> The to-inf is used + to express purpose. Para went (o the supermarket to buy some eggs. ‘alter certain verbs (2.9. agree, appear, decide, expect. hope, plan, promise, refuse, etc) We have decided to sell aur old car. «© afteradjectves which a) describe feeings/emations wm) The Inlinitive - The -ing form (gerund) - So - Neither/Nor / Forms of the Infinitive ACTIVE PASSIVE | Present fo) gve fo) be gen Present Cont. (to) be giving Perfect (o) have given (a) have been given Perfect Cont. (to) have been | ~ giving ‘The verb tenses corresponding to the tenses of the infinitive are as follows: Verb Tenses Infinitive he studies study = tostudy he is studying/will be studying = to be studying he studiedihas studied/ > tohave studied had studied/nill have studied he was studyingfnas been = to have been studyingihad been studying’ studying will have been studying ‘© The present infinitive refers to the present or future, expect them to give me the information soon. hope to be accepted for the position. (Passive) ‘+ The present continuous infinitive rofors to an action happening at the time of speaking, ‘She appears to be studying at the moment. ©The perfect infinitive refers to the past. It shows, that the action of the infinitive happened before the action of the verb. He claims to have finished the report. The report seems to have been finished. (Passive) ‘The perfect continuous infinitive refers to the past. It emphasises the duration of the action of the infinitive, which happened betore the action of the verb. She says she is exhausted. She claims to have been cleaning the house all moming. (We emphasise that she had been cleaning the house all morning.) Note: The perfect infinitive and the perfect continuous infinitive are used with modal verbs and verbs ‘such as: seem, expect, claim, bolove, appear and know. (happy. glad. etc). b) express wilingness! unwillingness (wiling, eager, reluctant, anxious, ic) ¢) refer to a person's character (clever, kind, etc) and the adjectives lucky and fortunate. She was glad to hear the good news. I was lucky to have met hi. Note: With adjectives which refer to character we can also use an impersonal construction, it + be + adjective + of + noun/pronoun. It was kind of you to tell me what to do. ‘aller cerlain nouns and pronouns (e.g. something, anyone, etc) to show that something is necessary or possible, ‘Sho's got a project to complete. There’s nothing interesting to talk about. after too/enough. They aren't fit enough to win the championship. © with it + be + adjective/noun tis necessary to leave before dark Its their dream to reach the South Pole. * totalk about an unexpected event which can be Unpleasant, usually with only. They ran to the front door only to realise their ‘mother had already tet. © after be + the first/second, etc., nextlast/best, etc, She was the last person to leave the building. after verbs and expressions such as ask, learn, explain, decide, find out, wonder, want to know, etc., when they are followed by question words (who, what, etc.). Why is followed by a subject + verb, not by an infinitive. ‘She wanted to know what to do next J wonder why she was crying. ‘© after would like/would love/would preter to ‘express specific preference, J would fove to have spaghetti for dinner. * in the expressions: to tell you the truth, to be honest, to begin/start with, to sum up, eto. To be honest, ! don't ike Kim very much. Note: If two to-nfinives are joined with “and” or “or", the “to” of the second infinitive can be omitted. They promised to visit and tell us all about thoir trip to Moscow.‘The infinitive without to is used: * after modal verbs. She could speak three languages when she was 14 years old. * after the verbs let, make, see, hear and feel My father lt me stay out lt. But: be made, be heard, be seen + to-infinitive (passive) They were made to clean the kitchen. , Note: When see, hear and watch are followed by an ing form, there is no change in the passive. ‘He saw me watering the plants. Iwas seen watering the plants. can/could + seethear + -ing form We could hear people laughing in the flat above. © after had better and would rather You had better stop eating junk food. Help is followed by either the to-infinitive or the infinitive without to. He helped us (to) fix the computer. giving 3eing given having given having been given a eee ‘+The simple ing form refers to the present or future. ike cooking for my frends. ‘©The pertect -ing form shows that the action of the -ing form happened before the action ofthe verb. He adimited having stolen the documents. We can use the simple -ing form instead of the perfect -ing form with no cifference in meaning, ‘She denied cheatingihaving cheated in the test. The -ing form is used! * asanoun. Travelling is @ great way to feam about other cultures. ‘© after certain verbs (e.g, admit, appreciate, avoid, continue, deny, fanoy, go (for activities), imagine, mind, miss, quit, save, suggest, practise, consider, prevent, risk, etc.) Haney going for @ walk down by the river. * after: love, like, enjoy, prefer, dislike, hate to express general preference. Alison enjoys gardening very much. But: would fike/would love/would prefer + ‘to infinitive (specific preference) The linitive - The -ing form (gerund So — ‘after expressions such as be busy, it's no use, i's (n0) good, it's (not) worth, what's the use of, can't help, there’s no point (In), can't stand, brave dificult (in), have trouble, etc Joanna cant stand waiting in queves. ator spend, waste, lose (ime, money, etc). He spent a fortune building his house ‘after prepositions. ‘She apologised for being late, * after the preposition “to” with verbs and ‘expressions such as look forward to, be used to, in addition to, object to, prefer (doing sth to doing sth els), etc They aren't used to walking to work ‘+ attor tho vorbs: hear, leten to, notice, see, watch and feel to describe an incomplete action, i. to say that somebody saw, heard, et..only part of an action. J heard Samantha talking on the phone. (I only ‘heard part of the conversation.) But: hear, listen to, notice, see, watch, fool + Infinitive without to to describe a complete action, ie. something that somebody saw, heard, etc, from beginning to end | heard Samantha tell the story. (I heard the whole story) Verbs taking the to-ifinitive or the - with a change In meaning ‘© forget + to- Inf = not remember Tom forgot to pay the electricity bil, forget + -ing form = not recall ‘She'l never forget going to her frst party. ‘¢ remember + to - inf = not forget Did you remember to send the invitations? remember + -ing form = recall |/remember visiting this museum before, ‘¢ mean + to - inf = intend to We mean to complete this project by December. mean + -ing form = involve 0 for John is witing to attend a computer course even if ‘it means sacrificing his fee time. ‘regret + to- inf = be sory to (tis normally used inthe present simple ands folowed by veros such as say, tell, inform) | regret to inform you that you have filed. fegret + -ing form = feel sorry about ‘Sne regrets buying suct an expensive carte The Lolinitive - The -ing form (gerund - So - Neithei or try + to-- Inf = attempt, do one’s best They tried fo fix the roof. try + -ing form = do sth as an experiment Why dont you try using olve oi! instead of ‘margarine when cooking? © goon + to-inf = then ‘She handed us our tests and went on to explain What we fad to do. go on + -ing form = continue ‘She had a sandwich and then went on typing. © stop + to- int = stop briefly to do sth else She stopped to fax the report and then went on typing the fetter. stop + -ing form = finish, alve up We stopped using plastic bags and aerosol cans. © be sorry + to - Inf = apologise for a present action/teel sad about sth We were sorry to find out that he had lest hs job. be sorry for + -ing form = apoiogise for an earier action {fm sorry for hurting your feeings. So - Neither/Nor We use: 80 + auxiliary verb + personal pronoun/noun to agree with a positive statement, A: ladore Picasso. B: So dol. A: She studied medicine, B: So did Thomas. neitherinor + auxiliary verb + personal pronoun/noun to agree with a negative statement. ‘A: Mark isn't rom Australia. B: Neither/Nor am J. ‘Ac Angela hasn't passed her final exams. B: NeitheriNor has Diana. The Infinitive - The -ing form (gerund) 1 Rewrite the sentences using the infinitive or -ing form, as in the example. t's difficult to learn a foreign language. ...Learning a foreign language is offfcut.. {t's interesting to visit museums. Getting a good education is important. Going cut with friends is fun. ‘Making new friends Is nice. I's fun to go to parties. Is important to be honest. IS easy to get ost in this ci I's enjoyable to go out for dinner. Buying a car is expensive. Winning a prize is wonderful It's good to heip other people. 