Earth and Life Science

Quarter 1 – Module 20:

Mitigation to Coastal Processes
and Hazards

CO_Q1_ELS SHS
Module 20
Earth and Life Science
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 20: Mitigation to Coastal Processes and Hazards
First Edition, 2021

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Earth and Life Science
Quarter 1 – Module 20:
Mitigation to Coastal Processes
and Hazards
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature of Earth and Life Science. The scope of this module permits it to be used
in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module covers:

• Lesson 1 – Mitigation to Coastal Processes and Hazards

Learning Competency: Cite ways to prevent or mitigate the impact of land

development, waste disposal, and construction of structures on control
coastal processes Week 8 S11/12ES-Ii-41

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the different impacts of human activities to coastal processes;
2. define mitigation to coastal hazards development; and
3. enumerate different ways to prevent or mitigate the impact of land, waste
disposal and construction of structures on coastal processes.

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 What I Know

Directions. Read the following questions and choose the letter of the correct answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is NOT a reason for human population to choose coastal
zones as settling grounds?
A. fertile agricultural land
B. abundant marine resources
C. peaceful and safe residential area
D. great possibility for trade and transport

2. What refers to the action taken to eliminate or reduce the long-term risks and
hazards in the coastal area?
A. alteration
B. mitigation
C. renovation
D. restoration

3. What are the two processes interacting in a highly dynamic natural systems
of coastlines?
A. chemical and physical processes
B. endogenic and exogenic processes
C. oceanic and continental processes
D. atmospheric and geologic processes

4. Which of the following activities in coastal areas DOES NOT trigger hazard to
the natural balance of coastal system?
A. allowed number of tourists
B. construction of houses
C. development of hotels
D. prohibition of mining

5. Which of the following is NOT a result of a geologically active zone on Earth

coastal system?
A. erosion
B. salt intrusion
C. sea-level change
D. water nourishment

6. What refers to a climate change phenomenon through which ocean water

volume increases, ice sheets and glaciers melt, and thermal expansion occurs?
A. erosion
B. salt intrusion
C. sea-level change
D. water nourishment

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7. What do you call the movement of saline water to fresh water aquifers which
can lead to the degradation or contamination of ground water including
drinking water resources?
A. erosion
B. salt intrusion
C. sea-level change
D. dewatering of beach

8. Which of the following is an impact of mining activities to coastal processes?

A. deposition
B. ice melting
C. reforestation
D. surface run-off

9. Which of the following is the BEST method to avoid erosion?

A. break water construction
B. controlling land development
C. improving waste management
D. maintaining plant cover or vegetation

10. Which of the following processes is described as pumping out water from the
shores to prevent erosion?
A. beach dewatering
B. beach nourishment
C. breakwater construction
D. installation of sand bags

11. Which method are you going to use when there is a need to add a large
amount of sand to the coast?
A. beach dewatering
B. beach nourishment
C. breakwater construction
D. installation of sand bags

12. What will you construct to prevent the further advancement of saltwater if
already present in the coastal areas?
A. beach hotels
B. beach house
C. breakwater
D. sand bags

13. Which of the following DOES NOT ensure effective management of saltwater
intrusion cases?
A. construction of seawalls
B. monitoring of coastal activities
C. assessment of coastal areas regularly
D. regulation of human activities along coastal zone

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14. One of your classmates is living in a coastal area of the community. You found
out that this coastal area is already polluted. What activity can you suggest to
mitigate the said problem?
A. acoustic concert
B. coastal clean-up drive
C. population control campaign
D. recollection and reflection among the community

15. Your school is located in a coastal area. You notice that waves are already
damaging the shore near the fence of the school especially during high tide
and monsoon seasons. What can be constructed to mitigate the said problem
of the school?
A. beach dewatering
B. breakwater
C. sandbags
D. sea wall

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 Lesson
Mitigation to Coastal
1 Processes and Hazards
Coastal areas have been attractive settling grounds for human population as they
provide abundant marine resources, fertile agricultural land and possibilities for
trade and transport. This has led to high population densities and high levels of
development in many coastal areas and this trend is continuing into the 21st
century. At present, about 1.2 billion people live in coastal areas globally, and this
number is predicted to increase to 1.8–5.2 billion by the 2080s due to a combination
of population growth and coastal migration. Along with this increase follows major
investments in infrastructure and the build environment.

