A-level Chemistry Booklet

Energetics
Student Name:
Đặng Lâm Khánh Vy
Form:

Teacher: Mr.Matthew Pope

Set:

Teacher Comment Grade:

Effort Level Level What you have to do

Minimum 1 ● Complete preparation work set before the lesson.
expected ● Make your own set of notes during lessons.
● Mark all questions you complete.
● Do all PPQs and make corrections.
Good Effort 2 ● Using some research for questions you find difficult during preparation work..
● Add to your notes with information from the textbook in an organised and logical format. Using colour or diagrams to illustrate ideas.
● Mark and correct all questions you complete.
● Do an analysis of PPQs to identify strengths and weaknesses.
Excellent Effort 3 ● Show resilience and attempt all questions in class.
● Add to your notes with information from other sources. Link your notes to the specification.
● Do additional questions similar to those you found the hardest.
● Do an analysis of PPQs to identify strengths and weaknesses and then act on targets you set yourself.
Exceptional 4 ● Try different methods for solving a problem and ask for advice from your teacher.
effort ● Link your notes to the specification and can identify your strengths and weaknesses on the specification.
● Continually evaluate your strengths and weaknesses in PPQs.

What went well:

Even better if:

Self Assessment of PPQs Grade:

Why I lost the mark Tally of number of marks lost.

Knowledge

Application

Understanding the questions

Reading the question wrong

Not making enough points for the number of marks

Calculation (completely wrong)

Calculation (small error)

Silly mistake

What went well

Even better if:

●
Learning Objectives

● Explain that some chemical reactions are accompanied by enthalpy changes which can be exothermic (DH negative) or
endothermic (DH positive).
● Define and use the terms:
○ Standard conditions
○ Enthalpy change of
Ɵ
○ Enthalpy change of formation (ΔfH ).
Ɵ
○ Enthalpy change of combustion (ΔcH )

● Construct a simple enthalpy profile diagram for a reaction to show the difference in the enthalpy of the reactants
compared with that of the products.
● Calculate enthalpy changes from appropriate experimental results directly, including the use of the relationship: q
= mcDT.
· Use the correct units in q = mcΔT and report calculations to an appropriate number of significant figures, given
raw data quoted to
varying numbers of significant figures.
· Use Hess’s law to perform calculations, including calculation of enthalpy changes for reactions from enthalpies of
combustion or from enthalpies of formation.
● Explain exothermic and endothermic reactions in terms of enthalpy changes associated with breaking and making
bonds.
● Define and use the term mean bond enthalpy (DH positive; bond breaking of one mole of bonds).
● Calculate an enthalpy change of reaction from average bond enthalpies.
● Explain why values from mean bond enthalpy calculations differ from those determined using Hess’s law.

Previous Learning Questions

Complete these Questions before starting the unit.

1) Explain the terms exothermic and endothermic reactions.

2) Give an example of an exothermic and an endothermic reaction.
3) Describe what happens to the temperature of a reaction mixture during and after an exothermic reaction.
4) Draw up a table to summarise the differences between endothermic and exothermic reactions, Include ideas about temperature changes
and energy transfer.
5) Explain what is meant by thermal decomposition and explain whether this reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
6) Write equations for the complete combustion of the following:

a. ethane
b. carbon
c. hydrogen
d. decane

[Write your response here]

Notes - Enthalpy

· Explain what is meant by the following terms:

o Enthalpy
o Exothermic
o Endothermic
· Give examples of useful exothermic and endothermic reactions.
· Draw and label enthalpy profile diagrams for exothermic and endothermic reactions. Include the activation energy.
· Give the units and symbol for enthalpy and change in enthalpy.

[Write your response here]

Notes - Enthalpy changes

● Define the terms:

○ Standard conditions
○ Enthalpy change
○ Enthalpy change of formation
○ Enthalpy change of combustion
● Using examples, illustrate enthalpy changes of formation and enthalpy changes of combustion.

[Write your response here]

Notes - Measuring enthalpy changes

· Describe the difference between enthalpy change and energy change.

· Give the equation used to measure energy change.
· Explain how to convert energy change in joules to enthalpy change in kJmol -1.
· Using examples of experimental results; show how to calculate the enthalpy change for a reaction.

[Write your response here]

Notes - Hess’ Law

State Hess’ Law

Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the combustion of ethene, C2H4, given the following standard enthalpy of formation by
drawing a Hess Cycle.
· rHf(C2H4(g)) = +52 kJmol-1
· rHf(CO2(g)) = -394 kJmol-1
· rHf(H2O(l)) = -286 kJmol-1

Draw Hess Cycles and calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction for the following examples:
· C2H4(g) + H2(g) → C2H6(g)
· Given the following standard enthalpy changes of combustion.
o rHc(C2H4(g)) = -1411 kJmol-1
o rHc(H2(g)) = -286 kJmol-1
o rHc(C2H6(g)) = -1560 kJmol-1

[Write your response here]

Notes - Hess’ Cycles

Using the equations below, construct a Hess Cycle and calculate the required enthalpy change.
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆Hο = –394 kJ mol–1
Mn(s) + O2(g) → MnO2(s) ∆Hο = –520 kJ mol–1
What is ∆H, in kJ, for the following reaction?
MnO2(s) + C(s) → Mn(s) + CO2(g)

Describe the steps you take.

[Write your response here]

Notes- Bond enthalpy

· Give the definition for mean bond enthalpy and illustrate with an equation.
● Explain exothermic and endothermic reactions in terms of enthalpy changes associated with breaking and making bonds.
· Explain why values for bond enthalpies may differ from published mean bond enthalpies.
· Using examples, explain how to calculate the enthalpy change of a reaction using average bond enthalpies.

[Write your response here]

Questions

All students must complete and mark these questions

Enthalpy Profile Diagrams

1) What is meant by the terms ‘enthalpy’ and ‘enthalpy change’?

- Enthalpy is the sum of the internal energy. and pressure times volume.

- Enthalpy change the amount of heat energy taken in or given out during any change in a system provided the pressure is constant.

