Aptitude

Summary

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Numbers:
[Link] of first n natural numbers = n(n+1)/2
[Link] of the squares of first n natural numbers =
n(n+1)(2n+1)/6
[Link] of the cubes of first n natural numbers = [n(n+1)/
2]2
[Link] of first n natural odd numbers = n2
[Link] = (Sum of items)/Number of items

Tests of Divisibility :
1.A number is divisible by 2 if it is an even number.
2.A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of the digits is
divisible by 3.
3.A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by
the last two digits is divisible by 4.
4.A number is divisible by 5 if the units digit is either 5
or 0.
5.A number is divisible by 6 if the number is divisible by
both 2 and 3.
6.A number is divisible by 8 if the number formed by
the last three digits is divisible by 8.
7.A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of the digits is
divisible by 9.
8.A number is divisible by 10 if the units digit is 0.
9.A number is divisible by 11 if the difference of the sum
of its digits at odd places and the sum of its digits at
even places, is divisible by 11

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RATIO & PROPORTIONS:

[Link] ratio a : b represents a fraction a/b. a is called
antecedent and b is called consequent.
[Link] equality of two different ratios is called
proportion.
[Link] a : b = c : d then a, b, c, d are in proportion. This is
represented by a : b :: c : d.
[Link] a : b = c : d, then we have a* d = b * c.
[Link] a/b = c/d then ( a + b ) / ( a – b ) = ( d + c ) / ( d – c ).

TIME & WORK :

[Link] A can do a piece of work in n days, then A's 1 day's
work = 1/n
[Link] A and B work together for n days, then (A+B)'s 1
days's work = 1/n
[Link] A is twice as good workman as B, then ratio of work
done by A and B = 2:1
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PIPES & CISTERNS :

[Link] a pipe can fill a tank in x hours, then part of tank
filled in one hour = 1/x
[Link] a pipe can empty a full tank in y hours, then part
emptied in one hour = 1/y
[Link] a pipe can fill a tank in x hours, and another pipe
can empty the full tank in y hours, then on opening both
the pipes,

the net part filled in 1 hour = (1/x-1/y) if y>x

the net part emptied in 1 hour = (1/y-1/x) if x>y

TIME & DISTANCE :

[Link] = Speed * Time
2.1 km/hr = 5/18 m/sec
3.1 m/sec = 18/5 km/hr
[Link] a man covers a certain distance at x kmph
and an equal distance at y kmph. Then, the average
speed during the whole journey is 2xy/(x+y) kmph.

PROBLEMS ON TRAINS :
[Link] taken by a train x metres long in passing a signal
post or a pole or a standing man is equal to the time
taken by the train to cover x metres.
[Link] taken by a train x metres long in passing a
stationary object of length y metres is equal to the time
taken by the train to cover x+y metres.
[Link] two trains are moving in the same direction
at u kmph and v kmph such that u>v, then their relative
speed = u-v kmph.
[Link] two trains of length x km and y km are moving in the
same direction at u kmph and v kmph, where u>v, then
time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train =
(x+y)/(u-v) hours.
[Link] two trains are moving in opposite directions
at u kmph and v kmph. Then, their relative speed =
(u+v) kmph.
[Link] two trains of length x km and y km are moving in the
opposite directions at u kmph and v kmph, then time
taken by the trains to cross each other = (x+y)/
(u+v)hours.
[Link] two trains start at the same time from two points A
and B towards each other and after crossing they take a
and b hours in reaching B and A respectively, then A's
speed : B's speed = (vb : v

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SIMPLE & COMPOUND INTERESTS :

Let P be the principal, R be the interest rate percent per
annum, and N be the time period.
[Link] Interest = (P*N*R)/100
[Link] Interest = P(1 + R/100)N – P
[Link] = Principal + Interest

H.C.F and L.C.M :

H.C.F stands for Highest Common Factor. The other
names for H.C.F are Greatest Common Divisor (G.C.D)
and Greatest Common Measure (G.C.M).
The H.C.F. of two or more numbers is the greatest
number that divides each one of them exactly.
The least number which is exactly divisible by each one
of the given numbers is called their L.C.M.
Two numbers are said to be co-prime if their H.C.F. is 1.
H.C.F. of fractions = H.C.F. of numerators/L.C.M of
denominators
L.C.M. of fractions = G.C.D. of numerators/H.C.F of
denominators

Product of two numbers = Product of their H.C.F. and

L.C.M.

