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Science
Quarter 1 – Module 5:
Biodiversity and Evolution

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Science – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 4: Biodiversity and Evolution
First Edition, 2019

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary:
Undersecretary:
Assistant Secretary:

Development Team of the Module

Authors: Vivian B. Intatano
Editor: Rebecca M. Roxas
Reviewers: Arlen Gatpo
Management Team: Maria Magdalena M. Lim, CESO V, Schools Division
Superintendent Aida H. Rondilla, CID Chief
Lucky S. Carpio, Division EPS in Charge of LRMS and
Division ADM Coordinator
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Science
Quarter 1 – Module 5:
Biodiversity and Evolution
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

This module entitled BIODIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION will serve as

your supplemental material in facilitating learning about the topics. Refer to the
Notes for teachers for additional instructions for the learners. The learners
should use separate sheets in answering the activities and assessment.

For the learner:

This module written for the topics: BIODIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION will
serve as a supplemental material for learning. This module is divided into part,
equally important for maximum learning:

WHAT I KNOW – elicit what you already know about the topics presented
WHAT’S NEW & WHAT IS IT – these parts will engage you to new learning
ahead and explain essential facts about the topic(s)

WHAT’S MORE – this will reinforce what you learned through activities or
elaboration of the topic(s)

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED – summarized the lesson
WHAT I CAN DO –

gives you enrichment activities about the topic(s) This module also used online
sources to reinforce learning

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 What I Need to Know

Overview

In grade 8, you learned about the concepts of specie, classification of

organisms and maintaining the stability of an ecosystem. In this module, you will learn
more about diversity as you explore its importance and how species were affected by
the changes in the environment which may cause specie extinction.

Organisms need a balanced environment to survive in any ecosystem. A

balanced ecosystem is characterized by a successful interaction of living and non living
things. What do you think will happen if on part of the ecosystem is disturbed? What
will happen to the ecosystem if the biodiversity is reduced? How does the changes in
the environment affect the survival of the species? As you go along with the activites in
this module, you will find the answers to these questions.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Essential Competency: Relate species extinction to the failure of populations of

organisms to adapt to abrupt changes in the environment
. 1 Explain the importance of biodiversity.
2. Identify causes of specie extinction.
3 Explain how the enviironmental issues contributed to specie extinction.
4. make a multimedia presentation of a timeline of extinction of representative
microorganisms, plants, and animals .

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 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
[Link] a population is maintained at its carrying capacity, it is said to be:
A limiting factor B. Growing exponentially
C. inactive D. Inactive d. in balance

2. Why is genetic diversity within a population important?

a. So the population is less susceptible to disease
b. So individuals of the population can survive when the environment changes
c. So museums can have more realistic collections
d. Both A and B are correct.

3. Species that are in danger of becoming extinct in the near future is known as
___________________
a. endangered species c. Keystone species
c. Exotic Species d. threatened species
Species

4. The risk of extinction today is different from previous mass extinction

because_______
a. biodiversity loss is slower
b. the ecosystem are more protected than before
c. the current crisis is caused by human activities
d. natural calamities have reduced the number of species

5. A country with many different types of habitat is described as high degree of

______________.
a. Biodiversity
b. Genetic diversity
c. Species richness
d. Habitat diversity

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Lesson

1 Biodiversity and Population

Ecosystem is composed of different parts which interact with one another.

When a disturbance takes place in one part, other parts are also affected. Imagine a place
where all the species die. What do you think will happen to the ecosystem? This module will
help you learn the threats which may contribute to the loss of biodiversity. Let us begin our
discussio with understanding the concepts of population and biodiversity.

What’s In

The picture below shows the Verde Island Passage in Batanggas. It is one of
the most productive ecoystems in the world because it is a home to many species such as
fishes, whale sharks, sea turtle and beautiful corals. Look closely at the picture. Can you
identify the species? How many types of species do you see?

Photo from : [Link]

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Look at the picture below. How many kinds of species do you see in a ricefield? The Verde
Island has larger population than the ricefield. In the Verde Island, you can observe hundreds
of different species of organisms unlike in the ricefield, you can only see one specie that
dominates which is the rice plant. A group of living things within a certain area belonging to the
same species is known as the population. A community can be composed of different
population.. One type of population may affect the other type of population. A variety of life in
the area is known as biodiversity . In our previous example, which has greater biodiversity, is
it the Verde Island or the ricefield? Verde Island has greater amount of biological diversity or
biodiveristy than ricefield. It is composed of different kinds of fishes, corals, whale sharks and
other marine plants. On the other hand, rice field has only only the population of rice plants that
is why it is described as lesser biodiversity than Verde Island. Communities with many variety
of species are describes as with high index of biodiversity while communities with just a few
species are considered with low index of biodiversity. A high index of biodiversity can
withstand enviromental changes than communities with low index of biodiversity. Why do you
think so? We will find out as we go along with the topics in this module.