2) The enthalpy change for a reaction is often indicated by adding to the right of a chemical equation an extra term of the form ΔH = + x
kJmol-1. Explain the meaning of each symbol in this additional statement.

- H is enthalpy change

- + shows whether the reaction consumes or releases energy

- x kJ/mol shows the amount of enthalpy change per mol

x kJmol-1 refers to the size of the enthalpy change for the quantities specified in the equations.

3) Enthalpy changes are usually stated with reference to a standard set of conditions. What are these standard conditions?

100 000Pa and 298K

4) Draw energy level diagrams to indicate the following energy changes:

a. C2H4(g) + Br2(l) → C2H4Br2(l) ΔH0 = -133.0 kJmol-1

b. N2(g) + O2(g)--> 2NO(g) ΔHo = +180.4 kJmol-1

Enthalpy Changes

5) Explain the meanings of the terms:

a. standard enthalpy of formation
b. standard enthalpy of combustion
6) Write equations representing the enthalpy change of combustion of substances listed below. Remember that you must have one mole of the
substance that you are burning, so you may well have ½ in your equation.
a. Carbon, C(s)

b. Methane, CH4(g)

c. Ethane, C2H6(g)

d. Ethanol, C2H5OH(l)
 e. Octane, C8H18(l)

f. Sulphur(s)

g. H2(g)

7) Write equations representing the enthalpy change of formation of:

a. sodium chloride, NaCl(s)

b. carbon dioxide, CO2(g)

c. sodium iodide, NaI(s)

d. water, H2O(l)

e. ethanol, C2H5OH(l)

f. calcium carbonate, CaCO3(s)

g. sodium chlorate(V), NaClO3(s)

h. CH3CN(l)

Measuring Enthalpy Changes

Assume the specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g-1oC-1 and the density of all solutions to be 1.00 gcm-1. Give your answers to the appropriate
degree of accuracy.

8) A pure aluminium block with a mass of 10 g is heated so that its temperature increases from 20 °C to 50 °C . The specific heat capacity of
aluminium is 8.99 × 10–1 J g–1 K–1. Calculate the thermal energy change in kJ.

9) 5.00g magnesium is added to 100cm3 of 2.00moldm-3 of CuSO4. The temperature increases from 20.00C to 65.00C. Calculate the enthalpy
change of the reaction. The equation for the reaction is Mg(s) + CuSO4(aq) → MgSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

10) 0.327g of zinc powder was added to 55.0cm3 of 0.109 moldm-3 aqueous copper (II) sulfate at 22.80C. The temperature rose to 32.30C.
Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction. The equation for the reaction is Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s).
11) 50.0 cm3 of a 1.00moldm-3 solution of hydrochloric acid in an insulated polystyrene cup and its temperature was recorded. 50.0 cm 3 of
a 1.10moldm-3 NaOH solution that is the same temperature. During the reaction, the temperature increase was 6.5 0C. Calculate the enthalpy
change of this reaction. The equation for the reaction is NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l).
12) Complete the enthalpy changes of combustion for butan-1-ol and decane using the experimental results below.

a. 1.51g of butan-1-ol heated 300cm3 of water by 42.00C

b. 0.826g of decane heated 180cm3 of water from 22.00C to 71.00C

Hess’s Law Calculations

13) Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction

CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Standard enthalpy changes of formation
∆Hf (CaCO3(s)) = -1207 kJmol-1
∆Hf (CaO(s)) = -635 kJmol-1
∆Hf (CO2(g)) = -394 kJmol-1

14) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of methane from the following enthalpy changes of combustion:

∆Hc (CH4(g)) = -890 kJmol-1

∆Hc (H2(g)) = -286 kJmol-1
∆Hc (C(s)) = -394 kJmol-1

15) For the following reaction set up and use a suitable Hess Cycle in order to determine the standard enthalpy change for the reaction
involving cyclobutane shown below:

C4H8(g) + 6O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

4C(s) + 4H2(g) → C4H8(g) ΔH = +4 kJmol-1

C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ΔH = -394 kJmol-1

H2(g) + ½O2(g) → H2O(l) ΔH = -286 kJmol-1

16) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the reaction:

4FeS2 + 11O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s) + 8SO2(g)
Standard enthalpy changes of formation in kJmol-1
FeS2(s) = -178; Fe2O3(s) = -824; SO2(g) = -297

17) Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction:

2NaNO3(s) → 2NaNO2(s) + O2(g)
Given the following standard enthalpy changes of formation in kJmol-1: NaNO3 = -468, NaNO2 = -359

18) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of sucrose, C12H12O11, given the following standard enthalpy changes of
combustion: carbon -394 kJmol-1, hydrogen -286 kJmol-1,
sucrose -5640 kJmol-1

19) The standard enthalpy change of combustion of carbon in the

form of graphite is -393.5 kJmol-1; for carbon in the form of diamond it is -395.4 kJmol-1. Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction C(s, graphite) à
C(s, diamond)

20) Find the enthalpy change of combustion of phosphine, PH3, given that its standard enthalpy of formation is +5.4 kJmol-1 and the
standard enthalpy change of formation of phosphorus (V) oxide is -2984 kJmol-1 and water is -286 kJmol-1.

Bond Enthalpy

21) How can exothermic and endothermic reactions be explained in terms of breaking ad making of chemical bonds?
22) Define the term average bond enthalpy.
23) Which of the following equations correctly represents the bond enthalpy of the H-Cl bond?

A. 2HCl(g) → 2H(g) + 2Cl(g)

B. H(g) + Cl(g) → HCl(g)
C. HCl(g) → H(g) + Cl(g)
D. HCl(s) → H(g) + Cl(g)

24) You are provided with the following average bond enthalpies:

C-H +413kJmol-1
C-C +347kJmol-1
O=O +497kJmol-1
C=O +805kJmol-1
O-H +463kJmol-1
C=C +612kJmol-1
H-H +436kJmol-1
N≡N +945kJmol-1
N-H +391kJmol-1

Calculate the enthalpy changes of reaction for each of the following reactions:
a) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) ---> CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
b) C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
c) N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

25) Explain why values from mean bond enthalpy calculations differ from those determined using Hess’s law.

