PAPER

BASIC LAW IN MATHEMATICS

Compiled to fulfill the assignment of the English Mathematics Course
Powerful Lecturer
Nurwati Djam'an, [Link]., Ph.D.

BY :
Erma Arsyad (210101500012)
Hasniati Hasan ( 210101500020)
Murniati.M (210101501004)
Syafwani Aqsha (210101501008)
Uun Ade Arjun (21010150103)
Fitrah Rahayu Asmaul Husna (210101502006)
Nur Aliyah Yunistifar (210101500018)

MATHEMATICS EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF MATH AND SCIENCE
MAKASSAR PUBLIC UNIVERSITY
ACADEMIC YEAR 2021/2022
 FOREWORD

Thanks to the presence of God Almighty, for His grace and guidance, we were able to
complete the task of the paper entitled "Basic Law in Mathematic" in a timely manner.

Papers are structured to fulfill the assignment of the Mathematics English Course. In
addition, this paper aims to add insight into the Basic Law in Mathematics for readers as well
as for us.

We would like to thank everyone who has helped in completing this paper. We realize this
paper still has many shortcomings. Therefore, constructive criticism and advice are expected
as learning materials in the future.

Makassar, September 11, 2021

Author,group 4

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD.............................................................................................i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................ii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background ......................................................................................1

1.2. Problem Formulation .......................................................................1

1.3. Purpose of Writing ...........................................................................2

1.4. Benefits of Writing...........................................................................2

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

2.1. Commutative Properties (Exchange) ...............................................3

2.2. Associative Properties (Groups) ......................................................4

2.3. Distributive Properties (Spreading)..................................................5

2.4. Axiom...............................................................................................5

2.5. Theorem ...........................................................................................6

2.6. Elimination .......................................................................................7

2.7. Substitution ......................................................................................9

CHAPTER III CLOSING

3.1. Conclusion........................................................................................11

3.2. Suggestion ........................................................................................11

REFERENCES

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 CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

1.1 Background

Mathematics (from Greek: - mathēma, "knowledge, thinking, learning") or previously

called arithmetic is the study of quantity, structure, space, and change. Mathematicians
assemble and use various patterns. Then use them to formulate new conjectures, and establish
truth through rigorous methods of deduction derived from axioms and corresponding
definitions. There is debate whether mathematical objects such as numbers and points already
exist in the universe. , or invented and created by humans. The logical study of form,
arrangement, quantity, and related concepts, mathematics is often grouped into three areas:
arithmetic, analysis, and geometry. However, no clear division can be made because these
branches have been mixed up. Basically, arithmetic involves numbers and their abstraction.
Analysis involves continuity and limits, while geometry deals with shapes and related concepts;
science is based on postulates that can derive the necessary conclusions from certain
assumptions.

The mathematician Benjamin Peirce called mathematics "the science of drawing

important conclusions". Although mathematics is in fact very useful for life, the development
of science and technology, to efforts to preserve nature, mathematics lives in the realm of ideas,
not in reality or reality. Albert Einstein correctly stated that "as far as the laws of mathematics
refer to reality, they are not certain, and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality."

According to Max Tegmark, the meaning of "Mathematics does not refer to reality"
conveys the message that mathematical ideas are ideal and sterile or avoid human influence.
Uniquely, this freedom from reality and human influence later allows the conclusion that the
universe is a mathematical structure. If we believe that the reality outside the universe must be
free from human influence, then the universe must have a mathematical structure.

1.2. Problem Formulation

Based on the background above, the problem can be formulated as follows:

1. What is meant by commutative property?

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 2. What is meant by associative property?

3. What is meant by distributive property?

4. What is meant by C?

5. What is meant by theorem?

6. What is meant by substitution?

7. What is Elimination?

1.3. Writing Purpose

Based on the formulation of the problem above, the purpose of writing this paper is as follows.

