INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR 

TOPIC: PRONOUN

Group Members:
Gunawan Candra (A1941087)
Hengkyto (A1941088)
Jonathan Akwila Gunadie (A1941156)
Kharin Melly Liana (A1941159)
Lisa Oktavia (A1941055)

CLASS C
ENGLISH FOR BUSINESS & PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION
POLITEKNIK TONGGAK EQUATOR
2021
 Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................1

A. Background..................................................................................................................1

B. Formulation of the Problem.........................................................................................1

C. Purpose........................................................................................................................1

CHAPTER 2: DISCUSSION.....................................................................................................2

A. Definition of Pronouns................................................................................................2

B. Type of Pronouns........................................................................................................2

a. Personal Pronouns....................................................................................................2

b. Possessive Pronouns................................................................................................3

c. Indefinite Pronouns..................................................................................................4

d. Relative Pronouns....................................................................................................5

e. Interrogative Pronouns.............................................................................................6

f. Reflexive Pronouns..................................................................................................6

g. Intensive Pronouns...................................................................................................7

h. Demonstrative Pronouns..........................................................................................7

i. Reciprocal pronouns................................................................................................7

CHAPTER 3: CONCLUSION...................................................................................................8

A. Conclusion...................................................................................................................8

References..................................................................................................................................9
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Pronoun is important in communicating with other people in order to refer to

someone or something correctly. Mastering good and correct English, then we will be
able to communicate with other nations in this world. In addition, we will also be able
to increase our knowledge and insight into the progress of our nation and country,
because we will be able to read English literature, listen to foreign radio broadcasts,
and watch other scientific films. There are so many rules that must be considered in
its use, especially in the field of writing. Therefore, the author tries to present the
existing rules of the many rules of the English language, this helps in understanding
English properly and correctly.

B. Formulation of the Problem

1. What are pronouns?

2. What are the forms of pronouns and examples?
3. Learn how to use pronoun forms?
4. What are the rules for each pronoun?

C. Purpose

1. Know the meaning of the pronouns.

2. Know the forms of pronouns and examples.
3. Know how to use pronouns.
4. Know the rules for each pronoun.

1
 CHAPTER 2
DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Pronouns

A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun in a sentence. Using pronouns keeps you
from repeating the same nouns over and over again. There are many different types of
pronouns, each serving a different purpose. Most pronouns replace full noun phrases
and can be seen as economic devices. Personal and demonstrative pronouns, for
example, serve as pointers to the neighboring text (usually preceding text) or to the
speech situation. Other pronouns have a very general reference or can be used for
substitution or ellipsis.

B. Type of Pronouns
a. Personal Pronouns

The personal pronouns you use depend on many things, including the context of
a sentence and a person's preferred pronouns. Many style guides now have
guidance on using they/them as singular pronoun.
Personal pronouns have different forms:

 Number: singular, plural (e.g., I, we)

 Person: first person, second person, third person (e.g., I, You, She)
 Case: nominative, accusative, possessive (e.g., I, me, mine)
 Gender: masculine, feminine, neuter (e.g., He, She, It).

These distinctions are shown in Table:

PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND CORRESPONDING POSSESSIVE AND
REFLEXIVE FORMS

Person Personal Pronoun Possessive Reflexive

Pronoun

Nominative Accusative Determiner Pronoun

1st
Singular I me my mine myself

Plural we us our ours ourselves

2nd
Singular you you your yours yourself
 Plural you you you yours yourselves

3rd
Singular he him his his himself

she her her hers herself

it it its - itself

Plural they them their theirs themselves

Person in pronouns actually relates people, things, etc. to the speech situation. The
three persons (first, second, third) are generally used as follows:

 First-person pronouns refer to the speaker/writer.

 Second-person pronouns refer to the addressee(s).
 Third-person pronouns refer to other people or entities, which are neither the
speaker/writer nor the addressee.

The form of the personal pronoun varies according to case. Nominative

personal pronouns like I, he, she, are used for the subject of a clause, whereas
accusative personal pronouns like me, him, and them are used for other positions in
the clause, such as object. The possessive determiners (e.g., my, her) and
possessive pronouns (e.g., mine, hers) are in effect the genitive case forms of
personal pronouns.
A fourth pronoun capable of expressing the meaning 'people in general' is the
generic pronoun one occurs rather infrequently in formal speech or in writing. The
personal pronouns we, you, and they can all be used to refer to people in general.
These generic pronouns tend to retain a trace of their basic meaning as first-,
second, or third-person pronouns. Thus, the pronoun we is typical of written style,
and places the focus on shared human experience or knowledge, including the
speakers. The pronoun you is typical of spoken English; choice of this generic
pronoun appeals to common human experience, inviting empathy from the hearer.
They, also common in speech, can be roughly glossed 'people, not you or me'.

b. Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns show ownership or possession of a noun. They replace a

noun that typically has an apostrophe and "s" after it, such as: Bethany's. There are
two types of possessive pronouns: possessive determiners that can function as
pronouns, and independent possessive pronouns, which refer to a previously stated
noun. The possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, etc.) are like possessive
 determiners, except that they constitute a whole noun phrase. The antecedent is
underlined in the examples below:

mine, That prize is mine.

yours, Ours is down the street.
Independen ours, The decision is theirs.
t Possessive hers, The house will be hers you see when they are
Pronouns his, properly divorced.
its, Writers have produced extraordinary work in
theirs. conditions more oppressive than mine.

