lượng tiêu thụ của Fish and Chips giảm mạnh (đường đỏ)
● Lượng tiêu thụ của Pizza và Hamburger tăng đáng kể (2 đường màu xanh)
Overview:
Overall, the consumption of fish and chips declined over the period, whereas the amount of pizza
and hamburgers that were eaten increased.
(Ở đây người viết đã kết hợp 2 câu về 2 ý chính thành 1 câu ghép.)
d. Cách viết ‘Detail paragraphs’:
Sau khi đã viết xong Introduction và Overview, các bạn cần tiếp tục nêu ra một số chi tiết cụ thể
được trình bày trong bảng biểu.
Như cấu trúc bài nêu trên, chúng ta sẽ viết 2 đoạn cho phần Detail này. Cấu trúc mà nhiều giáo viên
áp dụng là mỗi đoạn sẽ gồm 3 – 4 câu. Và các bạn sẽ viết gì trong mỗi đoạn văn này?

48
Chúng ta sẽ sử dụng phương pháp nhóm thông tin, có nghĩa là tìm ra điểm tương đồng và khác
biệt của các số liệu trong bảng biểu và nhóm chúng vào với nhau. Thông thường các bảng biểu sẽ
cho chúng ta 2 nhóm tương đồng, việc của chúng ta là tìm ra sự khác biệt và điểm tương đồng của
các số liệu rồi nhóm chúng làm 2 nhóm. Tiếp theo chúng ta sẽ viết cho mỗi một nhóm vào một đoạn
văn ‘detail paragraph’.
Chúng ta quay lại biểu đồ ví dụ thứ 2 ở trên nhé:

Biểu đồ thể hiện rất rõ hai nhóm khác biệt:

● Giảm xuống của Fish and Chips (đường đỏ)
● Tăng lên của Pizza và Hamburger (2 đường xanh)
Đoạn ‘Detail’ thứ nhất viết cho nhóm 1 như sau:
In 1975, the most popular fast food with Australian teenagers was fish and chips, being eaten 100
times a year. This was far higher than pizza and hamburgers, which were consumed approximately
5 times a year. However, apart from a brief rise again from 1980 to 1985, the consumption of fish
and chips gradually declined over the 25 year timescale to finish at just under 40 times per year.
(Ở đây người viết chỉ tập trung vào nhóm đầu, có nêu ra nhóm 2 nhưng chỉ nhằm mục đích so
sánh.)
Đoạn ‘Detail’ thứ hai cho nhóm 2:
In sharp contrast to this, teenagers ate the other two fast foods at much higher levels. Pizza
consumption increased gradually until it overtook the consumption of fish and chips in 1990. It then
leveled off from 1995 to 2000. The biggest rise was seen in hamburgers, increasing sharply
throughout the 1970’s and 1980’s, exceeding fish and chips consumption in 1985. It finished at the
same level that fish and chips began, with consumption at 100 times a year.

49
e. Từ vựng và cấu trúc áp dụng cho bài:
Từ vựng mô tả xu hướng, sự thay đổi:
● Movement upwards : increase , go up, climb, rise
● Movement downwards: decrease, go down, decline, drop
● No movement: remain stable, stabilise
● Reach the highest point of: reach a peak at
● Reach the lowest point of: bottom at
● Fluctuate
Cấu trúc so sánh đơn giản:
● compared to...

● compared with...

● in comparison to...

● in comparison with…

2. Task 2:
Phần 2 của bài IELTS Writing yêu cầu thí sinh phải viết ít nhất là 250 từ. Thí sinh sẽ được cung cấp
một chủ đề để kiểm tra khả năng trả lời cho chủ đề đó bằng cách đưa ra và chứng minh quan điểm,
thảo luận về chủ đề, tóm lược chi tiết, nêu bật vấn đề, đưa ra giải pháp khả thi và bổ trợ cho những
gì được viết bằng các lý do, tranh luận và các ví dụ liên quan bằng chính kiến thức hay kinh nghiệm
của thí sinh.

- Argumentative essay

- Problems - Causes – Solutions essay

- Discussion essay

- 2 Questions essay

- Advantages and disadvantages essay

a. Cách viết dạng bài Argumentative essay
Phần 1: Mở bài
Ở phần mở bài, tương tự như tất cả các dạng bài khác trong phần thi IELTS Writing task 2, các bạn
sẽ phải hoàn thành được những bước sau:
● Bước 1: Diễn đạt lại câu nhận định trong đề bài, giới hạn chủ đề của bài viết
● Bước 2: Nêu ra quan điểm của bản thân (Đồng ý/ Không đồng ý/ Trung lập)

50
Phần 2: Thân bài:
Thân bài thông thường sẽ bao gồm 2 đoạn, tuy nhiên, tùy thuộc vào việc bạn lựa chọn quan điểm
của bản thân là gì mà 2 đoạn này sẽ được triển khai theo những cách khác nhau:
Đoạn 1 (Main paragraph 1) + Đoạn 2 (Main paragraph 2)
● Đồng ý hoàn toàn: Đưa ra lý do 1 cho quan điểm đồng ý Đưa ra lý do 2 cho quan điểm đồng
ý
● Không đồng ý toàn toàn: Đưa ra lý do 1 cho quan điểm không đồng ý Đưa ra lý do 1 cho quan
điểm không đồng ý
● Trung lập: Đưa ra luận điểm một bàn về 1 mặt của vấn đề Đưa ra luận điểm vì sao bạn đồng
tính với mặt còn lại của vấn đề
Phần 3. Kết bài
Đối với kết bài, có hai nội dung các bạn sẽ phải hoàn thành:
● Khẳng định lại quan điểm của bản thân (Đồng ý hoàn toàn/ Không đồng ý hoàn toàn/ Trung
lập)
● Tóm tắt lại các ý chính đã nêu ra trong bài để củng cố quan điểm đó
Với kết bài này, các bạn sẽ giúp cho người đọc cảm thấy sự hoàn chỉnh của bài viết và giúp
cho bài viết của bạn thống nhất về ý tưởng với hai phần trên.

51
b. Cách viết dạng bài Problems - Causes – solutions

Phần 1: Mở bài
Với dạng bài này, các bạn cũng sẽ làm theo hai bước như sau:
Bước 1: Diễn đạt lại thông tin và nhận định được đưa ra trong đề theo cách khác
Bước 2: Đưa ra nội dung mà bạn sẽ triển khai trong bài
Với bước thứ 2, khác với dạng bài Argumentative essay, các bạn sẽ không cần đưa ra ý kiến cá nhân
mà cần chỉ ra rằng hai đoạn thân bài của bạn sẽ giải quyết Problems và Solutions/ Causes and
Effects/ Causes và Solutions
Phần 2: Thân bài
Tương tự như những dạng bài khác, trong thân bài các bạn cũng nên viết 2 đoạn, nội dung các
đoạn bạn cần giải quyết được như sau:
Đoạn 1:
● Đưa ra nguyên nhân 1/nêu vấn đề đó là gì
● Giải thích nguyên nhân 1/vấn đề 1
● Đưa ra ví dụ
Đoạn 2:
● Đưa ra ảnh hưởng / giải pháp cho vấn đề 1
● Giải thích giải pháp này giải quyết vấn đề 1 thế nào
● Đưa ra ví dụ
Phần 3: Kết bài
Ở dạng bài này, chúng ta cần:
52
 ● Tóm lại ý chính trong 2 đoạn thân bài
● Nêu dự đoán/ đánh giá về vấn đề
c. Cách viết dạng bài Discussion essay

Phần 1 - Mở bài (2 câu, 30-50 từ)

- Câu thứ nhất dùng để giới thiệu về chủ đề chính của bài viết. Chúng ta có thể mở đầu bằng “People
have different views about …” (Mọi người thường có cách nhìn khác nhau về vấn đề gì đó) để nói
về vấn đề một cách tổng quát nhất. Đây là cách đơn giản nhất để đưa ra vấn đề.
- Ở câu thứ hai, chúng ta sẽ nhắc đến cả hai mặt của vấn đề và đưa ra ý kiến của bản thân. Phần này
chúng ta nên đưa rõ ra luôn rằng chúng ta đồng ý với ý kiến nào. Đây sẽ phần sẽ rất quan trọng để
xác định được sắp xếp ý ở phần thân bài.
Phần 2 - Thân bài (2 đoạn, mỗi đoạn 5-6 câu)
Đoạn 1:
Bàn về ý kiến mà chúng ta KHÔNG ĐỒNG Ý trước. Lý do chúng ta đưa ra ý kiến không đồng thuận
trước để bài viết trở nên khách quan hơn. Nếu viết ý kiến chúng ta đồng ý trước thì sẽ dễ bị tập
trung quá nhiều vào phần này và khi đưa ra ý kiến sau sẽ trở nên sơ sài hơn và làm cho bố cục bài
viết không cân bằng và mang tính chủ quan quá nhiều.
Ở phần này chúng ta đưa ra những điểm tốt và nổi bật của ý kiến này, không cần thiết phải đưa ra
những điểm không tốt, điểm xấu ngay để đảm bảo tính khách quan. Ta có thể đưa ra 2-3 điểm đúng
của ý kiến này để giải thích tại sao nhiều người lại nhìn nhận vấn đề theo hướng này.

53
Đoạn 2:
Đây là đoạn nói về mặt mà chúng ta ĐỒNG Ý. Mở đầu đoạn nên sử dụng những từ nối mang tính
đối lập như “On the other hand”, hoặc “In contrast”, “However”, “Although/Despite/In spite of”
để nêu lên rằng cho dù những điểm đúng của ý kiến đầu tiên, thì ý kiến thứ hai vẫn đúng đắn hơn.
Sau đó chúng ta bắt đầu viết về những điểm mạnh của ý kiến ta đồng ý. Những điểm mạnh này có
thể được so sánh một cách trực tiếp với ý kiến không đồng ý ở trên theo dạng:
Nếu đi theo ý kiến 2 thì có A, còn nếu đi theo ý kiến 1 thì không có A (với A là một lợi thế hoặc điểm
mạnh chủ chốt)
Phần 3 - Kết bài (1-2 câu)
Tổng hợp và khẳng định lại rằng bản thân đồng ý với ý kiến nào trong 2 ý kiến đã cho.
d. Cách viết dạng câu hỏi 2 Questions Essay

Phần 1 - Mở bài (2 câu)

● Câu đầu tiên dùng để giới thiệu về chủ đề được đưa ra trong bài. Phần này được viết dựa
theo những câu dẫn trong đề (các câu ở trước 2 câu hỏi).
● Câu thứ hai khá quan trọng bởi chúng ta phải viết ra được câu trả lời khái quát nhất cho 2
câu hỏi được đưa ra trong bài và nối chúng với nhau thành một câu có nghĩa. Lý do đưa ra
hai câu trả lời cho 2 câu hỏi vào cùng một câu chính là để cho giám khảo thấy rằng chúng ta
có thể sử dụng câu phức và có khả năng tư duy để liên kết các vấn đề với nhau. Nếu không
thể tư duy được làm sao để kết nối 2 câu trả lời cho 2 vấn đề với nhau thì chúng ta vẫn có
thể viết thành 2 câu đơn nhưng sẽ không được điểm cao bằng viết 1 câu phức.
Phần 2 - Thân bài (2 đoạn, mỗi đoạn 60 – 80 từ)
Đoạn 1:

54
 ● Ở đoạn này chúng ta sẽ trả lời câu hỏi thứ nhất. Mở đầu đoạn chúng ta nêu ra luôn câu trả
lời khái quát cho câu hỏi thứ nhất. Các câu còn lại của đoạn sẽ là những ý cụ thể hơn, kèm
theo ví dụ, liên hệ thực tế để phân tích cũng như tăng tính thuyết phục cho câu trả lời.
Đoạn 2:
● Đoạn này sẽ là câu trả lời cho câu hỏi thứ hai. Ở câu mở đầu vẫn nêu ra câu trả lời như ở
đoạn 1 nhưng nên có thêm sự dẫn dắt từ nội dung của đoạn ở trên. Nếu như làm được điều
này chúng ta sẽ đạt điểm rất tốt ở tiêu chí “Coherence and Cohesion”. Cấu trúc còn lại của
đoạn cũng tương tự như đoạn 1.
Phần 3 - Kết bài
● Nhắc lại và tóm gọn lại câu trả lời của hai câu hỏi trong bài một cách khéo léo để tránh trùng
lặp với phần mở bài.
● Như vậy, bạn đã nắm rõ được những gì cần biết về IELTS Writing Task 2 rồi. Để tiếp tục tìm
hiểu sâu hơn về từng dạng bài, các bạn hãy click theo các bài học bên dưới nhé.
e. Advantages and disadvantages essay

Phần 1 - Mở bài (2 câu)

Với dạng bài này, các bạn cũng sẽ làm theo hai bước như sau:
Bước 1: Diễn đạt lại thông tin và nhận định được đưa ra trong đề theo cách khác
Bước 2: Đưa ra nội dung mà bạn sẽ triển khai trong bài
Với bước thứ 2, khác với dạng bài Argumentative essay, các bạn sẽ không cần đưa ra ý kiến cá nhân
mà cần chỉ ra rằng hai đoạn thân bài của bạn sẽ giải quyết Advantages và Disadvantages.

55
Phần 2: Thân bài
Tương tự như những dạng bài khác, trong thân bài các bạn cũng nên viết 2 đoạn, nội dung các
đoạn bạn cần giải quyết được như sau:
Đoạn 1:
● Đưa ra được những lợi ích của vấn đề đó là gì
● Giải thích cụ thể về những lợi ích
● Đưa ra ví dụ
Đoạn 2:
● Đưa ra những tác hại của vấn đề 1
● Giải thích và phân tích những tác hại
● Đưa ra ví dụ

Phần 3: Kết bài

Ở dạng bài này, chúng ta cần:
● Tóm lại ý chính trong 2 đoạn thân bài
● Nêu dự đoán/ đánh giá về vấn đề

Task 1:
The graph below shows the percentage of part-time workers in each country of the
United Kingdom in 1980 and 2010.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

56
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

57
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Task 1:
The chart below shows the proportions of graduates from Brighton University in 2019
entering different employment sectors.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

58
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Task 2:
Overpopulation is the world's most serious environmental problem. To what extent do
you agree or disagree with this statement?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.

59
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

60
Task 2:
Tourism has increased so much over the last 50 years that it is having a mainly negative
impact on local inhabitants and the environment. However, others claim that it is good
for the economy.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of tourism and give your own opinion.
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
61
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

62
 7 STUDENT LIFE

Study, education and research

1. Study

maths literature biology

/mæθs/ /ˈlɪtərɪʧə/ /baɪˈɒləʤi/

chemistry physics geography

/ˈkɛmɪstri/ /ˈfɪzɪks/ /ʤɪˈɒgrəfi/

physical education information technology history

/ˈfɪzɪkəl ɛdju(ː)ˈkeɪʃən/ /ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃən tɛkˈnɒləʤi/ /ˈhɪstəri/

63
2. Education and research

kindergarten primary school secondary school

/ˈkɪndəˌgɑːtn/ /ˈpraɪməri skuːl/ /ˈsɛkəndəri skuːl/

college laboratory dissection

/ˈkɒlɪʤ/ /ləˈbɒrətəri/ /dɪˈsɛkʃən/

Certificate Online Course tutorials

/səˈtɪfɪkɪt/ /ˈɒnˌlaɪn kɔːs/ /tju(ː)ˈtɜːrɪəlz/

Sophomore Sinh viên năm 2

Elective subject Môn tự chọn
Presentations Bài thuyết trình
Doing research into Nghiên cứu về cái gì
Keen learner Người học tích cực
Dedicated teachers Giảng viên tận tâm
Broaden my common knowledge Mở rộng kiến thức thông thường
64
PLAYING GAMES: Divide students into 2 to 3 large groups. Each group will send a representative to
compete with other groups. The representatives will have to guess the word at Vocabulary and
Extend the Vocabulary through some host's actions or saying. The person who gives the correct
answer in the fastest time will get 1 point. In conclusion, the team with more points wins.

Read the text and choose the correct answers

Education
Education encompasses both the teaching and learning of knowledge, proper conduct, and technical
competency. It thus focuses on the cultivation of skills, trades or professions, as well as mental,
moral and aesthetic development.
Formal education consists of systematic instruction, teaching and training by professional teachers.
This consists of the application of pedagogy and the development of curricula.
The right to education is a fundamental human right. Since 1952, Article 2 of the first Protocol to
the European Convention on Human Rights obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to
education. At world level, the United Nations' International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights of 1966 guarantees this right under its Article 13.
Educational systems are established to provide education and training, often for children and the
young. A curriculum defines what students should know, understand and be able to do as the result
of education. A teaching profession delivers teaching which enables learning, and a system of
policies, regulations, examinations, structures and funding enables teachers to teach to the best of
their abilities. Sometimes educational systems can be used to promote doctrines or ideals as well as
knowledge, which is known as social engineering. This can lead to political abuse of the system,
particularly in totalitarian states and government.
Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first years of formal, structured education. In
general, primary education consists of six or seven years of schooling starting at the age of 5 or 6,
although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 70% of primary-
age children are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising.
In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education consists of the second
years of formal education that occur during adolescence.It is characterized by transition from the
typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective
tertiary, "post-secondary", or "higher" education (e.g., university, vocational school) for adults.

65
Higher education, also called tertiary, third stage, or post secondary education, is the non-
compulsory educational level that follows the completion of a school providing a secondary
education, such as a high school or secondary school. Tertiary education is normally taken to include
undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training. Colleges
and universities are the main institutions that provide tertiary education. Collectively, these are
sometimes known as tertiary institutions. Tertiary education generally results in the receipt of
certificates, diplomas, or academic degrees.

1. A definition of education includes:

A. The process of teaching,
B. The process of teaching and learning
2. Everywhere in the world children go to primary schools:
A. At the same age
B. The age may differ.
3. Tertiary education refers to:
A. Primary education,
B. Secondary education,
C. Post secondary education.
4. Tertiary education is:
A. Optional.
B. Compulsory

Listen and choose the correct answers (Track 1).

1. The man and woman first met at ______.
A. A party B. School C. Friend's house
2. The woman's name is _____.
A. Sharon B. Susan C. Sherry
3. The woman is majoring in _____.
A. Education B. Computer science C .Engineering
66
4. What major is the man considering most at this time?
A. International business B. Accounting C. Marketing

Write a paragraph of at least 100 words to describe a subject that you might have to study.
Here are some suggestions:
● Why you might need that subject
● Why you’ve never studied before
● How you might go about studying it

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Answer these questions:

● Are you good at art?
● Did you learn art at school when you were a child?
● What kind of art do you like?
● Is art popular in your country?

67
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Read and choose the correct answers.

Learning English
Today, millions of people want to learn or improve their English but it is difficult to find the best
method. Is it better to study in Britain or America or to study in your own country?
The advantages of going to Britain seem obvious. Firstly, you will be able to listen to the language
all the time you are in the country. You will be surrounded completely by the language wherever
you go. Another advantage is that you have to speak the language if you are with other people. In
Italy, it is always possible, in the class, to speak Italian if you want to and the learning is slower.
On the other hand, there are also advantages to staying at home to study. You don't have to make
big changes to your life. As well as this, it is also a lot cheaper than going to Britain but it is never
possible to achieve the results of living in the UK. If you have a good teacher in Italy, I think you can
learn in a more concentrated way than being in Britain without going to a school.
So, in conclusion, I think that if you have enough time and enough money, the best choice is to spend
some time in the UK. This is simply not possible for most people, so being here in Italy is the only
viable option. The most important thing to do in this situation is to maximise your opportunities: to
speak only English in class and to try to use English whenever possible outside the class.