[Write your response here]

Support Questions

Students who struggle with the questions above or a working at a D grade or below should complete and mark these questions.

Enthalpy Changes

1) What is a catalyst?
2) Explain the meaning of the term activation energy.
3) Sketch an energy level diagram that represents an exothermic reaction.
4) Draw a labelled energy level diagram to represent the endothermic reaction in which nitrogen dioxide gas (NO 2(g)) is formed from its
elements. During the reaction 34 kJmol-1 is absorbed from the surroundings.
5) Are the following reactions exothermic or endothermic?
a. photosynthesis
b. respiration
c. burning coal

Measuring Enthalpy Changes

Assume the specific heat capacity of water and all solutions is = 4.2 J g-1oC-1

6) A person placed his hand in 400g of cold water for 15 minutes. A temperature change of 5.0 oC was recorded. Calculate the energy change
of the water.

7) 0.50g of aluminium powder was added to 20cm3 of HCl(aq). The HCl was in excess. The temperature increase was 76oC.

a. Using the equation Q=mcΔT, calculate the energy change in joules.

b. Convert the energy change in joules to kilojoules.

c. Calculate the number of moles in 0.5g of aluminium.

d. Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction in kJmol-1.

8) 0.20g of solid citric acid with molar mass 192 gmol-1 was added to 40cm3 of sodium hydrogencarbonate solution which was in excess. The
temperature decrease was 3.0oC.

a. Using the equation Q=mcΔT, calculate the energy change in kilojoules.

 b. Calculate the number of moles of citric acid.

c. Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction in kJmol-1.

Hess Cycles

9) State Hess’s Law

10) Use Hess’s law to calculate the standard enthalpy changes of reaction, ΔHo, in the following examples:

11) You are provided with the following enthalpy changes of combustion.
C(s) = -394 kJmol-1 H2(g) = -286 kJmol-1
C4H10(g) = -2877 kJmol-1 C2H5OH(l) = -1367 kJmol-1
Determine the enthalpy change for the following reactions
a) 4C(s) + 5H2(g) à C4H10(g)
b) 2C(s) + 3H2(g) + ½O2(g) à C2H5OH(l)

12) You are provided with the following enthalpy changes of formation.
Compound NH3(g) NO(g) H2O(l) HNO3(l) NO2(g)

ΔHfo / kJmol-1 -46 90 -286 -174 33

Determine the enthalpy change for the following reactions:

a) 2NO + O2 à 2NO2(g)
b) 4NH(g) + 5O2(g) à 4NO(g) + 6H2O(l)
c) 2H2O(l) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g) à 4HNO3(l)

13) You are provided with the following standard enthalpy changes.
Compound CO2(g) H2O(l) C5H12 (l)

ΔHfo / kJmol-1 -394 -286 -173

Compound C6H14 (l) C(s) H2(g)

ΔHco / kJmol-1 -4163 -394 -286

a) Write equations, including state symbols, to represent:

i. The standard enthalpy change of formation of pentane.
ii. The standard enthalpy change of combustion of hexane.
b) Determine the following enthalpy changes.
i. The standard enthalpy change of combustion for pentane.
 ii. The standard enthalpy change of formation for hexane.

14) Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction C(s) + 2H2(g) à CH4(g) using the following data:
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) à CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ∆H= -890 kJmol-1
H2(g) + ½ O2(g) à H2O(l) ∆H = -286 kJmol-1
C(s) + O2(g) à CO2(g) ∆H = -394 kJmol-1

Bond Enthalpies

The following questions will require the following bond enthalpies:

Bond Energy (kJmol-1) Bond Energy (kJmol-1)

H-H 436 C-C 348

C-H 412 O=O 496

C=O 743 H-O 463

C=C 611

15) Water can be decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen

2H2O à 2H2 + O2
The equation can be written showing the bonds in each molecule

2 [ H-O-H ] à 2 [H-H ] + O=O

a) Write down the number and types of the bonds broken and the bonds formed during the reaction .
b) Calculate the total energy changes involved in breaking and forming bonds
c) Explain whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic.

16) Butene burns in oxygen

C4H8 + 6O2 → 4CO2 + 4H2O
The equation can be written showing the bonds in each molecule
a) Write down the number and types of the bonds broken and the bonds formed during the reaction .
b) Calculate the total energy changes involved in breaking and forming bonds
c) Explain whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic.

[Write your response here]

Extension Questions

Students who are confident with the questions and are working at or towards an A should complete these questions

1) The symbol equation shows the decomposition of water.

2H2O → 2H2 + O2

An energy level diagram for this reaction is shown below.

· Explain the significance of x, y and z on the energy level diagram in terms of energy transfers that occur in the reaction.

· You should make specific reference to the bonds broken and formed and to the net energy transfer (energy transferred to or from the
surroundings).

Hess Cycle Calculations

2) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of solid ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, using the following data.
∆Hf (NH3(g)) = -46.1 kJmol-1
∆Hf (HCl(g)) = -92.3 kJmol-1
NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s) ∆H = -176.0 kJmol-1

3) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of liquid hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, from the following information:
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) ∆H = -572 kJmol-1
2H2O2(l) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g) ∆H = -196 kJmol-1

4) Use the following data to construct a suitable Hess Cycle for calculating the standard enthalpy change of the third reaction below. Use
the cycle to show that the required enthalpy change is -86.6kJmol-1.
Zn(s) + CuO(s) → ZnO(s) + Cu(s) ∆H = -192.8 kJmol-1
Zn(s) + H2O(g) → ZnO(s) + H2(g) ∆H = -106.2 kJmol-1
CuO(s) + H2(g) → Cu(s) + H2O(g) ∆H = + x kJmol-1

5) The standard enthalpy change of three combustion reactions is given below in kJ.
2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) ∆HO = –3120 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) ∆HO = –
 572
C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔHO = –1411
Based on the above information, calculate the standard change in enthalpy, ∆HO, for the following reaction.
C2H6(g) → C2H4(g) + H2(g)

6) When 0.32g of calcium was added to 50cm3 of water, a temperature rise of 12.30C took place. On neutralizing the resulting solution of
calcium hydroxide with 4.6cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid, a further temperate rise of 3.20C occurred. When 0.29g of calcium was added to
50cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid (an excess) the temperature rose by 14.50C.
a. Calculate the amount of energy given out in each of the three reactions (Assume that all the solutions have the same specific heat
capacity as water and have a density of 1.0gcm-1).
b. What are the ∆H (enthalpy change) values of the corresponding enthalpy changes expressed in kJmol-1
c. Write balanced equations for the three reactions.
d. Combine the three equations to produce a Hess cycle.
e. Use your Hess cycle to show that within the limits of experimental error Hess’s law is obeyed for this set of reactions.