10 " 2 13 4 Underline the correct item. ames went to the interview and expects t hheat/hearing about the job soon. You are fortunate to passito have passed alle ‘exams this year. Charles claims to have metito meeting the President, but | don’t believe him. The last time | caw Alan he denied losingyloss the files. ‘Annie hates garden/gardening, but the rest o hor family onjoy it | would love having/to have a party, but my parents won't let me. He completely forgot pay/to pay the bills ths ‘month Thad a very difficult project to do so | decided ask/to ask for some help. We regret to inform/informing you that you have not passed the test ‘At twelve o' clock, we stopped have/to have lunch and then continued our journey. We could see people swimming/to swim in the river. doining/To join a club is a great way ot meeting new people. To telTelling you the truth, | don't like watching horror fims. Do you fancy to take/taking the dog for a long walk this afternoon?3 Look at the pictures and ask and answer questions, ‘as in the example. SA: Has he been fishing todey? $A: Is denny having a bath? $B: ...Yes, she seems to (be naving a bath SB: SA; Has Larry got a lot of work? ‘SA: Has he been painting the house all day? SB: SB: SA: Is Sue having luneh? SA: Has Mrs Hardy cooked dinner yet? SB: The ie - Te ing fm (run - So - ete Ho ,: SA: Has Mr Ross finished the project on time? SA: Aro they discussing a business deal? SB: ree SBE 4 Putthe verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive form or the -Ing form. ee (make) spaghetti for dinner. B: I'd rather . ae . (have) lamb chops and mint sauce. 2 A: Itwas very kind of you . (give) me a gift for my birthday. | like it very much B: I just wanted .. (get) you something small 'm glad. (see) you like it 3 A: John and | have decided (move) to the country. B: That's a great idea! | wouldn't mind .. (leave) the city and ... (Go) somewhere where i's peaceful. I saw Katie. svmnnee (FA) Gown the street this moming, B: She was probably trying (catch) tho 7:80 bus. She's always fatal ‘A: Are you expecting Sally (come over) for dinner tonight? B: Yes. | promised —.....- A (cook) her favourite dish if she came over. didn't sleep well last night. There were some boys outside and I could hear them ..... (laugh) til 2:00 in the moming. B: We ought to (call) the police. This is ime they have bothered us. 7 A: Iwas so happy ... (hear) that Tom Smith won the award. B: Isn't it wonderful? Apparently he is the first person under the age of twenty : (win) such an important award.Bs. The iin The- in fom (Grund So - Meter No 84 10 " ‘A; Mrs Scott has offered (look after) the children while we are away. B: She's such a nice woman. She is always willing Sa (help) us. ‘A; Does Tim enjoy ... (wateh) football games? B: Yes, he does, but he prefers ... (play) football with his friends to (watch) it on TV. A: Why are you s0 lato? You promised... (be) on time. B: I'm sorry, but | was busy ... (repair) the car. A: Did you watch the late film on TV last night? B: No, I was too tired .. (stay up) and watch it al. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive form or the -Ing form. Lou makes a living 1) (work) as a gardener. He 10veS 2) suze (BE) Outdoors and close to nature. He can 3) (make) even the most boring backyard look like a palace garden. Lou is $0 talented that last year he decked 4) enter) the Carlisle State Landscaping Contest. The judges were so impressed with Lou’s work that not only did he win the contest, but he was also asked 5) (represent) Carlisle in the National Competition. 6)... (garden) is an art to me,” says Lou, “and nothing gives me more satisfaction than 7) (create) things with my hands.” 2 eo No oo Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive form or the -ing form, as in the example. Unope ...to hear... (hear) from you soon. We love .... i (give) dinner parties at the weekend. You had better soe: (finish) the exercise before the beil tinge. Tim's mother objected to... se (have) a dog in the house. Imay ... ... (buy) you an ice cream it you behave yourself Jane detests . (iron) clothes. Mrs Hampton came round yesterday smn (SHOW) US Photographs of her holiday in Portugal. il spend my day off .. soos (write) letters. would prefer ... . (drink) bottled water. sromnsanesnens (knit) iS @ relaxing pastime. Mike is used to (wear) suits fo work. We intended... (go away) this weekend but unfortunately we won't be able 10. Why are you so reluctant .... to him? Janet wastes her time on the phone. (talk) .