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 Chemistry in BSPsyhology,
BSEducation, BSBiology
Requirement: latest issue of Periodic Table of the Elements
Introduction
FAQ……
What is Chemistry
How is Chemistry apply to our self?
Why is it important to learn the different principles of Chemistry?
How is it applied to our Programs we are taken?
in BS Education,
BS Biology
BS Psychology
Engineering Programs
 Chemistry in Psychology
Psychology - is the study of the human Some of the most important
mind and its control of emotions and neurotransmitter chemicals are:
actions.
• Dopamine (C₈H₁₁NO₂),
• Serotonin (C₁₀H₁₂N₂O),
Human brain : contains over 100
chemicals that are used to • Vasopressin (C₄₆H₆₅N₁₃O₁₂S₂),
communicate with the body, they are • Oxytocin (C₄₃H₆₆N₁₂O₁₂S₂),
known as naturally occurring
neurotransmitter • Acetylcholine (C₇H₁₆NO₂),
• Norepinephrine (C₈H₁₁NO₃),
For example: • Epinephrine (C₉H₁₃NO₃) and
a simple as smiling at someone in • Cortisol (C₂₁H₃₀O₅)
the hallway it is influenced by the
chemicals and neurotransmitters in
the brain
Chemistry in Psychology
Neurotransmitter chemicals:

• too much or too little of any neurotransmitter causes the chemical reactions in
the brain to be unbalanced,

• resulting in various mental conditions such as O.C.D, depression, Alzheimer's and

schizophrenia

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental illness that causes repeated

unwanted thoughts or sensations (obsessions) or the urge to do something over
and over again (compulsions).
https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/obsessive-compulsive-disorder

https://www.chemistryislife.com/the-chemistry-of-psychology
 What is Chemistry…….

• It is the study of matter

(substance/s) and the changes that
matter undergoes

• It is also known as the central

science due to its main/major
branches

• Its application is wide, even in our

everyday life, we used the different
principles of chemistry.
Scope in studying Chemistry:
(qualitative and quantitative)
• Composition

• Structure

• Classification

• Properties

• Changes

• Energy

• Measurement (quantitative aspects)

Composition
• Chemical composition refers to the arrangement, type, and ratio of atoms in molecules of
chemical substances.

• Chemical composition varies when chemicals are added or subtracted from a substance, when
the ratio of substances changes, or when other chemical changes occur in chemicals.

• Constituents of the elements/atoms which composed of sub-atomic particles… protons, neutrons

and electrons

• It can be qualitative or quantitative.

example: water…. What are the components of water
Its chemical formula of water… H2O
qualitatively it contains …… hydrogen and oxygen
quantitatively it contains ….. 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen
it also contains…… 11.19% hydrogen and 89.89 % oxygen
 Structure
• the (graphical representation) arrangement of chemical
bonds between atoms in a molecule (or in an ion or radical with
multiple atoms),

• atoms are chemically bonded to other atoms with different types of

chemical bonding,
 Structure
Chemical bond can be …
• Ionic bond – it is the interaction between metals with low
ionization energy and nonmetals with high electron affinity

• Covalent bond – it is the sharing of electrons between two

nonmetals

• Metallic bond – electrostatic attraction between the positively

charged atomic nuclei of metal atoms and the delocalised electrons
in the metal.
Example: pure metal
alloys (combination of different metals)
Delocalised electrons – electrons that can move freely
within the molecular orbitals, and so each electrons are
detached from its parent atom.
Flow of electrons: formation of “sea electrons”
Lots of unpaired electrons
Classification
• Pure substance and Mixture • Physical States
In addition of physical state of matter
Bose – Einstein Condensate = cooling cloud of
Bosons @ 0 K (superfluids)

PLASMA
..\Night of the Northern Lights.mp4
12
Pure substance
• Elements

• Compounds
14
Periodic Table of Elements

Nh Mc Ts Og

15
Elements with foreign name
Assignment: Match column A to Column B and C
column A contains two answers
write your answers at the left side of the number is column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C

1. silver A. Hg 1. ferrum
2. tungsten B. Fe 2. cuprum
3. lead C. Au 3. stannum
4. potassium D. Cu 4. hydrargyrum
5. tin E. Sb 5. kalium
6. iron F. P 6. aurum
7. sodium G. W 7. plumbum
8. gold H. Ag 8. stibium
9. copper I. Sn 9. phosphorum
10. mercury J. K 10. argentum
11. antimony K. Na 11. natrium
L. Pb 12. wolfram

17
Elements
• Diatomic molecules:

H 2; O 2; N 2; Cl 2; F 2; Br 2; I 2

• Elements of carbon:
charcoal
activated carbon

18
Elements of carbon atom

DIAMOND GRAPHITE FULLERENE

•Network solid Carbon atoms arranged together
•Crystalline form GRAPHITE in a shape like a sphere or a tube
th
•Each carbon is bonded to 4 other •Each carbon is bonded to 3 other; the 4 •Microscopic
carbon bond is weak •Originally found in soot or
•Very strong •Layers of Carbon exhaust
•High melting point •Weak •Buckminsterfullerenes
•Ex.: jewelry •Layers "rub off" ex.: dom
diamond cutter •Ex: pencil lead
19
Elements