68
1. What is the article about?
A. How many people learn English.
B. The best way to learn English.
C. English schools in England and America.
2. What is one of the advantages of going to the UK to learn English?
A. There are no Italians in Britain.
B. You will have to speak English and not your language.
C. The language schools are better.
3. What is one of the advantages of staying in your country to learn English?
A. The teachers aren't very good in Britain.
B. You have to work too hard in Britain.
C. Your life can continue more or less as it was before.
4. People who don't have a lot of time and money should_____
A. Learn English in Britain.
B. Try and speak English in class more often.
C. Go to Italy to learn English.

Listen and circle the best answer (Track 2).

1. The girl needs _______ for school.
A. A smart phone
B. A computer
C. A backpack
2. The father doesn't want to buy his daughter some things because ____.
A. He doesn't have a lot of money
B. She doesn't really need them
C. They are somewhat expensive
3. The girl needs some of these things for her _____ class.

69
A. Geometry
B. Physics
C. Chemistry
4. The girl says that ______.
A. All her friends have these things
B. She can use some of her money
C. The items are on sale now
5. The father gives his daughter money because _____.
A. The girl will help him when he is older
B. His wife had money in the bank
C. He discovers some extra money

Write a paragraph (100 words) to describe something you use to help you in your work or
studies.
You should say:
● What it looks like
● What it does
● How often you use this thing
● And say what you would do if you could not use this object

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Speaking: Talk to your partner to describe a school that you are studying in or studied in.
You should say:
● What it looks like from the outside
70
● What it looks like inside
● What facilities there are

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

Speak and record your audio to describe a project you had to do on your own or with others as
part of your studies or job.
Suggestions:
● What the reason for doing that project was
● How successful the project was
● How long it took you

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

71
 EFFECTIVE
8 COMMUNICATION
Language and linguistics

1. Language

nonverbal body language facial expression

/nɒnˈvɜːb(ə)l/ /ˈbɒdi ˈlæŋgwɪʤ/ /ˈfeɪʃəl/ /ɪksˈprɛʃən/

oral communication eye contact phone message

/ˈɔːrəl kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃən/ /aɪ ˈkɒntækt/ /fəʊn ˈmɛsɪʤ/

barrier verbal posture

/ˈbærɪə/ /ˈvɜːbəl/ /ˈpɒsʧə/

72
2. Linguistics

systematic phonetics phonology

/ˌsɪstɪˈmætɪk/ /fəʊˈnɛtɪks/ /fəʊˈnɒləʤi/

morphology acronym antonym

/mɔːˈfɒləʤi/ /ˈækrənɪm/ /ˈæntəʊnɪm/

compound conjunction consonant

/ˈkɒmpaʊnd/ /kənˈʤʌŋkʃən/ /ˈkɒnsənənt/

minority languages những ngôn ngữ thiểu số, được ít người nói
commonly spoken language những ngôn ngữ được nói phổ biến
the most widely spoken language ngôn ngữ được nói rộng rãi nhất
to speak the same language nói cùng một thứ tiếng
foreign/second languages ngôn ngữ nước ngoài/thứ hai
mother tongue tiếng mẹ đẻ
local dialects tiếng địa phương

73
the world’s linguistic heritage di sản ngôn ngữ thế giới
a common means of communication một cách thức giao tiếp phổ biến
have a high level of proficiency in thành thạo ngôn ngữ nào đó
be able to hold a conversation in có khả năng giao tiếp bằng ngôn ngữ nào đó
adopt the dominant language nói ngôn ngữ chiếm ưu thế
a vital part of là một phần thiết yếu của …
in danger of extinction đứng trước sự tuyệt chủng
allow a language to disappear cho phép một ngôn ngữ biến mất
encounter language barriers gặp phải những rào cản ngôn ngữ
lead to tension and conflicts dẫn đến căng thẳng và mâu thuẫn
expensive language programmes những chương trình ngôn ngữ đắt tiền

PLAYING GAMES: Divide students into 2 to 3 large groups. Each group will send a representative to
compete with other groups. The representatives will have to guess the word at Vocabulary and
Extend the Vocabulary through some host's actions or saying. The person who gives the correct
answer in the fastest time will get 1 point. In conclusion, the team with more points wins.

Read the text and choose the correct answers

Mother Tongue
First language, also known as mother tongue, is generally the language a person learns first.
However, one can have two or more native languages thus being a native bilingual or indeed
multilingual. The order in which these languages are learned is not necessarily the order of
proficiency. Lacking first language skills often makes learning other languages difficult. Often a child
learns the basics of his or her first language or languages from his or her family. The term mother
tongue, however, should not be interpreted to mean that it is the language of one's mother. For
instance, in some paternal societies, the wife moves in with the husband and thus may have a
different first language or dialect than the local language of the husband. Yet their children usually
only speak their local language.

74
1. According to the passage, first language skills ____.
A. Take a very long time to develop
B. Play an important role in learning a new language
C. Are not transferable to the second language
D. Can also have negative effects in foreign language acquisition
2. We understand from the passage that ____.
A. Most bilinguals don't have a dominant language
B. The acquisition of a first language is the most complex skill anyone ever learns
C. Most children have learning difficulties in acquiring their first language
D. One's mother tongue might not be the language of the parents
3. One can infer from the reading that ____.
A. One cannot be a native speaker of more than two languages
B. Very few children throughout the world learn to speak two languages
C. It is possible for a bilingual to become more competent in his second language
D. Bilinguals use their two languages for different purposes and functions

Listen and choose the correct answers (Track 1).

1. One purpose of the center is to help learners _____.
A. Meet new friends
B. Prepare for college
C. Find places to live
2. What is one course taught at the English Language Center?
A. TOEFL
B. Business English
C. US Culture
3. If the Fall semester begins on August 29th, by what date should one apply to the program?
A. June 29th
B. May 29th
C. June 29th
4. What is the tuition for a full-time student?

75
A. $2,013
B. $2,030
C. $2,300
5. Students need to send ______ to the center.
A. A sponsorship form
B. Teacher recommendations
C. Their high school transcript

Write a paragraph of at least 100 words to describe a language other than English that you
would like to learn.
Here are some suggestions:
● What the language is
● Where it is spoken
● What you think would be difficult

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Answer these questions:

● Do you often use a dictionary?
● What do you use dictionaries for?
● What kinds of dictionaries do you think are most useful?
● Do you think dictionaries are useful for learning a language?
76
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Read and choose the correct answers.

Communication in Groups
The sheer number of people in a group affects the amount of communication. Consider the
difference between communication between two friends and communication in a group of five
people. When friends talk, there are two people sending and receiving messages. In a group of five,
there are five people doing the same thing. Each idea that is expressed must be understood by four
others, who may also choose to respond. Consequently, the greater number of people in a group,
the fewer contributions an individual may make. Because there are disadvantages to large groups,
you might assume that small groups would be the most effective. However, groups can be too small
as well as 100 people large. With too few members, a group has limited resources, which eliminates
a primary advantage of groups for decision making. Also, members may be unwilling to disagree or
criticize each other's ideas. I believe that five to seven members is the ideal size for a small group.

77
1. We can conclude from the reading that in large groups ____.
A. There is always a chaos at the end of each discussion
B. No one criticizes each other's ideas
C. Before a decision is made everyone has to express their ideas individually
D. There is less opportunity for each person to speak
2. According to the passage, small groups ____.
A. Are always more successful than large groups in terms of decision making
B. Can have some disadvantages as well
C. Express their criticism more freely than large groups
D. Have always infinite resources
3. The author of the article suggests that ____.
A. The number of people in a small group must not be more than five
B. Large groups are always superior to small groups
C. The ideal size for a small group should be five to seven
D. Small groups are better as members of them have a chance lo criticize each other

Listen and circle the best answer.

1. The man's book is called "Learning Languages _____."
A. Over Eggs and Toast
B. At Breakfast Time
C. With Ease
2. This conversation probably takes _____.
A. In an auditorium B. In a classroom C. On TV
3. One of the most important points of language learning is ____.
A. Exposing oneself to the target culture
B. Coming up with a study plan
C. Attending a good language program
4. Dr. Adams suggests that students _____.
A. Interact with native speakers
B. Have realistic learning goals
C. Travel overseas
78
5._______ would help Dr. Adams in his own study.
A. Moving around while learning
B. Reading books and magazines
C. Listening and discussing ideas

Write a paragraph to describe the first time you used a foreign language to communicate.
You should write:
● What the situation was
● Where you were
● Who you communicated with
● And explain why you used a foreign language to communicate on this occasion.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Speaking: Talk to your partner to describe something you did to help learning another language.
You should say:
● What you did
● Where and when you did it
● Who you did it with and explain why it was helpful

79
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Speak and record your audio to share your ideas.

Questions:
● Do you like learning languages?
● What languages do you speak?
● Do you think learning languages is important?
● How did you learn the languages that you know?
● Can you learn more than one language at a time?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
80
 9 PRACTICE: LISTENING

1. Dạng bài Matching

Đây là dạng bài khá phổ biến trong phần thi IELTS Listening. Nó thường xuất hiện ở Section 3 khi
bạn cần phải nối các thông tin của nhiều người trong đoạn hội thoại với các thông tin tương ứng.
Bạn cần chuẩn bị một chiến lược tốt cho dạng bài này. Trước khi bắt đầu nghe dạng bài này, bạn sẽ
được cho một chút thời gian để chuẩn bị và sau đây là cách làm và tips cho dạng bài này. Một điều
mà bạn sẽ cảm thấy là chướng ngại vật lớn nhất của bạn đó là lúc đầu bạn sẽ bị gây nhiễu bởi một
số thông tin ngoài lề.

● Phân tích, nhận dạng câu hỏi: hãy tìm hiểu xem bạn cần phải trả lời những câu hỏi về thông
tin gì. Đầu tiên hãy tìm hiểu sự liên quan giữa câu hỏi đề bài và các lựa chọn trong bài. Sau
đó gạch chân từ keyword mà đề bài yêu cầu bạn trả lời và những thông tin mà bạn cho là
quan trọng.
● Ở dạng bài này, các bạn cần lưu ý rằng các câu trả lời sẽ không theo trình tự nghe.
● Một lưu ý nữa đó là các từ đồng nghĩa hay các cụm từ được paraphrase sẽ được sử dụng
khá phổ biến trong bài. Nhiệm vụ của các bạn là thật nhanh chóng tìm hiểu nghĩa tương
đương để tìm câu trả lời chính xác.
● Hãy cẩn thận với những thông tin gây nhiễu cho bạn. “But” hay “However” sẽ là những từ
báo hiệu cho sự thay đổi các thông tin mà bạn nghe được trước đó. Vì vậy, bạn hãy cẩn thận

81
 với các thông tin sau những từ nối này. Và loại bỏ những đáp án đó để có thể chọn lựa các
đáp án đúng.
● Khi ghi chép đáp án, hãy để ý đáp án là A,B, C thay vì các cụm từ.
● Các bạn cũng có thể luyện tập để có thể đoán được đáp án và loại trừ các đáp án sai dễ dàng
hơn.
2. Dạng bài Multiple choice question
Ở phần thi IELTS Listening, các bạn có thể gặp dạng câu hỏi multiple choice, với dạng bài này sẽ gồm
2 dạng chính
● Câu hỏi đơn với các đáp án A,B, C hoặc D
● Liệt kê các câu hỏi. Những câu hỏi này có một danh sách dài hơn các câu trả lời có thể và
bạn phải chọn nhiều hơn một câu như được chỉ định trong câu hỏi.
Một số chiến lược cho dạng bài này trong phần thi IELTS Listening:
● Đọc kỹ câu hỏi thật kỹ trước khi làm bài.
● Hãy để ý kỹ các tiêu đề, các keyword của ý trả lời và gạch chân dưới những từ đó.
● Ở dạng câu hỏi này, có thể bạn sẽ nghe thấy TẤT CẢ những từ xuất hiện ở TẤT CẢ các đáp
án được đưa ra. 2 trong 3 đáp án đó hiển nhiên là không phải câu trả lời đúng nên bạn cần
chú ý nghe thật kỹ để chắc chắn rằng bạn sẽ tìm ra được câu trả lời
● Hãy nghe thật kỹ các thông tin trong bài nghe, để ý các từ đồng nghĩa, các cụm từ paraphrase
để có thể chọn đáp án chính xác.

82
3. Dạng bài Map labelling

Dạng bài dán nhãn thông tin cũng là dạng bài khá phổ biến trong phần thi IELTS Listening. Để làm
dạng bài này với ít lỗi sai nhất, bạn cần có chiến lược làm như sau:
● Đọc đề bài cẩn thận –bạn cần biết bạn sẽ phải làm gì và yêu cầu về số lượng từ và/ hoặc số
nhiều nhất mà bạn cần điền trong câu trả lời của mình.
● Biết những từ vựng về vị trí – bạn cần phải có những từ mà thường dùng để miêu tả vị trí
các vật như: + At the top / at the bottom, On the left / on the right, Left hand side / right
hand side, South / North / East / West, Southeast / Southwest / Northeast / Northwest,
To the north / to the south / to the east / to the west, Opposite / in front of / behind, In
the middle / in the centre, Above / below, Inside / outside, Just beyond...
● Hiểu được ngữ cảnh – hãy nghe cẩn thận từ lúc đầu vì người nói sẽ cung cấp cho bạn ngữ
cảnh của bài nghe, (Ví dụ như vị trí của bạn) điều này sẽ giúp bạn bắt kịp với bài thi IELTS
Listening. Ngoài ra, bạn cần nhìn bao quát cả bản đồ. Việc này sẽ giúp bạn xác định chính
xác đáp án cần điền.
● Đoán đáp án – cũng như tất cả các bài thi nghe, điều này sẽ giúp bạn đoán được đáp án có
thể là gì.

83
 ● Chú ý đến những manh mối khác trong bản đồ - ví dụ, ở góc bản đồ có 1 cái la bàn cho bạn
biết các hướng “Bắc”, “Nam”, “Đông”, “Tây”. Điều này có nghĩa là những cụm này có thể sẽ
được dùng để chỉ dẫn cho bạn.Vậy nên hãy cố gắng nghe những từ đó.
4. Dạng bài Sentence Completion
Trong phần thi IELTS Listening, các bạn thí sinh có thể gặp dạng bài hoàn thiện, nối câu với các thông
tin cho trước. Dưới đây là một số gợi ý cho cách làm dạng bài này trong phần thi IELTS Listening:
● Một việc quan trọng đầu tiên đó là đọc kỹ câu hỏi và yêu cầu của đề bài. Đọc câu trả lời để
hiểu ý nghĩa của các câu hỏi và luyện tập dự đoán câu trả lời.
● Trong quá trình nghe, hãy tập trung 100% để không bị miss mất thông tin.
● Kiểm tra lại ngữ pháp và từ vựng để chắc chắn rằng mình đã hoàn thành đúng tiêu chí của
đề bài và không sai chính tả.
● Bạn cần đọc kỹ câu hỏi và chú ý số từ cần điền ở trên. Nếu đủ thời gian, gắng hiểu nghĩa của
câu hỏi và tìm từ khóa quan trọng, gạch chân lại.
● Bạn có thể đoán được loại từ và có thể là chia theo thì ngữ pháp như thế nào trong một số
trường hợp. Nếu không đoán được thì đừng cố quá, hãy ghi nhớ ý nghĩa câu rồi luyện tập
nghe dần.
● Bạn chú ý đến những từ xuất hiện trước và sau khoảng chỗ trống vì đó có thể là manh mối
để bạn biết được đáp án, khi nghe nên chú ý nhiều đến các từ này.
● Chú ý những từ chuyển hướng như but, although, however...vì đây là dấu hiệu ý nghĩa câu
sẽ được thay đổi và có thể ảnh hưởng đến câu trả lời cuối cùng. Nhưng không phải lúc nào
các từ này xuất hiện thì đáp án là câu sau mà có thể vẫn là câu trước. Nghe kỹ là điều quan
trọng nhất trong phần thi này trong phần thi IELTS Listening.

84
5. Dạng bài Note completion

Với dạng bài Note completion, các bạn có thể tham khảo chiến lược làm bài sau cho phần thi IELTS
Listening:
Bước 1: Khoanh tròn số từ cần điền và để ý yêu cầu của đề bài
● NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER nghĩa là number = one word
Bước 2: Để ý khoảng trống bạn cần điền + Gạch chân keywords
● Việc đầu tiên bạn cần làm đó là đọc như chữ in đậm, tiêu đề của mỗi cột, xem mỗi cột tương
ứng với cái gì.
Bước 3: Lựa chọn đáp án + Đọc kỹ những từ vệ tinh
● Bạn cần nghe thật kỹ, không để sót, không để bị lừa, không để bị miss thông tin. Hãy lưu ý
và nghe kỹ những từ xuất hiện xung quanh khoảng trống, những giới từ ví dụ như of, about,
for.... Đây là những từ quan trọng có thể nghe trong bài audio, thông thường những giới từ
(khoảng 60%) sẽ giữ nguyên trong bài audio, nên cần nghe kỹ và ghi nhớ giới từ và những từ
xung quanh khoảng trống (mình gọi là những từ vệ tinh).
Bước 4: Kiểm tra đáp án
● Kiểm tra xem từ này có cần “s” hay không, kiểm tra lại từ mình đã điền đã phù hợp với loại
từ cần điền vào chưa.
● Kiểm tra xem đáp án mình điền vào là đáp án cuối cùng hay chưa, trong băng thường sẽ xuất
hiện những đáp án gây nhiễu để khó xác định được đáp án chính xác, các bạn hãy chú ý lắng
nghe những từ nối như “but”, “however”, “so”...
● Kiểm tra xem đáp án mình ghi trong tờ đề khớp với đáp án trong “answer sheet” chưa, chính
tả đúng chưa...

85
 ● Nếu phân vân giữa 2 đáp án, thì nên nhìn những đáp án xung quanh để lựa chọn, khả năng
đúng sẽ cao hơn, hoặc dùng phương pháp loại trừ vào phút cuối.
6. Dạng bài Flowchart/diagram completion
Đây là dạng bài cũng khá ít khi ra trong bài thi IELTS Listening. Thông thường sẽ có một quy trình về
một quá trình vận hành như máy móc, sản xuất một dây chuyền hoặc một mô hình nào đó. Chúng
ta cần nghe và điền từ vào chỗ trống. Để làm dạng bài này, cần phải lưu ý thứ tự câu trả lời. Vì dạng
bài vẽ hình thức theo sơ đồ, hình vẽ nên câu hỏi sắp xếp tùy ý. Chúng ta phải đọc biểu đồ/process
và xem xét xem quá trình đó bắt đầu từ đâu và đi theo chiều như thế nào.
Các bước làm bài để bạn có thể chinh phục dạng bài này trong phần thi IELTS Listening như sau:
Bước 1: Đọc đề bài và gạch chân
● Chú ý số lượng từ mà bạn cần điền vào.
Bước 2: Đọc biểu đồ, gạch chân các từ khóa
● Cần lưu ý:
- Title của biểu đồ
- Từng giai đoạn của biểu đồ
● Phải nắm rõ quy luật: Các thông tin trong bài đọc thường sẽ xuất hiện cùng trình tự với thông
tin có trong biểu đồ.
Bước 3: Chọn đáp án
● Khi chọn đáp án nhớ chú ý những từ ngữ xung quanh, có hòa hợp về mặt ngữ nghĩa, từ loại,
giới từ hay không. Sau đó, các bạn hãy kiểm tra kỹ chính tả của các từ mà bạn vừa điền và
số lượng từ có phù hợp với yêu cầu của đề bài hay không.