Bond Enthalpies

7) The enthalpy of atomisation is defined as the energy required to turn a substance into one mole of gaseous atoms. For example Na (s) à Na(g)
or ½ Cl2(g) à Cl(g).

Buta-1,2-diene has the formula CH2=C=CHCH3. It is a gaseous compound.

a) Using the average bond energies given below, determine the enthalpy change of atomisation for the compound.

C-H = +413 kJmol-1

C=C = +612 kJmol-1
C-C = + 347 kJmol-1

b) Carry out a similar calculation for buta-1,3-diene which has the formula CH2=CHCH=CH2.

c) Using the values below for the standard enthalpy changes of formation of the butadiendes, together with the standard enthalpy
changes of atomisation of carbon and hydrogen, calculate the enthalpy changes of atomisation for the two compounds.
ΔHfo[CH2=C=CHCH3] = +162.3 kJmol-1
ΔHfo[CH2=CHCH=CH2] = +109.9 kJmol-1
ΔHatomisationo[C(s)] = +716.7 kJmol-1
ΔHatomisationo[½H2(g)] = +218.0 kJmol-1

d) Compare the values you have obtained for the enthalpy changes of atomisation of the butadienes in parts a, b and c and suggest a
reason for any differences obtained.

[Write your response here]

Practical - Determining the enthalpy of reaction for the displacement of copper in copper sulfate (VI) by magnesium
Determining the enthalpy of reaction for the displacement of copper in copper sulfate (VI) by magnesium

Introduction
For this Practical Task you are given full instructions for the practical procedure, which must be followed carefully.
It is your responsibility to work safely and to organise your time efficiently.
You have one exercise to carry out.
You will measure the temperature change when magnesium is added to copper sulfate (VI) solution.
You will then use this value to calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction.

Part 1 – Reaction between magnesium and copper sulfate (VI).

You are provided with:
Copper (II) sulfate (VI) solution 0.25moldm-3 Harmful
Magnesium powder Flammable

Record all your readings in the tables on page 2.

1. Place one of the plastic cups provided into the beaker.

2. Using a measuring cylinder, pour 100cm3 of copper (II) sulfate (VI) solution into the plastic cup in the beaker.
3. Measure the temperature of the solution, to the nearest 0.50 °C, and record the result and absolute uncertainty.
You may need to tilt the cup so that the thermometer bulb is completely immersed.
4. Weigh the stoppered bottle containing magnesium powder.
Record the mass and absolute uncertainty.

If you have not been provided with a stoppered bottle, weigh out approximately 0.60g of magnesium powder following the weighing by difference method.

The reaction that follows is vigorous.

Avoid inhaling any spray that may be produced.

5. Place the plastic cup and the beaker on the heatproof mat provided.
6. Tip all of the magnesium powder into the plastic cup.
7. Stir the mixture with the thermometer until the temperature no longer changes.
Record this value to the nearest 0.50 °C.
Calculate the temperature change.
8. Weigh the empty stoppered bottle and record the mass and absolute uncertainty. Calculate the mass of magnesium you used and the absolute uncertainty.

Readings and calculations

Mass measurements

Mass Absolute uncertainty Percentage uncertainty

Mass of stoppered bottle + Mg(s) /g

Mass of empty stoppered bottle /g

Mass of Mg(s) used /g

[3]

Temperature Readings

Temperature Absolute uncertainty Percentage uncertainty

Final temperature /0C

Initial temperature /0C

Temperature change /0C

[3]
Volume of copper sulfate used = ……….. cm3 + ………. cm3 (1)

Assume a density of 1 gcm-3 for the copper sulfate solution and remember to include mass of magnesium.

Total mass of solution = …………… g + ……………g

Total mass of solution = …………… g + ……………% (1)

Calculation

(a) Calculate the energy change, in J, for your reaction of magnesium with copper (II) sulfate (VI).
Specific heat capacity of an aqueous solution = 4.18 J K-1 g-1 (Assume no uncertainty)

energy change = ..................... J + ……………..% [1]

(b) Calculate the amount, in moles, of magnesium used in your experiment.

amount of magnesium used = .................... mol + ……………% [1]

(c) The equation for the reaction of magnesium with copper (II) sulfate (VI) is shown below.
Mg(s) + CuSO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ, for the reaction of 1 mol of magnesium with copper (II) sulfate (VI).
Include the sign for ∆H
∆H= ............................... kJmol-1 + ……………% [1]

∆H= ............................... kJmol-1 + ……………kJmol-1 [1]

Evaluation

d) Identify the main error in the procedure and suggest how to modify the apparatus to reduce this error.

[1]
e)
A further student carried out the same experiment; however this student recorded the temperature every minute. His results are shown in the table. He added the solid at
three minutes.

Time /min + 0.2 min Temp /0C + 0.50C Time /min + 0.2 min Temp /0C + 0.50C
1 16 7 33
2 17 8 34
3 18 9 35
4 22 10 35
5 25 11 33
6 32 12 32

i) On graph paper below plot a graph of his results. You do not need to start the scale at 00C. Include error bars. [3]
ii) Draw two separate best fit lines; one, which joins the points before the addition, and one, which joins the points after the addition, extrapolating both lines to the third
minute. [2]
iii) Use your graph to determine the temperature change at the third minute, which theoretically should have occurred immediately on addition of the solid. [1]

f) The student then changed his experiment as shown below.