20
 Compounds
• are combinations of two or more different elements/substances

• always contain the same elements in the same composition by mass

• its properties are very different from the properties of elements from
which the compounds form
• example: Water by mass:
• 11.19% hydrogen
• 88.81% oxygen
• when substances combine (either elements/s or other compound/s) a
chemical reactions will occur forming a new product/s.
21
Example: Sodium combine Chlorine forming Sodium Chloride
(forming compounds)

22
 • Acid = is a compound composed of two parts: cation and anion,
the cation portion is always the hydrogen ion (H+).
Example: HCl – hydrochloric acid; HNO3 – nitric acid;
H2SO4 – sulfuric acid

Types of • Base = is a compound composed of a cation and the hydroxide

(OH1-) anion.
Example: Ba(OH)2 - barium hydroxide;
compounds NaOH – sodium hydroxide
• Oxides = is a compound consisting of a cation and the oxide (O2-)
anion.
Example: Na2O - sodium oxide;
Fe2O3 - ferric oxide or iron (III) oxide
SO2 - sulfur dioxide;
P4O10 - tetraphosphorus decaoxide
• Salts = is composed of two parts: the cation portion and the
anion portion.
Example: NaCN – sodium cyanide
SnS – stannous sulfide or tin (II) sulfide
Cu (NO2)2 – cupric nitrite or copper (II) nitrate
Chemical separation of pure substance
• Chemical Process – a separation that involves chemical reaction.
Examples:

• Electrolysis

• Precipitation

• Redox

• Catalytic
Classification of matter
MIXTURE

HETEROGENEOUS
HOMOGENEUOS -
SOLUTION

SUSPENSION
COLLOIDS
25
Figure 1.2 – Cinnabar and Mercury
page 18

26
Figure 1.5 – Two Mixtures page 20

27
Figure 1.4 – Copper (II)Sulfate and Sand

28
29
Physical separation of components of a
mixture
Physical process - is a separation that involves the difference of physical
properties of the substances in the given mixture.
Examples:
• Filtration,
• Decantation,
• Distillation,
• Evaporation,
• Condensation,
• Sublimation
(Note: kindly look for the definition and description of these processes)
Distillation:

31
Physical Processes
• Extraction,
• Sieving,
• Sorting,
• Magnetism,
• Adsorption,
• Chromatography

(Note: kindly look for the definition and description of these processes)

32
Suggest a best method of separating the given mixtures:

Assignment: answer with complete sentence and make an schematic

diagram.

1.Iron fillings and sulfur powder

2.Sand & gravel
3.Salt & sand
4.Salt, sand & iron fillings

33
 Classify the following as to: element, compound, homogeneous or
heterogeneous mixture.
Assignment : Copy and write your answer beside the given words
1. Dry ice 11. Graphite
2. Aurum 12. Dextrose 21. oxygen in a hospital
tank
3. Iron fillings 13. Copper wire
22. multivitamins with
4. Brass 14. Granite iron
5. Charcoal 15. Diamond 23. vinegar
6. Jewelry 16. Amalgam 24. table salt
7. Rubbing alcohol 17. Shampoo 25. muddy water
8. Air 18. Stalagmites
9. Biogesic tablet 19. blood
10. Bronze 20. LPG
34
35
 Properties of matter
Chemical : quality of a substance that can causes changes its
original identity..
Physical : quality of the substance without changing the original
identity.

Physical change can be measured

intensive - depends on the quality of the materials/substances.
extensive – depends on the quantity of the materials/substances

36
Classify as to chemical property or physical property
Assignment : Copy and write your answer beside the given
words
1. Iron will easily
corrode/rust 6. Chlorine use as
2. Milk will form curdle disinfectant
3. Sugar is a high – energy 7. Povidone iodine can cure
food wound
4. Gold is highly resistant to 8. Glasses can be broken
corrosion 9. Inhaling of odor
5. Metals are attracted by 10. Conductivity of metals
magnet

37
Classify the following as to: chemical property; intensive property; extensive
property . Assignment : Copy and write your answer beside the given words
1. breakable plates 10. 500mg paracetamol tablet
2. Souring of milk 11. 5kw-hr electricity
3. combustibility of wood 12. diffusibility of perfume
4. solubility of salt 13. 0.9 g/mL density of ice
5. 10 storey building 14. roughness of road
6. Brownish gas 15. 10 gal of water
7. decomposition of garbage 16. digestibility of food
8. coldness of CO2
9. 1000C boiling point of water
38
CHANGES IN MATTER:

• Chemical
formation : precipitate
flame
gas
permanent color

• Physical
physical state cycle
appearance like
size, texture, etc…..
39
Classify the following as to chemical or physical change:
Assignment : Copy and write your answer beside the given
words
1. formation of fog 10. production of light from
2. acetone evaporates electricity
3. mixing alcohol in water 11. digesting of chicken
4. cutting of styrofoam 12. corrosion of metal
5. pulverising Biogesic tablet 13. chewing a food
6. dyeing white hair 14. stretching of balloon
7. Freezing of liquid 15. ripening of fruits
8. Combustion of paper
9. souring of food
40
Chemical change
• every time a chemical change will occur, its undergone a chemical
reaction

• a chemical reaction can be represented by a chemical equation

• chemical equation – is the concise way or shortest way to express a

chemical reaction using chemical symbols and chemical formulas.
 Chemical symbols
Chemical symbols are the shortest way to represent a chemical element.
Chemical formula/chemical name
• a set of chemical symbols showing the elements present in a compound and their relative
proportions, and in some cases the structure of the compound.

