UNDERGROUND

HABITABLE STRUCTURES

Team
DIVYA YADAV R
K. HARSHITHA
KANCHANA .M
LIKITHA R
 INTRODUCTION
Structures built beneath the earth’s surface.
Such components of underground
construction are architectural planning,
construction methods, structural elements
and their shoring, and waterproofing and air
conditioning are determined by the
structure’s purpose and the properties of the
surrounding rock or earth.
The construction of underground structures
is increasing in most of the industrially
developed countries owing to greater
economy in comparison with surface
structures, technical or industrial necessity,
urban development conditions, and military
considerations. Underground location of
structures is advisable in regions with such
unfavorable climatic conditions as abrupt
decreases in air temperature, hurricane
winds, lengthy downpours, and mudflows or
in areas with steep terrain. The construction
of underground structures has developed
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significantly in the ore-mining industry.
 INTRODUCTION
Underground structures fall into several
groups: transportation and
hydraulic-engineering tunnels; subway
facilities; power plants, chiefly
hydroelectric; warehouses and cold
storage; such municipal installations as
pedestrian underpasses, garages, and
municipal conduits; reservoirs for drinking
water; facilities for oil and gas storage;
containers for burying harmful industrial
Subteranean structure
wastes; industrial enterprises; medical
institutions; and military installations. A
special group consists of the underground
structures of mines located at the shaft
bottom: underground power plants, car
parks, and pumping and medical stations.
This group also includes facilities
connecting the surface structures with the
working faces: mine shafts, main drifts, and
galleries.
3
Ouyi Underground city
EXAMPLES

Metropolitan Area Outer Wieliczka Salt Mine, Poland Toledo Metro Art Station, Italy
Underground Discharge Now used as gallery
Channel, Japan

Syden opera house Australia

Sydney Opera House’s car park
extends 12 storeys into the
earth. At 120 feet (or 37 metres)
Cappadocia, Turkey Houston Cistern, this is considered the deepest
World Heritage site Now temple devoted to art basement in the world.
HISTORY
Eg.-RANI KI VAV,GUJARAT
▪ Underground
construction—likely first Rani ki vav is considered as the finest and
performed by prehistoric one of the largest example of stepwell
humans who sought to make architecture in Gujarat. It was built at the
their cave homes larger—has a height of craftsmens’ ability in step-well
long and varied history. construction
▪ The Babylonians used tunnels It measures approximately 65 metres long,
extensively for irrigation. 20 metres wide and 28 metres deep.
▪ The ancient Greeks and
Romans also used tunnels to
drain marshes and for
aqueducts.
▪ These days, much of tunneling
and underground construction
is driven by increased
urbanization. “Urban areas
have less room but need more
infrastructure—water,
wastewater, stormwater,
energy utilities, data centers,”
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UNDERGROUND HABITABLE STRUCTURE
1. Caves (Constructed)/Dugouts are a common structure for underground
living. Although the tunnelling techniques required to make them have
been well developed by the mining industry, they can be considerably more
costly and dangerous to make than some of the alternatives
2. Earth berm structures are essentially traditional homes that have then
been buried,typically leaving at least one wall exposed for lighting and
ventilation.
3. Culvert structures are a very simple approach. Large precast concrete
pipes and boxes a few metres across are assembled into the desired
arrangement of rooms and hallways onsite, either atop the existing ground
or below grade in excavated trenches, then buried. This approach can also
be referred to as Cut and Cover.

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TUNNELING
LATTICE GIRDERS
WHAT IS TUNNELING? Lattice Girders have been
▪ Tunnels are dug in types of developed for the special
materials varying from soft clay to demands of tunnel construction
hard rock.
▪ The method of tunnel construction
depends on such factors as the
ground water conditions,the length
and diameter of the tunnel.
▪ The logistics of supporting the
tunnel excavation,the final use and ➢ LATTICE GIRDERS/ 3 BARS
shape of the tunnel and appropriate
risk management
▪ Tunnel construction is a subset of
underground construction
PURPOSE OF TUNNELING
Tunnels have various uses that make life ➢ LATTICE GIRDERS/ 4 BARS
easier for us. Tunnels could be used
between underground railway stations
for carrying freights and passengers,
also as water and sewage disposal
channels. This is what makes tunnels so
➢ WALLPLATE BEAMS
versatile and efficient.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION METHOD