For each of his modifications, sketch a line on the graph to show how you would expect the temperature to change with time during the experiment.
The temperature of the copper sulfate was the same at the start of each experiment.
i) Addition of magnesium ribbon instead of magnesium powder. The same mass was used.
Label this line A. [1]

ii) Addition of 200cm3 of 0.125moldm–3 copper (II) sulfate (VI) instead of 100cm3 of 0.25 moldm–3 copper (II) sulfate (VI)
Label this line B. [2]

TOTAL: /20

Questions
Practical - Enthalpy Change of Combustion of Alcohols

Introduction
For this Practical Task you are given full instructions for the practical procedure, which must be followed carefully.
It is your responsibility to work safely and to organise your time efficiently.

You have five exercises to complete:

You will measure the mass of five different alcohols required to heat water by 20 0C

You are provided with:

Spirit burners containing a range of different alcohols Flammable

Safety
The alcohols are very flammable; do not leave burning spirit burner unattended.
Wear goggles at all time.

Part 1 – Measuring the mass of alcohol required to raise the temperature of water by 20 0C
Record all results on the table on page 2. Record all mass measurements to 2 d.p.

1) Put 100cm3 of cold water into the calorimeter in a clamp and stand and measure the temperature of the water. Do not
begin the experiment until the temperature of the water is constant. Record the absolute uncertainty for the mass of
water.
2) Weigh a spirit burner containing alcohol and record the absolute uncertainty.
3) Place the burner under the base of the calorimeter and adjust the position of the clamp so that the base of the calorimeter
is 2cm above the wick of the burner.
4) Light the wick of the burner and heat the water until the temperature rises by 20 0C.
5) Extinguish the flame and reweigh the burner.
6) Calculate the mass of the fuel consumed and the absolute and percentage uncertainty.
7) Repeat for other alcohols.

Mass measurements

Alcohol Initial Final mass Mass of Absolute Percentage

mass of of alcohol Uncertainty Uncertainty
alcohol /g alcohol /g required to
heat water
by 200C /g

Mass of water used = …….g + ………..g

Mass of water used = …….g + ………..%
[5]

Calculations

a) Write down a balanced symbol equation for the complete combustion of ethanol.

[1]

b)
i) Calculate the energy change, in J, for the reaction involving methanol.
Specific heat capacity of an aqueous solution = 4.18 J K-1 g-1 (Assume no uncertainty)

energy change = ..................... J + ……………..% [1]

ii) Calculate the amount of moles of methanol required for this energy change.

Amount of methanol ……………………………………mol + ……………..% [1]

iii) Calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ, for the combustion of 1 mole of methanol. Include the sign for ∆H.
∆H= ............................... kJmol-1 + ……………% [1]

∆H= ............................... kJmol-1 + ……………kJmol-1 [1]

c) Repeat the calculations for the other alcohols and fill in the table below.

Alcohol Enthalpy Change kJmol-1 Percentage

Uncertainty

[4]

Conclusion and Evaluation

Literature values for the enthalpy of combustion data for the 5 different alcohols is shown below. Complete the table below
calculating the percentage error for each measurement when compared to your experimental results.

Alcohol Enthalpy Change kJmol-1

Methanol -715

Ethanol -1371

Propan-1-ol -2010

Butan-1-ol -2673

Pentan-1-ol -3331

Alcohol Percentage Uncertainty Percentage Error

[5]
d) Compare your percentage uncertainties and percentage errors. What conclusion can be drawn?

[2]
Evaluation
e) Identify 4 different sources of error in this experiment. For each suggest an improvement and give an explanation as to why it
would improve the results obtained. Do not use the same improvement for two different errors. [12]

Source of error Improvement Explanation

f) Why is it important to not use water with a temperature above 80 °C?

[1]

g) Why did you not need to burn the fuels for a certain length of time in order to compare the enthalpy? [1]

Total = 35 marks

Questions

Past Paper Questions

Past Paper Questions

Q1

This question is about enthalpy changes.

(a)     When ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide, the enthalpy change, ∆H, is –56.1 kJ mol–1
 CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)

Calculate the temperature rise when 25 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm–3 aqueous ethanoic acid react with 25 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm–3 aqueous sodium
hydroxide.

Assume that both solutions have the same initial temperature, have a density of 1.0 g cm–3 and a specific heat capacity of 4.18 J K–1 g–1

Temperature rise ____________________ °C

(4)

(b)     A student recorded the temperature of aqueous ethanoic acid in a polystyrene cup for three minutes.

At the fourth minute, the student added sodium hydrogencarbonate.

The student stirred the mixture and carried on recording the temperature every minute for several minutes.

The student’s measurements are shown in the graph.

A best-fit line showing the temperature before mixing has been drawn.

Draw an appropriate best-fit line on the graph and use it to find the temperature change at the time of mixing.

Temperature change at time of mixing ____________________ °C

(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q2

This question is about energetics.

(a)     Write an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction with an enthalpy change equal to the enthalpy of formation for iron(III) oxide.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     Table 1 contains some standard enthalpy of formation data.

 
Table 1

  CO(g) Fe2O3(s)

ΔfHo/ kJ mol−1 −111 −822

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) ⟶ 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)                      ΔH = −19 kJ mol−1

Use these data and the equation for the reaction of iron(III) oxide with carbon monoxide to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy of
 formation for carbon dioxide.

Show your working.

ΔfHo ____________________ kJ mol−1

(3)

(c)     Some enthalpy data are given in Table 2.

 
Table 2

Process ΔH / kJ mol−1

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⟶ 2NH3(g) −92

N2(g) ⟶ 2N(g) +944

H2(g) ⟶ 2H(g) +436

Use the data from Table 2 to calculate the bond enthalpy for N−H in ammonia.

N−H bond enthalpy ____________________ kJ mol−1

(3)

(d)     Give one reason why the bond enthalpy that you calculated in part (c) is different from the mean bond enthalpy quoted in a data book
(388 kJ mol−1).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Q3.The table contains some bond enthalpy data.

 
Bond H−H O=O H−O

Bond enthalpy / kJ mol−1 436 496 464

(a)     The value for the H−O bond enthalpy in the table is a mean bond enthalpy.