The characteristics of coastal environments, however, pose some great challenges to

human habitation. Coastlines are highly dynamic natural systems that interact with
terrestrial, marine and atmospheric processes and undergo continuous change in
response to these processes. Over the years, human society has often failed to
recognize the hazards related to these dynamics and this has led to major disasters
and societal disruption to various degrees. Even today, coastal development is often
taking place with little regard to the hazards present in these environments, although
climate change is likely to increase the general hazard levels. Societal activities in
coastal areas can also pose a hazard to the natural balance of coastal systems,
thereby disrupting e.g. sensitive ecosystems and subsequently human livelihood.

Figure 1. Breakwaters

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 What’s In

Activity 1: Read to Fill-out!

Directions. Read the article about coastal processes. Then, fill in the given table
below with the corresponding information needed.

According to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, coastal

ecosystems of the Philippines are very productive and represent the huge amount of
natural resources. It provides food and livelihood to many people. However, it is also
the most geologically active zone on Earth. Coastal processes in this zone may result
to erosion, submersion and saltwater intrusion. These effects could lead to different
hazards such as:
1. Barrier islands movement.
Barrier islands are formed due to deposition of sand brought by waves
protecting the mainland from damage due to large waves. It also provides
habitat for the aquatic wildlife. It can be destroyed or moved by erosion on the
contrary.
2. Flooding
It also destroys habitat and may lead to great erosion. The main cause
of this hazard is the submersion or sea level rise, a climate change
phenomenon through which ocean water volume increases, ice sheets and
glaciers melt, and occurrence of thermal expansion.
3. Fresh water contamination
Intrusion or movement of saline water to fresh water aquifers can lead
to the degradation or contamination of ground water including drinking
water resources. Intrusion is aided by hydraulic action but triggered by
human activities.
Table 1. Coastal processes, causes and effects of different hazards
Responsible
Hazard Causes Effects
Coastal Processes

Barrier island Loss of Wildlife

Waves
movement Habitat

Flooding Climate Change

Fresh water Salt water

Sea level change
contamination intrusion

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 Notes to the Teacher
This module will help you to understand the concepts about
mitigation of impacts of human activities to coastal processes. All
parts consists of activities. Students should be guided with the
instruction on how they will answer each. Recall the different
coastal processes and you may give particular examples in the
community if applicable. Expectedly you will meet the target at the
end of the module.

What’s New

Activity 2: Break it Out!

Directions. Take a look at the given pictures. Then, answer the guide questions.

Figure 2. Sea walls Figure 3. Breakwaters

Guide Questions:
1. What can you say about Figure 2? Figure 3?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. Explain how these ways help in preventing coastal hazards?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

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 What is It

Activity 3: Root Mapping

Coastal hazard-prone areas in the Philippine local government units in areas that
are ranked extremely high in susceptibility to landslide and flooding are advised to
immediately relocate the residents of these zones to safer areas. Especially during
typhoons that can cause coastal hazards. Though naturally occurring, there are
human activities that can affect coastal processes that may lead to hazards.

With this, mitigation methods in the coastal zones for protection are enhanced in
these areas. Mitigation refers to action taken to eliminate or reduce the long-term
risks and hazards,

Directions. Complete the following concept map by identifying the impacts and
mitigation method appropriate in the given human activities.

Mitigation to Human Activities’ Impact to the Coastal Processes

Construction of Land
Home Activity Water Disposal
Structures Development

Building Altering
Definition Dumping Waste structures landscape to
(Houses, hotel, agriculture or
etc.) residential

Impact

Mitigation
Method

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Options for Impacts:

• Increased erosion
• Increased sediments run-off
• Sea level rise
• Change natural drainage patterns
• Enhanced salt intrusion

Options for Mitigation Methods:

• Seawalls - These are used to counteract waves that hit the shores. These
are offshore structures that protect coasts from parallel waves.
• Groins / Stone barriers – It intercepts the steady flow of sand keeps the
particular sand from eroding.
• Breakwaters – It can be constructed along coasts to prevent further
advancement of saltwater if already present
• Beach nourishment – It is a method where a large amount of sand is
added to the coasts.
• Installation of small walls or sandbags – These are used to counteract
waves that hit the shores.
• Beach dewatering – It involves pumping out water from the shores to
prevent erosion.
• Construction of buildings in a safe distance from the water.
• Ban of mining activities – This can cause decrease in pollutants.