Notes to the Teacher

1. Be sure to remind the students to follow the
instructions before doing the activity.
2. Request the parents to guide the student when doing the online
activities.

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 What’s New

Understanding Population Density

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life in an area. This includes all living things
and their unique characteristics. An ecosystem with different kinds of species can be
described as with greater biodiversity. Organisms need a habitat that is considered
balanced for them to survive. Different factors in the environment may bring changes in
the population size. In a rice field, when frogs are introduced, these will consume the
pests and will contribute to the nourishment of the soil. But what do you think will
happen if the frogs will continue to increase iin number? In studying population, we
need to understand the different factors affecting the changes in population.
Populations can be the same in sizes but different in densities. When we talk about
population density we consider the number of individuals per unit area. There are
different factors that may be attibuted to difference in population density. These are :
1. Mobility – Increase in population when the organisms move in to the
ecosystem and there will be a decrease in population if the organisms move
out of the ecosystem.
2. Birth rate - the number of live births per year
3. Death rate- It refers to the number of deaths in proportion to the population
of a certain area.

There are certain environmental conditions that may limit the size of populations, these are
called limiting factors. These factors help control the increase in population and keep the
ecosystem balanced. Examples of limiting factors are water, food, living condition, soil
nutrients, temperature and amount of light. These are called limiting factors because the help
in determning the kind of organisms that may live and survive in a particular ecosystem.
Carrying capacity refers to the maximum population size that and environment can support. If
the population sizes of frogs will exceed the carrying capacity of the rice field, frogs may die
due to lack of food and all other needs of the frogs.
Population density can be calculated using this formula:

Population Density = number of individuals

Size of the area

Using the given formula on population density, compute for the population density of
100 frogs in a 500 sqm farm.
How will you relate the limiting factors to population density?

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 What is It

In an ecosystem, one organism depends on another living organism. Animals

need green plants to survive The living conditions in the ecosystem are important for
the survival of organisms. But what happens if these living condintions are no longer
favorable for the survival of the organisms?

Look at the pictures below. Are you familiar with them? What are common
among these organisms? The (a) tamaraw in Mindoro (b) Monkey –eating eagle (c)
Dugong in Batangas, Negros and Leyte are in danger of extinction. They belong to the
endangered species. Species are considered Endangered when their population
becomes so low and has a possibility to become extinct because only a few remain.

(a) (b)

(c)

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Threatened species are those species that population declines too fast which has the
chance to become endangered. Examples are giant panda, tiger and polar bear. If the
environment will continue to be unfavorable for these species, and there will be
continous changes in the habitats of some animals, there animals may have a
tendency to be extinct. Extinctions refers to the permanent disapperance of the
specie when the last member dies.

What Causes Animal Extinction?

We have mentioned earlier that for the animals to survive the need to be in a
habitat will give them a favorable environmental condition to survive. Several
environmental concers which affect the lives of the animals and may bring them to
extinction if human will continue to do activities that harm the environment. Some of
the local and global environmental issues that affect the lives of the animals are:

1. Deforestation
This is usually caused by illegal logging, kainging, conversion of
agricultural lands to subdivisions, forest fires and typhoons. The
decrease in number of trees may result to soil erosion, floods, decrease
in wildlife resources that will lead to extinction

2. Water Pollution
Garbages thrown by humans to the bodies of water like river and
ocean contribute to water pollution and may kill the marine
organisms.

3. Air Pollution
Vehicles are known to be the major contibutor to air pollutants. Due to
Covid-19, mobility of people were suppresed, verhicles were not allowed to
run. Even factories shut down their operation. Few days after the
quarantine rules were observed, a lot of posts in social media showing how
clear the sky is, shows that the mother Earth breathe for a while and
experience air free from pollutio.

4. Destruction of Coastal Resources

Activities that contribute to the destruction of Coastal Resources
include dynamite fishing and muro ami, deforestations and other
agricultural and mining activities , conversion of coastal areas to
resorts or residences.