State the meaning of the term mean bond enthalpy for the H−O bond.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b)     Use the bond enthalpies in the table to calculate a value for the enthalpy of formation of water in the gas phase.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c)     The standard enthalpy of combustion of hydrogen, forming water in the gas phase, is almost the same as the correct answer to part (b).

(i)      Suggest one reason why you would expect the standard enthalpy of combustion of hydrogen to be the same as the answer to
part (b).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii)     Suggest one reason why you would expect the standard enthalpy of combustion of hydrogen to differ slightly from the answer to
part (b).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Q4.This question is about enthalpy changes.

(a)    Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the reaction taking place when the standard enthalpy of combustion for ethanol is
measured.

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b)    State the name given to the enthalpy change represented by the following chemical equation.

Explain why this enthalpy change would be difficult to determine directly.

Enthalpy change ____________________________________________________

Explanation ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c)    Standard enthalpies of combustion for carbon and carbon monoxide are −393 kJ mol−1 and −283 kJ mol−1, respectively.

Use these data to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction in part (b).
 Enthalpy change = ________ kJ mol−1
(2)

(d)    Use the following data to calculate a value for the Xe–F bond enthalpy in XeF4

Xe–F bond enthalpy = _____ kJ mol−1

(3)

(e)    Suggest a reason why the value calculated in part (d) differs from the mean Xe–F bond enthalpy quoted in a data source.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Q5.Hydrazine (N2H4) decomposes in an exothermic reaction. Hydrazine also reacts exothermically with hydrogen peroxide when used as a
rocket fuel.

(a)     Write an equation for the decomposition of hydrazine into ammonia and nitrogen only.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     State the meaning of the term mean bond enthalpy.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c)     Some mean bond enthalpies are given in the table.

 
  N–H N–N N≡N O–H O–O

Mean bond
388 163 944 463 146
enthalpy / kJ mol−1

Use these data to calculate the enthalpy change for the gas-phase reaction between hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide.

 
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Q6.(a)     Propanone can be formed when glucose comes into contact with bacteria in the absence of air.

(i)      Balance the following equation for this reaction of glucose to form propanone, carbon dioxide and water.

.......C6H12O6       .......CH3COCH3     +    .......CO2    +    .......H2O

(1)

(ii)     Deduce the role of the bacteria in this reaction.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     Propanone is also formed by the oxidation of propan−2−ol.

(i)      Write an equation for this reaction using [O] to represent the oxidising agent.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii)     State the class of alcohols to which propan−2−ol belongs.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c)     A student determined a value for the enthalpy change when a sample of propanone was burned. The heat produced was used to warm
some water in a copper calorimeter.
The student found that the temperature of 150 g of water increased by 8.0 °C when 4.50 × 10−3 mol of pure propanone was burned in
air.

Use the student’s results to calculate a value, in kJ mol−1, for the enthalpy change when one mole of propanone is burned.
(The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K−1 g−1)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d)     Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(e)     Use the mean bond enthalpy data in the table and the equation given below the table to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy
change when gaseous propanone is burned.
 
  C−H C−C C−O O−H C=O O=O

Mean bond 412 348 360 463 805 496

enthalpy / kJ mol−1

CH3COCH3(g)   +   4O2(g)      3CO2(g)   + 3H2O(g)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(f)     Suggest two reasons why the value obtained by the student in part (c) is different from the value calculated in part (e).

Reason 1 ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Reason 2 ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 15 marks)

Q7

A student planned and carried out an experiment to determine the enthalpy of reaction when magnesium metal displaces zinc from aqueous
zinc sulfate.

Mg(s) + Zn2+(aq) ⟶ Mg2+(aq) + Zn(s)

The student used this method:

•   A measuring cylinder was used to transfer 50 cm3 of a 1.00 mol dm−3 aqueous solution of zinc sulfate into a glass beaker.

•   A thermometer was placed in the beaker.

•   2.08 g of magnesium metal powder were added to the beaker.

•   The mixture was stirred and the maximum temperature recorded.

The student recorded a starting temperature of 23.9 °C and a maximum temperature of 61.2 °C.

(a)     Show by calculation which reactant was in excess.

Use the data to calculate the experimental value for enthalpy of reaction in kJ mol−1(Assume that the specific heat capacity of the
solution is 4.18 J K−1g−1and the density of the solution is 1.00 g cm−3).
 Reactant in excess ____________________

Enthalpy of reaction ____________________ kJ mol−1

(6)

(b)     Another student used the same method and obtained a value for the enthalpy of reaction of −142 kJ mol −1

A data book value for the enthalpy of reaction is −310 kJ mol −1

Suggest the most likely reason for the large difference between the student’s experimental value and the data book value.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c)     Suggest how the students’ method, and the analysis of the results, could be improved in order to determine a more accurate value for
the enthalpy of reaction.

Justify your suggestions.

Do not refer to the precision of the measuring equipment. Do not change the amounts or the concentration of the chemicals.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 13 marks)

Q8.A student used Hess’s Law to determine a value for the enthalpy change that occurs when anhydrous copper(II) sulfate is hydrated. This
enthalpy change was labelled ΔHexp by the student in a scheme of reactions.

(a)     State Hess’s Law.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     Write a mathematical expression to show how ΔHexp, ΔH1 and ΔH2 are related to each other by Hess’s Law.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c)     Use the mathematical expression that you have written in part (b), and the data book values for the two enthalpy changes ΔH1 and ΔH2
shown, to calculate a value
for ΔHexp

ΔH1 = −156 kJ mol−1

ΔH2 = +12 kJ mol−1

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d)     The student added 0.0210 mol of pure anhydrous copper(II) sulfate to 25.0 cm3 of deionised water in an open polystyrene cup. An
exothermic reaction occurred and the temperature of the water increased by 14.0 °C.

(i)      Use these data to calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ mol−1, for this reaction of copper(II) sulfate. This is the student value for ΔH1

In this experiment, you should assume that all of the heat released is used to raise the temperature of the 25.0 g of water. The
specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K−1 g−1.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii)     Suggest one reason why the student value for ΔH1 calculated in part (d)(i) is less accurate than the data book value given in part
(c).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(e)     Suggest one reason why the value for ΔHexp cannot be measured directly.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(Extra space) ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

AS Energetics Extra Questions

Q1.This question is about the extraction of metals.