• a notation used by scientists to show the number and type of atoms present in a molecule, using
the atomic symbols and numerical subscripts.

Examples: NaCl /sodium chloride,

H2O,
Ca3(PO4)2 /calcium phosphate,
PbO2 /lead (IV) oxide or plumbic oxide,
FeSO4 /iron (II) sulfate or ferrous sulfate,
HgO /mercury (II) oxide or mercuric oxide ,
K2S /potassium sulfide,
AgNO3 /silver nitrate,
Zn3N2 /zinc nitride
 Energy
• Energy is the ability/capacity to do work.

• when a physical and chemical changes occur, there

is also a change in energy
• Change in energy can be endothermic or
exothermic
• Endothermic process/energy/reaction:
* heat from the surrounding;
* temperature of the surrounding decreases.
** system becomes hotter

• Exothermic process/energy/reaction:
* release heat to the surrounding;
* temperature of the surrounding increases.
** system becomes colder
 EXOTHERMIC process/reactions: ENERGY/HEAT IS ENDOTHERMIC process/reaction: ENERGY/HEAT IS
RELEASED FROM SYSTEM TO THE SURROUNDING ABSORBED FROM SURROUNDING TO THE SYSTEM
Making ice cubes (freezing or solidification) Melting ice cubes
Formation of snow in clouds Conversion of frost to water vapor
Condensation of rain from water vapor (condensation) Evaporation of water (evaporation)
A candle flame (combustion reaction) Forming a cation from an atom in the gas phase
Mixing sodium sulfite and bleach Baking bread
Rusting iron (corrosion) Cooking an egg (cooking foods)
Burning sugar Producing sugar by photosynthesis
Forming ion pairs Separating ion pairs
Combining atoms to make a molecule in the gas phase Splitting a gas molecule apart
Mixing water and acids or bases (strong or weak) Mixing water and ammonium nitrate/ammonium chloride
Mixing water from anhydrous salt Making an anhydrous salt from a hydrate
Crystallizing liquid salts (ex.: sodium acetate in chemical Melting solid salts
handwarmers)
Nuclear fission Reaction of Ba(OH)2•8H2O crystal with dry NH4Cl
Mixing water with CaCl 2 Mixing water with KCl
Hot packs Sublimation process
Neutralization reaction Fusion of solid
Fireworks Ice packs
Dissolving sodium chloride in water Boiling
45
https://www.thoughtco.com/endothermic-reaction-examples-608179
Copy and write your answer beside the given words
Classify the following as an endothermic or exothermic reaction:
1. freezing water
2. the reaction inside an ice pack
3. burning wood
4. combustion of Mg in dry ice
5. melting ice
6. making popcorn in a microwave
7. a burning match
8. boiling water
9. burning rocket fuel
10. the reaction inside a heat pack

https://quizlet.com/78153966/outcome-49-flash-cards/
•
46
•
Quantitative aspects of Chemistry
• Involves the exact amount/quantities of the materials that is needed

Some types of quantitative topics:

• Measurements
• Balancing chemical equation
• Atomic Structure
• Molar mass
Measurement
• Measurement is an important skill and make connections in daily
life.
• When students measure an object, they are describing its
characteristics in terms of size, weight, height, length, area, volume,
value or some other attribute.
• they are helping others to visualize that object, and see it in their
“mind eye”.

48
Measurement in Chemistry (quantitative science
CHARACTERISTICS:

• Magnitude

• Units

• Uncertainty

49
magnitude uncertainty
unit

50
 Measurement:

Precision and Accuracy

• Measurements that are close to the “correct”
value are accurate.
• Measurements that are close to each other are
precise.

51
measurement
Precision and Accuracy

52
 Measurement in Chemistry : conversion of units
• Two types of units:
– fundamental (or base) units; 7 base units in the SI system.
– derived units.

• Two types of systems:

– English
– Metric (system international, SI) 1960: All scientific units use Système
International d’Unités (SI Units). Official system of measurement.