1. Cut –and –cover method
2. Drill and Blast method
3. Conventional underground
tunneling
4. Shaft method
5. Box Jacking method ➢ CUT AND COVER METHOD
6. Pipe Jacking method

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➢ DRILL AND BLAST METHOD ➢ PIPE JACKING METHOD
[Link] AND COVER METHOD
•In a cut and cover tunnel, the structure
is built inside an excavation and covered
over with backfill material when
construction of the structure is complete.
• Cut and cover construction is used
when the tunnel profile is shallow and the
excavation from the surface is possible,
economical, and acceptable.
• Cut and cover construction is used
when the tunnel profile is shallow and the
excavation from the surface is possible,
economical, and acceptable.
• Two types of construction are employed
to build cut and cover tunnels;
bottom-up and top-down.
• Bottom-Up Construction where the final
structure is independent of the support of
excavation walls.
• Top-Down Construction where the
tunnel roof and ceiling are structural
parts of the support of excavation walls.
 [Link] AND BLAST METHOD

• The excavation rate is also

less than TBM (usually 3 to 5m
a day).

• Drill and blast method is mostly used method for the excavation throughout the
world.
• The method can be used in all types of rocks and the initial cost is lower than the
mechanical method like TBM.
• This tunneling method involves the use of explosives. Compared with bored
tunneling by Tunnel Boring Machine, blasting generally results in higher duration of
vibration levels.

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[Link] (Tunnel boring machine) METHOD
• A tunnel boring machine (TBM) also known
as a “mole“, is a machine used to excavate
tunnels with a circular cross section
through a variety of soil and rock strata.
• Tunnel boring machines are used as an
alternative to drilling and blasting (D&B)
methods in rock and conventional ‘hand
mining’ in soil.
• TBMs have the advantages of limiting the
disturbance to the surrounding ground and
producing a smooth tunnel wall. This
significantly reduces the cost of lining the
tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in
heavily urbanized areas.
• The major disadvantage is the upfront
cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, and
can be difficult to transport.

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 [Link] METHOD
In this method tunnel is constructed at
greater depth from the ground surface. The
shaft is built up to the depth where tunnel is
required.
● Shaft is a permanent structure which is
like well with concrete walls. At required
depth, tunnels are excavated using
TBM’s. Shafts are provided at both inlet
and outlet of tunnels.
● Intermediate shafts are also provided if
tunnel is too long. After the construction
process, these shafts can also be used
for ventilation purpose as well as
emergency exits.
● Shallower shafts find many uses, ➢ INNER VIEW OF SHAFT TUNNELS
however, for penstocks and access to
underground hydroplants, for dropping ● The mining industry has been the
aqueduct tunnels beneath rivers, for primary constructor of shafts,
missile silos, and for oil and liquefied. because at many locations these are
● Due to inflowing of water most shafts are essential for access to ore, for
concrete-lined and waterproofed, and ventilation, and for material
the lining installation usually follows only transport. Depths of several
a short distance behind excavation. The thousand feet are common.
shape is usually circular, although, before ● Except when there is a high
current mechanized excavation methods, horizontal geostress in rock, the
mining shafts were frequently loading on a shaft support is
rectangular. generally less than for a tunnel.
[Link] JACKING
Pipe jacking, generally referred to in the smaller
diameters as microtunnelling, is a technique for
installing underground pipelines, ducts and
culverts.
● Powerful hydraulic jacks are used to push
specially designed pipes through the
ground behind a shield at the same time
as excavation is taking place within the
shield. The method provides a flexible,
structural, watertight, finished pipeline as
the tunnel is excavated.
● There is no theoretical limit to the length ➢ CONSTRUCTION-HYDRAULIC JACKS
of individual pipe jacks although practical USED TO PUSH PIPES
engineering considerations and economics
may impose restrictions.
● A range of mechanical and remote control
excavation systems are available. Pipes in
the range 150mm to 3000mm, can be
installed by employing the appropriate
system.
● It provides ground support and reduces
potential ground movement.
● Mechanical excavation methods are similar
to those employed in other forms of
tunnelling. Shields, excavation and face
support can be provided for a wide variety
of ground conditions. ➢ AFTER CONSTRUCTION
[Link] JACKING
Box jacking method is similar to pipe jacking,
but in this case instead of pipes, specially
made boxes are driven into the soil.
● A cutting head is provided at the front
side of the box. Excavated matter is
collected within the box. Larger size
tunnels can be excavated using box
jacks up to 20 meters.
● The method involves precast concrete
boxes, which are either made on-site or
prefabricated and transported to the ➢ EXCAVATION
jobsite. The boxes are positioned where
they will be installed and slowly pushed
into place by high-powered hydraulic
jacks.
● Box-jacking uses a trenchless method.
This means no pre-dug trenches at
either the surface or street level. It is,
therefore, minimally invasive to the
ground or roadway above where the
concrete boxes are being installed.
● Box-jacking is slow going, but it’s
considerably less invasive than
traditional Tunneling methods using
explosive demolition or road closures.