- (chal) Complete the sentences below using the correct infinitive form or the -ing form of the verbs In the box. be, have, eat out, meet, tidy, work, take, call, go| ‘She couldn't cope with ... - for two companies 80 she gave up one of her jobs We look forward to seonmnevee SINMEE With you when you are in town. It's no use .... conn t0 the city centre for conc tickets. They're all sold out. We expect .... . Pletre’s parents when we go to Paris. Tenioy .. . long walks on Sunday afternoons. Mike claims half Irish. twas really nice Of PAUL .nunsnnnnnne ME from Miami on my birthday. Phil would rather .. She couldn't help us... because cho was busy, than cook the house8 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive form or the -ing form. ‘ (watch) git much more nine players, om an early age, . (hold) 9 Complete the sentences using verbs from the list, as in the example. refuse, advise, admit, decide, agree, suggest, explain, deny, apologise, promise 1 Edward said to Alan, “I didn’t take your football.” Edward denied takingjhaving taken Alas football, 2 Paul sak to Anno, “You ought to exorcise more.” PALI even The iii - The in tv (gzund - So - Neither or & 3 “Yes, I'll help you with your homework,” said Rachel. Rachel ... “Lot's go sailing att Kevin “Yes, | tore the page from the book,” said Kale. Kate . dim said to Brian, “No, | won't end you my bike.” Jim 5 “I've made up my mind, Im not going to the patty.” said Rob. Rob Mum said to John, “Ill buy you a new toy on Saturday.” 1@ weekend,” said Kevin, “sThis is how you do the The teacher said, exercise.” The teacher Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive form or the -ing form. Colin went on .. studying... (study) for two more hours after his friends let the library. hate (listen) fo loud music when I'm reading She stoppes ... (watch) horror flms because she couldn't sleep. We regret ....... . (inform) you that your credit card hasn't been accepted by our ‘computer, Did you remember ose babysitter about next Saturday night?” Sorry, I didn't mean . (interrupt) your meeting, Mr Jackson. “Don't forget (take) the dog for a walk before you leave for school.” . (eall) the You should try. ovens (WANK) MOE, It's a great form of exercise. Til never forget ... (win) my first award, 10 really regret (buy) these expensive shoes. They hurt my feet! 11 Htred . lift) the boxes but they were full of books so they were too heavy. Ifthe mixture doesn't stick together well, try (add) a lite water. She told us her theory and went on (explain) the details, don't remember .. ‘on in the house! 12 13 “ .- (leave) the lightsBs. Tie Uliitive - The -ing form ¢aerund - So - Neither/Mor 11 Choose the correct item. 1 ii never forget... my first book. Ato publish — Bpublish ——_C publishing 2 A: What was Helen doing when you arrived? B: Well, 1saW het «nnn... Der Suitcase, Apacking Btopack — C pack 3 Do you think this sauce will be too spicy for the baby 7 Ato eat Beat Ceating 4 I've always dreamt of my own boutique. Ato open Boponing open 5 Ty more water if you want healthier skin. Acrink Btodrink — C drinking 6 Now that Anne has been promoted she’s got a lot of work with, Ato deal Bdealing CG deal 7 You ShOUI Stop .n.ne YOUF nails if you want them to grow. Ato bite B bite biting 8 We arrived home from our holidays only .. that we had been burgled. Ato discover B discover —_€ discovering 8. Marco Polo will be remembered for... between Asia and Europe. Aestablish —_B establishing C to establish 10. The inspector wanted to know who the last person trade 1» the room was. Aleave Bleaving —C to leave 11 He tied nnn But realised he was trapped under debris, Atomove — Bmove moving 42. Do you fancy .. a pizza tonight? Ato order Bordering C order 13 an evening doing something for yourself once in a while is essential. ATospend — BSpending C Spend 44 Is there anything in the fridge? Acrinking ——B drink C to drink 15. They wore reluctat............ us the money. Ato lend Blending C lend 16 She was the first woman .. the award. Awin Btowin C winning 17 His his dream ncn on pilot Abecoming Become —C to become ‘12 Put a tick next to the correct sentences and a cross next to the incorrect ones. Then, correct the mistakes, as in the examples. 1 can't stand people iSineatt me. 9A interrupting. 2 You'd better call an ambulance quickly. ../. 3. She stopped what she was doing answering the phone. 7 4 Tim promisod helping me. 5 The thief was seen leaving the building, 6 Barry hates to clean his football boots, (0 getting up early in the morning, 8 He wastes his time playing computer games 9 To swim is my favounte sport. 