1. To understand the meaning of Commutative Properties

2. To understand the definition of associative properties.

3. To understand the definition of distributive properties.

4. To understand the meaning of axioms.

5. To understand the meaning of the theorem.

6. To understand the definition of substitution.

7. To understand the Definition of Elimination.

1.4. Benefits of Writing

The benefits of writing this paper are as a reference for all parties under the auspices of the
world of Mathematics Education to study and understand the basic laws of Mathematics As a
source and input for other writers to explore and conduct experiments on education in the
development process in Indonesia.

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 CHAPTER 2

DISCUSSION

2.1. Commutative Properties (Exchange)

The commutative property is a property of arithmetic operations on two numbers which

fulfills the interchange of places between numbers. So it produces the same result. Generally,
this commutative property is also often referred to as the commutative law. The following is
an example of the formula for the commutative property, namely
a+b=b+a=c

description:

• a and b are 2 numbers that are operated

• c is the result of the arithmetic operation
• It should be noted that the calculation results that meet the commutative properties
above will produce the same results, even though the location of the numbers is changed
or interchanged.

This commutative property does not apply to subtraction and division of integers. This is
because the results of the exchange of arithmetic subtraction and division operations do not
produce the same value.

The formula for the commutative property of addition is:

a+b=b+a=c

Problems example

• 2+3=3+2=5
• 6 + 4 = 4 + 6 = 10

The commutative formula for multiplication is:

a×b=b×a=c

Problems example

• 2 x 5 = 5 x 2 = 10

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 • 4 x 3 = 3 x 4 = 12

2.2. Associative Properties (Groups)

Associative properties are the properties of arithmetic operations on 3 numbers using the
help of grouping 2 numbers with brackets. But keep in mind that even if the grouping of 2
numbers is exchanged, the result will still be the same. This associative property is also often
referred to as the associative law which is formulated as follows:
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)

Information :

• a, b, and c are numbers that are operated on

• While the letter d is the result of the operation of the number.

Similar to the commutative property, this associative property also applies only to addition
and multiplication.

1. The associative properties of addition are:

(a + b ) + c = a + (b + c) = d

Problems example :

• ( 2 + 3) + 5 = 2 + (3 + 5) = 10
• ( 6 + 4) + 5 = 6 + (4 + 5) = 15

2. The associative property of multiplication is

(a × b) × c = a × (b × c) = d
Problems example :

• ( 2 x 3) x 5 = 2 x (3 x 5) = 30
• ( 6 x 4) x 5 = 6 x (4 x 5) = 120

As already explained above, this associative property also does not apply to the operation of
subtraction and division because the exchange of numbers can change the final result of the
three-number operation that is calculated.

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2.3. Distributive Properties (Spreading)

The distributive property is the property of arithmetic operations with two different
numbers. One of the functions of this arithmetic operation is to spread numbers grouped in
parentheses. Usually this distributive property is often referred to as the distributive law which
can be formulated as follows.
a × (b + c) = (a × b) = d

Information:

• The above formula is called the distribution of multiplication over addition.

• a is the distribution number
• b and c are grouped numbers
• d the result of the arithmetic operation.

1. Distributive multiplication over addition

a × (b + c) = (a × b) + (a × c) = d
Problems example :

• 2 x (3 + 4) = (2 x 3) + (2 x 4 ) = 14

• 3 x (5 + 6) = (3 x 5) + (3 x 6 ) = 33

2. Distributive multiplication to subtraction

a × (b – c) = (a × b) – (a × c) = d
Problems example :

• 2 x (3 – 1) = (2 x 3) – (2 x 1 ) = 4

• 3 x (6 – 2) = (3 x 6) – (3 x 2 ) = 12

[Link]

The word axiom comes from the Greek (axioma), which means to be considered valuable
or appropriate or it can also be considered self-evident. The word comes from (axioein), which
means to be considered valuable, which after that comes from (axios), which means to be
valuable. Among many Greek philosophers, an axiom was a statement that could be seen

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to be true without the need for proof. The word axiom is also understood in mathematics.
However, axioms in mathematics are not self-evident propositions. Rather, a starting point of
a logical system. For example, another name for an axiom is a postulate. An axiom is the basis
of a formal logic system which together with the rules of inference define logic. Axiom is an
opinion that is used as a basic guideline and is also a Beginner's Theorem, so that its truth does
not need to be proven again. an axiom or base statement is a statement that we agree on to be
true.