86
7. Dạng bài Short answer
Dạng bài này khá ít gặp trong phần thi IELTS Listening. Tuy nhiên các bạn thí sinh cũng cần lưu ý
một số các chiến lược làm bài sau để có thể chinh phục được dạng bài này:

Bước 1: Khoanh tròn số từ cần điền

● Ví dụ khi yêu cầu của đề bài như sau: NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER
nghĩa là number = one word
● Hãy cẩn thận với yêu cầu của đề bài trong phần thi IELTS Listening để có thể tránh mất điểm
khi viết câu trả lời trong tờ trả lời trong answer sheet.
Bước 2: Khoanh tròn từ để hỏi
● Chúng ta sẽ một số từ để hỏi basic như 5W – 1H: Why, what, where, when, who và how.
Nhưng khi nhìn những câu hỏi trong bài thi, chúng ta nên khoanh những gì cụ thể hơn.
Bước 3: Dự đoán trước câu trả lời
● Bạn có thể dự đoán câu trả lời dựa trên các từ liên quan ở câu hỏi hoặc các thông tin trong
đề bài.
Bước 4: Check lại đáp án
● Kiểm tra thật kỹ lại xem đáp án của mình có cần mạo từ “a” hay “the” “The” không, ví dụ a
book, the park, The Secret Garden (tên riêng của sách), nếu có thì mạo từ cũng được tính là

87
 ONE WORD, cho nên phải kiểm tra lại độ cần thiết và yêu cầu đề bài về số lượng từ cần điền.
Thông thường, tên riêng có “the” như trên thì các bạn cần để ý.
● Kiểm tra xem có cần “s” hay không, hãy ôn tập kĩ những danh từ đếm được số nhiều, danh
từ không đếm được, danh từ không thể thêm “s” được, danh từ/ cụm danh từ bắt buộc luôn
phải có “s”.
8. Dạng bài Form completion
Đây là dạng Điền vào biểu mẫu, form là biểu mẫu, completion là điền vào. Thông thường dạng Form
Completion hay xuất hiện ở Section 1 của bài thi Listening. Sẽ bao gồm 1 đoạn hội thoại giữa 2 người
nói chuyện qua điện thoại, thường có thể là đặt phòng khách sạn, hỏi về 1 tour du lịch, đặt sảnh
tiệc, phỏng vấn 1 công việc nào nó để apply, gọi lên tổng đài hỏi về một thứ gì đó...
Trước khi làm bài cần phải chú ý SỐ LƯỢNG từ cần điền vào. Bạn hãy chú ý đề bài có thể yêu cầu
ONE WORD ONLY hoặc NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS (đây là giới hạn số từ bạn được điền).
Dưới đây là cách làm bài cho dạng bài này để bạn có thể ghi điểm trọn vẹn trong phần thi IELTS
Listening:
Bước 1: Khoanh tròn số từ cần điền
● Như đã nhắc đến ở trên, các bạn cần xác định rõ số từ và số number cần điền. Lấy ví dụ trong
đề bài có ghi “ONE WORD ONLY - Điền một từ duy nhất” ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER -
Điền một từ và/ hoặc một số. Ví dụ 2002 cũng được tính là 1 từ, 1st December được tính là
1 từ và 1 số, chữ “st” ko tính.
● Tương tự, NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER - Điền không quá hai từ
và/hoặc một số. Thường trước khi làm bài chúng ta nên ghi ra, ví dụ One word Only thì ghi
số 1 to khổng lồ rồi khoanh tròn lại trên đầu bài cho dễ nhớ.
● Ví dụ bài này, mình cần điền “ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER” thì ta cần điền 1 từ hoặc 1
số, hoặc là Một từ và một số.
Bước 2: Đọc khoảng trống + Gạch chân keywords
● Ở mỗi khoảng trống, cần điền vào loại từ gì, loại từ gì thích hợp ví dụ như verb, noun, adv,
adj... Nếu bạn tinh tế hơn, sẽ nhận ra từ cần điền maybe đa số là noun (danh từ), vậy xác
định rõ hơn từ cần điền là 1 cái tên (tên nhà hàng, nhân vật, khách sạn, công viên, con
đường), con số (số điện thoại, số nhà, số postcode,...), hay một địa danh, màu sắc,....
● Song song với việc đó, các bạn sẽ tìm và gạch chân các keywords trong form, gạch chân
những từ mang tính giúp bạn nghe từ cần điền tốt hơn, những từ nào nổi bật, mang thông
tin quan trọng trong câu, chúng sẽ giúp chúng ta tìm thông tin trong bài nghe và điền thông
tin vào khoảng trống. Đọc từ khóa của phần thi IELTS Listening không phức tạp như ở
Reading, vì bạn không có nhiều thời gian mà sẽ nghe luôn ngay sau đó khoảng 30s – 1 phút,
cho nên không cần phức tạp nhiều, đọc đơn giản và thật nhanh chóng.

88
Bước 3: Lựa chọn đáp án + Đọc kỹ những từ vệ tinh
● Hãy lưu ý và nghe kỹ những từ xuất hiện xung quanh khoảng trống, những giới từ ví dụ như
of, about, for.... Đây là những từ quan trọng có thể nghe trong bài audio, thông thường
những giới từ (khoảng 60%) sẽ giữ nguyên trong bài audio, nên cần nghe kỹ và ghi nhớ giới
từ và những từ xung quanh khoảng trống (hay những từ vệ tinh).
Bước 4: Kiểm tra đáp án
● Ở bước cuối cùng, các bạn cần kiểm tra xem từ trong đáp án của phần thi IELTS Listening có
cần “s” hay không, kiểm tra lại từ mình đã điền đã phù hợp với loại từ cần điền vào chưa.
● Kiểm tra xem đáp án mình điền vào là đáp án cuối cùng hay chưa, trong băng thường sẽ xuất
hiện những đáp án gây nhiễu để khó xác định được đáp án chính xác, các bạn hãy chú ý lắng
nghe những từ nối như “but”, “however”, “so”...
● Kiểm tra xem đáp án mình ghi trong tờ đề khớp với đáp án trong “answer sheet” chưa, chính
tả đúng chưa...
● Nếu phân vân giữa 2 đáp án, thì nên nhìn những đáp án xung quanh để lựa chọn, khả năng
đúng sẽ cao hơn, hoặc dùng phương pháp loại trừ vào phút cuối.
● LƯU Ý: Với tất cả các dạng bài trong phần thi IELTS Listening, các bạn cần lưu ý rằng nếu bạn
bị bỏ lỡ mất một đáp án, đừng quá lo lắng mà hãy chuyển sang các từ cần điền tiếp theo
luôn. VÌ bỏ lỡ một câu sẽ không quan trọng bằng việc bạn bỏ lỡ quá nhiều các đáp án ở phía
sau.

89
Listen to track 1 and do the tasks below.

Questions 1-5
Complete the information below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER for each
answer.
TOUR INFORMATION
Destination Sydney
Tour type (1)____________

Tourist attractions The Harbour Bridge

The Opera House
The Queen Victoria (2)___________

Timetable From 7 am to (3)___________ pm

Closest stop (4)___________ metres out from here,

at the front of the (5)___________

Questions 6-10
Complete the booklet of ticket types below. Write ONE WORD OR A NUMBER for each answer.
TICKET TYPES
minimal (6)_________ $ Valid during (7)________ hours
(8)__________ 30$ Lasts all day
Lasts all day
premium (9)_________ $ free drinks and snacks
(10)_________

90
Listen to track 2 and do the tasks below.

QUESTIONS 1-10
Complete the form below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
PHONE INTERVIEW

Name John Murphy

Example: Position applying for Lifeguard

Street address: 45 (1) ________ Court

Contact phone number: (2)________

Current part-time job: (3)________

Previous job at Ridgemont High School (4)________

Additional relevant work experience: (5)________

Relevant skills/qualifications: CPR certification & (6)________

CPR certification expiration date: (7)________

Preferred weekly shift: (8)________

Time available to start work: (9)________

Advertisement source: (10)________

91
Questions 1-10
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

BIRMINGHAM EXHIBITION

● Open in: 1.________ .

● Length of exhibition: 2.________ .

● A wide range of manufacturers will be showcased.

● Some cars are available to observe and others are for 3.________ .

● The 4.________ is prohibited to take into the museum.

● Every ticket includes one free photo.

● Price of the ticket: 5. £________ (in advance).

● Transfer to Mark 6.________ (Box Office Manager).

● Held in the 7.________ Palace this year.

● Not far from 8.________ .

● Website: www. 9.________ .com.

● Best way to contact: 10.________ .

92
Listen to track 4 and do the tasks below.

Questions 1-10
Complete the note below
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer

CYCLING HOLIDAY IN AUSTRIA

- Most suitable holiday lasts 10 days (example)

- Holiday begins on 1________

- No more than 2_________ people in cycling group

- Each day, group cycles 3________ on average.

- Some of the hotels have a 4________

- Holidays costa 5__________ pounds per person without flights

- All food included except 6__________

- Essential to bring a 7____________

- Discount possible on equipment at www. 8____________ .com

- Possible that the 9______________ may change

- Guided tour of a 10___________ is arranged

93
Listen to track 5 and do the tasks below.

Choose the correct letter A, B or C.

1 What is the problem that the students are having with the project?

A The readings are too difficult

B The readings are not interesting
C The project is taking too long

2 When can extensions be granted?

A Problems with planning

B Illness or accidents
C Scheduling issues

What main problem do the students suggest each company has. Match the company to the
problem. The first has been done for you.

Choose your answers from the box and write the letters A–G next to questions 3–7.

A knowledge about their customers

B long-term gain

C competition

D customer satisfaction

E employees

F external factors

Example

E. Stacks Stationary

3. Princeton Windows _____

4. MK Cars _____

94
5. Lakeside Golf _____
6. Bryson's Meats _____
7. Mojo's Music Shop _____

Which opinion does each person express about Mojo's Music?

Choose your answers from the box and write the letters A-F next to questions 8-10.

A It has good managers

B It has been operating for too long

C There aren't enough music shops

D It needs more innovative marketing

E It will close down in the end

F It has a good long-term future

8. _____Sarah
9. _____John
10. _____Neil

95
 10 ON THE MOVE
Tourism, travel

1. Tourism

Trip package holiday

/trɪp/ /ˈpækɪʤ/ /ˈhɒlədeɪ/

eco-tourism outing resort

/ˈiːkəʊ-ˈtʊərɪz(ə)m/ /ˈaʊtɪŋ/ /rɪˈzɔːt/

canyon Landscape Museum

/ˈkænjən/ /ˈlænskeɪp/ /mju(ː)ˈzɪəm/

96
2. Travel

Temple Gallery rainforest

/ˈtɛmpl/ /ˈgæləri/ /ˈreɪnˌfɒrɪst/

cave waterfalls tribe

/keɪv/ /ˈwɔːtəfɔːlz/ /traɪb/

aquarium tour guide souvenir

/əˈkweərɪəm/ /tʊə gaɪd/ /ˈsuːvənɪə/

luggage = baggage hành lý

name tag thẻ tên trên hành lý
conveyor belt băng chuyền
customs clearance thông quan
biometric scan quét sinh trắc
electronic visa thị thực điện tử
handicraft đồ thủ công mỹ nghệ

97
antique đồ cổ
conference room phòng hội nghị
lock box két sắt chứa đồ quan trọng
bike rental dịch vụ cho thuê xe đạp
car rental dịch vụ cho thuê xe hơi
laundry and dry cleaning service dịch vụ giặt ướt và giặt khô
catering service dịch vụ ăn uống
wake-up call gọi điện báo thức
pet treats dịch vụ chăm sóc thú cưng
currency exchange đổi ngoại tệ

PLAYING GAMES: Divide students into 2 to 3 large groups. Each group will send a representative to
compete with other groups. The representatives will have to guess the word at Vocabulary and
Extend the Vocabulary through some host's actions or saying. The person who gives the correct
answer in the fastest time will get 1 point. In conclusion, the team with more points wins.

Read the text and choose the correct answers

Whether you're travelling to the islands or the mountains of Thailand, you're likely to spend at least
one night in its capital city on the way. Bangkok might be noisy and polluted but it's also an exciting
city with plenty of things to see and do. Why not make it a longer stay?
Where to stay
The Khao San Road was a famous traveller spot even before Leonardo di Caprio's character in the
film The Beach stayed there. But it's noisy, not very pretty and not very Thai. For something more
authentic, Phra Khanong offers an alternative place to stay, with its fantastic street markets where
everyday Bangkok people eat, work and live. It's not as convenient for the main tourist sites, but it
has a Skytrain station so you can be at the Grand Palace in 20 minutes.
How to get around
Bangkok's traffic can be a nightmare. Sure, you can easily take a taxi – if you want to spend hours
stuck in traffic jams – but there are two much better ways to get around the city. To explore the
temples and historical sites, catch an express boat river taxi or a longtail boat along the Chao Phraya
river and the canals. For the modern part of the city, the Skytrain is a fast, cheap way to travel from
the river to the shopping malls and nightlife of Sukhumvit, and the famous Chatuchak street market.

98
Where to eat
The simple answer is: everywhere! Thai street food is among the best in the world, and for around
$5 you can eat a filling and delicious meal. Some food stands have little plastic seats where you can
sit and eat and they cook the same dish over and over, like fried chicken on rice or Pad Thai noodles.
Head for Chinatown – Yaowarat Street – and choose whatever looks most interesting from the many
excellent Chinese and Thai restaurants and food stands.
What to do
After you've seen the main sites like the Giant Buddha at the temple of Wat Pho and the spectacular
Grand Palace, and shopped at Chatuchak market, check out the snake farm and watch the live snake
show. You can even touch a snake yourself if you want to!

1. One night is enough time to see Bangkok.

A. True B. False
2. Khao San Road is an authentic Thai area of the city.
A. True B. False
3. Phra Khanong is further away from the main tourist sites than Khao San Road is.
A. True B. False
4. The river boat taxis often get stuck in traffic too.
A. True B. False
5. Taking the Skytrain is a faster way to see the city than going by taxi.
A. True B. False
6. You need to choose where to eat carefully, as not everywhere is good.
A. True B. False

Listen and choose the correct answers (Track 1).

1. According to the teacher, tourism damages the things that tourists come to see.
A. True B. False

99
2. Most people who visited Goa before 1986 were poor.
A. True B. False
3. Before 1986, about 250,000 foreign tourists visited Goa per year.
A. True B. False
4. From 1986, there was an increase in package holidays to Goa.
A. True B. False
5. Local people welcomed the increase in tourism.
A. True B. False
6. Local people benefit from all-inclusive holiday packages.
A. True B. False
7. The removal of mangrove swamps increases the risk of coastal flooding.
A. True B. False
8. Tourism has led to an increase in crime.
A. True B. False

Write a paragraph of at least 100 words to describe a souvenir you bought in the last holiday.
Here are some suggestions:
● What it was
● When and where you went on this holiday
● What you did with it after you brought it home
● And explain why you thought it was special.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

100
Answer these questions:
● Do you like travelling?
● What is your favourite type of holiday?
● What do you do on holidays?
● Are there many tourists visiting your country?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Read and choose the correct answers.

Valley View Camping Ground
Many seasoned tourists find they don't like staying in hotels, and that they prefer to avoid large
cities. Does this description fit you? If the answer is yes, The Mountain View Camping Ground is for
you. Our camping grounds overlook the spectacular Hampson Valley. We rent tents, bungalows and
roulettes. If DIY yourself is your style bring your own tents or roulettes. All guests enjoy access to
cooking facilities, bathrooms with bathing facilities, and a playground for the children.
Our panoramic setting offers a wide variety of recreation activities as well as inspiring views of the
mountains. Chisom, a quaint summer-resort village, is just 10 minutes by car. Take advantage of the
many entertainment, shopping and relaxation opportunities including fitness centers, laundry/valet
101
services, solariums and much more. Have lunch in one of the many restaurants and savor the tasty
local cuisine.
Mountain View Campground offers fun, relaxation and opportunities for all types of outdoor
activities. Call us today to find out how we can make your next holiday perfect.

1. What type of tourist is described at the beginning of the reading?

A. A first time tourist
B. An old tourist
C. A tourist who has traveled a lot
2. The camping grounds overlook:
A. A tall mountain
B. An area between mountains
C. A city center
3. What type of accommodation can you not bring with you?
A. A roulette
B. A tent
C. A bungalow
4. Who cooks dinner?
A. The guests
B. The chef at the camping ground restaurant
C. Doesn't say
5. What does Valley View offer besides the inspiring views?
A. Laundry/valet services
B. A fitness center
C. Recreation activities
6. Where can tourists try the local cuisine?
A. At Valley View Camping Ground
B. In Chisom
C. In a bungalow

102
Listen and circle the best answer (Track 2).
1. What is the problem on the M1 southbound?
A. Road closure B. Breakdown
2. What is the problem on the M25 clockwise?
A. Roadworks B.heavy traffic
3. What is the problem with the East Coast rail line?
A. Fallen tree B. Engineering works
4. Harry plans to travel eastbound along the M8 between junctions 16 and 15.
A. Yes B. No
5. Denise wants to travel southbound along the M1 between junctions 24a and 24.
A. Yes B. No
6. Archie plans to travel westbound between junction 20 and junction 21.
A. Yes B. No
7. Ruth intends to travel clockwise around the M25 between junctions 25 to 28.
A. Yes B. No
8. Louise wants to travel on the Northern Rail route between Haydon Bridge and Bardon Mill.
A. Yes B. No
9. Carlos is planning to travel on the East Coast rail line between Edinburgh Waverley and Kirkcaldy.
A. Yes B. No

Write a paragraph (100 words) to describe a tourist attraction you once visited.
You should write:
● When you visited it
● Where is it situated
● Who you went with
● And say what about it you like the most

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
103
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Speaking: Talk to your partner to share your ideas about:

● Why do you think tourism is so developed now?
● How do people choose their destination?
● What kind of transport do you prefer on holidays? Why?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Speak and record your audio to describe a memorable journey you have made.
Suggestions:
● Where you were going
● How you were travelling
● Why you were making the journey

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

104
 11 THROUGH THE AGES
Time, History

1. Time

Bedtime Century decade

/ˈbɛdtaɪm/ /ˈsɛnʧʊri/ /ˈdɛkeɪd/

Horology Hourglass Clock

/hɒˈrɒləʤi/ /ˈaʊəglɑːs/ /klɒk/

Tardy lunar month timetable

/ˈtɑːdi/ /ˈluːnə mʌnθ/ /ˈtaɪmˌteɪb(ə)l/

105
2. History

Origin Ancestors Foreign invaders

/ˈɒrɪʤɪn/ /ˈænsɪstəz/ /ˈfɒrɪn ɪnˈveɪdəz/

Defeat Sacrificed Domination

/dɪˈfiːt/ /ˈsækrɪfaɪst/ /ˌdɒmɪˈneɪʃən/

Historical figures Heroine Patriotism

/hɪsˈtɒrɪkəl ˈfɪgəz/ /ˈhɛrəʊɪn/ /ˈpætrɪətɪzm/

Prominent leader Lãnh tụ kiệt xuất

Resistance Kháng chiến
Foreign invaders Giặc ngoại xâm
Sovereignty Chủ quyền
Misery Nỗi khổ
Ups and downs Thăng trầm
Decisiveness Kiên định
Patriotism Lòng yêu nước

106
Policy Chính sách
Eliminate invaders Đánh đuổi giặc ngoại xâm
Memorial Đài tưởng niệm
Honor Tôn vinh
Valuable tradition Truyền thống quý báu
Preserve Lưu giữ

PLAYING GAMES: Divide students into 2 to 3 large groups. Each group will send a representative to
compete with other groups. The representatives will have to guess the word at Vocabulary and
Extend the Vocabulary through some host's actions or saying. The person who gives the correct
answer in the fastest time will get 1 point. In conclusion, the team with more points wins.