Options for Mitigation Methods:

• Maintaining plant cover – This can result to improved vegetation

• Monitoring and assessment - It ensures effective management of saltwater
intrusion cases.
• Regulation of Laws
• Artificial recharge – It pumps freshwater to the reservoir to prevent
saltwater from intruding through the coasts.
• Engineering structures.
• Jetties – It prevent coastal erosion by promoting beach build-up as they
trap sand.
• Prepare and emergency survival kit
• Create an evacuation plan.
• Know where the evacuation center is and how to get there.
• Listen to news from any means.

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Development in Coastal Zone
Coastal ecosystems are very productive and represent the ample amount of natural
resources. It provides livelihood to many people for being the most famous tourist
destinations in the country. Thus, there are many business men who made
expeditious development in coastal zones. Along with these are the land development
and number of construction sites near the zone However, it is also the most
geologically active zone on Earth. Coastal processes in this zone may result to
erosion, submersion and saltwater intrusion.

Erosion as discussed from the

previous module is brought by
processes like waves and tides.
During intense storms and tidal
waves, most coastal erosion
occurs. It may cause damages on
properties, and affect human
habitation and tourist activities.
They put structures like seawalls
to avoid that. These are used to
counteract waves that hit the Figure 4. Sea walls
shores. These are offshore
structures that protect coasts from parallel waves. Groins / Stone barriers that
intercepts the steady flow of sand are also built to keep sands from eroding.
Breakwaters can also be constructed along coasts to prevent further advancement of
saltwater if already present. Though these structures avoid erosion it has
disadvantages, too. It prevents natural deposition of sands. They absorb wave energy
but permanently destroy sand grasses and dunes. Eventually, it will destroy marine
habitat.

Aside from concrete structures, there are also practices that can disturb and totally
destroy the natural coastal process.

Beach nourishment is commonly done by adding sand to the shore to extend their
houses, hotels and other structures. Likely, beach dewatering is another method to
avoid erosion. It involves pumping
out water from the shores.
However, these practices may lead
to saltwater intrusion or
movement of saline water into
freshwater aquifers. It will result
to groundwater quality
degradation. Groundwater
includes drinking water.

Figure 5. Breakwaters

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Global Warming and Coastal processes
Crustal movements and sea level change are coastal processes and its interactions
affect the climate. They are part of tight interconnected Earth system that affects
both global and regional climates. On the other hand, climate change also affects
these processes.

We are very familiar with the enhanced global warming. It gives a lot of consequences
even if it is just a few degrees increased than the usual average temperature. Global
warming results to intense storms, flooding, droughts and extreme storm. High
temperature resulted to ice melting. Consequently, sea level rises affecting the people
throughout the world.

What are the different causes of climate change?

Activity 4: We Can!
Directions. Observe your community. Identify the different practices and activities
that cause and triggers global warming. Write your answer inside rectangles.

Practices/ My Practices/
Activities of the Activities
Community
Causes
of Global
Warming

My Community
What can we do? What can I do?

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 What’s More

Activity 5: Making an Action Plan

Directions. Suppose you are the coordinator of the Municipal Disaster Risk
Reduction Management of your town. You are tasked to make an action plan to
mitigate the effects of coastal processes in risk zone. The action plan template is
already given below. Remember that the environment and people’s health are your
priorities. Then, kindly answer the guide questions.