10 They were lucky to escape fr house. 11 I could to run very quickly when | was young. 12. She decided move to another part of the country So - Neither/Nor 13 Fill in the gaps with appropriate responses, as in the example. 1A: Thad never been to Prague, but | fell in love with it when I finally went there. B: ...So did I... I's a magical city, 2A: We really enjoyed ourselves at the opera last night, B: It was a terrific performance. 3. A; can't believe they arrested Fred for breaking into the post office. B: Who would have guessed?10 " 2 8 A: Ashley will be at the office on Saturday. ea T've got lots of work to do. A: I'm not keen on flying B: tm afraid of heights. ‘A: | had never seen so many people at the parade B: & B: A B: before. aan ft was very successful this year. | don’t think they will have completed the work before the end of this yeer, a 1 The end of the year is oniy two months away! Hove spending my free time in the countryside. acces i There's nothing like getting out of the cit Thaven't seen Roger for a long time. i : . | hope he's alright. ‘Although my cooking is excellent, I'm terrible at baking cakes. That's why | araly ever bake. Underline the correct word(s) in bold. Pete hates talking in front of large crowds. Nor/So do |. \: Lreally lke this new author. So amido |. I haven't got a ticket for the school play. : Neither/So have | I'm going to the train station. : Nor/So am I. Il give you a lit. Mary hasn't been to uJi's new house yet : Neither dofhave l. : Lean't understand what Henry's saying Neither can't/can I. He speaks too quickly. Barney's joined the local basketball team. So have/did |. Emily's afraid of spiders. Neither/So am I. I scream whenever | see one. I drink at least eight glasses of water every day. So do/does Thomas. Bob spent all his money on computer magazines. Neither/So cid | :: We couldn't go to Rick's Halloween party. Neither could/did we. | would fike to see the performance at the Magic Theatre. Neither/So would |. haven't seen Uncle Ben for over six months. Nor/So have |. POD HOS OH OEMS TDP TH OH OP aE ead The ioftive- The in orm (gerund - So - Neither Nar is. Key Word Transformation 10 4 H2. 13. Study these examples. The second sentence has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Jack's teacher made him learn the poem by) heart. was Jack was made to learn the poem by| heart. “No, | didn't read your diary,” he said to her. denied He denied reading/having read her| diary. Why pay so much for a ring which is not gold? worth It is not worth paying so much for a| ring which is not gold. We heard him ask the manager for some time oft. was He was heard to ask the manager for some time off. My parents don't let me watch thrillers, allowed | am not allowed to watch thrillers. wish I'd bought a house rather than a flat. rather I'd rather have bought a house than] a flat. Chris would rather drink tea than coffee. prefers . Chris prefers drinking tea to. (drinking) coffee. ‘Can you please close the window? t's cold in here. mind Would you mind closing the window? It's cold in here. ‘That puzzle was difficult for me to solve. difficulty | had difficulty (in) solving that puzzi. This cocoa is so hot that I can't drink it too This cocoais too hot fer me to drink ‘enough This cocoa is not cool enough for me| to drink | think it's great to have a big family. having | think having a big family is great. | have trouble understanding him. difficult | find it difficult to understand him. They don't let people eat in the library. allow They don't allow eating in the library They don’t allow people to eat in the} library. 15 ‘Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold. Why travel so far to go shopping? worth it ""s0 far to go shopping. 81,° 5 Toei he nyt rund $0 Neither 2 Can you piease speak louder? | can't hear you. mind =~ Would any louder? | can’t hear you. 3. His mother doesn't et him go out during the weok allowed He sShcnatasnee - out during the week 4 Danny would rather read magazines than novels. prefers Danny....... : novels. 5 They don't iet people talk during the meeting, allow They don't during the meeting, © Holon's father made her tidy her room yesterday, was Helen “, her room yesterday. 7 The water is So cold that | can't swim init enough The water is not .. ‘swim in it. That problem was Sie difficulty : at problem. 9 Iheard thom ack the policeman for directions were They snus the policeman for directions, 10. |wish 'é seen a comedy rather than a horror fm, rather I'd ‘a comedy than a horror film. 11. “No, I didn't move the files,” she said to him. denied Sh enn the files. 