Axiom Conditions

• consistent (obedient to principles),

• independent,
• complete, and
• economical,

An axiom is a statement where the statement we accept is true and general in nature, and also
without the need for proof from us. It can also be said that an axiom is a definite or absolute
truth. For an axiom, for example, it is like "A line is a set of points containing at least two
points", and "Two different points are contained in exactly one line".

Examples of axioms

a. Through any 2 points, only a straight line can be drawn.

b. If a line and a plane have two common points, then the line lies entirely in a plane.
c. By going through three arbitrary points, only a plane can be made.
d. With a point that is outside a certain line, only a line can be made parallel to a certain
line.

2.5. Theorem

Theorem is a mathematical statement that still requires proof and the statement can be
shown to be true or also true. Theorems or properties are one embodiment of mathematical
objects called principles. The theorem must be proven by axioms, definitions or the theorems
that precede it. sometimes, to be able to prove a certain theorem it is necessary to have a "small
theorem" which is specifically needed to be able to prove the theorem. The little theorem that
is used in this particular way is often referred to as the lemma.

Example:

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For example, "If the two angles are right angles, then the two angles are congruent", and "If
the two angles are each complementary to an angle (the same), then they are congruent".

How to understand a theorem. Learn from how to make new theorems from previously known
assumptions. Learn to see the relationship of definitions with other definitions so that a theorem
can be drawn.

The theorem of a number of functions has other names:

a. Identity - is used for theorems that express similarities between 2 mathematical

statements.
b. Lemma - pre-theorem. A propositional statement followed by little or no proof of a
theorem or other definition. That is, proposition B is corollary of proposition A if B can
be deduced from A.
c. Propositions - statements that are not associated with any "theorems".
d. Claims - required or free interesting results.
e. Rules - used for certain theorems such as Bayes rule and Cramer's rule, which
establish useful formulas

2.6. Substitution

The substitution method is a method of solving a system of linear equations by

substituting the value of one of the variables from one equation to another. This method is
carried out until all variable values are obtained in a three-variable linear equation system. The
substitution method is easier to use in SPLTV which contains an equation with a coefficient of
0 or 1.

The following are the steps for solving the substitution method.

1) Find an equation that has the simplest form. Equations with the simplest form have
coefficients of 1 or 0.
2) Express one of the variables in terms of two other variables. For example, the variable
x is expressed in the variable y or z.
3) Substitute the variable values obtained in the second step into other equations in the
SPLTV, so that a two-variable linear equation system (SPLDV) is obtained.
4) Determine the SPLDV solution obtained in step three.
5) Determine the value of all unknown variables.

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Example

Determine the solution set for the three-variable system of linear equations below.

x + y + z = -6 … (1)

x – 2y + z = 3 … (2)

-2x + y + z = 9 … (3)

First, we can convert equation (1) to, z = -x – y – 6 into equation (4). Then, we can substitute
equation (4) into equation (2) as follows.

x – 2y + z = 3

x – 2y + (-x – y – 6) = 3

x – 2y – x – y – 6 = 3

-3y = 9

y = -3

Second, we can substitute equation (4) into equation (3) as follows.

-2x + y + (-x – y – 6) = 9

-2x + y – x – y – 6 = 9

-3x = 15

x = -5

Third, we have got the values of x = -5 and y = -3. We can plug it into equation (4) to get the
following z value.

z = -x – y – 6

z = -(-5) – (-3) – 6

z=5+3–6

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z=2

So, we get the solution set (x, y, z) = (-5, -3, 2)

2.7. Elimination

The elimination method is a method of solving a system of linear equations by

eliminating one of the variables in two equations. This method is carried out until one variable
remains. The elimination method can be used on all systems of three-variable linear equations.
But this method requires long steps because each step can only eliminate one variable. A
minimum of 3 times the elimination method is required to determine the SPLTV solution set.
This method is easier when combined with the substitution method.