5. Acid Precipitation

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 This occurs due to excessive amount of air pollutants like carbon
dioxide, sulfur nitrogen oxides from vehicles and factories may bring
acid rain. Acid rain can be harmful to organisms.

Various human activities and overpopulation have been identified as causes of

environmental problems. Due to these problems other terrestial and marine
organisms are affected and facing the problem of being endangered and eventually
extinct when not prevented. Several laws have been passed by the government not
only in the Philippines but also in the whole world to help conserve and preserve the
environment to make it an ideal place to live for other forms of animals.

What’s More

Activity 1 Population Density.

DIRECTIONS:

1. Study the illustration below showing pattersn of distribution using the legend
below.
2. Count the total number of each population using the table below:
3. Compute for the population density using the formula for calculating population
density.

Legend birds frogs snakes

Area = 200 sqm

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TABLE – Population Density
Complete the table below using the given illustration. Compute for the density
of the population using the formula for Calculating Population Density.

Name of Species Total number Density

Questions:
1. How will you describe the distribution of patterns of the organisms.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Identify the population with greatest density? Which has least density?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

3. What do you think is the importance of knowing the population density

Of the specie in a certain area?

_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. Why do you think there is differences in the population density ?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

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Activity 2 – “Stories to Tell”

Directions: Study the pictures below. Answer the questions that follow.

Picture A

Picture A Picture B

Picture C Picture D
Illustrations used with permission: Credit to Serena Brancati (@a.r.a.b.l.l.a.)

GUIDE QUESTIONS:

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1, What stories can you create in each picture? Write you’re a short story or
short description of the pictures given in activity 2.

PICTURE A: ________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

PICTURE B: ________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

PICTURE C: ________________________________________________________________

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_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

PICTURE D: ________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

2. What do you think will happen to the species in the picture if that scenario
will not be controlled or stopped?

_____________________________________________________________________________

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 What I Have Learned

1. A group of living things within a certain area belonging to the same

species is known as the population.
2. One type of population may affect the other type of population. A
variety of life in the area is known as biodiversity.
3. Communities with many variety of species are describes as with high
index of biodiversity while communities with just a few species are
considered with low index of biodiversity..
4. Factors that may be attributed to difference in population density are
mobility, birth rate and death rate.
5. Population density can be calculated using this formula:

Population Density = number of individuals

Size of the area

6. Species are considered Endangered when their population becomes

so low and has a possibility to become extinct because only a few
remain. Threatened species are those species that population
declines too fast which has the chance to become endangered.
Extinctions refers to the permanent disappearance of the specie
when the last member dies.
7. Deforestation, pollution, destruction of coastal resources, acid
precipitation or known factors that contribute to specie extinction.

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 What I Can Do

As a student, you can help in keeping our environment clean and safe for
other species to help them survive. What will you do to help in preserving the
environment to help prevent specie extinction? You may present your ideas in your
most creative way. You may choose one of the following to express your ideas.
a. Poster Campaign
b. Song adoptation
c. Create a short video using clips (photo and video) and sounds
found in the internet.
d. Essay or Blog

Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
[Link] a population is maintained at its carrying capacity, it is said to be:
A limiting factor B. Growing exponentially
C. In balance D. Inactive

2. Why is genetic diversity within a population important?

A) So the population is less susceptible to disease
B) So individuals of the population can survive when the environment changes
C) So museums can have more realistic collections
D) Both A and B are correct.

3. Species that are in danger of becoming extinct in the near future is known as
___________________
A. endangered species B. Exotic Species C. Keystone Species D. Threatened
Species

4. The risk of extinction today is different from previous mass extinction

because_______
A. biodiversity loss is slower
B. the ecosystem are more protected than before
C. the current crisis is caused by human activities
D. natural calamities have reduced the number of species

5. A country with many different types of habitat is described as high degree of

______________.
A. Biodiversity
B. Genetic diversity
C. Species richness
D. Habitat diversity

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 Additional Activities

1. Search for the different animals that are considered endangered and
threatened. You may use the internet or different news clippings or
books available.
2. Research on the different government efforts and also initiatives from
non government organization in helping the prevention of species
extinction.

References

K to 12 Learner’s Module
Rabago, L. M., Ph.D, Joaquin, C.C., Ph.D, Lagunsad, C.G. B., PH.D. (2005). Functional
Biology Modular Approach. Quezon City, Philippines: Vibal Publishing

Photo Credit
Conservation International. [Link]
Brancati, Serena [@a.r.a.b.l.l.a. ].(2020, February)
[Link]

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