Table 2. Action plan for mitigation of coastal processes and hazards

Resources Persons Action

Project Activity Objectives Duration Remarks
Needed Involved Taken
Resource
Speaker The
Project
To inform participants
READY! Residents
and Venue Preparation gained
Conduct of
empower of action knowledge
Resilience Symposia Barangay
residents Sound plans, and and skills
Enhancement and Officials 2 months
on coastal System emergency on coastal
Amidst Awareness
hazards response mitigation
Disaster Campaign Committee
and Projector teams through
-Youth
mitigation action
Empowerment
Learning plans
kits

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Guide Questions:

1. What are the factors did you consider to make projects and activities?
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Are all your objectives measurable and attainable? Justify your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

3. What are the difficulties/problem did you encounter in making the action
plan?
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. How did you cope up with the problem encountered in making the action
plan?
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

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 What I Have Learned

Directions: Read the following statements and fill in the blanks with the correct
answer. Choose from the pool of words given below.

1. _____________ have been attractive settling grounds for human population

as they provide abundant marine resources, fertile agricultural land and
possibilities for trade and transport.
2. _____________ refers to action taken to eliminate or reduce the long-term
risks and hazards in the coastal area.
3. Coastlines are highly dynamic natural systems that interact with
_____________, _____________, and _____________ processes and undergo
continuous change in response to these processes.
4. _____________ activities in coastal areas can also trigger hazard to the
natural balance of coastal systems, thus disrupting e.g. sensitive
ecosystems and subsequently human livelihood.
5. As the most geologically active zone on Earth coastal processes zone may
result to _____________, _____________, and _____________.
6. _____________ is a climate change phenomenon through which ocean water
volume increases, ice sheets and glaciers melt, and thermal expansion
occurs.
7. _____________ movement of saline water to fresh water aquifers which can
lead to the degradation or contamination of ground water including drinking
water resources.
8. _____________ is a mitigation method where a large amount of sand is
added to the coasts.
9. _____________ involves pumping out water from the shores to prevent
erosion.
10. _____________ or total prohibition of mining activities avoid pollution and
sediments run-off.

WORD POOL

coastal area salt intrusion erosion

mitigation beach nourishment adaptation
submersion atmospheric sea-level rise
terrestrial putting sand bag marine

beach dewatering human ban of mining

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 What I Can Do

Activity 6: Researcher’s Problem

Directions. Suppose you are one of the leading researchers in your coastal
community. A land developer wants to build a mall that is 20 feet off the edge of the
coast. He presented that his mall will not be affected by coastal processes because
there were no records of any major damages done in your community. As a
researcher, what are the problems that the land developer might encounter if he
would continue to build his mall? Answer the question in the form of a letter.

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 Assessment

Directions. Read the following questions and choose the letter of the correct answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following activities in coastal areas can trigger hazard to the
natural balance of coastal system?
A. allowed number of tourists
B. construction of breakwater
C. enhancing vegetation
D. prohibition of mining

2. Which of the following is/are natural result/s of a geologically active zone on

earth coastal system?
A. breakwater
B. sand erosion
C. sandbags and stone barriers
D. seawalls and island barriers

3. What refers to a climate change phenomenon through which ocean water

volume increases, ice sheets and glaciers melt, and thermal expansion occurs?
A. erosion
B. salt intrusion
C. sea-level change
D. water nourishment

4. Which of the following is the BEST reason for human population to choose
coastal zones as settling grounds?
A. abundant marine resources
B. peaceful and safe residential area
C. small possibility for trade and transport
D. unfertile agricultural land

5. What refers to the action taken to eliminate or reduce the long-term risks and
hazards in the coastal area?
A. alteration
B. mitigation
C. renovation
D. restoration

6. Salt intrusion is the movement of saline water to fresh water aquifers which
can lead to the following EXCEPT
A. loss of vegetation
B. erosion to low land area
C. contamination of ground water
D. shortage in drinking water supply

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7. What are the two processes interacting in a highly dynamic natural systems
of coastlines?
A. chemical and physical
B. endogenic and exogenic
C. oceanic and continental
D. atmospheric and biosphere

8. The following activities promote erosion EXCEPT

A. break water construction
B. land development
C. mining activities
D. waste disposal

9. Which of the following is NOT an impact of mining activities to coastal

processes?
A. enhanced erosional activities
B. improved biodiversity
C. loss of vegetation
D. surface run-off