➢ PLACING PRECAST CONCRETE BLOCKS

CASE STUDY - AN UNDERGROUND WAY OF LIVING

NAME Earthscrape ,
Mexico-Estabon
AREA: 775,000 sqm
NO OF FLOORS:65
TYPOLOGY: UNDERGROUND
FUNCTION An urban space, offices,
museums
LICHTING: Central Glass Skylight
VENTILATION: AC ducts
AMBIENCE/EXPERIENCE: The
experience would be something new,
as this is a highly hypothetical design
where architects have integrated
nature with the building in an unique
way.
DESIGN CONCEPT DESIGN IN DETAIL-The construction
of this skyscraper as the only
▪ historic old low-rise architecture possible solution to create modern
▪ The inverted-pyramid shape helps residential, retail and office space.
take advantage of the soil’s natural
angle of repose, making it easier to This inverted pyramid building will
excavate the site and shore up the have 65 floors down. The bottom 35
structure on the sides. Its floors will be office centers.
subterranean location would also
give the building greater stability in ▪ While the 10 floors above the
the face of earthquakes. office area are designed as
residences, 10 floors above the
residential or residential area is
a shopping mall, and 10 floors
above the shopping center is a
museum.
▪ The topmost surface of this
upside down building will be
covered with a floor made of
glass measuring 240 meters x
240 meters. The goal is for the
Floor usage building to get natural light from
the upper world.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Natural lighting
MATERIALS
● Roof - glass covered roof
● Building- made by steel sections and
hardened glass panels
● Fibre optics will be used to ensure
maximum natural lighting
● Lit in night it would enhance the view
● Green building - energy efficient, self
energy harnessing building
● Earthquake resistant structure- by using
steel truss and pyramidal shape

CONCLUSION
● Few more years to execute the project
● On being solved all the problems it can be done in future
● A dream living for people
‘Principles of Successful Underground Space’

1. Interior and Exterior Relationship: Where

possible, create functional connections
between interior and exterior activity.
2. Concealed and Exposed Elements: Create a
distinct overall image through articulating
the building boundaries and exposing
architecture elements to clarify the
buildings location and extent.
3. Natural Light: Provide natural light
whenever possible.
4. Sight Lines: Provide visual connections
between interior and exterior environments.
5. Access and Circulation: Provide clear, legible
entrances that can be recognised from a
distance along major paths of approach as
well as create a form and interior layout
that is legible, yet also creates a stimulating
indoor environment.

Lucille Halsell Conservatory

 THANK YOU
REFERENCE
● [Link]
● [Link]
6/7-of-the-worlds-most-impressive-suberranain-structures/
● [Link]
● New Uses for Old Digs: Excavating & Adapting Underground
Architecture - 99% Invisible ([Link])
● [Link]
per
● [Link]
● [Link]
● [Link]
ds/17167/
● [Link] Team
on/support-systems/lattice-girders/3-bar-4-bar/ DIVYA YADAV R
K. HARSHITHA
KANCHANA .M
LIKITHA R