RHEOLOGY ASSIGNMENT

PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY 1

LECTURER: JUDY THOMAS

DONE BY: JOSEPHINE ALLEN-LINGO

DATE: October 3, 2021

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………….. 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………….2

HOW DOES RHEOLOGY INFLUENCE THE MANUFACTURING

PROCESS, PRODUCT QUALITY AND PATIENT ACCEPTABILITY

………………………………………………………………………….........3

SUMMARY OF EQUIPMENT NEEDS – RHEOLOGY ASSESSMENT

FOR SELECTED DOSAGE FORMS…………………………………….6

REFERENCE ……………………………………………………………..10

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PART A – HOW DOES RHEOLOGY INFLUENCE THE MANUFACTURING

PROCESS, PRODUCT QUALITY AND PATIENT ACCEPTABILITY

Rheology is the study of matter and how it flows under applied forces or stress causing

deformation. In other words, rheology is the phenomena of the manipulation of liquid and solid

matter.

For example:

Yogurt which has a high viscosity does not readily flow from a container unless mixed intensely.

Honey when poured is a viscous substance but when temperature or heat is applied it becomes

more liquid, in other words runny.

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There are four (4) essential elements to think of when a material flow or how it is formed. They

are:

 The inner structure of the material, (what bonds are present)

 Morphology (shape and size)

 Outside forces (what stress the material) causing it to form or flow (whether come

together, pulled a part or shear (lateral shifting)

 Environmental conditions (ambient temperature)

Viscosity is very important in the process of rheology or flow. Some materials are considered to

be viscoelastic, they have both viscous and elastic properties. The viscoelastic properties of

semi-solids have produced useful correlations with bioavailability and function (Marriott,

2007). We describe the more viscous substances as liquid or Newtonian liquids and the more

elastic as solids or semi-solids. Water is considered to be a Newtonian liquid as its viscosity

does not change with shear rate, while with non-Newtonian liquids viscosity changes with shear

rate. This shear rate refers to flow rate against surface tension of the container and

intermolecular tension of a substance and the pull of gravity on downward movement.

The method of rheology is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry and other areas of

manufacturing namely, medication finishing in tablet form, ointments, creams, lotions,

suppository, cosmetics and suspensions. Rheology is also used in other manufacturing

industries, for example food and automobile. The process of rheology enables scientist,

pharmacist and other manufacturers to produce products necessary for the utilization to end users

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in the society. With suitable and excellent dosage formulations, rheology enables body fluids, to

quickly absorb and release the drug causing delivery of medication therapy to be achieved in real

time. How a cream spread on the hand or any other part of the body is important to the end user,

how silky it feels or how easily it spreads. However, when the ideal purpose of the product is

achieved by the customer acceptability is realized.

Rheology makes the administering of dosage formulations to infants much easier by the way of

suspensions or emulsions. This process improves bioavailability and physiological body

functions, which also expresses acceptability. Due to rheology various routes to accept

medication therapy has evolved, for example Injectable and suppository, especially when it is

difficult for a patient to take a medicine orally. Suppository can offer both systemic and local

action in the body.

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PART B – SUMMARY OF EQUIPMENT NEEDS - RHEOLOGY ASSESSMENT FOR

SELECTED DOSAGE FORMS

Substances possess different flow profiles. Some are pseudoplastic, dilatant and thixotropic.

 Pseudoplastic flow instantly retake its form at rest after being exposed to intense mixing

or shear for example yogurt.

 Dilatant flow once shear rate increase the volume of that product increase, as the word

suggest dilate or to expand.

 Thixotropic flow is the only flow form that shear rate affects recovery time.

In fabricating these products there are various instruments, methods and theory of measurements

used to get an end product of a desired consistency and quality for relevant purpose and intent,

for the end users in our society and Globally today.

Rheometers are used to monitor non-Newtonian flow behavior of semi-solid dosage forms. It is

important to note which equipment to use to manufacture which finished product, in order to

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achieve the right consistency, product quality, product performance, stability and acceptability

for the supplied market. Choosing the wrong instrument to formulate a product can result in

hampered or ineffective dosage delivery. It is also possible to lose or waste Active

Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API). This is all due to the relativity of viscosity and shear rate of

the materials being prepared.

With these equipment the manufacturing industry has become more efficient with productivity,

in managing wastage of materials, making the process more cost effective for the manufacturer.

Capillary Viscometer (eg) Ostwald U-Tube Viscometer – This measures the range of bore

size which is specific for certain fluids such as, liquid paraffin and iron sorbitol injection.

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Falling Sphere Viscometer – This apparatus measures the resistance created by viscous medium

with an opposing downward motion of a falling body. It is used to measure transparent

Newtonian fluids.

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References

‌ nsel, H. C., Allen, L. V., & Popovich, N. G. (2005). <>Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and
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Drug Delivery Systems (8th ed.).

Hua, S. (2019). Physiological and Pharmaceutical Considerations for Rectal Drug

Formulations. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.01196

Malkin, A. Y. (2017). Rheology Concepts, Methods and Applications (3rd ed.). ChemTech.

Morell, S. (2015). Rheology Part 1 - Introduction - A Video Tutorial by samMorell.com

[YouTube Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_RSNSGkSqSw

Rheology. (2015). Retrieved October 3, 2021, from Slideshare.net website:

https://www.slideshare.net/bknanjwade/rheology-52487364

Simões, A., Miranda, M., Cardoso, C., Veiga, F., & Vitorino, C. (2020). Rheology by Design: A

Regulatory Tutorial for Analytical Method Validation. Pharmaceutics, 12(9), 820.

https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12090820

Thomas, Judy, Lecturer, Sep.,(2021)

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