Notice that the possessive determiners always come before a noun, while the
independent possessive pronouns can stand alone. The two possessive pronouns
that are the same in both cases are his and its — the words are spelled the same no
matter how you use them as a pronoun (with no apostrophe in its).
Possessive pronouns are typically used when the head noun can be found in the
preceding context: thus, in the example above, hers means 'her house', and mine
means 'my conditions'. Here the possessive pronoun is parallel to the elliptic use of
the genitive. To make the possessive noun phrase emphatic, a possessive
determiner precedes own: We have a wine tasting, and everybody makes their own.
<i.e. makes their own wine> The possessive form with own typically refers back to
the subject of the clause. Possessive pronouns depend a great deal on context for
their interpretation. Consequently, they are far more common in conversation than
in the written registers.

c. Indefinite Pronouns

Indefinite pronouns do not point to particular nouns. We use them when an

object does not need to be specifically identified. There are singular indefinite
pronouns that function as singular nouns, and plural indefinite objects that function
as plural nouns. There are also some indefinite pronouns that function both ways.
There are three main classes of indefinite pronouns: the compound pronouns
somebody, everything, anyone, etc.; the quantifiers some, all, any, etc.; and the
pronoun one.

 Compound pronouns

There are four groups of compound pronouns, beginning with the determiners
every, some, any, and no:

every- some- any- no-

personal reference everybody somebody anybody nobody

 everyone someone anyone no one

neuter reference everything something anything nothing

No one is normally spelled as two words, although the hyphenated spelling

no-one also occurs.
The meanings of compound pronouns match the meanings of noun phrases
with the corresponding determiners, except that they refer to indefinite persons
or things. Compare 'He brought me some natural food.' with 'I have brought
something for you from Doctor Fischer.'

 Quantifying pronouns (quantifiers)

Quantifiers can act both as determiners and as pronouns. In general, the form
of the word is identical for both. Most quantifying pronouns are followed by
of and a definite noun phrase, as in some of the . . ., several of my . . .:
some (of), both (of), each (of), either (of), neither (of), all (of), many (of),
enough (of), any (of), much (of), several (of), none (of), (a) little (of), (a)
few (of)
Example: Bring all of your friends, but few of them should lend some hands.
However, quantifying pronouns can also stand alone as a noun phrase (e.g., all
in example number l), and they can have an elliptic meaning, referring back to
some previously mentioned noun phrase (e.g., the second some in example
number 2):

1. I just want to get my bonus, that's all.

2. A: I'll eat some of the steak.
B: I’ll have some. <i.e., some of the steak>
 The pronoun one
Pronoun one, apart from its use as a numeral, one has two uses as a pronoun:
substitute and generic.
– Substitute (one, ones)
One can replace a countable noun that has been mentioned before or
inferred from the context. A singular noun is replaced by one, and a plural
noun by ones. Example: You can test out the colors tonight and find which
ones are the best. <i.e. which colors>. Note that unlike other indefinite
pronouns, one and ones can follow a determiner or semi-determiner: e.g.,
the one, those ones, another one, the last one. They can even follow an
adjective: the latest one. In fact, one is best seen as a replacement for a
noun, rather than for a whole noun phrase.
– Generic (one, one’s, oneself)
One is also used as a generic pronoun referring to people in general. In this
use, one is singular and has no plural form. However, it has a possessive
 form one's (example number 2) and a reflexive form oneself (example
number 3). Example:
1. One doesn't raise taxes with enthusiasm.
2. Success and acclaim were seen as a means of validating one's
existence.
3. One does not wish to repeat oneself unduly.
Substitute one is far more common in conversation than in the written registers.
Generic one, on the other hand, is impersonal and rather formal in tone. It is
largely restricted to the written registers, especially fiction and academic
writing.

d. Relative Pronouns

Relative Pronouns connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. We often

see them when we need to add more information. They also include indefinite
relative pronoun, which are relative pronouns with "ever" at the end. Two
sentences can be combined by using a relative pronoun. If the same noun appears
in two sentences, one of the nouns can be changed to a relative pronoun and the
two sentences can be stated as one, the one with the relative pronoun being called a
relative clause. Example: He likes the car. His father bought the car. become: He
likes the car that his father bought.
Who, whom, whose are used to replace animate nouns, which is used to replace
inanimate nouns, and that is used to replace animate or inanimate nouns.

who, whom, Find the man who stole the money.