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PERCENTAGES :
[Link] A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by R /
(100+R) * 100
[Link] A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by R /
(100-R) * 100
[Link] the price of a commodity increases by R%, then
reduction in consumption, not to increase the
expenditure is : R/(100+R)*100
[Link] the price of a commodity decreases by R%, then
the increase in consumption, not to decrease the
expenditure is : R/(100-R)*100

PROFIT & LOSS :

[Link] = Selling Price(S.P.) - Cost Price(C.P)
[Link] = C.P. - S.P.
[Link] % = Gain * 100 / C.P.
[Link] % = Loss * 100 / C.P.
5.S.P. = (100+Gain%)/100*C.P.
6.S.P. = (100-Loss%)/100*C.P.
Arithmetic Progression (A.P.):
An A.P. is of the form a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d, ...
where a is called the 'first term' and d is called the
'common difference'
[Link] term of an A.P. tn = a + (n-1)d
[Link] of the first n terms of an A.P. Sn = n/2[2a+
(n-1)d] or Sn = n/2(first term + last term)

Geometrical Progression (G.P.):

A G.P. is of the form a, ar, ar^2, ar^3, ...
where a is called the 'first term' and r is called the
'common ratio'.
[Link] term of a G.P. tn = ar^n-1
[Link] of the first n terms in a G.P. Sn = a|1-rn|/|1-r|

Permutations and Combinations :

[Link] = n!/(n-r)!
[Link] = n!
3.nP1 = n

[Link] = n!/(r! (n-r)!)

2.nC1 = n
3.nC0 = 1 = nCn
[Link] = nCn-r
[Link] = nPr/r!

Number of diagonals in a geometric figure of n sides =

nC2-n

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LOGARITHMS :
If am = x , then m = logax.
Properties :
[Link] xx = 1
[Link] x1 = 0
[Link] a(xy) = log ax + log ay
[Link] a(x/y) = log ax - log ay
[Link] ax = 1/log xa
[Link] a(xp) = p(log ax)
[Link] ax = log bx/log ba
Note : Logarithms for base 1 does not exist.

AREA & PERIMETER :

Shape Area Perimeter
Circle ? (Radius)2 2?(Radius)
Square (side)2 4(side)
Rectangle length*breadth 2(length+breadth)

[Link] of a triangle = 1/2*Base*Height or

[Link] of a triangle = v (s(s-a(s-b)(s-c)) where a,b,c are
the lengths of the sides and s = (a+b+c)/2
[Link] of a parallelogram = Base * Height
[Link] of a rhombus = 1/2(Product of diagonals)
[Link] of a trapezium = 1/2(Sum of parallel sides)
(distance between the parallel sides)
[Link] of a quadrilateral = 1/2(diagonal)(Sum of sides)
[Link] of a regular hexagon = 6(v3/4)(side)2
[Link] of a ring = ?(R2-r2) where R and r are the outer
and inner radii of the ring.

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VOLUME & SURFACE AREA :

Cube :
Let a be the length of each edge. Then,
[Link] of the cube = a3 cubic units
[Link] Area = 6a2 square units
[Link] = v 3 a units
Cuboid :
Let l be the length, b be the breadth and h be the
height of a cuboid. Then
[Link] = lbh cu units
[Link] Area = 2(lb+bh+lh) sq units
[Link] = v (l2+b2+h2)
Cylinder :
Let radius of the base be r and height of the cylinder be
h. Then,
[Link] = ?r2h cu units
[Link] Surface Area = 2?rh sq units
[Link] Surface Area = 2?rh + 2?r2 sq units
Cone :
Let r be the radius of base, h be the height, and l be the
slant height of the cone. Then,
1.l2 = h2 + r2
[Link] = 1/3(?r2h) cu units
[Link] Surface Area = ?rl sq units
[Link] Surface Area = ?rl + ?r2 sq units
Sphere :
Let r be the radius of the sphere. Then,
[Link] = (4/3)?r3 cu units
[Link] Area = 4?r2 sq units
Hemi-sphere :
Let r be the radius of the hemi-sphere. Then,
[Link] = (2/3)?r3 cu units
[Link] Surface Area = 2?r2 sq units
[Link] Surface Area = 3?r2 sq units
Prism :
Volume = (Area of base)(Height)

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