3 countries that does NOT use Metric system: USA, Liberia, Mayanmar

 CONVERSION OF UNITS 53
 Some Base units:
• Mass = is a measure of the amount of material in an object in grams, g
• Length = is the measure of the distance of material in meter, m
• Time in seconds, s
• Temperature = measurement of hotness and coldness of the body in
Kelvin, K
• Amount of substance: measures in terms of number of mole, mol
• Electricity in ampere, A
• Luminous intensity in Candela, cd

54
Selected Greek Prefixes used in the SI System
Greek Prefixes Abbreviation Factor/meaning Example: using base unit meter, m
Yotta Y 10 24 1 yottameter (1 Ym) = 1x10 24 m
Zetta Z 10 21 1 zettameter (1 Zm) = 1x10 21 m
Exa E 10 18 1 exameter (1 Em) = 1x10 18 m
Peta P 10 15 1 petameter (1 Pm) = 1x10 15 m
Tera T 10 12 1 terameter (1 Tm) = 1x10 12 m
Giga G 10 9 1 gigameter (1 Gm) = 1x10 9 m
Mega M 10 6 1 megameter (1 Mm) = 1x10 6 m
kilo k 10 3 1 kilometer (1 km) = 1x10 3 m
Hector H 10 2 1 hectometer (1 Hm) = 1x10 2 m
Deca D 10 1 1 decameter (1 Dm) = 1x10 1 m

deci d 10 – 1 1 decimeter (1dm) = 1x10 – 1 m

centi c 10 – 2 1 centimeter (1 cm) = 1x10 – 2 m
milli m 10 – 3 1 millimeter (1 mm) = 1x10 – 3 m
micro μ 10 – 6 1 micrometer (1 µm) = 1x10 – 6 m
nano n 10 – 9 1 nanometer (1 nm) = 1x10 – 9 m
pico p 10 – 12 1 picometer (1 pm) = 1x10 – 12 m
femto f 10 – 15 1 femtometer (1 fm) = 1x10 – 15 m
atto a 10 – 18 1 attometer (1 am) = 1x10 – 18 m
zepto z 10 – 21 1 zeptometer (1 pm) = 1x10 – 21 m
yocto y 10 – 24 1 yoctometer (1 fm) = 1x10 – 24 m
English System: relation between English to SI
Mass Length Volume
1 slug = 14.59 kg 1 ft = 12 in 1 mL = 1 cm 3
1 kg = 2.21 lb 1 ft = 30. 48 cm 1L = 1000 mL
1 lb = 453. 6 g 1 in = 2. 54 cm 1L = 1.057 qt
1 lb = 16 oz 1 km = 0.621 mile 1 gal = 3.785 L
1 short ton = 2000 lb 1 mile = 1.61 km 1 gal = 4 qt
1 metric ton = 10 3 kg 1 mile = 5,280 ft 1 gal. = 8 pt.
1g = 0.03527 0z 1m = 39. 37 in 1 m3 = 1000L
1 metric ton = 1.102 short ton 1m = 3.28 ft 1 m3 = 35.31 ft 3
1 yd = 3 ft 1 ft3 = 7.481 gal
1 ft3 = 28.32 L

56
UNIT CONVERSION :
• within the metric system

• between the English and metric system

• within the English system

• The method used for conversion of units is called the Factor-Label

Method or Dimensional Analysis

57
 Factor-Label Method or Dimensional Analysis

• Given measurement

• Unknown measurement/desired unit

• Conversion factor /s to determine the unknown

Mathematical equation:

Desired unit = given unit x (conversion factor/s).

58
 Factor-Label Method or Dimensional Analysis
• Given measurement
• Unknown measurement
• Conversion factor /s to determine the unknown
Example : convert 381 grams to pounds
conversion factor: 1 lb = 453.6 g ……. Unknown = given unit x conversion factor
lbs. = 381 g x conversion factor
381 g x 1 lb = 0 .8 4 0 l b
4 5 3 .6 g
Example : convert 1.844 gallons to milliliters
conversion factors: 1 gal = 3.785 L 1L = 1,000 mL
mL = 1.844 gal x conversion factors
3.785 L 1000 m L = 6980 m L
1.844 gal x x
1 gal 1L 59
Examples:
1. Convert 5.5 inches to millimeters
Ans. 139.7 mm

2. Convert 50.0 milliliters to pints

Ans. 0.106 pt.

3. Convert 1.8 in2 to cm2 Ans. 11.61 cm2

60
Physical properties of substances
• Temperature
• Density
• Specific gravity
• Volume
• Mass

61
Conversion of temperatures:
o
F - 32
o
C 
1.8
o
F  1.8( C)  32
o

K = °C + 273 .15
R = 0 F + 460
(Rankine)
62
Conversion between Fahrenheit and Celsius
Exercises:
1. Convert 75 0C to 0F, R

2. Convert –10 0F to 0C, K

answers: 1. 167 0F, 627 R

2. -23.33 0C, 249.82K

63
 DENSITY

cork

water

brass nut

Density of ice= liquid mercury

0.9 g/mL

64
Density

• Density: the ratio of mass to volume.

d = d e n si ty
m m = m ass
d =
V V = vo l u m e
• most commonly used units are g/mL for liquids and
solids, and g/L for gases.
1mL = 1 cc or cm 3

65
 Density
mass mass
 = -------------------- • Vol. = --------------------

volume
Common units: • mass = vol. x 
 = g/mL ; kg/L
mass = g; kg
vol. = mL; L
66
Specific Gravity
• The density of a substance compared to water as a standard.
• because specific gravity is the ratio of two densities, it has no units (it is
dimensionless).

