SOALAN ESEI/ESSAY QUESTIONS (60 markah/marks)

Arahan/Instruction: Jawab SEMUA soalan/Answer ALL questions.

1. Explain briefly on comparative public administration as a field of study? In your

Introduction
The comparison of public administration focuses on public administration as a field of study and

research of simple task execution. Haroon A. Khan defines comparative public administration as

an attempt to find patterns and order in behavior and acts of kindness to understand the operation

of public administration in other states of administration and to characterize it in present-day

nation-states.

The benefits of understanding the operations of public administration in other countries are very

interesting to observe as well as to increase the understanding of developments in the

administrative revolution. The question of why and how public administration finds a place in

this field of study. The pioneer in the field of comparative study of administration is Woodrow

Wilson in his study that The Study of Administration is a starting point in the United States and

in other countries such as India, Germany which has long been known for the influence of

Arthashashtra and Kameralwissenschaft. The second half of the twentieth century saw much

increase and internationalization of bureaucracy between European countries with reference to

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the Euro zone and also to all other countries in the world with transnational organizations such as

the World Bank, Interpol and the International Court of Justice.

These changes that took place after the 1960s were essentially administrative reforms

implemented by the legislature to make the administration more decentralized, accountable and

efficient. But, on the other hand, some reforms were made to give more control to bureaucratic

policymakers while avoiding all responsibilities. It is important to see how these two different

situations affect the administration as a whole in different countries. The best way to look at it is

through a scientific study of comparative public administration. It is also a method of identifying

best practices in public administration so as to achieve maximum results most effectively and

build robust organizational structures and processes.

The most common model used for comparative studies is to compare and contrast western and

non -western methods and styles. These models have created dualistic concepts such as specific

spread, specific universalism, etc. and tend to choose one end of the spectrum towards the other

end. But, this does not help in the study of development or how to improve the quality of life in

third world countries. Another and better method used is called description. It is more suitable for

cross -cultural analysis because it relies on the facts of the situation and captures very important

contextual aspects. But, it also cannot be used directly as a solution to problems faced by other

societies.

Clearly in the last decade there has been a very significant increase in CPA because the results

obtained through it are compelling. Many international organizations have come forward and

joined the CPA. For example, the international Public Management Network encompasses

individuals from many countries and they publish international public management journals to

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provide a forum to share ideas, concepts and research results and think of alternative approaches

to problem solving and decision making in the public sector.

Benefits Of Understanding The Operation Of Public Administration In Other Countries

By understanding the operation of public administration in other countries through comparisons

of public administration, I was able to understand the administrative structure and its functions in

various settings and associations or countries and what it does and why it works. In addition,

comparative studies also help in explaining the factors responsible for the similarities between

races and cultures as well as differences in administrative systems. Thus, comparative public

administration is a comparative study of various administrative systems, for which most scholarly

efforts are made in public administration. Through the comparison of public administration, a

clear understanding can be obtained when able to master the knowledge of management and

administration of an organization. Among them is to be able to understand the concept of Weber

-style public management which emphasizes that bureaucracy has been replaced with a

management pattern that is more sensitive to the needs of society. In addition, as a result of

learning about the comparison of public administration, I can also feel the change in work culture

is also becoming more significant where the culture of entrepreneurship and competition has

become the dominant culture in public administration, especially in developed countries. The

emphasis on the customer is also at the core of the public service goals as is the case in the

private sector. Organizational restructuring through downsizing of bureaucracy, delegation of

power, emphasis on quality of work, and the concept of 360 -degree appraisal has begun to be

practiced in the civil service, especially in Malaysia.

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 2. Illuminate THREE (3) factors that may influence the administration of public sector
organisations in a particular country. You need to provide real examples to support
your answer.
(30 markah/marks)

Introduction

Many factors have contributed to a better understanding of the peculiarities of administrative

systems that operate in different races and cultures of a country in comparative studies of public

administration. Furthermore, these public-sector comparisons have aided in explaining the

similarities and contrasts between races and cultures in the public-sector management system. As

a result, there are three elements that can influence the administration of public-sector

organisations in a country, including:

Economical factor
Malaysia's transformation from an agrarian to a sophisticated industrial nation has been fast. This

is reflected in important development indices such as GDP growth, trade, and per capita income,

all of which have shown signs of improvement. Although Malaysia faced various global

challenges such as the economic crisis, it remained on track to achieve its goal of becoming a

high -income nation.