Read the text and choose the correct answers

Colonial Times
There were the 13 original British colonies located along the eastern coast of the United States.
These 13 colonies decided to start their own country. The citizens revolted against the British, which
resulted in the Revolutionary War between the colonies and England. Before the war, though,
between 1585 and 1776, it was called the Colonial Times, and men, women, and children had
different experiences.
The roles of men and women depended on whether they were living on farms or in the city. If a man
in the city was not a tradesman, he may have been a professional, working as a lawyer, doctor, or
a merchant. The merchant was the owner of a store who ran his own business, but he spent many
hours on the job, sometimes traveling to other countries, and trading products to be sold in his shop.
Women on the other hand, stayed home and took care of the children. They made their own
clothing, soap, candles, and many other goods and products. In addition, they had to cook and serve
the meals sometimes with food from small gardens they tended. Farm life was harder than city life.
Some children had a chance to go to school, especially those living in the cities. Many farm children
would learn to read or write from their father or a minister. However, city boys normally attended
a place called the Dame school or a Latin Grammar school to learn how to read or write or learn
Latin, Greek and some basic math. The wealthier families with children might hire special tutors for
their children, or send them to schools located in England. Girls did not have the same opportunities
for learning as the boys, and many of them never learned to read or write.

107
Boys as young as six or seven would spend nearly 7 years learning a trade such as a blacksmith,
tailor, Cooper, wheelwright, or shoemaker. These young boys were called apprentices. Once they
learned the trade, they would become journeymen, but they would still work for a master and earn
regular wages. During busy times, they might work up to 16 hours a day, six days a week. Because
children on farms did not go to school so often, they were expected to work on the farm just like
any other adult. A day on the farm began with a breakfast of porridge and beer. Their days would
last from sunrise to sunset, doing most of the work by hand or with the help of an ox or horse. They
had to tend the fields, take care of livestock, chop wood, mend fences, and repair the barn or house.
The central meeting place for many people during colonial times was their church. Religion was very
important to the people. Everyone was expected to attend church every Sunday, and that included
farmers, professionals, and tradesman, who attended church each Sunday.
Slavery was also very common throughout the 13 colonies during the 1700s. Before slavery though,
there were indentured servants who were laborers brought over from Britain. These were people
who agreed to work for about 7 years in return for their passage to America. Slavery grew in the
colonies because the indentured servants were hard to get and it was costly. Many of the slaves
lived in tiny houses near the fields where they worked. Life for slaves was very difficult as they were
treated badly.
Most houses were small and contained a single room. Frames were wooden, roofs were dried
grasses, floors of dirt, and windows covered with paper. There was a fireplace inside for cooking and
heat. There was very little furniture and beds were simply straw turned into a mattress on the floor.
Living during the Colonial Times was quite different and much more difficult than today, but the
people worked hard, and did the best they could.

1. Which of the following resulted when the citizens of the colonies revolted against the British?
A. Colonial War
B. Revolutionary War
C. World War
D. War of 1776
2. All of the following were considered professional occupations EXCEPT:
A. Merchant
B. Farmer
108
C. Lawyer
D. Doctor
3. Which of the following is a true statement?
A. Farm life was much harder than city life.
B. City children and children on the farm all went to school.
C. Men had to make their own clothing.
D. Children did not work until they were 16.
4. Which of the following did young boys first become on their way to learning a trade?
A. Apprentices
B. Journeymen
C. Masters
D. Servants
5. Which of the following were laborers who were brought over from Britain?
A. Slaves
B. Journeymen
C. Apprentices
D. Indentured servants
6. Which of the following was common among nearly all of the people during Colonial Times?
A. Slavery
B. War
C. Religion
D. Education

Listen and choose the correct answers (Track 1).

1. The 1st of January is the first day of the year in which calendars?
A. Gregorian & Julian calendars
B. Greek and Roman calendars
C. Mesopotamian and Julian calendars
2. How many months had the 1st Roman calendar?
A. 14
109
B. 12
C. 10
3. Why the Romans decided to to change the New Year’s day from March to January?
A. Because on the 1st January was the day when the new consuls started their office
B. Because it was a way to honor the God Janus
C. Because in March there were too many celebrations
4. Why the 1st month of the year is called January?
A. Because in pre-christian Rome that day was dedicated to the God Janus
B. Because it was the coldest month in the year and in Latin Janus means cold
C. It was named in honor of a famous Roman king called Janus
5. On what day is the Odunde Festival celebrated?
A. On the 1st of January
B. On the 2nd Sunday of June
C. On the 1st day of July
6. What is the color that brings good luck according to the Chinese tradition?
A. Blue
B. Red
C. White
7. When do the muslims celebrate the new year’s day?
A. On the last day of the Ramadan
B. On the 1st day of Muharram
C. On the 2nd Friday after Muharram
8. In the countries that have their own calendar______
A. They use both the Gregorian and traditional calendar
B. They only use their traditional calendars
C. They no longer use their traditional calendars

Write a paragraph of at least 100 words to describe a historical building .

Here are some suggestions:
● What it is and where it is
● When it was built
● What kind of building it is
● And explain why you like to talk about it

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
110
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Answer these questions:

● Do you like history?
● Do you think it’s important to study history?
● Have you ever watched history films?
● Where do you study history?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Read and choose the correct answers.

The early 19th Century
The early 19th Century (the 1800s) was a time of great expansion and exploration in American
history, but also a time of warfare, political confusion, and the formation of identity. In
1800, Thomas Jefferson, the man responsible for writing the Declaration of Independence, was
elected President.

111
He viewed himself as a frontiersman, and did much to advance the future of the country. Most
notably, he made the Louisiana Purchase, in which 828,000 square miles of land, called the Louisiana
Territory, west of the Mississippi River was bought from French ruler Napoleon Bonaparte.
This was a huge amount of land, and gave the nation a lot of room to expand without the need for
war, and a large amount of natural resources. This would fuel the idea of Manifest Destiny which
grew in the 1840s, which gave Americans a sense that they had the duty to expand to the west and
'civilize' it, regardless of what the native tribes thought. Jefferson sent the famous Lewis and
Clark expedition west in 1803 to explore the new territory, and to uncover an easy path to the Pacific
Ocean, which they failed in doing.
Another major growth point was the court case Marbury v. Madison in 1803, which defined the
powers of the Supreme Court, and enabled them to nullify any decisions or laws made by Congress
or individual states which were decided to be unconstitutional.
The young country was faced with its first war since the Revolution-the War of 1812. This conflict
broke out because the British, who were fighting Napoleon, were kidnapping American sailors to
crew their ships, in a practice known as 'impressment.'
Britain was also supporting Native American tribes which resisted US control. The United States
wanted to prevent the British from doing this, and secretly wanted to conquer Canada, which was
at the time a British colony, if possible. The war went poorly from the beginning. The British navy
blockaded the United States and bankrupted them. The American attacks on Canada gained no
ground, and the annexation failed.
The British and Canadians were able to march south to Washington D.C., the capitol, and burn it to
the ground. However, a series of battles saw the British driven back, notably at Baltimore, where
the national anthem The Star-Spangled Banner was written by Francis Scott Key.
Andrew Jackson was an important military leader in these events, fighting several victorious battles
against the British, and conquering the British-supported natives. The war made him a hero and he
later became the 7th President of the United States. In the end, Napoleon was defeated in Europe,
and Britain did not need to impress sailors any more. Both sides declared peace. Despite nothing
being gained by either side, the Americans considered this war a victory, and it was a great boost to
national pride.
In the next few decades, the country took great strides. Politics were not as divisive as before, and
so it was called the Era of Good Feelings. The Monroe Doctrine was assumed in 1823, which stated
that if Europeans tried to meddle in North and South America, the United States would take it as a
hostile act, and by the same token the US promised to stay out of European affairs. This would
characterize US foreign policy until World War II.
The 1830s saw the Indian Removal Act, which would push the Native Americans further West, off
the land that the settlers wanted. This resulted in the Trail of Tears, in which thousands
of Cherokees were forcibly moved west in a death march in which thousands lost their lives.
The two-party political system also took shape during this time. The two parties which arose were
the Whigs and the Democrats.

112
And one of the biggest issues in US history, the abolition of slavery, grew in force in the 1840s. The
country was divided between people who thought slavery was a sin, and people who thought it was
a constitutional right. This division would lead to the Civil War.

1. What was the Louisiana Territory?

A. A huge tract of land bought by America from France
B. A Native American reservation
C. A trade route going through Louisiana
D. A battlefield in the War of 1812
2. What was decided in Marbury v. Madison?
A. The number of justices in the Supreme Court
B. How many times the Supreme Court would meet per year
C. The Supreme Court could not judge whether laws were unconstitutional
D. The Supreme Court could judge whether laws were unconstitutional
3. What was the cause of the War of 1812?
A. British impressment of US sailors
B. Americans ambitions to annex Canada
C. British support of native tribes hostile to America
D. All the above
4. What was the result of the War of 1812?
A. A boost in America's national pride
B. American Annexation of Canada
C. A large sum of money paid to the US by Britain
D. All the above
5. What was the Monroe Doctrine?
A. US foreign policy which said Europeans should not meddle in the Americas
B. A philosophy that meant Americans had a duty to colonize the west
C. An important Supreme Court case
D. The name of a peace treaty between the US and Britain
6. What happened during the Trail of Tears?
A. Thousands of Cherokee were forcibly removed to the west by the US government
B. US soldiers had to march through hostile territory to fight the British
C. Lewis and Clark explored the west
113
D. The Monroe Doctrine was established

Listen and circle the best answer. (Track 2)

Barbarians Rising: Rise and Fall of an Empire
1. According to the PhD Col. Kevin W. Farrell the rise of Rome______
A. Was the natural evolution of a small Greek city state
B. Was totally unpredictable
C. Was predestined
2. Roman expansionism was caused by________
A. The need of defending against other empires
B. The necessity of protecting their allies
C. Promoting wars and attacking other peoples
3. What did the Roman want from the territories that they conquered?
A. Glory and human capital
B. Gold, slaves and tributes
C. Wealth, glory and slaves
4. When did the Roman empire achieve its maximum territorial expansion?
A. 2nd century AD
B. 1st century BC
C. 1st century AD
5. According to the video in the 2n century the Romans_______
A. Were fighting each other for power
B. Were sitting at the top of the world
C. Were aware that something was wrong
6. Which were the causes for the crisis of the 3rd century?
A. Barbarian invasions, revolts and civil wars
B. Greed for more power, ambition and civil war
C. Useless emperors, revolts, hyperinflation and civil war
7. According to the historian Patrick Morris O’Connor Rome_______
A. Was a victim of its own success
B. Lost its wealth and it destroyed it
C. Was destroyed by the barbarians
8. At the end of the video they suggest that the Roman empire collapsed because_______
A. The entire project was a bad idea
B. The romans were weak
C. Empires are destined to rise and fall

114
Write a paragraph to describe an important historical event.
You should write:
● What event it is
● When it happened
● Who or what was involved in it
● And explain why you think it is an important historical
event

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Speaking: Talk to your partner to share your ideas about:

● Do you think people organize time in the same way?
● How do you feel when you are late for an appointment?
● Do you think it is important to be on time?
● How do you feel when others are late?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

115
Read the text and for questions 1-5 choose the correct options
Active Villagers
Residents of a small Welsh-speaking community have clubbed together to buy the post office and
shop, ten years after buying the pub.
The people of Llithfaen, Caernarfonshire were determined to prevent their village losing its focal
point. Ten years ago they paid £40,000 for the pub, called the Victoria, and now they have helped
to keep the shop open. Most of the cost, £19,500, was met by the local council and a European
Union grant, but the villagers needed to raise a further £6,000 to buy the shop from the owner who
is retiring.
John Jones, chairman of the community committee, said: “We went around every house and came
back with £500 more than we needed. The post office and the pub are essential to the life of the
village. There are no other amenities.
“We were not prepared to stand by and let the heart and soul be ripped out of our community. No
one else was going to help us so we decided to buy them ourselves.” Llithfaen had a population of
600 but that halved when nearby granite quarries were closed. The primary school was shut because
of the population decline but the locals turned it into a leisure centre and youth club.
The shop has been leased to Ffion Medi Llywelyn, 24, who lives in the village with her husband,
Dillon. She said: “There is a wonderful community spirit here.”
1. The Llithfaen Post Office ________
A. closed ten years ago.
B. has been saved by the local people.
C. has now closed.
2. The shop has been bought ________
A. by the local council
B. for £40,000.
C. with the help of the people who live in the area.
3. The shop was going to close ________
A. because of a decision by the European Union.
B. because the owner needed the money.
C. because the owner thought he was too old to run the shop
4. £500 ________
A. was paid by every person in the village.
B. was paid by the owner of the pub.
C. was the amount of money the villagers still had after the village post office had been bought.
5. Llithfaen no longer has ________
A. a school.correct
B. a leisure centre.
C. a pub.

116
 12 PRACTICE: READING
1. Dạng bài True/ False/ Not given, Yes/No/ Not Given
Đây là dạng bài yêu cầu bạn phải quyết định thông tin được đưa ra ở câu hỏi là Đúng hay Sai hoặc
là thông tin không có trong bài đọc (Not Given). Dạng câu hỏi này sẽ đưa cho bạn 1 list các câu hỏi,
và bạn cần chọn thông tin đó là Đúng – Sai – Không được đưa ra.

Vậy thì cách để làm bài như sau:

● Khi làm bài, các bạn luôn đọc chỉ dẫn cẩn thận
● Bạn đừng đoán mà hãy đọc kỹ để dựa vào đó làm bài
● Đọc tất cả các câu hỏi và cố gắng hiểu ý toàn câu thay vì chăm chăm tìm keywords. Đặc biệt
chú ý đừng quên những từ quan trọng ví dụ như các từ chỉ tần suất. Chỉ cần có một số từ
như thế này sẽ thay đổi toàn bộ nghĩa của câu “some, all, mainly, often, always and

117
 occasionally.” Ví dụ ‘Coca-Cola has always made its drinks in the U.S.A.’ sẽ có nghĩa khác
với ‘Coca-Cola has mainly made its drinks in the U.S.A.’
● Chú ý những động từ quan trọng trong câu ví dụ như “suggest, claim, believe and know”.
So sánh hai câu này nghĩa khác hẳn nhau: ‘The man claimed he was a British citizen,’ and
‘The man is a British citizen’.
● Skim và Scan – đọc lướt là kỹ năng cơ bản nhưng với dạng bài này thì bạn cần đọc kỹ phần
chứa đáp án để tránh bỏ sát và hiểu sai.
● Bạn cần chú ý từ đồng nghĩa – synonyms thay vì chăm chăm vào keywords. Điều này sẽ giúp
bạn xác định được phần chính xác chứa đáp án
● Tập trung vào câu hỏi rồi so sánh với phần chứa thông tin để xác định đáp án. Nhớ rằng ý
nghĩa cần đúng chính xác với thông tin trong bài, nếu chỉ tương tự vẫn là False – Sai.
● Nếu không thấy thông tin trong bài thì hãy chọn Not Given, đừng tốn thêm thời gian. Nếu
sau khi làm xong thừa thời gian thì bạn xem lại để chắc chắn hơn.
● Nếu bạn không thực sự chắc câu trả lời hoặc không tìm thấy câu trả lời cho câu hỏi đó thì
hãy đánh dấu là ‘not given’.
● Với dạng bài này, câu trả lời sẽ theo trật tự xuất hiện trong bài đọc do đó bạn có thể tham
khảo so sánh.
2. Dạng bài Matching Heading Questions
Bài thi Matching headings – nối tiêu đề là dạng bài đưa ra nhiệm vụ cho thí sinh là 5-7 tiêu đề cho
các đoạn văn trong bài văn. Hai phần nối này không giống nhau về số lượng, sẽ có nhiều tiêu đề hơn
đoạn văn và thí sinh sẽ phải lựa chọn để nối với đúng nội dung của đoạn văn trong bài thi.
Vậy thì cách để làm bài như sau:
● Bài dài nhưng để nắm được ý chung thì bạn cần đọc toàn bài. Điều này là rất cần thiết nên
nếu cảm thấy khó thì vẫn phải đọc.
● Hãy chú ý đến từ đồng nghĩa để tránh sập bẫy. Ví dụ bạn thấy trong heading, bạn có
“environmental” nhưng ta không tìm chính xác từ này trong đoạn văn vì có sự thay thế từ
ở đây. Bạn cần chọn đoạn chứa từ “green”. Bởi ở đây người ta có sử dụng cách
paraphrasing.
● Đọc kỹ Heading và nối theo từng đoạn được cho để kiểm tra độ logic nếu bạn sẽ thấy
Heading giống nhau, có ý nghĩa tương tự nhau. Có thể bạn thấy mất thời gian nhưng đừng
bỏ qua để tránh lỗi không đáng có.
● Tránh việc chỉ chú trọng vào từ vựng chung chung, có thể nối với nhiều đoạn. Quan tâm đến
những từ vựng đặc biệt chỉ dành riêng cho heading đó.
● Nếu gặp khó, hãy để đó và làm câu dễ trước. Vì thời gian bài thi sẽ giới hạn nên đừng cố quá
ở câu khó. Bên cạnh đó, sau khi hoàn thành các câu trả lời khác thì bạn sẽ hiểu hơn về bài
văn. Đừng cố phỏng đoán mà hãy làm bài dễ trước, sau đó quay lại lần nữa để trả lời.
118
3. Dạng bài Matching features - Nối đặc điểm
Đây là dạng bài yêu cầu bạn phải tìm thông tin cụ thể về đặc điểm của một người/địa điểm/điều nổi
bật trong bài. Đề bài cung cấp các danh từ riêng, bạn có nhiệm vụ nối chúng với những câu mang
thông tin miêu tả đặc điểm nổi bật nhất của danh từ đó.

