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Tensile Testing of Metals Overview

This document describes a tensile test used to measure the mechanical properties of metals. The tensile test applies a load along one axis of a metal specimen at a constant rate using a universal testing machine. It measures properties like modulus of elasticity, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, toughness, and elongation. Standardized specimen dimensions are used depending on the material, and the test generates a load versus elongation curve which is converted to engineering stress versus engineering strain. This provides information on the material's resistance to an applied tensile force.

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72 views1 page

Tensile Testing of Metals Overview

This document describes a tensile test used to measure the mechanical properties of metals. The tensile test applies a load along one axis of a metal specimen at a constant rate using a universal testing machine. It measures properties like modulus of elasticity, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, toughness, and elongation. Standardized specimen dimensions are used depending on the material, and the test generates a load versus elongation curve which is converted to engineering stress versus engineering strain. This provides information on the material's resistance to an applied tensile force.

Uploaded by

Ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATERIALS LABORATORY 2006

TENSILE TESTING OF METALS


Objective
The tensile test measures the resistance of a material to a static or slowly
applied force. This laboratory experiment is designed to demonstrate the
procedure used for obtaining mechanical properties as modulus of elasticity, yield
strength, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), toughness, uniform elongation,
elongation and reduction in area at rupture. Besides the true stress- true strain
curve can also be determined with the help of the tensile test.

Introduction
In this test the load is applied along only one axis, and the rate of loading is
constant. This test is done on a universal mechanical testing machine which is
typically screw-driven or hydraulically powered. In some cases the machine may
be computer controlled. The primary data generated are load vs. elongation which
are to be converted into stress vs. strain data.
In modern tensile testers, load is measured using a load cell, in older or
simpler testing machines, a purely mechanical or hydraulical device may be
employed for measuring the load. Strain can be measured from the displacement
of the crosshead or directly from the specimen. Typical devices for measuring
strain are mechanical dial indicators, electrically-resistive strain gages attached to
the specimen, or extensometers that employ either an optical device, a strain gage
or an inductive or capacitive transducer. Strain transducers have the advantage
that they measure only the displacement in the gage length of the specimen. This
eliminates error due to the deformation in the ends of the specimen, slack in the
load train, and the stiffness of the testing machine.
There are different types of specimen depending on the type of the grips and
on the form of the available material (sheet, rod, etc.). Generally all specimens
have two main parts, the gage section and the ends. The dimensions of the
specimens are standardized (TS, DIN, ASTM etc.) A good surface finish is
required so that surface flaws do not provide stress concentrations to cause
premature failure.

Load Load
Engineering stress S = True stress =
Ao Ai
l
Engineering strain e= True strain = ln (l/lo)
lo
0.2% yield stress is the stress for 0.2% permanent strain
Load max Load f
TS= True fracture stress f =
Ao Af
(l f lo ) × 100
% elongation=
lo
(A A ) × 100
% reduction in area= o
Ao

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