Malaysia has experienced rapid development from an agricultural country to a modern industrial

country. This is evidenced by driving the growth of key development indicators such as gross

domestic product (GDP), trade and per capita income. Although Malaysia faces a number of

global challenges, such as the 2008 economic crisis, it is still expected to achieve its goal of

becoming a tall nation.

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 In this case, economic factors can influence the management of public sector organizations.

Through the introduction of the National Entrepreneurship Policy (DKN) it has become a guide

for the government to provide a holistic framework or ecosystem for the development of

entrepreneurship in Malaysia. Economic growth through the implementation of this policy will

form an entrepreneurial-minded Malaysian society which is the basis in making Malaysia a

superior entrepreneurial nation by 2030. The implementation of the six Strategic Thrusts by the

sectors involved is subject to the DKN to be a catalyst for inclusive economic and community

transformation. state entrepreneurship.

In this regard, the public sector under the Ministry of Entrepreneur Development (MED) has been

entrusted to spearhead efforts to create a holistic, conducive and inclusive entrepreneurial

ecosystem to support the country's socio-economic development agenda. In line with that desire,

DKN has been designed with careful work, taking into account the aspirations and desires of

local entrepreneurs who have long been waiting for a specific policy for entrepreneurship

development.

So here it is clear that economic factors greatly influence the administration of the public sector

in Malaysia and become the catalyst for an inclusive economic revival. The implementation of

this government policy requires public administrators to strengthen cooperation and increase the

spirit of genuine entrepreneurship among the people, starting at the grassroots level until the

readiness to strengthen the authority to compete at the regional and international levels.

The field of entrepreneurship has the potential to contribute to the socio -economic development

and productivity of the country. A more equitable distribution of income will improve the

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standard and quality of life of Malaysians, thereby bringing social benefits to society. Sustainable

economic growth can be promoted through an innovative and creative entrepreneurial nation, as

well as through a new economy and a digital economy.

Economic development through the formulation of this policy will also address the issue of

transportation accessibility by the disabled and the rural population. Through strategic planning,

smart cooperation and commitment from all parties in implementing this government policy, it is

able to provide a sustainable transportation system that can drive economic growth and support

the well -being of Malaysians.

Political Factors
Political factors are also seen to influence the administration of organizations in the public sector

in a country. This is understandable when the administration of an organization in the public

sector is seen as a political channel to connect with the people. Organizational administration in

the public sector can also be used to reach out to civil society groups. As such, the public

administration system is an integrated component with the national political system. The two are

interconnected with each other and are inseparable.

It seems that there is no separation of powers between the administration and the legislative in

Malaysia, which has adopted this democratic system. This demonstrates that a member of the

executive branch who performs government functions (administration) is simultaneously

involved in legislation (politics) in the House of Representatives. When the two are combined

then it is known as a political and administrative model that has two different concepts but are

related to each other. In his book "The Political System," David Easton (1970) described the

political system of administration as the way values are authoritatively delivered throughout

society. Within and beyond the political system, a leader's political leadership moves in lockstep.

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Therefore in respect, Easton (1970) has stated that two factors influence the administrative

system of governance. The first is the internal atmosphere, which includes a democratic

economic government, such as social economic political administration, social structure, and

economic system. Looking at the political dimension of our country today, it turns out that it has

undergone changes and development in terms of economic, social and educational.

Meanwhile, administrative political leadership encompasses the field of administration and

political idealism that can ensure that a national leader implements his leadership style. Through

the concept of translation of political idealism, administration is able to bring about the

development of a country. Thus, as long as his leadership style can bring abundant peace and

prosperity to be enjoyed by the people even to the interior.

The political leadership of the administration embedded with a national ideology can strengthen

the national identity behind the different ethnic, religious and gender governance (Paridah, 2010.