119
Vậy thì cách để làm bài như sau:
● Scan bài đọc để tìm ra các lựa chọn trước và đánh dấu chúng. Chúng ta sẽ đọc kỹ những khu
vực này để tìm đáp án cho mỗi câu hỏi.
● Tìm và đánh dấu các từ khóa của tất cả các câu hỏi chứ không phải làm câu hỏi nào mới tìm
từ khóa cho câu hỏi đó. Qua việc này chúng ta sẽ hiểu rõ nghĩa của từng câu hỏi để có thể
so sánh với thông tin xuất hiện cùng các lựa chọn trong bài đọc.
● Làm câu hỏi dễ nhất trước. Câu hỏi dễ nhất thường bao gồm ít thông tin nhất hoặc lựa chọn
xuất hiện ít lần nhất trong bài đọc. Sau khi tìm ra đáp án cho mỗi câu hỏi, bạn sẽ hiểu rõ
hơn về bài đọc và sẽ dễ tìm câu trả lời hơn cho các câu hỏi sau. Lý do nữa là các câu hỏi khó
chưa tìm được câu trả lời sẽ làm tốn rất nhiều thời gian của bạn, hãy tạm thời bỏ qua chúng
đã. Sẽ có nhiều câu hỏi dễ hơn đang chờ bạn, và bạn sẽ quay lại hoàn thành các câu hỏi khó
sau khi đã làm hết các câu hỏi dễ.
● Để ý đến các từ đồng nghĩa và paraphrase vì hầu hết những thông tin trong câu hỏi sẽ được
miêu tả theo cách khác trong bài đọc.
● Một số lựa chọn có thể sẽ bị rút ngắn lại như Bill Gates -> Gates.
● Một số lựa chọn có thể sẽ xuất hiện vài lần trong bài đọc, do đó bạn cần phải hiểu rõ câu
hỏi để tìm ra đáp án.
● Có những trường hợp mà 2 lựa chọn xuất hiện trong cùng 1 câu, dễ làm rối trí. Lúc này ta
cần phải đọc thật kỹ và đảm bảo hiểu rõ ý nghĩa của câu thì mới có thể trả lời đúng.
4. Dạng bài Matching information
Matching information - Nối hai vế với nhau là dạng bài yêu cầu thí sinh phải tìm đoạn văn có chứa
thông tin được cho. Dạng bài này thường dễ mất nhiều thời gian của thí sinh nếu không nắm được
phương pháp cách làm. Có nhiều bạn vì mất nhiều thời gian cho dạng bài này mà không kịp làm hết
cả bài thi.
Vậy thì cách để làm bài như sau:
● Làm dạng câu hỏi này cùng với các câu hỏi khác của passage. Khi thấy passage có dạng câu
hỏi này, bạn hãy đọc các câu hỏi và gạch chân các từ khoá của tất cả các câu hỏi. Sau đó
chuyển sang làm các câu hỏi khác trước. Sau mỗi câu hỏi của dạng câu hỏi khác mà chúng ta
phải tìm và đọc thông tin của một paragraph nào đó, lúc này bạn đã nắm được một số thông
tin của đoạn văn đó rồi, bạn hãy quay trở lại với các câu hỏi matching này, so các từ khoá và
chọn đáp án cho đoạn văn đó luôn. Nếu chờ đến khi bạn làm hết các câu hỏi của các dạng
câu hỏi khác rồi mới làm các câu hỏi matching này thì bạn có thể đã quên nhiều hoặc phải
mất nhiều thời gian đọc lại hơn.
● Không nên cố gắng tìm hiểu ý chính của đoạn văn. Nhiệm vụ của bạn với câu hỏi này là tìm
chính xác thông tin cụ thể chi tiết nào đó trong đoạn văn phù hợp với thông tin của câu hỏi.
Sau đó phải hiểu ý nghĩa của đoạn đó để so sánh xem nó có phù hợp với ý nghĩa của câu hỏi
hay không.
120
 ● Nhận biết từ ngữ được sử dụng bằng cách diễn đạt khác:
+ Synonym
+ Paraphrase
+ Ý nghĩa khái quát chung của một phần bài viết (xem lý do của việc này bên dưới)
● Câu hỏi dạng này thường bao gồm 2 phần
+ Eg. How driving habits contribute to road problems?
+ Hỏi về cái gì : driving habits
+ Hỏi về vấn đề gì : How…. contribute to road problems
● Bạn sẽ dễ dàng để tìm các từ khóa của phần “Hỏi về cái gì”. Phần “Hỏi về vấn đề gì” thì bạn
cần phải đọc kỹ để hiểu ý nghĩa của đoạn văn đó hoặc ít nhất là những câu liên quan
đến phần “Hỏi về cái gì” trong đoạn văn để có thể kết luận có phải đáp án hay không.
5. Dạng bài Matching endings – Hoàn thành câu chưa hoàn chỉnh
Bài này có nghĩa là việc chọn kết nối hai câu văn chưa hoàn chỉnh với nhau. Đề ghi một list những
câu chưa hoàn chỉnh (no endings), và một list khác là những “endings”. Bạn có nhiệm vụ là dựa vào
nội dung bài text để nối các từ hai bên list với nhau thành câu hoàn chỉnh.
Dạng bài này thì thường không xuất hiện thường xuyên nhưng các bạn cũng cần học tốt để không
bị động khi dán.
121
Bài thi này kiểm tra kỹ năng hiểu ý chính của đoạn văn, ngữ pháp, cách liên kết ý của một câu.
Vậy thì cách để làm bài như sau:
● Dạng Matching endings sẽ có câu trả lời theo trật tự đoạn văn do đó đáp án câu 2 sẽ sau câu
1. Điều này giúp bạn dễ làm bài hơn.
● Hãy đoán nghĩa của câu trước khi kiểm tra endings nhé.
● Đọc đề (incomplete sentence) trước khi bạn đọc (endings) hoặc bài văn. Bạn sẽ thấy có
nhiều endings nên sẽ tốn thời gian để đọc hết endings trước.
● Tìm kiếm những cụm từ đồng nghĩa và cách viết lại từ vựng trong đề tương ứng với keyword
trước và trong khi đọc đoạn văn.
● Endings đều xuất hiện hết trong bài viết nhưng bạn không cần phải đọc hết mà chỉ đọc những
câu mà bạn nghĩ rằng phù hợp với câu đề (incomplete sentence).
● Tìm và gạch chân keywords, bạn chú ý những từ như “names, place names, dates, years...”
vì chúng dễ trả lời nhất.
● Câu hỏi khó nhất thường là câu đầu tiên nên bạn dùng nhiều thời gian cho câu này. Bạn có
nhiều lựa chọn khác nhau cho câu đầu tiên và điều đó khiến bạn mất nhiều thời gian. Câu
hỏi cuối sẽ mất ít nhiều thời gian vì bạn còn ít lựa chọn hơn.

122
6. Dạng bài Multiple choice – Chọn đáp án
Dạng câu hỏi này là câu trắc nghiệm, dễ gặp đối với bài thi Reading và hầu hết các bạn đều quen
thuộc. Câu hỏi dạng này tương tự với True/ False/ Not Given. Bạn cần chọn đáp án đúng trong tổng
số đáp án được cho, loại đi đáp án sai. Câu hỏi sẽ ghi rõ bạn cần chọn 1 hay bao nhiêu đáp án đúng.

Vậy thì cách để làm bài như sau:

● Không đọc bài đọc trước mà hãy đọc câu hỏi trước rồi mới tìm thông tin trả lời trong bài
đọc.
● Gạch hoặc đánh dấu các lựa chọn mà ta thấy hoàn toàn sai trước, lúc này ta sẽ tập trung
được hơn khi chỉ nhìn thấy những lựa chọn còn phân vân. (Thường có 2 lựa chọn dễ nhận
biết là sai, 1 lựa chọn có vẻ đúng, và 1 đáp án đúng. )
● Trước khi quyết định lựa chọn đáp án, hãy đọc kỹ lại câu hỏi và câu chứa thông tin trong bài
đọc.
● Thông tin trả lời của các câu hỏi được sắp xếp cùng trình tự với các câu hỏi, câu 4 sẽ xuất
hiện sau câu 3 và trước câu 5.
● Đánh dấu phần chứa thông tin của các câu hỏi trong bài đọc. Việc này sẽ giúp bạn dễ xác
định nơi nào sẽ chứa thông tin cho câu hỏi tiếp theo, vì thứ tự của câu hỏi sẽ trùng với thứ
tự xuất hiện thông tin trong bài đọc.
● Nếu còn ít thời gian mà bạn không tìm ra câu trả lời, hãy lựa chọn theo cảm tính, dù gì bạn
vẫn có 25% cơ hội đúng.

123
7. Dạng bài Short answer questions - Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn
Đây là dạng câu hỏi ngắn, đòi hỏi người làm phải trả lời theo yêu cầu với thông tin có được từ bài
đọc. Dạng này vô cùng quan trọng phần thi IELTS Reading và thường xuất hiện nhiều trong các đề
thi nên các bạn cần chú ý nhé.

Vậy thì cách để làm bài như sau:

● Câu hỏi được thực hiện theo trật tự bài đọc nên bạn cứ thế mà trả lời câu hỏi kế tiếp.
● Đọc câu hỏi rồi đọc đoạn văn, hiểu rõ ý của câu hỏi rồi mới tìm câu trả lời.
● Chú ý kỹ chỉ dẫn ‘NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER.’
● Câu trả lời không nhất thiết phải đúng ngữ pháp, chỉ cần đúng ý câu hỏi là được.
● Lấy thông tin từ bài đọc, không trả lời bằng ý kiến cá nhân
● Mẹo nhỏ nhưng không phải là tất cả: Keywords trong câu hỏi thường là Nouns (danh từ)
hoặc Noun phrases (cụm danh từ) nên bạn có thể chú trọng tìm phần này trước.
● Khi có keywords, luôn nhớ sang từ đồng nghĩa - synonyms and paraphrases để tìm thông
tin.
8. Dạng bài Gap Fill
Đây cũng là một dạng bài thường gặp trong bài thi IELTS. Bạn sẽ được đọc một bài đọc và dùng
thông tin trong bài đọc để điền vào bảng, biểu đồ, ghi chú…được cho.Dạng bài này là dạng thường
xuyên xuất hiện trong bài đọc IELTS.

124
Completing tables, charts, note, diagrams và Summary Completion là những tên khác gọi của dạng
câu hỏi này, cách làm cũng tương tự nên LangSchool sẽ tổng hợp chung để bạn áp dụng cho bài thi.

Vậy thì cách để làm bài như sau:

● Đọc đoạn tóm tắt và đoán nội dung mà cả đoạn thể hiện.
● Đọc đoạn văn. Kỹ năng cần thiết dành cho các bạn khi làm dạng bài này là đọc lướt nhanh
và tìm được đoạn văn có chứa thông tin liên quan đến đoạn tóm tắt ở câu hỏi, sơ đồ. Khi
tìm được thông tin tương tự thì bạn dừng lại để đối chiếu thông tin.
● Xác định dạng từ cần điền là danh từ, động từ, tính từ hay là chia động từ dạng quá khứ,
hiện tại hay tương lai...Phần này liên quan đến ngữ pháp cả đoạn văn.
● Dò theo từ khóa và đoạn văn sau đó điền từ theo xác định đúng ngữ pháp và đáp án từ
thông tin trong bài.
● Trong trường hợp từ cho sẵn, bạn sẽ dễ nhận ra được từ cần điền hơn nhưng trong trường
hợp đề bài không cho từ sẵn thì bạn tìm kiếm kỹ hơn một tí sẽ thấy được đáp án.
● Nếu còn băn khoăn về đáp án, bạn hãy ghi ra nháp và sau đó kiểm tra lại. Thường thì dạng
điền từ này không quá khó nên bạn sẽ tìm được đáp án thôi.
9. Dạng bài Completing sentences - Hoàn thành câu
Đây là dạng bài sẽ đưa ra cho bạn một số câu chưa hoàn thành và bạn cần phải sử dụng những từ
có trong đoạn văn để điền vào câu trả lời. Dạng câu này không quá khó nhưng cần tìm thông tin kỹ
cũng như chú ý đến ngữ pháp cẩn thận.

125
Vậy thì cách để làm bài như sau:
● Đọc phần hướng dẫn trước, ghi lại số từ mà bạn cần phải viết
● Đọc câu chưa hoàn chỉnh, đoán từ sẽ là đáp án đúng: loại từ gì, nghĩa có thể..
● Đọc những câu chưa hoàn chỉnh, có gắng đoán từ, dự đoán câu trả lời.
● Tìm kiếm từ đồng nghĩa, cụm từ viết lại câu tương ứng từ khóa
● Bạn Scan để tìm từ khóa sau đó xác định câu trả lời
● Sửa lại lỗi chính tả.
10. Dạng bài Completing diagrams – Hoàn thành biểu đồ
Đây là dạng bài rất phổ biến trong IELTS Reading. Bạn sẽ được cho một biểu đồ tương ứng với
đoạn văn và cần điền các từ, thông tin được cho trong đoạn văn vào biểu đồ đó.

126
Vậy thì cách để làm bài như sau:
● Đọc hướng dẫn, note số lượng từ được phép ghi.
● Nghiên cứu biểu đồ và cố gắng hiểu ý chính. Lướt qua nhanh.
● Gạch chân keywords tìm thấy
● Phân tích loại từ cần điền và cố gắng đoán câu trả lời
● Scan bài văn và xác định thông tin ở đoạn nào
● Đọc kĩ đoạn văn đó để tìm câu trả lời
● Check lại lỗi chính tả và hoàn thành.

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1
below.
Nutmeg – a valuable spice
The nutmeg tree, Myristica fragrans, is a large evergreen tree native to Southeast Asia. Until the
late 18th century, it only grew in one place in the world: a small group of islands in the Banda Sea,
part of the Moluccas – or Spice Islands – in northeastern Indonesia. The tree is thickly branched
with dense foliage of tough, dark green oval leaves, and produces small, yellow, bell-shaped flowers
and pale yellow pear-shaped fruits. The fruit is encased in a flesh husk. When the fruit is ripe, this
husk splits into two halves along a ridge running the length of the fruit. Inside is a purple-brown
shiny seed, 2-3 cm long by about 2 cm across, surrounded by a lacy red or crimson covering called
an ‘aril’. These are the sources of the two spices nutmeg and mace, the former being produced from
the dried seed and the latter from the aril.
Nutmeg was a highly prized and costly ingredient in European cuisine in the Middle Ages, and was
used as a flavouring, medicinal, and preservative agent. Throughout this period, the Arabs were the
exclusive importers of the spice to Europe. They sold nutmeg for high prices to merchants based in
Venice, but they never revealed the exact location of the source of this extremely valuable
commodity. The Arab-Venetian dominance of the trade finally ended in 1512, when the Portuguese
reached the Banda Islands and began exploiting its precious resources.
Always in danger of competition from neighbouring Spain, the Portuguese began subcontracting
their spice distribution to Dutch traders. Profits began to flow into the Netherlands, and the Dutch
commercial fleet swiftly grew into one of the largest in the world. The Dutch quietly gained control
of most of the shipping and trading of spices in Northern Europe. Then, in 1580, Portugal fell under
Spanish rule, and by the end of the 16th century the Dutch found themselves locked out of the
market. As prices for pepper, nutmeg, and other spices soared across Europe, they decided to fight
back.

127
In 1602, Dutch merchants founded the VOC, a trading corporation better known as the Dutch East
India Company. By 1617, the VOC was the richest commercial operation in the world. The company
had 50,000 employees worldwide, with a private army of 30,000 men and a fleet of 200 ships. At
the same time, thousands of people across Europe were dying of the plague, a highly contagious
and deadly disease. Doctors were desperate for a way to stop the spread of this disease, and they
decided nutmeg held the cure. Everybody wanted nutmeg, and many were willing to spare no
expense to have it. Nutmeg bought for a few pennies in Indonesia could be sold for 68,000 times its
original cost on the streets of London. The only problem was the short supply. And that’s where the
Dutch found their opportunity.
The Banda Islands were ruled by local sultans who insisted on maintaining a neutral trading policy
towards foreign powers. This allowed them to avoid the presence of Portuguese or Spanish troops
on their soil, but it also left them unprotected from other invaders. In 1621, the Dutch arrived and
took over. Once securely in control of the Bandas, the Dutch went to work protecting their new
investment. They concentrated all nutmeg production into a few easily guarded areas, uprooting
and destroying any trees outside the plantation zones. Anyone caught growing a nutmeg seedling
or carrying seeds without the proper authority was severely punished. In addition, all exported
nutmeg was covered with lime to make sure there was no chance a fertile seed which could be
grown elsewhere would leave the islands. There was only one obstacle to Dutch domination. One
of the Banda Islands, a sliver of land called Run, only 3 km long by less than 1 km wide, was under
the control of the British. After decades of fighting for control of this tiny island, the Dutch and
British arrived at a compromise settlement, the Treaty of Breda, in 1667. Intent on securing their
hold over every nutmeg-producing island, the Dutch offered a trade: if the British would give them
the island of Run, they would in turn give Britain a distant and much less valuable island in North
America. The British agreed. That other island was Manhattan, which is how New Amsterdam
became New York. The Dutch now had a monopoly over the nutmeg trade which would last for
another century.
Then, in 1770, a Frenchman named Pierre Poivre successfully smuggled nutmeg plants to safety in
Mauritius, an island off the coast of Africa. Some of these were later exported to the Caribbean
where they thrived, especially on the island of Grenada. Next, in 1778, a volcanic eruption in the
Banda region caused a tsunami that wiped out half the nutmeg groves. Finally, in 1809, the British
returned to Indonesia and seized the Banda Islands by force. They returned the islands to the Dutch

128
in 1817, but not before transplanting hundreds of nutmeg seedlings to plantations in several
locations across southern Asia. The Dutch nutmeg monopoly was over.
Today, nutmeg is grown in Indonesia, the Caribbean, India, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and Sri
Lanka, and world nutmeg production is estimated to average between 10,000 and 12,000 tonnes
per year.

Questions 1-4
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.
The nutmeg tree and fruit
● The leaves of the tree are 1____________ in shape
● The 2____________ surrounds the fruit and breaks open when the fruit is ripe
● The 3____________ is used to produce the spice nutmeg
● The covering known as the aril is used to produce 4____________
● The tree has yellow flowers and fruit

Questions 5-7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 5-7 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
5. ____________ In the Middle Ages, most Europeans knew where nutmeg was grown.
6. ____________ The VOC was the world’s first major trading company.
7. ____________ Following the Treaty of Breda, the Dutch had control of all the islands where
nutmeg grew.

Questions 8-13
Complete the table below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.

Middle Ages Nutmeg was brought to Europe by the 8____________

16th century European nations took control of the nutmeg trade

129
 Demand for nutmeg grew, as it was believed to be effective
against the disease known as the 9____________
The Dutch
– took control of the Banda Islands
17th century
– restricted nutmeg production to a few areas
– put 10____________ on nutmeg to avoid it being cultivated
outside the islands
– finally obtained the island of 11____________ from the British

1770 – nutmeg plants were secretly taken to 12____________

Late 18th century 1778 – half the Banda Islands’ nutmeg plantations were
destroyed by a 13____________

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 2
below.
Could urban engineers learn from dance?