Relative
which, The dog, which barked all night, is asleep.
Pronouns
whose, that. I sold the watch that my sister gave me.

whoever,
Indefinite Thank whoever sent a gift.
whomever,
Relative Whichever you choose will be great.
whichever,
Pronouns We should take whatever train comes next.
whatever.

When changing a noun to a relative pronoun, the function of the noun must remain
the function of the relative pronoun: subject, direct object, indirect object, object of
a preposition, or possessive. You can use relative pronouns to introduce adjective
clauses. They connect dependent clauses to independent clauses to create a more
thorough sentence.

e. Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are called interrogative because they ask a question.

Some people confuse interrogative pronouns with interrogative determiners, which
come before a noun. However, like all pronouns, interrogative pronouns must
 replace a noun. These pronouns can be separated into nominative, objective, and
possessive forms:

Nominative Objective Possesive

Who Whom Whose

Which Which

What What

The nominative is used as the subject of a sentence. The objective is used as the
direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition. The possessive form shows
ownership. It may seem like there are words missing from this list, such as where
and why since they are not interrogative pronouns — they are adverbs that describe
more about verbs. Example: Who is absent today? To whom they sell the house?
Whose car is that?

f. Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns replace the object of a sentence when it refers to the same
person or item in the subject. They usually follow the verb in the sentence, but can
also follow a preposition. These pronouns end in -self (singular reflexive pronouns)
or -selves (plural reflexive pronouns). Each personal pronoun has a corresponding
reflexive pronoun, and in fact ‘you’ has two reflexive forms: yourself (singular)
and yourselves (plural):

personal I we you he she it they

reflexive myself ourselves yourself / himself herself itself themselves

yourselves

The most common use of reflexive pronouns is in their basic 'reflexive' role: to
mark some other element of the clause as referring back to the subject (underlined
below):

Singular myself, yourself, You should buy yourself a smoothie.

Reflexive himself, herself, itself, Nadine taught herself Spanish.
Pronouns themselves. The spider spun a web for Itself.

Plural yourselves, ourselves, Enjoy yourselves at the party.

Reflexive themselves. We gave ourselves plenty of extra time.
Pronouns
 The kids made themselves a fort.

If you replace these pronouns with the nouns in the sentence, they are still
correct, but they are more awkward. Example: "Nadine taught Nadine Spanish"
is more confusing to read than "Nadine taught herself Spanish."

g. Intensive Pronouns

Intensive Pronoun, also known as emphatic pronouns, emphasize or intensify

nouns and pronouns. They take the same form as reflexive pronouns, but unlike
reflexive pronouns, they are not essential to the sentence. You usually find them
right after the noun they're intensifying. An intensive pronoun can be used for
emphasis, immediately following the emphasized noun phrase (underlined):

myself, I myself did not have this chance.

Singular yourself, He himself is his worst critic.
Intensive himself, She herself bought the tickets.
Pronouns herself, itself, This explains why the representation of the totem is
themselves. more sacred than & the totemic object itself.

Plural yourselves, You told me you were there yourselves.

Intensive ourselves, We finished the project ourselves.
Pronouns themselves. They themselves witnessed the crime.

h. Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun that points out the noun that is being
spoken or written about. It modifies the noun like an adjective. The four
demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these, and those.
This and these are used when we want to refer to something nearby, this is used
with singular or uncountable nouns and these used with plural nouns.
Examples: This tote bag is the one I bought to reduce the usage of plastic bags.
These children would not go to sleep if you did not read them a bedtime
story.
This and these could also be used for textual linkage.
Example: The major impact of plastic bags on the environment is that it takes
many years for them to decompose. This is why we must encourage
plastic free movement.
That and those are used when we want to refer to something faraway, that is
used with singular or uncountable nouns and those is used with plural nouns.
Examples: Did you see that suspicious man with the black coat?
You must keep your hands off from those wires.
 i. Reciprocal pronouns

There are only two reciprocal pronouns: each other and one another, but they
play a big role in English. They also aren't used in the same way. This is a type of
pronoun that expresses a mutual relationship between two or more parties: each
other, one another,
Example: My parents love each other.
The cats fought one another for the food.

Punctuating reciprocal pronouns can be tricky for some people. When you're using
each other or one another as a possessive pronoun e.g., We opened each other's
presents, treat it as a singular noun and add an apostrophe and "s," not an "s" and
apostrophe as you would with a plural possessive noun.
CHAPTER 3
CONCLUSION

A. Conclusion
 References
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Gunner, J. (n.d.). Types of Pronouns. Retrieved from YOURDICTIONARY:
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Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Pronoun. Retrieved from Dictionary by Merriam-Webster:
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