Thus, one of the main slogans of the political leadership of the Abdullah administration is

"Excellent, Glorious and Distinguished" which is seen to have passion towards country vision

(National Institute of Public Administration, 2003).

Social Factors
Although there is a view that social policy and related programs need to be evaluated to

determine whether the implementation goals of the policy are achieved or not, but social factors

are also seen to influence the administration of organizations in the public sector in a country. In

implementing national development planning, the natural environment in the relationship

between policy implementers and target groups is as important as the content of the policy. The

impact of social policy in education, health and careers, often depends on the activities involved

among individuals and communities. Focusing on these relationships and interactions can

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increase the understanding of the impact of social policies among communities in Malaysia. The

main component in the implementation of this social policy is social welfare which is to meet the

social needs of the community, manage the social problems faced by the community and provide

opportunities for the community to strengthen their well-being. The selection of a typology or

social policy model that meets the needs of society will guarantee a better life.

Malaysia is seen to be more successful in managing economic growth by creating wider

opportunities among the middle class and being able to break out of the post -colonial trap. In

fact, Harold Crouch (in Drabble 2000) described “the rapid growth of the Malaysian economy

since independence has transformed the class structure. Significant changes are the rapid

development of urban middle class clusters and the reduction of the rural population. These

efforts have been driven by the New Economic Policy which reduces the income gap between the

races ”. By the end of the implementation of the new Economic Policy, poverty in Malaysia was

still high in rural areas. Farmers and rubber tappers are the main group below the poverty line. At

the same time the urban and rural differences are still significant where the urban population is

experiencing rapid economic development where the urban environment is developed with

business centers, tall buildings and the pulse of government administration. The rural poor are

assisted by children who migrate to the city and work in various industrial sectors in the city

(Drabble 2000). When the government chose to build roads and enhance collaboration in rural

areas, as well as encourage schools and connect marginalised groups through government-aided

schools, Malaysia's social development began to stand out.

Malaysia uses a social policy approach that includes social donations, institutions, redistribution,

critical and social development as options for the delivery of social policy to the community but

there is a combination of approaches adopted. Malaysia has adopted a redistribution of welfare

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approach where the social needs of individuals and families are met through employment,

combining human capital and economic capital as well as integrating social welfare with the

community to meet the needs of life. Nevertheless, in the implementation of these approaches,

the country is implementing a social development model that focuses on social investment and

economic investment. Social investment is an investment that can provide economic returns

while economic investment is economic growth that impacts the well -being of life thereby

creating socio -economic collaboration.

The Malaysian government has formed organizations at the highest level with the aim of

improving the welfare of society through participation in active economic activities. This is

shown by the fact that the government mobilizes the local community through various agencies.

The role of courses organized by public agencies is to help them change perceptions of life such

as improving living standards and awareness of children’s education. As social development

makes human beings the focus of change, it is found now, the target group has received formal

education even up to university. Due to having a good level of education, they can do jobs as

entrepreneurs who are willing to face various challenges. The impact on thinking is that they see

the activities of the association as important and need to be followed. Course programs in the

short and long term give them new input to build a positive perception of the life they are going

through.

Therefore, the implementation of social policy in Malaysia shows that the role of government in

the success of this policy is very dominant. This can be seen when the government has taken

great responsibility to implement social development programs in the community through various

government agencies and departments. Effective social policies can develop and enhance the

capabilities and capabilities of individuals, families, communities and nations in the context of

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social development, prevent social problems, rehabilitate victims of social unrest and provide

support services to non -governmental or voluntary organizations to achieve well -being. The

traditional concept of social welfare should be changed to empower the target group through

training services, skills programs and identity building through economic activities that can

generate their own income. The implementation of such responsibilities can alleviate the burden

borne by various agencies and institutions in turn creating an independent society at all levels of

society. The implementation of social policy in the future should take into account the possible

imbalances in many aspects that affect social divisions in the community.

References
Drabble, J. H. 2000. An Economic History of Malaysia. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire:
Macmilan Press Ltd.

Ministry of Transport Malaysia. (2019). [Link]

Osborne, D. & Gaebler, T. (1992). Reinventing government: How the entrepreneurial spirit is
transforming the public sector. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Pub. Co.

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