A
The way we travel around cities has a major impact on whether they are sustainable. Transportation
is estimated to account for 30% of energy consumption in most of the world’s most developed
nations, so lowering the need for energy-using vehicles is essential for decreasing the
environmental impact of mobility. But as more and more people move to cities, it is important to
think about other kinds of sustainable travel too. The ways we travel affect our physical and mental
health, our social lives, our access to work and culture, and the air we breathe. Engineers are tasked
with changing how we travel round cities through urban design, but the engineering industry still
works on the assumptions that led to the creation of the energy-consuming transport systems we
have now: the emphasis placed solely on efficiency, speed, and quantitative data. We need radical
changes, to make it healthier, more enjoyable, and less environmentally damaging to travel around
cities.
130
B
Dance might hold some of the answers. That is not to suggest everyone should dance their way to
work, however healthy and happy it might make us, but rather that the techniques used by
choreographers to experiment with and design movement in dance could provide engineers with
tools to stimulate new ideas in city-making. Richard Sennett, an influential urbanist and sociologist
who has transformed ideas about the way cities are made, argues that urban design has suffered
from a separation between mind and body since the introduction of the architectural blueprint.
C
Whereas medieval builders improvised and adapted construction through their intimate knowledge
of materials and personal experience of the conditions on a site, building designs are now conceived
and stored in media technologies that detach the designer from the physical and social realities
they are creating. While the design practices created by these new technologies are essential for
managing the technical complexity of the modern city, they have the drawback of simplifying reality
in the process.
D
To illustrate, Sennett discusses the Peachtree Center in Atlanta, USA, a development typical of the
modernist approach to urban planning prevalent in the 1970s. Peachtree created a grid of streets
and towers intended as a new pedestrian-friendly downtown for Atlanta. According to Sennett, this
failed because its designers had invested too much faith in computer-aided design to tell them how
it would operate. They failed to take into account that purpose-built street cafés could not operate
in the hot sun without the protective awnings common in older buildings, and would need energy-
consuming air conditioning instead, or that its giant car park would feel so unwelcoming that it
would put people off getting out of their cars. What seems entirely predictable and controllable on
screen has unexpected results when translated into reality.
E
The same is true in transport engineering, which uses models to predict and shape the way people
move through the city. Again, these models are necessary, but they are built on specific world views
in which certain forms of efficiency and safety are considered and other experiences of the city
ignored. Designs that seem logical in models appear counterintuitive in the actual experience of
their users. The guard rails that will be familiar to anyone who has attempted to cross a British road,
for example, were an engineering solution to pedestrian safety based on models that prioritise the
smooth flow of traffic. On wide major roads, they often guide pedestrians to specific crossing points
and slow down their progress across the road by using staggered access points divide the crossing
into two – one for each carriageway. In doing so they make crossings feel longer, introducing
psychological barriers greatly impacting those that are the least mobile, and encouraging others to
make dangerous crossings to get around the guard rails. These barriers don’t just make it harder to
cross the road: they divide communities and decrease opportunities for healthy transport. As a
result, many are now being removed, causing disruption, cost, and waste.

131
F
If their designers had had the tools to think with their bodies – like dancers – and imagine how these
barriers would feel, there might have been a better solution. In order to bring about fundamental
changes to the ways we use our cities, engineering will need to develop a richer understanding of
why people move in certain ways, and how this movement affects them. Choreography may not
seem an obvious choice for tackling this problem. Yet it shares with engineering the aim of designing
patterns of movement within limitations of space. It is an art form developed almost entirely by
trying out ideas with the body, and gaining instant feedback on how the results feel.
Choreographers have a deep understanding of the psychological, aesthetic, and physical
implications of different ways of moving.
G
Observing the choreographer Wayne McGregor, cognitive scientist David Kirsh described how he
‘thinks with the body’, Kirsh argues that by using the body to simulate outcomes, McGregor is able
to imagine solutions that would not be possible using purely abstract thought. This kind of physical
knowledge is valued in many areas of expertise, but currently has no place in formal engineering
design processes. A suggested method for transport engineers is to improvise design solutions and
instant feedback about how they would work from their own experience of them, or model designs
at full scale in the way choreographers experiment with groups of dancers. Above all, perhaps, they
might learn to design for emotional as well as functional effects.
Questions 1-6
Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
1. ____________Reference to an appealing way of using dance that the writer is not proposing
2. ____________An example of a contrast between past and present approaches to building
3. ____________Mention of an objective of both dance and engineering
4. ____________Reference to an unforeseen problem arising from ignoring the climate
5. ____________Why some measures intended to help people are being reversed
6. ____________Reference to how transport has an impact on human lives
Questions 7-13
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.
Guard rails
Guard rails were introduced on British roads to improve the 7____________of pedestrians, while
ensuring that the movement of 8____________is not disrupted. Pedestrians are led to access
points, and encouraged to cross one 9____________at a time.
An unintended effect is to create psychological difficulties in crossing the road, particularly for
less 10____________people. Another result is that some people cross the road in
a 11____________way. The guard rails separate 12____________and make it more difficult to
introduce forms of transport that are 13____________
132
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 3
below.
Henry Moore (1898-1986)
The British sculptor Henry Moore was a leading figure in the 20th-century art world
Henry Moore was born in Castleford, a small town near Leeds in the north of England. He was the
seventh child of Raymond Moore and his wife Mary Baker. He studied at Castleford Grammar School
from 1909 to 1915, where his early interest in art was encouraged by his teacher Alice Gostick. After
leaving school, Moore hoped to become a sculptor, but instead he complied with his father’s wish
that he train as a schoolteacher. He had to abandon his training in 1917 when he was sent to France
to fight in the First World War.
After the war, Moore enrolled at the Leeds School of Art, where he studied for two years. In his first
year, he spent most of his time drawing. Although he wanted to study sculpture, no teacher was
appointed until his second year. At the end of that year, he passed the sculpture examination and
was awarded a scholarship to the Royal College of Art in London. In September 1921, he moved to
London and began three years of advanced study in sculpture.
Alongside the instruction he received at the Royal College, Moore visited many of the London
museums, particularly the British Museum, which had a wide-ranging collection of ancient
sculpture. During these visits, he discovered the power and beauty of ancient Egyptian and African
sculpture. As he became increasingly interested in these ‘primitive’ forms of art, he turned away
from European sculptural traditions.
After graduating, Moore spent the first six months of 1925 travelling in France. When he visited the
Trocadero Museum in Paris, he was impressed by a cast of a Mayan* sculpture of the rain spirit. It
was a male reclining figure with its knees drawn up together, and its head at a right angle to its
body. Moore became fascinated with this stone sculpture, which he thought had a power and
originality that no other stone sculpture possessed. He himself started carving a variety of subjects
in stone, including depiction of reclining women, mother-and-child groups, and masks.
Moore’s exceptional talent soon gained recognition, and in 1926 he started work as a sculpture
instructor at the Royal College. In 1933, he became a member of a group of young artists called Unit
One. The aim of the group was to convince the English public of the merits of the emerging
international movement in modern art and architecture.
Around this time, Moore moved away from the human figure to experiment with abstract shapes.
In 1931, he held an exhibition at the Leicester Galleries in London. His work was enthusiastically
welcomed by fellow sculptors, but the reviews in the press were extremely negative and turned
Moore into a notorious figure. There were calls for his resignation from the Royal College, and the
following year, when his contract expired, he left to start a sculpture department at the Chelsea
School of Art in London.
133
Throughout the 1930s, Moore did not show any inclination to please the British public. He became
interested in the paintings of the Spanish artist Pablo Picasso, whose work inspired him to distort
the human body in a radical way. At times, he seemed to abandon the human figure altogether. The
pages of his sketchbooks from this period show his ideas for abstract sculptures that bore little
resemblance to the human form.
In 1940, during the Second World War, Moore stopped teaching at the Chelsea School and moved
to a farmhouse about 20 miles north of London. A shortage of materials forced him to focus on
drawing. He did numerous small sketches of Londoners, later turning these ideas into large coloured
drawings in his studio. In 1942, he returned to Castleford to make a series of sketches of the miners
who worked there.
In 1944, Harlow, a town near London, offered Moore a commission for a sculpture depicting a
family. The resulting work signifies a dramatic change in Moore’s style, away from the
experimentation of the 1930s towards a more natural and humanistic subject matter. He did dozens
of studies in clay for the sculpture, and these were cast in bronze and issued in editions of seven to
nine copies each. In this way, Moore’s work became available to collectors all over the world. The
boost to his income enabled him to take on ambitious projects and start working on the scale he
felt his sculpture demanded.
Critics who had begun to think that Moore had become less revolutionary were proven wrong by
the appearance, in 1950, of the first of Moore’s series of standing figures in bronze, with their harsh
and angular pierced forms and distinct impression of menace. Moore also varied his subject matter
in the 1950s with such works as Warrior with Shield and Falling Warrior. These were rare examples
of Moore’s use of the male figure and owe something to his visit to Greece in 1951, when he had
the opportunity to study ancient works of art.
In his final years, Moore created the Henry Moore Foundation to promote art appreciation and to
display his work. Moore was the first modern English sculptor to achieve international critical
acclaim and he is still regarded as one of the most important sculptors of the 20th century.
—
*Mayan: belonging to an ancient civilisation that inhabited parts of current-day Mexico, Guatemala,
Belize, El Salvador and Honduras.

134
Questions 1-7
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1. _____On leaving school, Moore did what his father wanted him to do.
2. _____Moore began studying sculpture in his first term at the Leeds School of Art.
3. _____When Moore started at the Royal College of Art, its reputation for teaching sculpture was
excellent.
4. _____Moore became aware of ancient sculpture as a result of visiting London Museums.
5. _____The Trocadero Museum’s Mayan sculpture attracted a lot of public interest.
6. _____Moore thought the Mayan sculpture was similar in certain respects to other stone
sculptures.
7. _____The artists who belonged to Unit One wanted to make modern art and architecture more
popular.
Questions 8-13
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.
Moore’s career as an artist
1930s
● Moore’s exhibition at the Leicester Galleries is criticised by the press
● Moore is urged to offer his 8_________ and leave the Royal College.
1940s
● Moore turns to drawing because 9_________ for sculpting are not readily available
● While visiting his hometown, Moore does some drawings of 10_________
● Moore is employed to produce a sculpture of a 11_________
● 12_________ start to buy Moore’s work
● Moore’s increased 13_________ makes it possible for him to do more ambitious sculptures
1950s
● Moore’s series of bronze figures marks a further change in his style.

135
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1
below.
The return of the huarango
The arid valleys of southern Peru are welcoming the return of a native plant

The south coast of Peru is a narrow, 2,000-kilometre-long strip of desert squeezed between the
Andes and the Pacific Ocean. It is also one of the most fragile ecosystems on Earth. It hardly ever
rains there, and the only year-round source of water is located tens of metres below the surface.
This is why the huarango tree is so suited to life there: it has the longest roots of any tree in the
world. They stretch down 50-80 metres and, as well as sucking up water for the tree, they bring it
into the higher subsoil, creating a water source for other plant life.
Dr David Beresford-Jones, archaeobotanist at Cambridge University, has been studying the role of
the huarango tree in landscape change in the Lower Ica Valley in southern Peru. He believes the
huarango was key to the ancient people’s diet and, because it could reach deep water sources, it
allowed local people to withstand years of drought when their other crops failed. But over the
centuries huarango trees were gradually replaced with crops. Cutting down native woodland leads
to erosion, as there is nothing to keep the soil in place. So when the huarangos go, the land turns
into a desert. Nothing grows at all in the Lower Ica Valley now.
For centuries the huarango tree was vital to the people of the neighbouring Middle Ica Valley too.
They grew vegetables under it and ate products made from its seed pods. Its leaves and bark were
used for herbal remedies, while its branches were used for charcoal for cooking and heating, and
its trunk was used to build houses. But now it is disappearing rapidly. The majority of the huarango
forests in the valley have already been cleared for fuel and agriculture – initially, these were
smallholdings, but now they’re huge farms producing crops for the international market.
‘Of the forests that were here 1,000 years ago, 99 percent have already gone,’ says botanist Oliver
Whaley from Kew Gardens in London, who, together with ethnobotanist Dr William Milliken, is
running a pioneering project to protect and restore the rapidly disappearing habitat. In order to
succeed, Whaley needs to get the local people on board, and that has meant overcoming local

136
prejudices. ‘Increasingly aspirational communities think that if you plant food trees in your home
or street, it shows you are poor, and still need to grow your own food,’ he says. In order to stop the
Middle Ica Valley going the same way as the Lower Ica Valley, Whaley is encouraging locals to love
the huarangos again. ‘It’s a process of cultural resuscitation,’ he says. He has already set up a
huarango festival to reinstate a sense of pride in their eco-heritage, and has helped local school
children plant thousands of trees.
‘In order to get people interested in habitat restoration, you need to plant a tree that is useful to
them,’ says Whaley. So, he has been working with local families to attempt to create a sustainable
income from the huarangos by turning their products into foodstuffs. ‘Boil up the beans and you
get this thick brown syrup like molasses. You can also use it in drinks, soups or stews.’ The pods can
be ground into flour to make cakes, and the seeds roasted into a sweet, chocolatey ‘coffee’. ‘It’s
packed full of vitamins and minerals,’ Whaley says.
And some farmers are already planting huapangos. Alberto Benevides, owner of Ica Valley’s only
certified organic farm, which Whaley helped set up, has been planting the tree for 13 years. He
produces syrup and flour, and sells these products at an organic farmers’ market in Lima. His farm
is relatively small and doesn’t yet provide him with enough to live on, but he hopes this will change.
‘The organic market is growing rapidly in Peru,’ Benevides says. ‘I am investing in the future.’
But even if Whaley can convince the local people to fall in love with the huarango again, there is
still the threat of the larger farms. Some of these cut across the forests and break up the corridors
that allow the essential movement of mammals, birds and pollen up and down the narrow forest
strip. In the hope of counteracting this, he’s persuading farmers to let him plant forest corridors on
their land. He believes the extra woodland will also benefit the farms by reducing their water usage
through a lowering of evaporation and providing a refuge for biocontrol insects.
‘If we can record biodiversity and see how it all works, then we’re in a good position to move on
from there. Desert habitats can reduce down to very little,’ Whaley explains. ‘It’s not like a rainforest
that needs to have this huge expanse. Life has always been confined to corridors and islands here.
If you just have a few trees left, the population can grow up quickly because it’s used to exploiting
water when it arrives.’ He sees his project as a model that has the potential to be rolled out across
other arid areas around the world. ‘If we can do it here, in the most fragile system on Earth, then
that’s a real message of hope for lots of places, including Africa, where there is drought and they
just can’t afford to wait for rain.’

Questions 1-5
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answer in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
The importance of the huarango tree
● Its roots can extend as far as 80 metres into the soil

● Can access 1________ deep below the surface

137
● Was a crucial part of local inhabitants’ 2________ a long time ago

● Helped people to survive periods of 3________

● Prevents 4________ of the soil

● Prevents land from becoming a 5________

Questions 6-8
Complete the table below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet.

Traditional uses of the huarango tree

Part of tree Traditional use

6__________ Fuel

7__________ and __________ Medicine

8__________ construction

Questions 9-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
9. _______Local families have told Whaley about some traditional uses of huarango products.
10. _______Farmer Alberto Benevides is now making a good profit from growing huapangos.
11. _______Whaley needs the cooperation of farmers to help preserve the area’s wildlife.
12. _______For Whaley’s project to succeed, it needs to be extended over a very large area.
13. _______Whaley has plans to go to Africa to set up a similar project.

138
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1
below.
The concept of intelligence

A
Looked at in one way, everyone knows what intelligence is; looked at in another way, no one does.
In other words, people all have unconscious notions – known as ‘implicit theories’ – of intelligence,
but no one knows for certain what it actually is. This chapter addresses how people conceptualize
intelligence, whatever it may actually be.
But why should we even care what people think intelligence is, as opposed only to valuing whatever
it actually is? There are at least four seasons people’s conceptions of intelligence matter.
B
First, implicit theories of intelligence drive the way in which people perceive and evaluate their own
intelligence and that of others. To better understand the judgments people make about their own
and others’ abilities, it is useful to learn about people’s implicit theories. For example, parents’
implicit theories of their children’s language development will determine at what ages they will be
willing to make various corrections in their children’s speech. More generally, parents’ implicit
theories of intelligence will determine at what ages they believe their children are ready to perform
various cognitive tasks. Job interviewers will make hiring decisions on the basis of their implicit
theories of intelligence. People will decide who to be friends with on the basis of such theories. In
sum, knowledge about implicit theories of intelligence is important because this knowledge is so
often used by people to make judgments in the course of their everyday lives.
C
Second, the implicit theories of scientific investigators ultimately give rise to their explicit theories.
Thus it is useful to find out what these implicit theories are. Implicit theories provide a framework
that is useful in defining the general scope of a phenomenon – especially a not-well-understood
phenomenon. These implicit theories can suggest what aspects of the phenomenon have been
more or less attended to in previous investigations.
D
Third, implicit theories can be useful when an investigator suspects that existing explicit theories
are wrong or misleading. If an investigation of implicit theories reveals little correspondence
between the extant implicit and explicit theories, the implicit theories may be wrong. But the
139
possibility also needs to be taken into account that the explicit theories are wrong and in need of
correction or supplementation. For example, some implicit theories of intelligence suggest the need
for expansion of some of our explicit theories of the construct.
E
Finally, understanding implicit theories of intelligence can help elucidate developmental and cross-
cultural differences. As mentioned earlier, people have expectations for intellectual performances
that differ for children of different ages. How these expectations differ is in part a function of
culture. For example, expectations for children who participate in Western-style schooling are
almost certain to be different from those for children who do not participate in such schooling.
F
I have suggested that there are three major implicit theories of how intelligence relates to society
as a whole (Sternberg, 1997). These might be called Hamiltonian, Jeffersonian, and Jacksonian.
These views are not based strictly, but rather, loosely, on the philosophies of Alexander Hamilton,
Thomas Jefferson, and Andrew Jackson, three great statesmen in the history of the United States.
G
The Hamiltonian view, which is similar to the Platonic view, is that people are born with different
levels of intelligence and that those who are less intelligent need the good offices of the more
intelligent to keep them in line, whether they are called government officials or, in Plato’s term,
philosopher-kings. Herrnstein and Murray (1994) seem to have shared this belief when they wrote
about the emergence of a cognitive (high-IQ) elite, which eventually would have to take
responsibility for the largely irresponsible masses of non-elite (low-IQ) people who cannot take care
of themselves. Left to themselves, the unintelligent would create, as they always have created, a
kind of chaos.
H
The Jeffersonian view is that people should have equal opportunities, but they do not necessarily
avail themselves equally of these opportunities and are not necessarily equally rewarded for their
accomplishments. People are rewarded for what they accomplish, if given equal opportunity. Low
achievers are not rewarded to the same extent as high achievers. In the Jeffersonian view, the goal
of education is not to favor or foster an elite, as in the Hamiltonian tradition, but rather to allow
children the opportunities to make full use of the skills they have. My own views are similar to these
(Sternberg, 1997).
I
The Jacksonian view is that all people are equal, not only as human beings but in terms of their
competencies – that one person would serve as well as another in government or on a jury or in
almost any position of responsibility. In this view of democracy, people are essentially inter
substitutable except for specialized skills, all of which can be learned. In this view, we do not need
or want any institutions that might lead to favoring one group over another.
J
Implicit theories of intelligence and of the relationship of intelligence to society perhaps need to be
considered more carefully than they have been because they often serve as underlying
presuppositions for explicit theories and even experimental designs that are then taken as scientific
140
contributions. Until scholars are able to discuss their implicit theories and thus their assumptions,
they are likely to miss the point of what others are saying when discussing their explicit theories
and their data.
Questions 1-3
Reading Passage 1 has ten sections, A-J
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.
1. ________Information about how non-scientists’ assumptions about intelligence influence
their behavior towards others
2. ________A reference to lack of clarity over the definition of intelligence
3. ________The point that a researcher’s implicit and explicit theories may be very different
Questions 4-6
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 4-6 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
4. _____ Slow language development in children is likely to prove disappointing to their parents.
5. _____ People’s expectations of what children should gain from education are universal.
6. _____ Scholars may discuss theories without fully understanding each other.
Questions 7-13
Look at the following statements (Questions 7-13) and the list of theories below.
Match each statement with the correct theory, A, B or C.
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.7 It is desirable for the same possibilities to be open
to everyone.
8 No section of society should have preferential treatment at the expense of another.
9 People should only gain benefits on the basis of what they actually achieve.
10 Variation in intelligence begins at birth.
11 The more intelligent people should be in positions of power.
12 Everyone can develop the same abilities.
13 People of low intelligence are likely to lead uncontrolled lives.
List of Theories
A Hamiltonian
B Jeffersonian
C Jacksonian

141
 Unit 1:

1. tie the knot; 2. caring; 3. adopt; 4. pop the question;

5. big day; 6. spouse; 7. determination; 8. nuclear family;
9. breadwinner; 10. strong-willed

1. A 2.B 3.C 4. married life

5. (wedding) alter / mandapa 6. prosperity 7.symbolic
8.her father's family 9.right foot first

1. C 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. A

Sample:
I want to live with my family members, especially my parents. They are supportive, positive,
intelligent and caring. I would not say that we never had any disagreement but that’s usually
momentary. Love is stronger among us and that conquers any misunderstanding that might arrive
among us. In fact, I am happy to be a part of such a wonderful family. They love me as much as I love
them.