 (a)     Manganese can be extracted from Mn2O3 by reduction with carbon monoxide at high temperature.

(i)      Use the standard enthalpy of formation data from the table and the equation for the extraction of manganese to calculate a value
for the standard enthalpy change of this extraction.
 
  Mn2O3(s) CO(g) Mn(s) CO2(g)

ΔHfϴ/ kJ mol−1 −971 −111 0 −394

Mn2O3(s) + 3CO(g)   2Mn(s) + 3CO2(g)

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii)     State why the value for the standard enthalpy of formation of Mn(s) is zero.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     Titanium is extracted in industry from titanium(IV) oxide in a two-stage process.

(i)      Write an equation for the first stage of this extraction in which titanium(IV) oxide is converted into titanium(IV) chloride.

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii)     Write an equation for the second stage of this extraction in which titanium(IV) chloride is converted into titanium.

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(c)     Chromium is extracted in industry from chromite (FeCr2O4).

(i)      In the first stage of this extraction, the FeCr2O4 is converted into Na2CrO4 Balance the equation for this reaction.

.........FeCr2O4 + .........Na2CO + .........O  

3 2 .........Na2CrO4 + 2Fe2O + 8CO2
3

(1)

(ii)     In the final stage, chromium is extracted from Cr2O3 by reduction with aluminium.

Write an equation for this reaction.

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Q2.(a)     Anhydrous calcium chloride is not used as a commercial de-icer because it reacts with water. The reaction with water is
exothermic and causes handling problems.

A student weighed out 1.00 g of anhydrous calcium chloride. Using a pipette, 25.0 cm3 of water were measured out and transferred to a
plastic cup. The cup was placed in a beaker to provide insulation. A thermometer was mounted in the cup using a clamp and stand. The
bulb of the thermometer was fully immersed in the water.

The student recorded the temperature of the water in the cup every minute, stirring the water before reading the temperature. At the
fourth minute the anhydrous calcium chloride was added, but the temperature was not recorded. The mixture was stirred, then the
temperature was recorded at the fifth minute. The student continued stirring and recording the temperature at minute intervals for seven
 more minutes.

The student’s results are shown in the table below.

 
Time / minutes 0 1 2 3 4

Temperature / °C 19. 19. 19. 19.

6 5 5 5
 
Time / minutes 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Temperature / °C 24. 25. 25. 24. 24. 23. 23. 23.0

6 0 2 7 6 9 4

Plot a graph of temperature (y-axis) against time on the grid below.

Draw a line of best fit for the points before the fourth minute.
Draw a second line of best fit for the appropriate points after the fourth minute.
Extrapolate both lines to the fourth minute.

 
(5)

(b)     Use your graph to determine an accurate value for the temperature of the water at the fourth minute (before mixing).
 Temperature before mixing ____________________________________________
(1)

(c)     Use your graph to determine an accurate value for the temperature of the reaction mixture at the fourth minute (after mixing).

Temperature after mixing ______________________________________________

(1)

(d)     Use your answers from parts (b) and (c) to determine an accurate value for the temperature rise at the fourth minute.
Give your answer to the appropriate precision.

Temperature rise ____________________________________________________

(1)

(e)     Use your answer from part (d) to calculate the heat given out during this experiment. Assume that the water has a density of 1.00 g cm–3
and a specific heat capacity of 4.18 JK–1 g–1. Assume that all of the heat given out is used to heat the water.
Show your working.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(f)      Calculate the amount, in moles, of CaCl2 in 1.00 g of anhydrous calcium chloride
(Mr = 111.0).

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(g)     Use your answers from parts (e) and (f) to calculate a value for the enthalpy change,
in kJ mol–1, for the reaction that occurs when anhydrous calcium chloride dissolves in water.

CaCl2(s)  +  aq   CaCl2(aq)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(h)     Explain why it is important that the reaction mixture is stirred before recording each temperature.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(i)      Anhydrous calcium chloride can be prepared by passing chlorine over heated calcium.
To prevent unreacted chlorine escaping into the atmosphere, a student suggested the diagram of the apparatus for this experiment
shown below.

(i)      Suggest one reason why the student wished to prevent unreacted chlorine escaping into the atmosphere.
 ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii)     Suggest one hazard of using the apparatus as suggested by the student for this experiment.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 16 marks)

Q3.Standard enthalpy of combustion data can be used to calculate enthalpies of formation.

(a)     State the meaning of the term standard enthalpy of combustion.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b)     The equation corresponding to the enthalpy of formation of propan-1-ol is shown.

Table 1 contains some standard enthalpy of combustion data.

 
Table 1

  C(s) H2(g) CH3CH2CH2OH(I)

∆Hc⦵ / kJ mol–1 –394 –286 –2010

Use data from Table 1 to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy of formation of propan-1-ol. Show your working.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c)     An equation for the complete combustion of gaseous propan-1-ol is shown.

Table 2 shows some bond enthalpy data.

 
Table 2

  C–H C–O O–H C=O O=O

Bond enthalpy / kJ mol– 412 360 463 805 496

1

Use data from Table 2 and the enthalpy change for this reaction to calculate a value for the bond enthalpy of a C–C bond in propan-1-
ol.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Q4.This question is about enthalpy changes.

(a)    Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the reaction taking place when the standard enthalpy of combustion for ethanol is
measured.

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b)    State the name given to the enthalpy change represented by the following chemical equation.

Explain why this enthalpy change would be difficult to determine directly.

Enthalpy change ____________________________________________________

Explanation ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c)    Standard enthalpies of combustion for carbon and carbon monoxide are −393 kJ mol−1 and −283 kJ mol−1, respectively.

Use these data to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction in part (b).

Enthalpy change = ________ kJ mol−1

(2)

(d)    Use the following data to calculate a value for the Xe–F bond enthalpy in XeF4

 
 Xe–F bond enthalpy = _____ kJ mol−1
(3)

(e)    Suggest a reason why the value calculated in part (d) differs from the mean Xe–F bond enthalpy quoted in a data source.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Q5.(a)     Iron is extracted from iron(III) oxide using carbon at a high temperature.