Density of a substance
Specific gravity = -----------------------------------
Density of water

67
Volumes of regularly – shaped solid
Cube = s 3

Sphere = 4/3 (π r 3)

Cylinder = V = π r 2 h

Block = length x width x height

68
Volume of irregularly shaped solid, Vs

(displacement method)
Vs = Vf – Vi

https://www.sophia.org/tutorials/determining-volume-liquids-solids-regular-shapes-a 69
 Volume of irregularly shaped solid, Vs

Mass of a liquid:
m = mass of liq. w/ container – mass of empty container

https://slideplayer.com/slide/5668366/
70
 Sample Problem:
1. If 73.2 mL of a liquid has a mass of 61.5 g, what is its
density in g/mL?
• Given: Vol. = 73.2 mL, mass = 61.5 g
• Rqd: density
• Solution:

m 61.5 g = 0.840 g/mL

d= =
V 73.2 mL 71
Sample problem:

2. The density of copper at 20°C is 8.92 g/mL. The density of

water at this temperature is 1.00 g/mL. What is the specific
gravity of copper?
Density of a substance
Specific gravity = -----------------------------------
Density of water

8.92 g/mL
Specific gravity = = 8.92
1.00 g/mL
72
Sample problem:
3. What is the volume of air in liters (density = 0.00129 g/mL) occupied
by 1.0 gram of air
Given: Density of air = 0.00129 g/mL ; MASS = 1.0 g
Rqd: VOL.
Solution: Vol. of air = mass/density
= 1.0 g/0.00129 g/mL = 775 mL
Convert to L: (1 L = 1000 mL)
Vol. of air in Liter = 775 mL x 1L / 1000 mL
= 0.775 L 73
PROBLEMS
Activity: virtual boardwork
• Solve any problems given from the notes or problems or problems
taken from any textbook.
• Present and discuss during our vc with camera on.
• Share your output during presentation with complete worded
problems and solution and post it in our teams under files section.
• Make sure you have your name on it, indicate the source of your
problem presented. If the problem is come from the notes indicate
the problem number.
• There must be NO duplication of the problems solved
• Score depends on the difficulty of the problems, the way it presented
and discuss.
Problems:
1. Write the appropriate symbol in the blank (> , <, = )
A) 303 m _______ 303 x 10 3 km
B) 500 g ________ 0.5000 kg
C. 1.50 cm 3 ______ 1.50 x 10 3 nm 3

2. Perform the following conversion. Show the conversion factor.

Convert 5.0 qts to:
A) gallons B) µ L C) ML

3. A 150 lb adult has approximately 9 pints of blood. How many liters of

blood does the individual have? If a drop of blood has a volume of 0 . 05 mL ,
how many drops of blood are in the adult ?
76
Problems:
4. A student is 5 ft 2 in tall and weighs 54.43 kg. What is the student’s
height in cm ; in Tm and weight in lb; in pg .

5. Aspirin has been recommended to minimize the chance of heart

attacks in persons who have already had one or more occurrences. If
a patient takes one aspirin tablet per day for ten years, how many pounds
of aspirin will the patient consume? (Assume that each tablet is
approximately 325 mg.)

77
 Problems:
6. The height of a horse is usually measured in hands. One hand is usually 1/3 ft.
A) How tall (in feet) is a horse of 19.2 hands?
B) How tall (in meters) is a horse of 1.7 hands?
C) A horse of 20.5 hands is to be transported in a trailer. The roof of
the trailer needs to provide 3.0 ft. of vertical clearance. What is
the minimum height of the trailer in feet?

7. At sea, distances are measured in nautical miles and speeds are expressed
in knots.
1 nautical mile = 6,076.12 ft.
1 knot = 1 nautical mile (exactly)
A) How many mile are in one nautical mile?
B) How many meters are in one nautical mile?
C) A ship traveling at a rate of 22 knots. Express the ship’s speed in miles per hour.
78
Problems:
8. What is the density of a sample of bone with mass of 12.0 grams and
volume of 5.9 cm3?

9. A sinker of lead has a volume of 0.25 cm3. Calculate the mass in

grams. The density of lead is 11.3 g/cm3.

10. Four patients have temperatures of 561. 5 R , 39 0 C , 100. 8

0 F and 313. 15 K . Which patient has the highest and lowest fever ?
 Sample Problems:
11. A stone has a mass of 12.3 g is added to a graduated cylinder filled with
water to the 38.0 mL mark. After the solid sinks to the bottom, the water lev
el is read to be at the 40.3 –mL mark. What is the density of the solid?

12. A flask that contains 14. 59 mL liquid has a mass of 35. 66 g . What is
the density of the liquid if the mass of an empty flask is 15. 67 g ?

13. Three 10 mL samples of gold weighs: 193.119 g, 193.122 g, and

193.161 g, respectively. Which sample represents pure gold in terms of
(density of pure gold : 19 . 32 g/mL ).

80
 Problems:

14. To identify a liquid substance, a student determined its density.

Using a graduated cylinder she measured out a 45. 0 mL sample of
the substance. She then measured the mass of the sample, finding
that it weighed 38. 5 g. She knew that the substance had to be
either isopropyl alcohol ( density = 0.785 g/mL) or toluene (density
= 0. 856 g/mL). What is the calculated density , identify the
substance and explain your answer of choosing the substance.