1B 2D 3B 4C 5C

1. mystery 2. vulnerability 3. accomplishments 4. laugh 5. dignity

Unit 2:

142
1. ride a bike 2. knowledge 3. clumsy 4. acquire 5. stage
6. persistent 7. childhood 8.rate 9. social skills 10. crawl

1A 2C 3C 4B 5A 6C 7B 8A 9C 10B

1. B 2. B 3.A 4.A 5.B

Sample:
Yoga is one of the good forms of exercises. It helps to keep people fit and healthy. Besides, there are
numerous health benefits available with this exercise. If someone continues the yoga, the person will
look beautiful. Besides, the exercises are also helpful to remove extra pounds from the body and
bring a nice shape. In fact, I am attracted with yoga to make myself slim and remove the excess
weight from my body that I gained sitting in desk round the day at my office.
I work for a multinational corporation based in Nepal. My job is to coordinate in administrative
works. My office begins at 9.00 am and ends at 5.00 pm. So, I have made a routine for me to perform
yoga two times in a day. When I get up in the morning at 6.00am, I attend a session for 20 minutes.
And when I am at home in the evening, I participate in another session for 30 minutes. But I take
breaks in the holidays. I need to manage my family and entertain guests on such days. So, I become
unable to start the yoga sessions.
Yoga is an ancient type of exercise. There are different moves in this form. It helps to shape the body
and at the same time brings peace of mind. There are some breathing exercises. The exercises help
to cool down the nerves and simultaneously improve the respiratory organs and the entire system. I
am greatly benefitted by the respiratory exercises. Moreover, yoga helps me to remain fit for the
day. I feel fresh after completing a session. That's why I decided to pursue this exercise to keep fit &
healthy.

1. The stairs
2. He was walking down the stairs at home when he tripped over our dog and fell and broke his
arm and injured his shoulder
3. His wife’s birthday
4. He and the dog
5. Three times a week
143
1. C 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. A

Unit 3:

● What kind of housing/accommodation do you live in?

For the past 21 years, I have been living in a house with my family, and I think if I can move out and
start making a living on my own, I would try my best to have an independent place where I can plan
and design a house layout that suits myself since sharing a room or a flat with strangers sounds
troublesome to me.
● What do you usually do in your house/flat/room?
Well, definitely I’ll spend some me-time there. I study, I chill out by reading, drawing and dancing all
by myself. Sometimes I also invite one or two friends to spend time with. We’ll watch some movies
together and tell each other endless stories.
● Are the transport facilities to your home very good?
Not at all. Actually, my house is not near the main road, so it takes me about 10 minutes to walk to
the nearest bus stop. Besides, the bus service from my workplace to my home is usually
overcrowded, so I often drive my own motorbike (car) to work
● Do you prefer living in the house or a flat?
I believe most people would prefer to have their own house rather than to rent a place and so do I.
Hence, if I have my way, a house with a small garden would be my choice since I don’t enjoy the
constant disturbance from next-door apartments and elevator rides every time coming home.

● What’s the weather like in your country?

It depends on which part of the country you are referring to. I’m currently living in the North. I would
say the weather is a bit comfortable because it has all four seasons but sometimes the weather can
also get pretty extreme, especially in the summer when the temperature can reach up to 40 degree
celcius due to terrifying drastic heat waves sweeping across the city.
● Which season do you like best?
I’m a big fan of summer I think summer is the best season because all the sport activities or physical
activities are at their ultimate level in the summer because you sweat and by sweating your body
detoxifies so it’s really good for you, it’s like refreshing although every now and then I might get
some serious skin complaints like rash or allergies.
● Would you prefer to live in a place that has the same weather all year, or a place that has four
seasons?

144
I must say that I am lucky to have four seasons to enjoy although the sharp distinction among
seasons is slowly disappearing in the North. It’s kind of boring to me if we have only just one season
all year, like the Southern part of Vietnam. The weather is hot all year round and only has two
seasons which are rainy season and dry season.

● What public holidays do you have in your country?

Well, I can’t be accurate as I’ve never paid much attention to the number of public holidays here. I
suppose there are more than ten in a year. Anyway, I love public holidays because whenever I work
on those special days, I can earn double.
● Do people in your country celebrate Christmas?
In Vietnam,people also celebrate Christmas,because it's a well-known western religious festival.
Super markets will be decorated according to western customs. You can also see Santa Claus and
man made snowflakes in the shopping malls. A very happy atmosphere is created every year around
Christmas .Therefore Vietnamese people like to celebrate Christmas.
● Do you like public holidays?
Personally, I myself do like holidays, because it is a time for me to get a family reunion. I can enjoy
a very relaxing time with my friends or my family members and to do something that I really like.

● Do you often use a computer?

I work as a system engineer in a company and my entire work is on computers. So, I use it very often.
Apart from work, with everything becoming online, it becomes very obvious to use computers to do
the transactions and other household things online.
● How do you usually get online?
I have wifi installed in my house. So, all my family members connect to it. I have recently shifted to
my place and for the internet I still rely on my dongle and the smartphone that I have. Although, I
am thinking of installing a modem very soon.
● Do you prefer desktops or laptops?
I like desktops more than laptops. The reason being they ensure that work is not carried forward to
home. I did have a laptop earlier but with that it became so much easier for me to do work even at
home leaving me no time for my loved ones. So, I like desktops as when you sit there you know that
you are there for work and once you are out of it, you can live life.

145
Today I’d like to share with you about an animal I saw last week.
He was a dog, a Corgi from the UK, I guessed. I’d heard of this breed of dog, and I’d always been
excited to see them in real life. He looked so cute with soft fur and bright eyes. His fur was so
distinctive with yellow and white on his head, and black on his cheeks. It was playful, running
nonstop to bond with other dogs. They seemed to enjoy themselves. I caught a sight of that Corgi
when I was jogging around the lake in my neighborhood. Locals usually take their dogs there every
afternoon. They teach their dogs how to swim and throw balls for them to catch. I came close to
him, lovingly stroked his fur and patted him gently. He wagged its tail to welcome me in return. Then
I fed him with my snacks. He licked its lips to signal that I should give him more. Well, I felt so happy
when I saw that Corgi and spent some time with him. We kinda clicked each other the first time we
met. When I was about to leave, he just followed me and asked for affection. When I finally left, he
barked continuously as if he was begging me to stay with him. I also felt relaxed as I could have time
for myself by strolling. I’d been so swamped with work, you know: getting to the office at 8 o’clock
and not getting back home until 8pm. It was a stressful period. Playing with that dog somehow
eased my tension, and I did have a great time.
That’s all I want to say.

Unit 4:

1. B 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. C

1. B 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. B

Sample:
Staying in good shape is everyone’s concern and I am no exception. To be honest, I have been so
caught up in my work since I have a problem in organizing my daily routine. I have to stay up late to
finish all my work and then watch some movies while eating midnight snacks to relax, which are my
leisure habits. Gradually, my health has been degraded because of sleep deprivation and my eating
habits. Therefore, I decided to take up swimming as my new hobby in order to get healthier.
Unlike going to gym or running, this activity benefits both physical and mental health. You might
look at swimming and think that it is light and easy but it is more demanding than it appears.
Swimming allows me to work on all the parts of my body. It can burn a lot of calories in just one hour
of training. Also, it provides an all-over body workout, as nearly all of your muscles are used during
swimming. Swimming is considered as an all-round activity because it builds endurance, muscle
strength and cardiovascular fitness. But what I enjoy the most about swimming is alleviating stress.
146
It is all about regulating your breathing and a smooth combination between foot and hand
movements, which helps me take things off my mind easily while under cool water. Another thing is
that it is supposed to be good for improving balance, posture and flexibility.
By maintaining a schedule of taking part in swimming twice a day associated with a balanced diet,
not only do I feel extremely relaxed and full of energy after hectic working hours but I also lose some
weight and get more in shape. So of course, I don’t see myself stopping practising this activity any
time soon.

1. B 2. C 3. B 4. A
5. B 6. A 7. B 8. C

1. B 2. B 3. C 4. A 5.A 6. B 7.B

Unit 5:

1. A 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. A

1. C 2. C 3.B 4.C 5.A

Sample:
I always look forward to spending some leisure time with my family. Usually, on public holidays and
weekends we get that opportunity. I would like to talk about an activity that we do as a family on
such off days. It is playing the board game – Scrabble. In this game, words have to be created using
tiles that have letters and points printed on them.
The board has a crossword like design and the tiles are placed on the board to create words and get
scored according to the points on the tiles. The board also has some squares that add or multiply the
points. We are a family of four and we usually play this game as individual participants and
sometimes in pairs. This is the time we get to really bond and chat with each other, while having fun
playing the game. Sometimes we fight with each other, but playfully.

147
While growing up too, my siblings and I used to play this game. Our parents made sure that even
during playtime we learn something. This game has had a tremendous role to play in building our
vocabulary. Even though there are many game apps these days that emulate this game, the real fun
is in playing the actual board game. I believe that children should be made to play such games,
through which they get to learn something and also spend quality time with family and friends.

1. A 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. A

1. C 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. C 7.B

Unit 6:

Sample:
The bar chart shows the percentage of people who have part-time jobs in the countries that make
up the United Kingdom, both in 1980 and in 2010. There has generally been a small increase in part-
time workers from 1980 to 2010, except in Northern Ireland. The graph also shows that England and
Wales have far more part-time workers than Northern Ireland and Scotland.
In 1980, 25% of people in England worked part time. The only country with a greater percentage of
part-time workers was Wales, with around 33% working part time. Both countries saw an increase
in the percentage of people working part time in 2010. In England, the percentage rose to over 30%
and in Wales, the percentage rose to just over 35%.
Scotland had the smallest percentage of part-time workers in 1980, with just over ten per cent.
However, this rose to almost 20% in 2010 which is a large increase. Lastly, Northern Ireland was the
only country which had a decreasing percentage of part-time workers. In 1980, it had around 15%
of people in part-time work. This decreased by a couple of per cent in 2010.

Sample:
The pie chart illustrates the career choices of Brighton University's 2019 graduates, giving the
percentages who worked in each of various sectors after finishing university. Overwhelmingly,
industry and government were the most popular choices.

148
Just under half the students went into industry, with service industries attracting more Brighton
graduates than any other sector by far — almost a third (33.0%). About half that number (16.3%)
took jobs in manufacturing.
Politics and public service were the next most popular choice, accounting for nearly a fifth of
graduates. Just over 12% went into politics and a further 5.6% chose the civil service. The other
significant career choices were education (about 15%) and two others: transportation and
warehousing, with 7.8%; and science and technology with 7.3%.
The least popular choices included work in the charitable sector and careers in sport, both of which
were chosen by well under 1% of graduates. Finally, 2.8% entered work in other, unspecified, sectors.

Sample:
Overpopulation is indeed a growing concern in the developing world, causing many of the planet's
environmental problems. Although an increasing population does have a negative impact on the
environment to an extent, the greatest problem is in fact caused by the way in which humans choose
to live their lives. In the following essay, both these ideas will be discussed.
Overpopulation does have a serious impact on the world's environment for several reasons. An
increase in population means more pollution, caused by more cars on the road, more factories, more
farming and more household chemicals. Pollution is a significant environmental issue and it can have
a serious effect on human and animal health.
Overpopulation also means that natural resources are decreasing more rapidly. The modern world
is consuming more than it can produce. People are continuously buying more products and building
more houses. Fresh water, oil and natural gas are just some of the resources which are in demand.
Perhaps overpopulation would not be an issue, however, if society changed the way in which it lived.
For example, in order to help these environmental problems, people could try to save natural
resources by using less water or by consuming fewer products. They could also try to reuse or recycle
more. Pollution could also be kept to a minimum if people only bought organic food or tried to use
their cars less.
In summary, although overpopulation is a significant problem when considering the environment, it
would be less of an issue if people made certain changes to their daily lifestyle.

Sample:
Whether or not tourist destinations benefit from international tourism is a debatable issue. To sonic
governments, the local economic benefits are worth the overcrowding and hiked prices of the tourist
season. However, there are environmental and social costs and other risks of relying on tourism as
a major source of annual income.

149
Sleepy coastal communities can be changed beyond recognition by mass-market tourism. Package
holiday companies operate huge numbers of low-cost flights to high-rise hotels in developing
countries every summer. This means, of course, that easy money can be had servicing this seasonal
influx and the government sees increased tax revenue and local employment. However, when the
tourist season comes to an end, employment ceases and the area becomes a ghost town. The social
cohesion of a small community can also be blighted by the seasonal migration of people to the cities
to look for work out of season, leaving only the elderly behind. This is perhaps made worse by second
home owners, who drive up house prices beyond the means of local inhabitants.
On the other hand, the local community do gain language skills and other fringe benefits of cultural
exchange. Such a large volume of travellers every year can cause environmental problems to fragile
habitats and historical sites. Age-old stone remains can be worn away and traditional buildings
demolished in favour of bland international hotels. Local infrastructure can also fail to cope with
large numbers of visitors, leading to pollution and litter. However, over time this can change as the
economy improves and tourism becomes more of an established industry. Local government
investment in infrastructure should ensure repeat trade and further benefits for the economy.
Overall, tourism can be a good source of income for countries blessed with natural beauty or sites of
historical interest. However, governments must ensure that the wishes of local businesses are not
put before the needs of the local community and that any revenue generated by tourism is reinvested
in the area to protect the local environment.
Unit 7:

1. B 2. B 3.C 4.A

1. B 2. A 3.A 4. C

Sample:
In my childhood, my aim was to become a renowned doctor but due to the rise in merit list for
admission I could not enter into a medical college. I got admission in Bachelor in Pharmacy and now
I am working as a Pharmacist. I would love to study Medical books, more specifically Psychiatry, if I
get an opportunity.
Psychiatry is a very vast subject. It is not only the knowledge of mental illness, it highlights how we
can enhance our intellectual capabilities. Variation in mood put a strong impact on personality and
business. In my opinion, in the modern age, every person has some symptoms of psychiatric illness.
If we have a brief knowledge of these attitudes we can manage the people who are having bad
attitudes and they are working in our surroundings. A new subject of psychiatry is Emotion control,
it emphasises who we can make ourselves happy and relaxed by just keeping our brain cool.

150
1.B 2. B 3. C 4. B

1.B 2. B 3. A 4.B 5.A

Unit 8:

1. B 2.D 3. C

1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.C

Sample:
Learning a second language not only adds up your skills but also offers enormous benefits for your
brain and personal growth. Additionally, being bilingual or multilingual expands your knowledge
across the country’s border and provides you easy access to the understanding of other cultures.
Therefore, beside English, Spanish sits high in my must-learn list due to its wide application and
beautiful culture.
Needless to say, Spanish is one of the most spoken languages in the world and one of the six official
languages used in United Nations conferences and statements. Spanish is spoken in most countries
in South and Central America and in the US, over 50 million people are using Spanish either as their
mother tongue or second language. As a result, knowing Spanish would absolutely widen your
horizon, develop your sense of appreciation for Hispanic culture as well as transform your travel
experience as who knows when you would bump into some Spanish friends on your adventure. Many
have said that Spanish is one of the easiest languages to learn thanks to its phonetic pronunciation
and its similarity with English, in terms of vocabulary. However, it’s easier said than done. No matter
how simple and intriguing that may sound, without full commitment and self-discipline, being able
to speak Spanish would be a far-fetched idea. Therefore, in order to meet my goal and not to get
demotivated along the way, I would have to find a learning partner and we would fight this tough
war together.

151
1. D 2. B 3. C

1. A 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. A
Unit 9:

Script:
Woman: Hello Mr. Smith! How can I be of assistance today?
Man: Good morning! I would like to book a tour to Sydney.
Woman: Hello Mr. Smith! How can I be of assistance today?
Man: Good morning! I would like to book a tour to Sydney.
Woman: I can help you with that. What would you like to see?
Man: As much of Sydney as possible. What are my choices?
Woman: There are a number of choices. What type of tour would you like? A pedestrian chore or
bus tour?
Man: I think I'll choose the bus tour.
Woman: There's a hop-on hop-off bus tour. That takes you around to the Harbour Bridge. The opera
house is at the Queen Victoria building.
Man: I think it's a good option. Is there a set timetable for the tour?
Woman: No. The bus is run in a loop around the city all day.
Man: And, what hours do the buses operate?
Woman: They run from 7:00 a.m. in the morning until 9:00 p.m. each night.
Man: That sounds nice.
Woman: Yes. And the closest stop is just 20 meters out from here at the front of the hotel.

Now listen and answer question 6 to 10.