(i)      State the type of reaction that iron(III) oxide undergoes in this extraction.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii)     Write a half-equation for the reaction of the iron(III) ions in this extraction.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     At a high temperature, carbon undergoes combustion when it reacts with oxygen.

(i)      Suggest why it is not possible to measure the enthalpy change directly for the following combustion reaction.

C(s,graphite)    +     O2(g)        CO(g)

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii)     State Hess's Law.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii)    State the meaning of the term standard enthalpy of combustion.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(Extra space) ___________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
 (3)

(c)     Use the standard enthalpies of formation in the table below and the equation to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy change for
the extraction of iron using carbon monoxide.
 
  Fe2O3(s) CO(g) Fe(l) CO2(g)

∆Hf/ kJ mol-1 - 822 - 111 +14 - 394

 
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(I) + 3CO2(g)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(Extra space) ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d)     (i)      Write an equation for the reaction that represents the standard enthalpy of formation of carbon dioxide.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii)     State why the value quoted in part (c) for the standard enthalpy of formation of CO2(g) is the same as the value for the standard
enthalpy of combustion of carbon.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

AS Chemistry Multiple Choice Test – Energetics

Q1

What is the enthalpy of formation of buta-1,3-diene, C4H6(g)?

 
Substance Enthalpy of combustion / kJ mol–1

C4H6(g) –2546

C(s) –394

H2(g) –286

 
A +112 kJ mol–1

B –112 kJ mol–1

C +746 kJ mol–1

D –746 kJ mol–1
 (Total 1 mark)

Q2.The table shows the standard enthalpy of formation, ΔfHθ, for some of the substances in the reaction

C2H6(g) + 6F2(g) ⟶ C2F6(g) + 6HF(g)      ΔHθ = −2898 kJ mol−1

 
  C2H6(g) C2F6(g)

ΔfHθ /kJ mol−1 −84 −1344

What is the standard enthalpy of formation, in kJ mol−1, for HF(g)?

 
A −1638

B −273

C +273

D +1638

(Total 1 mark)

Q3.The table below shows data for the four hydrocarbons ethyne, propyne, propene and propane. ΔHc is the standard enthalpy of
combustion of these hydrocarbons.
 
Compound Name Mr −ΔHc / kJ mol−1

HC≡CH ethyne 26 1300

HC≡CCH3 propyne 40 1940

H2C=CHCH3 propene 42 2060

CH3CH2CH3 propane 44 2220

The complete combustion of 2.0 g of one of the above hydrocarbons releases exactly 100 kJ of heat energy.

This hydrocarbon is

A       ethyne

B       propyne

C       propene

D       propane
(Total 1 mark)

Q4.Using the data below, which is the correct value for the standard enthalpy of formation for TiCl 4(l)?

C(s) + TiO2(s) + 2Cl2(g) → TiCl4(l) + CO2(g)                ∆H = −232 kJ mol−1

Ti(s) + O2(g) → TiO2(s)                             = −912 kJ mol−1

C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)                             = −394 kJ mol−1

A       −1538 kJ mol−1

B       −1094 kJ mol−1

C       −750 kJ mol−1

D       +286 kJ mol−1
(Total 1 mark)

Q5.What is the temperature rise, in K, when 504 J of heat energy are absorbed by 0.110 kg of solid iron?
Specific heat capacity of iron = 0.448 J K−1 g−1
 
 A 9.78 × 10−2

B 1.02 × 101

C 2.83 × 102

D 1.02 × 104

(Total 1 mark)

Q6.In which one of the following reactions is the standard enthalpy change equal to the standard enthalpy of formation of lithium fluoride?

A       Li(g) + F(g) → LiF(s)

B       Li+(g) + F−(g) → LiF(s)

C       Li+(aq) + F−(g) → LiF(s)

D       Li(s) + F2(g) → LiF(s)

(Total 1 mark)

Q7.Use the information below to answer this question.

C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)                    ∆H = −393.5 kJ mol−1

H2(g) +   O2(g) → H2O(l)                ∆H = −285.8 kJ mol−1

3C(s) + 4H2(g) → C3H8(g)               ∆H = −104.0 kJ mol−1

4C(s) + 5H2(g) → C4H10(g)             ∆H = −125.2 kJ mol−1

The value in kJ mol−1 of the enthalpy of thermal dissociation when butane forms propane, hydrogen and carbon is

A       −26.3

B       −17.5

C       +17.5

C       +21.2
(Total 1 mark)

Q8.When 0.10 g of propane was burned the quantity of heat evolved was 5.0 kJ. The enthalpy of combustion of propane in kJ mol−1 is

A       −800

B       −1500

C       −2200

D       −2900
(Total 1 mark)

Q9.Nitric acid is produced industrially from ammonia, air and water using the following sequence of reactions:
 
(1)        4NH3 (g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ∆H = –909 kJ mol−1 

(2)        2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g) ∆H  = –115 kJ mol−1

(3)        3NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g) ∆H = –117 kJ mol−1 

Which is the enthalpy change (in kJ mol−1) for the following reaction?

4NH3(g) + 7O2(g) → 4NO2(g) + 6H2O(g)

A       −679

B       −794

C       −1024
 D       −1139
(Total 1 mark)

Q10.Hydrogen is produced by the reaction of methane with steam. The reaction mixture reaches a state of dynamic equilibrium.

CH4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO(g) + 3H2(g)      ∆H = +206 kJ mol−1

Some enthalpy data is given in the table.

 
Bond C–H O–H H–H C≡H
Bond enthalpy / To be
413 463 436
kJ mol−1 calculated

Use the information in the table and the stated enthalpy change to calculate the missing bond enthalpy.
 
A 234

B 1064

C 1476

D 1936

(Total 1 mark)

Q11.Calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ, for this dissociation of mole of propan-1-ol.

C3H7OH(g) ⟶ 3C(g) + 8H(g) + O(g)

 
 

Mean bond dissociation enthalpy / kJ mol−1 412 348 360 463

 
A −4751

B −4403

C +4403

D +4751

(Total 1 mark)