15. Two liquids are mixed with water separately in a vial . Liquid A
contain 25. 0 mL with a total mass of 44. 23 g plus the vial and
liquid B has a volume of 55. 1 mL with a total mass of 39. 92 g. What
are the densities of liquid A & B? Which will float or sink in water?
The mass of empty vials are 4. 50 g and 4. 12 g respectively.
81
 Problems:
16. A solid with an irregular shape and a mass of 11.3 g is added to a
graduated cylinder filled with water (d = 1.00 g/ml) to the 35.0 –ml mark.
After the solid sinks to the bottom, the water level is read to be at the 42.3 –
mL mark. What is the density of the solid?

17. After the label fell off a bottle containing a clear liquid believe to be
alcohol or benzene , a chemist measured the density of a liquid to verify its
identity . A 25.0 mL portion of the liquid had a mass of 21. 95 g . A chemistry
handbook lists the density of benzene at 25 o C as 0. 878 g/mL and alcohol as
0.788 g/mL. What is the calculated density, identify the substance and explain
your answer of choosing the substance.?

18. A metal slug weighing 25.17 g is added to a flask with a volume of

59.7 ml. It is found that 43.7 g of methanol (d = 0.791 g/mL) must be
added to the metal to fill the flask. What is the density of the metal?
82
 Problems:
19. A college student is 5 ft. and 2 inches tall and weighs 54.43
kg. , what is the students height in megameter and terameter and
weight in pounds and in kg.

20. Neon, the gaseous element used to make electronic signs has a
melting point of 24.55 K. What are the temperatures in 0C , 0F and R .

21. A piece of metal has a mass of 5.21 grams is dropped into a

graduated cylinder containing 16.7 mL of water, the water level rises
to 18.2 mL . What is the density of the metal in grams per mL.
83
 Problems:
22. Three 10 mL samples of diamond weigh A) 35.01 g , B) 35.20 g, and C)
35.10 g, respectively. Which sample represents pure diamond in terms of density?
(density of pure diamond : 3.51 g/mL ).

23. The first of three identical tanks is filled with water, the second with carbon
tetrachloride, and the third with mercury. The densities of the three liquids are 1.00,
1.58, and 13.34 g/ cm3, respectively. If the tanks measure 4.00 cm long, 4.00 cm wide,
and 3.00 cm deep, what is the mass in grams of the contents of each tank? (NOTE:
solve the volume of the tank using
( Vol. = Long x Wide x Deep; the volume of the tank is the volume of the liquids.)

24. Two liquids are mixed with water separately in a vial . Liquid A contain 25.0 mL
with a total mass of 44.23 g plus the vial and liquid B has a volume of 55.1 mL with a
total mass of 39.92 g. What are the densities of liquid A & B? Which will float or sink in
water, explain your answer? The mass of empty vials are 4.50 g and 4.12 g, respectively.
84
 Problems:
25. A piece of stone has a mass of 3.60 grams is dropped into a
graduated cylinder containing 8.3 mL of water, the water level rises to
9.8 mL . What is the density of the metal in grams per mL.

26. Three 10 mL samples of gold weigh 193.1 9 g , 193.12 g, and

193.16 g , respectively. Which sample represents pure gold in terms of
density? (density of pure gold : 19 . 32 g/mL ).

27. A waterbed filled with water has a dimensions 8.0 ft x 7.0 ft. x 0.75 ft.
Taking the density of water to be 1.00 g/cm 3. How many kilograms, kg of
water required to fill the waterbed.
85
Balancing Chemical Equation
• concise way or shortest way to express a chemical reaction
using chemical symbols and chemical formulas .
PARTS OF A
CHEMICAL EQUATION:

REACTANT  PRODUCT

left side right side

starting resulting
PARTS OF A CHEMICAL EQUATION

For more than 1 reactant and product :

reactant 1 + reactant 2  product 1 + product 2

 PARTS OF A CHEMICAL EQUATION
reactant 1 + reactant 2
plus sign ( + ) :

Reactant side is read as :

 plus,
 added with,
 reacted with,
 combined with
PARTS OF A CHEMICAL EQUATION
the arrow symbol (  )

is read as :
 produces,
 yields,
 forming

product 1 + product 2

plus sign ( + ) product side is read as: and

 In writing chemical equation
• Chemical symbols and chemical formulas must be correctly
written

• Chemical formulas for diatomic molecules:

H 2 (g), O 2(g), N 2(g), Cl 2(g), F 2(g), Br 2(l), I 2(s)
 In writing chemical equation
• The physical state of the reactants and products are indicated by the
following notation:

For gas: (g) or ↑ ; CO 2(g) or CO 2 ↑

For liquid: (l) ; H 2O (l)
For solid : (s) or ↓ or ___ ; NaCl (s) or
NaCl ↓
or NaCl
For aqueous solution : (aq), NaCl (aq)
 In writing chemical equation
For heating the substances: ∆
= it is place above the arrow , below the arrow or in the reactant;

Reactant + heat or ∆  products

∆
Reactant  products

Reactant  products
∆
BALANCE THE CHEMICAL EQUATION
• Law of Conservation of Mass:
the total number of atoms in the reactants side is equal
to the total number of atoms in the products side by:
H2O
• Adding COEFFIECIENT
2 H2(g) + O 2(g)  2 H2O(l)
• trial and error and inspection
 TYPES