Man: What ticket types do you have?
Woman: We have three ticket types. The first one is called minimal and it is the cheapest tariff. It
costs only fifteen dollars and you can use such ticket during two hours
Man: Oh, I want to see as much of Sydney as possible. Do you have full day tickets?
Woman: Yes, sure. The next ticket type we have is standard. It's the most popular type. This pass
costs $30 and lasts all day.
Man: This sounds nice.
Woman: We also have a premium ticket. You can buy it for $55. This pass lasts all day and includes
free drinks and snacks during your trip. And you will be provided with an audio guide.
Man: I think I'll buy the premium ticket.
152
Woman: Great

1. bus tour 2. Building

3. 9 / nine 4. 20 / twenty
5. hotel 6. 15 / fifteen
7. 2 / two 8. standard
9. 55 / fifty-five 10. audioguide / audio-guide

Script:
EMPLOYER: Hello, is this John Murphy?
APPLICANT: Hi, yes it is.
EMPLOYER: Hi John, this is Ed Heisenburg from the Wild Dunes Spa and Resort calling about your
application for our lifeguard position. Do you have a few minutes to talk?
APPLICANT: Yes, absolutely.
EMPLOYER: Great. Could you give me your address?
APPLICANT: Sure. My address is 45 Elsinore Court.
EMPLOYER: I’m sorry, was that Eleanor? Could you spell that for me?
APPLICANT: Sure - it’s Elsinore. E-L-S-I-N-O-R-E.
EMPLOYER: Okay, thanks. And is this the number we should reach you at in the future? 099885767?
APPLICANT: No, this is my home phone, but let me give you my mobile phone number instead:
077896245. Call me on that one.
EMPLOYER: Okay - I’ll make a note of that. Could you tell me your availability?
APPLICANT: Sure. I am usually available during afternoons or weekends.I would prefer not to be
scheduled on weeknights because I work part-time as a waiter.
EMPLOYER: That shouldn’t be a problem, since we don’t stay open very late anyway. And do you
have any other employment experience?
APPLICANT: Yes, I have worked at a few other places. I was the baseball coach at Ridgemont High
School last season.
EMPLOYER: I see. And do you have any other experience that you would like us to note on your
application?
APPLICANT: Yes. Last year I worked at the beach as a rescue diver.
EMPLOYER: Rescue diver? That sounds intense!
APPLICANT: Well, it’s really just like being a lifeguard, except in the ocean instead of a pool. So kind
of like being a lifeguard at the world’s largest pool.
EMPLOYER: Haha. I see.
EMPLOYER: So could you tell me about the relevant skills you have? I’m guessing a lot, given your
experience.
APPLICANT: I am CPR certified and have 2 years of diving experience.

153
EMPLOYER: Great! It sounds like you are well qualified for this position. When does your CPR
certification expire?
APPLICANT: Hm. I think in November, but let me quickly check my CPR card ... actually, it expires in
October.
EMPLOYER: Okay, so regardless you have it through the end of the summer. When is your ideal
time to work?
APPLICANT: Since I work in the restaurant on weeknights, I like weekends best - specifically
Saturday mornings.
EMPLOYER: I see. We do already have a lot of staff available on Saturdays, but I do need an early
morning shift lifeguard. How early could you work Saturday morning?
APPLICANT: I can get there by 6.00 if need be.
EMPLOYER: You’ll be happy to know we open a little later than that, but I’ll put you down for
Saturday mornings here.
APPLICANT: Oh awesome! I can’t wait to get started.
EMPLOYER: How about you come in next Saturday, the 12th?
APPLICANT: That sounds good.
EMPLOYER: Great - we can figure out other shifts for you to work when you come in then. One last
thing - just out of curiosity, where did you hear about us?
APPLICANT: I heard your ad on the radio while I was driving this morning.
EMPLOYER: You know, I think you’re the first person who has responded to our radio ads. It’s almost
always people who have seen us in the newspaper.
APPLICANT: Yeah, I don’t have time to read through the newspaper every morning. I have plenty of
time in the car to listen to radio ads.
EMPLOYER: That makes sense. Well, thanks for your time, and we’ll look forward to seeing you on
the 12th.

1. Elsinore 2. 077896245
3. Waiter 4. Baseball coach
5. Rescue diver 6. Diving experience
7. October 8. Saturday mornings
9. 6 (o'clock) 10. Radio

Script:
Events Coordinator: Good morning, you’re through to the events coordinator at the Birmingham
City council, how may I help you?
Julie: Hello there, my husband and I are interested in purchasing tickets to the automobile
exhibition, but I couldn’t find many details about it on your website, and I was wondering whether
you could provide me with some more information. Does it open in June?

154
Events Coordinator: Yes, of course, Madam. The exhibition will take place during July, and will
showcase the history of automobiles from the very first commercial car in the late 1800s all the
way through to the present day.
Julie: Is the exhibition open for the duration of July?
Events Coordinator: No, Madam, the exhibition will last 3 days, from the 1st of July to the 3rd of
July, and then the cars will be taken to another exhibition.
Julie: Okay. Does the exhibition focus on a certain manufacturer?
Events Coordinator: No, it will showcase a wide range of manufacturers.
Julie: Wonderful! I’m ever so fed up of going to these shows and only seeing one manufacturer.
Are there any opportunities to sit in or even drive the cars?
Events Coordinator: There will be many opportunities for you to sit in the cars; however, some of
the cars will only be available to observe. We are yet to be told whether any of the antique cars
will be available to drive, however there will certainly be an opportunity to test driving some of
the more modern cars on a purpose-built track.
Julie: That sounds like great fun! I mustn’t forget to bring my camera, or my husband will never
forgive me!
Events Coordinator: I’m afraid to say that cameras are actually strictly not allowed to bring into
the exhibition. There will however be a section where a professional photographer will be
available to take photos of you sitting in a car in period clothing.
Julie: Well, that sounds like it could be fun, but I assume the photos won’t be free.
Events Coordinator: On the contrary, one free photograph is included within every ticket, but
each photo after this will cost £5.
Julie: That’s a nice surprise, not many things are free anymore. I’ve been asking around about
the ticket prices, but I haven’t yet had a definite answer. Is it correct that the tickets are £100
whether you buy them now or on arrival?
Events Coordinator: I’m afraid not. If you buy the ticket in advance the price is £110, but it’s £165
on the door.
Julie: Oh goodness! I suppose I’d best pay for them now then. Is it possible to buy tickets from
you now over the phone?
Events Coordinator: Yes, of course, Madam. I’ll transfer you to the Box Office Manager, Mark
Edgeworth, that’s E-D-G-E-W-O-R-T-H, and he will probably need to take your credit card details
and some personal details.
Julie: Yes, that’s fine. Before you transfer me, I just need to ask a few more questions. Will the
exhibition be held in the Birmingham Exhibition Centre? I think that’s where I went last time.
Events Coordinator: No, Madam, the Birmingham Exhibition Centre is currently undergoing some
renovations, so this year all exhibitions will be held in the Summer Palace.
Julie: Summer Palace? I’m not entirely sure where that is.

155
Events Coordinator: Well, it’s not too far from the city centre. Once you’re in the centre, you
should be able to find signs for the palace. If not, most people in Birmingham will be able to direct
you.
Julie: Hmm...neither my husband nor I am particularly good with directions. Is there anywhere I
can find this information on the Internet?
Events Coordinator: Our website will give you an address. Perhaps you could visit
www.directions.com for more detailed information, and they should be able to provide you with
step-by-step instructions.
Julie: Okay and is this the best way to contact you, by phone?
Events Coordinator: I think the most convenient way to contact us is enquiring online, which is
much simpler than having to dial various different numbers to reach the right person! Unless you
have any more questions, I’ll transfer you now.
Julie: No, that’s great! Thank you for your help.

1. July 2. Three days

3. Test driving 4. Camera
5. 110 6. Edgeworth
7. Summer 8. City centre
9. Directions 10. Enquiring online

Script:
Man: Holidays for you, Shoan speaking. Can I help you?
Woman: Oh, hi. I've been looking at your website. I'm interested in a cycling holiday in Austria in
April.
Man: aah...We have two trips in April, one lasts 14 days and the other 10 days.
Woman: mmm...I think the 10-day trip is better. So let's see. I've got a calendar here. What are the
dates?
Man: Holidays for you, Shoan speaking. Can I help you?
Woman: Oh, hi. I've been looking at your website. I'm interested in a cycling holiday in Austria in
April.
Man: aah...We have two trips in April, one lasts 14 days and the other 10 days.
Woman: mmm...I think the 10-day trip is better. So let's see. I've got a calendar here. What are the
dates?
Man: Well that trip is in the middle of the month starts on the 17th of April and it finishes on the
27th.
Woman: That suits me. I can't leave work before the 10th of April.
Man: Let me see if there are any spaces. Is it just for yourself?
Woman: Myself and my sister, so two of us.
Man: Yes, we have spaces.

156
Woman: Is it a big group?
Man: At the moment, there are 12 people booked on this trip. And with you two that will be 14.
The maximum number is 16. So it's almost fully booked. We can't go over that because it's hard to
keep a larger group together.
Woman: I need to check that I'm fit enough for this, but the distances look okay. The website says
we'll ride approximately 45 kilometers a day. Is that right?
Man: That's correct. And I've got the exact distances here. It really depends on which part of the
trip. Some days are only 35 kilometers and some are more. But you'll never have to cycle more than
50 kilometres in one day.
Woman: Oh ..Okay, I can manage that and we stay in hotels?
Man: Yes, they all have restaurants and the rooms have ensuite facilities.
Woman: And do they have pools? It's how I relax after a long day.
Man: There is a swimming pool in a few of the hotels, but none of them has a gym.
Woman: I don't think we'll need a gym after all that cycling. I better find out how much the holiday
costs before I get too excited?
Man: Including flights, it's 1177 pounds for one person.
Woman: Oh! will book our own flights on the internet?
Man: That's just one thousand and thirteen pounds then. And we can book insurance for you if you
want.
Woman: Hmm, and which meals are included in that price?
Man: Well breakfast, of course and the hotels will provide you with a packed lunch each day. We
do stop during the afternoon in a village somewhere for a rest. So any snacks you buy then, are
extra. Then dinner will be in the hotel every evening and that's included in the price of the holiday.

Woman: And you provide the bicycles of course. What else?

Man: A lock and a bell come with a bike as well as lights. Although you shouldn't need to cycle in
the dark. There's a small bag or pannier on the front of the bike where you can put the things you
want to take with you during the day, like water or fruit, but we won't allow you to cycle unless you
bring a helmet. We don't provide these locally because like walking boots on a walking holiday, it's
really important, it fits properly.
Woman: Okay.
Man: If there's any special gear you need for your holiday, we recommend a particular website and
you can get a discount by quoting your booking reference.
Woman: Great. What is it?
Man: It's www.ballantyne.com. That's all one word and I'll spell it for you. www dot B-A-double L-
A-N-T-Y-N-E dot com
Woman: Good. I've got that down. I've been looking at your website while we've been talking. I see
we cycle along the river Danube.
Man: Yes, it's one of Europe's most well known areas for cycling.
Woman: It looks fascinating, lots of beautiful countryside and things to see.

157
Man: I should warn you that we do reserve the right to make some alterations to the route, if the
weather is bad. Some of the tracks sometimes get very muddy.
Woman: Okay? Well, hopefully it won't rain too much. I know we stop in towns and villages, but do
we get a chance to look around because I'm really interested in history.
Man: Oh, yes, you get opportunities to explore. Is there something in particular you want to see?
Woman: There's a theatre in a town called Grind. A friend of mine went there last year and said it
was amazing.
Man: Let's see. Yes, there's a guide to take you around the building. We don't have any other tours
arranged. But you can visit several castles and museums on a holiday.
Woman: Well, thank you for all that information. I'd like to book that then.
Man: Right. Well, I'll just

1. 17th April 2. 16/sixteen

3. 45 km 4. (swimming) pool
5. 1,013 6. snacks
7. (cycle) helmet 8. ballantyne
9. route [alterations = changes] 10. theatre / theater

Script:
Neil: Hi, OK. So you are John and Sarah. I’m Neil. You are having some problems with a
project you are doing on the marketing module of the business studies course. Is that right?
John: Yes. It’s the one where we have to read the case studies of six businesses and assess their
marketing, and identify the main problems each one had.
Neil: So what exactly is the problem?
Sarah: Well we’ve been doing a lot of reading for it. Some of the readings we’ve looked at are quite
difficult but we still understand them and they are interesting, so that’s ok. It’s taking a lot longer
than we thought though so we are wondering if we can have an extension? We have a lot of other
assignments too.
Neil: Well, extensions can be granted. However, it sounds like you are having issues with the
planning of your time. Neither of you are sick of have had an accident, which are the only reasons
that extensions are usually granted. The university’s scheduling of deadline dates is organised so
you can complete things on time.
Sarah: Ok, we understand. We thought that would probably be the case.
Neil: Well let’s see how you are doing with it. So you were given readings on six different companies
– you needed to examine the main weakness of each company with regards to their marketing
strategy. What did you find out about each company?
John: Let’s start with Stacks Stationary. They were very experienced in marketing as they have been
in the stationary market for such a long time. Their profits have generally tended to increase
continuously for many years. However, they had issues with their staff because they felt that too
much money was being spent on marketing but their wages did not increase for such a long time.

158
Sarah: Princeton Windows were quite successful initially as their marketing led to an increase in
sales of 50%. However, this decreased again after a few months so it just led to profits for a short
time. They need to think about how they can sustain any increase in profit for longer periods.
John: MK Cars focused on the wrong thing because they didn’t really understand who their target
market was. Most their buyers of cars are young people but they advertised in newspapers that
older people usually read. It would have been
better to go for magazines popular with the younger generation. You must learn everything you can
about who you are selling to.
Sarah: Lakeside Golf was probably the most successful of the six companies. They
managed to generate a long-term increase in membership over a 3-year period. The only real issue
they had was that they weren’t ready for the increase in numbers of people coming to play golf so
some people started to complain about the service there.
John: Bryson’s Meats seemed to be a bit of a disaster really all round. They actually saw a drop in
their number of buyers, though it seems fairly sure that this was related to other problems outside
of the company rather than their marketing. There was a scare about meat during the period we
are studying, and that meant that people bought less. So it may not actually be the company’s fault.
Sarah: Mojo’s Music Shop, which sells CDs and DVDs did pretty well. Their sales have been
continuously increasing and this is very good as they are in a very difficult market. A lot of people
aren’t buying music from shops anymore as they download it instead, so to keep going in that
situation shows that they had a very successful marketing campaign. They will have to work hard
on this though due to the number of websites online providing the same service.
Neil:Well, from listening to what you have told me it seems like you have a fairly good
understanding. For the assignment you also have to say what you think will happen in the future.
Let’s choose Mojo’s Music Shop. What about you Sarah?
Sarah: The company was established many years ago and I’m fairly confident that this company
can continue to be successful. As I said, they have shown that they have survived in a very
competitive market. They had a very strong advertising campaign and they seem very good at
knowing where the market is going and how to change. What about you John?
John: Well I’m not so sure actually. There are just so few music shops that manage to survive these
days. I do agree that they have been very innovative but too many people want to buy things online
as it is so much easier and usually cheaper.
Most young people don’t even have DVD players these days and just listen to things on their phones.
So I think eventually they will cease operating like most others.
Neil: That’s two very different opinions. It’s been said that they have a very good management
team, but I’m not sure I agree with that as they are a bit inexperienced. I would disagree with you
Sarah and say that their advertising campaign, although good, needs to be improved and more
original in order to keep sales high. As John says, it’s such a competitive market they need to do
everything they can

1. C 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. D

159
6. F 7. C 8. F 9. E 10. D

1 41 21 C
2 museums 22 B
3 hour 23 A
4 Ellis Coat 24 C
5 ferry 25 A
6 summer 26 A
7 1887 27 B
8 scooter(s) 28 C
9 entertainment 29 B
10 kitchen 30 A
11 B 31 cans
12 H 32 lime
13 C 33 tasteless
14 E 34 returns
15 A 35 warm
16 A 36 soundproofed
17 C 37 fresher
18 C 38 texture/thickness
19 B 39 liquids
20 B 40 strawberry

Unit 10:

1. B 2. B 3. A 4. B 5.A 6.B

1. A 2. B 3.A 4.A
5. B 6. B 7.A 8. A

Sample:
To be honest, I have brought plenty of souvenirs from the places where I visited so far. If I have to
choose one to describe, it would be a bookmark stick. It is blue in colour and the size is same as the
ice-cream stick. It also has a tiny teddy at the one end.

160
I purchased this on my last holiday when I went to Sydney, Australia. When I went to the Sydney
Opera House, there were lots of items to buy in a mall. However, I brought it from the lady who was
selling souvenirs on the walking trail. Not only she gave me at the cheapest price but also offered me
a free gift.
The main reason I brought it from her is that she was working very hard for her livelihood and earning
very little just to provide a meal for herself. Moreover, I brought particularly only the bookmark stick
because I didn't have one.
To sum up, I think buying something from a tourist place is very important, as this will remind you of
the holiday days you spent there. It is also nice to have at least one item from your holiday to show
up on your showcase.

1. C 2. B 3. C 4. A 5.C 6. B

1. B 2. A 3.B 4. A 5.B 6. A
7. B 8. B 9.A

Unit 11:

1. B 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. D 6. C

1. A 2. C 3. A 4. A
5. B 6. B 7. B 8. A

Sample:
I’ve lived my whole life here in Ho Chi Minh City. There’re several buildings that hold significant
meaning in our cultures. Among these, the one which I enjoy visiting the most is Duc Ba Cathedral.
It’s located in District 1 – right in the heart of Ho Chi Minh City. The church is surrounded by other
important structures such as the Reunification Palace on the right, HCM Post Office on the left and

161
at the back Diamond Plaza - a great place for shopping. To get there is quite easy. It’s a 5-minute-
walk from here.
Even though there are plenty of churches around here, this one is quite unique for it was built by
French colonizers before they left Vietnam.
The architecture of Notre Dame is not only impressive but also unique. It’s quite large. It was built
out of bricks and concrete. Its distinctive shape makes it look like a whole lot of mushroom to me.
The church comprises a rectangular building with 2 towers at the sides of the entrance, along with
the statue of Mother Maria in front. Because the building is quite old, certain parts of it have been
reconstructed time and again.
There are several activities taking place at this place. For example, Christians go there to say their
prayers, tourists pay a visit to this must-visit structure, husband-and-wife-to-be pose for their
wedding photos while young people just sit around for a chit-chat and take in the view.

1. A 2. D 3. D 4. A 5. A 6. A

1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A
5. B 6. C 7. A 8. C

1. B 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. A

Unit 12:

1. oval 6. NOT GIVEN 11. Run

2. husk 7. TRUE 12. Mauritius
3. seed 8. Arabs 13. tsunami
4. mace 9. plague
5. FALSE 10. lime

1. B 4. D 7. safety
2. C 5. E 8. traffic
3. F 6. A 9. carriageway
162
10. mobile 12. communities
11. dangerous 13. healthy

1. TRUE 6. FALSE 11. family

2. FALSE 7. TRUE 12. collectors
3. NOT GIVEN 8. resignation 13. income
4. TRUE 9. materials
5. NOT GIVEN 10. miners

1. water 7. IN EITHER ORDER (BOTH 11. TRUE

2. diet REQUIRED FOR ONE MARK) 12. FALSE
3. drought leaves (and) bark 13. NOT GIVEN
4. erosion 8. (its / huarango / the)
5. desert trunk
6. (its / huarango / the) 9. NOT GIVEN
branches 10. FALSE

1. B 6. YES 11. A
2. A 7. B 12. C
3. D 8. C 13. A
4. NOT GIVEN 9. B
5. NO 10. A

1. TRUE 8. A
2. NOT GIVEN 9. (lifting) frame
3. TRUE 10. hydraulic jacks
4. FALSE 11. stabbing guides
5. C 12. (lifting) cradle
6. B 13. air bags
7. G 14. E
163
15. B 28. D
16. A 29. B
17. (strong) (international) co-operation 30. C
18. (catch) documentation scheme 31. F
19. (Fishing) pressure 32. A
20. 15% 33. D
21. Extinction 34. E
22. reproducing 35. B
23. fragility 36. A
24. juveniles 37. C
25. predatory 38. B
26. luxury 39. D
27. C 40. C

164