12 This jacket is so small that | can't waar it too This jacket is ae 13. | think it's good to have lots of hobbies. having I think ......... ‘good. 14 Ihave trouble stetng the car when it's cold aifficut 1 .. the car ‘when it 's cold. Phrosal Verbs grow from: develop trom; result from grow into: become big enough to fit into| one’s clothes grow out of: 1) become too old to like or do ‘sth, 2) become too big to wear sth] become older; become an adult 16 Fill in the correct particte(s). 1. This jumper is too big, but Jack will have grown .. ity next year. 2 When she grows be a nurse. 8 He has grown .. ses Fi Obsession with toy trains now that he's a teenager. 4 His interest in outer space GBH ne cenenn @ film he had soon as a child 5 My boots are too small. 've grown them since last year. Prepositions . she wants to atthe right moment inaction > dream about sth (while in any weather sleeping) in search of sth dream of sth (= desire mile after mile without (any) difficulty 17 Fill in the correct preposition. 1. From here you can see mile . mile of beautiful countryside. 2 Joseph dreams ann. pilot one day. 3. He enjoys hiking in the mountains any weather. 4 You should wear sunblock cream to protect yourself senses 8 SUN. 5 When you do a parachute jump you must open the parachute ... seenone the fight moment. 6 John likes to watch racing drivers... action 7 The team reached the summit... difficulty because the storm was over. 8 Last night | dreamt primary school teacher. 9 Travelling salesmen spend their lives moving one place to another. 10. They went on an adventure in search the lost treasure. .. becoming a my old 18 Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold. 1 Laura has become too old to pray with dolls — she plays computer games instead. grown Laura has with dolis — she plays computer games instead. 2 They went into the forest to look for food, search They went into the forest “foodWhen you become an adult, what do you want to do? grow When cnn What do you want to do? He has always wanted to open his own business. dreamt He has always... q his own business. She solved the problem very easily this morning. difficulty She solved Complete each sentence with two to five words, Including the word in bold. “Yos, | broke the dish” Marlyn sid admitted Marilyn ~ the dish My landlord doesn't let me keep a pet in my fat. allowed | - ‘a pet in my fat. Basketball can be played no matter what the weather is like because it is an indoor sport. any Basketball can be played ... onus BoCause itis an indoor sport. | saw him take the keys from the desk. seen HE wn ee the keys from the desk ‘They don't let students leave the building at lunch- time. to They don't vee the building at lunchtime, This box is so heavy thet I can’t lift it too This boxis .. Sam's teacher made him do the exercise again made Sam : se the exercise again. Charlie has become too big to wear those trousers. out Charlie... i . those trousers. tor Correction 20 Cross out the unnecessary word. | go for jogging in the park every morning. She hates to boing asked for advice. We agreed that to share the expenses’ Fo working out in a gym twice a week helps you keep fit. The nine - Te ny fo cern - S-Ni or it. ean He went to the bank f6r to withdraw some money. You had loetter not fo tell anyone about our plans. 1 made my friend to help me with the shopping We saw him to pick up the phone and dial the number. Iidon't mind for helping you with the housework. Could you let me to borrow your camera tonight? Word Formation ‘Adjectives formed from nouns -ous eg danger - dangerous -al eg nation - national “ic 29 artist - artistic “ive eg effect - effective ful (with) ‘eg pain - painful ess (without) eg pain - painless y eg thirst thirsty y eg week - weekly 21 Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets. A. Bill Brown likes buying 1) owen ven A@HpON8) antiques. Recently he went to.a2). (month): show in London, Sttge he bought an old plate. He thought he was very 3) .~ . (luck) to have and it He took it fo an expert to have it (ined and there he was told that, unfortunately, The plate WAS 4) n-ne nrnrnnenene (Worth). B Yesterday, Philip Woods we tho mayor TAs) snes oourages young man did a 2) .. . {hero} ‘act two months ago when he saved a young gi tom rowing Philip's mother said that her son who has always been 4) baaneaelsnial (help) to other people. ree