OF

CHEMICAL

EQUATION
5 types (patterns) of chemical equation
• Direct combination (synthesis)

• Decomposition (analysis)

• Single displacement (replacement/substitution)

• Double displacement (metathesis)

• Combustion

Five Major Chemical Reactions.flv

DIRECT COMBINATION (synthesis)
• two or more simple compounds/substances combine to form one
compound

• General form: A + B  AB

Example:
combination of iron and chlorine gas to form iron (III)
chloride

2Fe(s) + 3Cl 2(g)  2FeCl 3(s)

Decomposition (Analysis):
a compound breaks down to make simpler ones (produce more than one substances).

General form: AB + heat  A + B

AB + ∆  A + B
∆
AB  A + B

AB  A + B
∆
 Decomposition (Analysis):

Heated aluminum bicarbonate yields aluminum oxide, carbon dioxide and water.

2 Al (HCO3)3(s) + heat  Al2O 3(s) + 6 CO 2(g) + 3 H 2O (g)

Al = 1x2=2 Al =2
C = 1x3 = 3x2 =6 C = 1x6=6
H= 1x3 = 3x2 = 6 H= 2x3 = 6
O = 3x3 = 9 x2 =18 O =3 + 2 + 1 = 6
= 3+ (2x6) +1 = 16
= 3 + 12 + (1x3) =18
 Single displacement (replacement/substitution)
a free element replaces another element from a compound provided that the free element is
more active than the element in the compound

General form: A + BC  AC + B

• Activity series of metal: Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Cd, Ni, Sn, Pb,
(H), Cu, Hg, Ag, Au

A + BC  BA + C

• Activity series of non-metal : F, Cl, Br, I

Single displacement (replacement/substitution)

magnesium replaces hydrogen in water to make magnesium hydroxide

and hydrogen gas:

Mg(s) + 2H 2O(l)  Mg(OH)2(aq) + H 2(g)

 Double displacement (metathesis)
two compounds react each other forming two new compounds by
interchanging their positive and negative ions.
General form: AB + CD  AD + CB

reaction of lead (II) nitrate with potassium iodide to form lead (II) iodide
and potassium nitrate:

Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI  PbI2 + 2 KNO3

 Combustion:
when oxygen combines with another compound to form carbon dioxide
and water.

General form: A + O 2  CO2 + H2O

Example:
burning of propane:
C3H8 + 5O2  3 CO2 + 4 H2O
O = 6 + 4 =10
 Activity:
From the given equation : give the type of chemical reaction and balance

1) NaOH + KNO 3  NaNO3 + KOH double displacement

(equation is already balance)

2) CH4 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2O

3) Na + FeBr3  NaBr + Fe

4) Ca(HCO3)2 + heat  CaO + CO 2 + H 2O

5) SO3 + H 2O  H 2 SO 4
 Activity
From the given equation and give the type of chemical reaction and balance.
6) NH 4OH + HBr  H2O + NH 4Br

7) Pb + O2  PbO2

8) Na 2CO3 + heat  Na 2O + CO 2

9) KI + Cl 2  KCl + I 2

10) C3H8 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2O
Composition of the atom:
(structure of the atom)
Consist of 3
subatomic particles :

• Protons
• Neutron
• Electrons

https://byjus.com/questions/what-is-the-lightest-subatomic-particle/
106
Properties of the composition of the atom
PARTICLE SYMBOL CHARGE OF LOCATION IN THE ELECTRICAL RELATIVE MASS ACTUAL MASS 0F
THE PARTICLE ATOM CHARGE OF THE OF THE THE PARTICLE,
PARTICLE PARTICLE, amu grams

proton p+ positively Inside the nucleus +1.602 x 10 – 19 C 1.0072765 1.673 x 10 – 24

charge, +

neutron n0 no charge, 0 Inside the nucleus 0 1.0086650 1.675 x 10 – 24

electron e– negatively Outside the – 1.602 x 10 – 19 C 0.00054858 9.109 x 10 – 28

charge, – nucleus in the
electron cloud in
energy level

https://socratic.org/questions/what-are-the-subatomic-particles-in-an-atom-including-the-charge-location-and-ma
107
Quantitative properties of the atom
ATOMIC NUMBER:
• is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
• the number of protons define the identity of an element (i.e., an element with 6 protons is a carbon atom, no
matter how many neutrons may be present).
• the number of protons determines how many electrons surround the nucleus, and
• it is the arrangement of these electrons that determines most of the chemical behavior of an element.

MASS NUMBER/ATOMIC MASS/ATOMIC WEIGHT:

• is the average mass of the atoms of an element measured in atomic mass unit (amu, also known as daltons, D).
• the atomic mass is a weighted average of all of the isotopes of that element, in which the mass of each isotope
is multiplied by the abundance of that particular isotope. (Atomic mass is also referred to as atomic weight, but
the term "mass" is more accurate.)