10. Which of the following structures are built to counteract waves that hit the
shores?
A. barrier
B. groins
C. jetties
D. seawalls

11. Which of the following DOES NOT ensure effective management of saltwater
intrusion cases?
A. construction of seawalls
B. monitoring of coastal activities
C. assessment of coastal areas regularly
D. regulation of human activities along coastal zone

12. Which method are you going to use when there is a need to add a large
amount of sand to the coast?
A. beach promotion
B. beach nourishment
C. sand bag installation
D. seawalls construction

13. One of your classmates is living in a coastal area of the community. You found
out that this coastal area is already polluted. What activity can you suggest to
mitigate the said problem?
A. acoustic concert
B. coastal clean-up drive
C. population control campaign
D. recollection and reflection among the community

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 14. Your house is located in a coastal area. You notice that waves are already
damaging the shore near the fence of the house especially during high tide
and monsoon seasons. What can be constructed to mitigate the said problem
of your house?
A. artificial water recharge
B. beach dewatering
C. breakwater
D. sea wall

15. What will you construct to prevent the further advancement of saltwater if
already present in the coastal areas?
A. beach nourishment
B. beach dewatering
C. breakwaters
D. sand bags

Additional Activities

Directions. Choose one from the given activities. Do the tasks given adhering to the
theme: “Benefits and Costs of Coastal Sustainable Development.”
1. Write a 1000-word essay.
2. Make a poster-collage using recyclable materials.
3. Create a jingle.
4. Create a two-minute infomercial.

Table 3. Rubrics for the activities

Grammar/
Activity Content Creativity
Timeliness Points
Accurate and Submitted on
well- Exemplar grammar or before the 10
organized deadline
Organized Submitted one-
With 1-5 grammatical
Essay with minimal two days after 7
errors
error the deadline
Not organize Submitted a
With five or more 5 and
and with week after the
grammatical errors below
errors deadline
Accurate and Submitted on
Exemplar creativity and
well- or before the 10
resourcefulness
organized deadline
Poster-collage Organized Submitted one-
With creativity within
Jingle with minimal two days after 7
the standard
Infomercial error the deadline
Not organize Submitted a
Lacking of creativity 5 and
and with week after the
and resourcefulness below
errors deadline

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 Module 20
CO_Q1_ELS SHS
19
What I Know What is It What I Can Do
1. C Activity 3 Activity 5
2. B
3. C Impact Answer may vary
4. D 1. Sea level rise
5. D 2. Erosion,Intrusion,cha
6. C nged in drainage
7. B pattern Assessment
8. D 3. Changed in drainage
9. D patterns,increased 1. A
10. A erosion 2. B
11. B Mitigation 3. C
12. C Answers may vary 4. A
13. A 5. B
14. B What’s More 6. B
15. D Answers may vary 7. C
8. A
What I have Learned 9. B
What's In 1. Coastal area 10. D
2. Mitigation 11. A
Activity 1 3. Terrestrial, marine, 12. B
Answers may vary atmospheric 13. B
4. Human 14. D
5. Erosion, submersion, salt 15. C
What's New
water intrusion
Activity 2 6. Submersion
7. Salt water intrusion
Answer may vary 8. Sand bag barriers
9. Beach dewatering
10.Ban
Answer Key
References

A. Book

G.R.Thompson and J. Turk, Introduction to Earth Science,(Philippines: cengage

Learning 2012) 347
B. Electronic References
Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and et.al Managing
Impacts of Development in Coastal Zone,(Philippines: Coastal Management
Project of Department of Environment and Natural Resources, 2001)
https://faspselib.denr.gov.ph
A. Kotsoni, D. Dimelli and L, Ragia. Land Use Planning for Sustainable
Development of Coastal Regions (Greece:2017)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316867706
M. Pawlukiewicz, P. Gupta, and C. Koelbel. Ten Principles for Coastal
Development. Washington, D.C.: ULI–the Urban Land Institute, 2007.
https://uli.org>uploads>
https://www.encyclopedia.com/Access: February 23, 2019

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]