ISOTOPES
• same element, same number of protons but differ in number of neutrons and atomic mass.
• all atoms/elements have isotopes

https://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/periodic/structure_mass.htm
The Nuclear symbol of an atom
A Where:
A = is the mass number/atomic mass/atomic weight

Z Z = is the atomic number or no. of protons

X = is the chemical symbol of the element

Relationship: A= n+p
where: A = mass number/atomic mass/atomic weight
n = number of neutrons
p = Z = atomic number/number of protons
(note: for a neutral atom: no. of protons = no. of electrons)

All atoms/elements have isotopes

ISOTOPES = same element, same number of protons but differ in number of neutrons and atomic mass.
109
 Isotopes of hydrogen
Isotope= same element but different in atomic mass; different
in number of neutron but the same number of protons.

1H
1,
2H
1,
3H
1
hydrogen, deuterium, tritium
Example:
1H : 2H 3H
1 1 1
A=n+p A=n+p A=n+p
n=A–p n= A–p n=A–p
Note that some of the ice is at n=1–1 n =2–1 n=3–1
the bottom of the glass – this n= 0 n=1 n=2
is 2H2O
110
 Example : A = n + p
1. Find the number of p, n, ē, Z and A for a given B) 22Ti
atom: p = 22 (atomic number is given
A) 114 Cd
and also it is found in the
p = 48 (from the periodic table) periodic table)
A=n+P A=n+P
n=A+p n=A–p
n = 48 – 22
n = 114 – 48
n = 26
n = 66
(note: since atomic mass is not given, then use
(note: use atomic number that is given not the the atomic mass in the periodic table)
atomic number from the periodic table because ē = p = 22
this is the isotope of Cd)
Z = p = 22
ē = p = 48
A = 48
Z = p = 48
A = 114 111
Example:
2. An isotope of cobalt (Co, Z = 27) is used in radiation therapy for
cancer. This isotope has 33 neutrons in its nucleus. What is its nuclear
symbol?

3. One of the most harmful components of nuclear waste is a

radioactive isotope of strontium, 90Sr38 , it can be deposited in your
bones, where it replaces calcium. How many protons are in the nucleus
of Sr-90.

4. Write the nuclear symbol for the element used in diagnostic bone
scans. It has 31 protons and 38 neutrons.
112
 Molecular weight/formula weight/molar mass
MOLECULAR WEIGHT / MOLAR MASS /FORMULA WEIGHT – the summation of
atomic mass multiplied by number of atoms of each element present in a
given chemical formula.

Example : H 2O = atomic mass of H x no. of atoms of H + atomic mass of O x

no. of atoms of O
= (1.0 g/mol x 2) + (16.0 g/mol x 1)
= 18 g/mole
(NOTE: atomic mass of an element from the periodic table : round off to the
nearest whole number but for Cl = 35.5 g/mol)
 Molecular weight/formula weight/molar mass
Examples:
1) Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 = atomic mass of Ca x no. of atoms of Ca + atomic mass of P x no. of atoms of P + atomic mass of O x no.
of atoms of O
= (40.0 g/mol x 3 ) + (31.0 g/mol x 2) + (16.0 g/mol x 8)
= 310 g/mole
2) NH 4NO 3 = atomic mass of N x no. of atoms of N + atomic mass of H x no. of atoms of H + atomic mass of O x no. of
atoms of O
= (14.0 g/mol x 2 ) + (1.0 g/mol x 4) + (16.0 g/mol x 3)
= 80 g/mole
3) CaCl 2· 2H 2O = atomic mass of Ca x no. of atoms of C + atomic mass of Cl x no. of atoms of Cl + atomic mass of H x no.
of atoms of H + atomic mass of O x no. of atoms of O
= (40.0 g/mol x 1 ) + (35.5 g/mol x 2) + (1.0 g/mol x 4) + (16.0 g/mol x 2)
= 147 g/mole
•
 Activity
Arrange the following compounds according to increase of molar mass. Show complete
solution.
1. A substance found in eggshell is calcium carbonate.
2. Sodium chloride , known as table salt
3. Ferrous sulfide is the greenish color found around egg yolk from hardboiled egg
4. Potassium dichromate is one of the components found in the matchstick
5. 30% sulfuric acid solution is known as battery solution or battery acid, used as an
electrolytes for the automobile battery
6. Calcium hypochlorite is the substance used for the production of bleaching solution.
7. Potassium permanganate, used as antiseptic, disinfectants for mild dermatitis
8. Calcium phosphate is used in baking as a raising agent and in cheese products.
9. A basic substance use for the preparation of laundry soap is sodium hydroxide.
10. Boric acid , used as an antiseptic for minor burns or cuts, eye wash, vaginal douche.
References:
• https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chemical_structure
• https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/College_of_Marin/CHEM_114%3A_Int
roductory_Chemistry/06%3A_Chemical_Composition
• https://sciencestruck.com/covalent-bond-examples
• https://www.yourdictionary.com/metallic-bond
• https://www.simply.science/images/content/chemistry/structure_of_matt
er/chemical_bonding/conceptmap/metallic_bond.html
• https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-chemical-energy-definition-
examples.html#:~:text=Energy%20is%20'the%20ability%20to,atoms%20tog
ether%20in%20a%20chemical.