The completion steps using the elimination method are as follows.

1) Observe the three equations in SPLTV. If there are two equations that have the same
coefficient value on the same variable, subtract or add the two equations so that the
variable has a coefficient of 0.
2) If no variable has the same coefficient, multiply both equations by the number that
makes the coefficient of a variable in both equations the same. Subtract or add the two
equations so that the variable has a coefficient of 0.
3) Repeat step 2 for other pairs of equations. The variable omitted in this step must be the
same as the variable omitted in step 2.
4) After obtaining the two new equations in the previous step, determine the set of
solutions for the two equations using the method of solving the two-variable linear
system of equations (SPLDV).
5) Substitute the values of the two variables obtained in step 4 in one of the SPLTV
equations so that the value of the third variable is obtained.

Example :

Determine the SPLTV solution set!

2x + 3y – z = 20 … (1)

3x + 2y + z = 20 … (2)

X + 4y + 2z = 15 … (3)

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SPLTV can be determined the solution set by eliminating the variable z.

First, add up equations (1) and (2) to get:

2x + 3y – z = 20

3x + 2y + z = 20 +

5x + 5y = 40

x + y = 8 … (4)

Second, multiply 2 in equation (2) and multiply 1 in equation (1) to get:

3x + 2y + z = 20 |x2 6x + 4y + 2z = 40

x + 4y + 2z = 15 |x1 x + 4y + 2z = 15 –

5x = 25

x=5

Third, After knowing the value of x, substitute it into equation (4) as follows.

x+y=8

5+y=8

y=3

Fourth, Substitute the values of x and y in equation (2) as follows.

3x + 2y + z = 20

3(5) + 2 (3) + z = 20

15 + 6 + z = 20

z = -1

So that the solution set for SPLTV (x, y, z) is (5, 3, -1).

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1. Conclusion

Mathematics (from Greek: - mathēma, "knowledge, thinking, learning") or previously

called arithmetic is the study of quantity, structure, space, and change. Mathematics is the
science of logic about shapes, the arrangement of quantities, and concepts that relate to one
another in large numbers which are divided into three fields, namely algebra, analysis and
geometry. In mathematics there are basic laws that must be considered. Among them are,
quantitative laws, laws of association, distributive laws, axioms in mathematics, theorems,
elimination, substitution, and many more. So these laws are the initial basis used to solve all
kinds of mathematical problems or problems.

3.2. Suggestions

Hopefully the paper that we have made can be useful for readers and especially us as
compilers. And it is hoped that the reader can analyze more clearly about the basic laws in
mathematics by looking for other literatures that can add insight to the reader in analyzing the
material.

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 REFERENCES

Peirce, Benjamin. "Linear Associative Algebra". American Journal of Mathematics (Vol. 4, No.
1/4. (1881): 97–229. JSTOR.

Einstein, Albert (1923). "Sidelights on Relativity (Geometry and Experience)". P. Dutton., Co.

Courant, R. and H. Robbins, What Is Mathematics?: An Elementary Approach to Ideas and

Methods, Oxford University Press, USA; 2 edition (July 18, 1996). ISBN 0-19-510519-2.

Yatini.2020. “System of Linear Equations of Three Variables and Their Solutions”, [Link]
[Link]/blog/edutech/sistempersamaanlineartigavariabeldanmethodsolving3129/amp/
#referrer=https:/ /[Link]&csi=0, Accessed September 11, 2021 at 3:53 p.m.

Windjajanto, Danu. 2018. “Theorem”,[Link]

%20is%20a%20statement%2C%20often,explicit%20or%20which%20previously%20isapp
roved.&text=Identity%20%2D%20isused%20for%20theorem%20which%20shows%20eq
uations%20between%202%20statements%20mathematics, Accessed September 11 at 3:50
p.m.

Ibeng, Parta.2018. “Axioms and Theorems: Understanding, Syaeat, and Examples”, https:// Pend
[Link]/aksioma-dan-teorema-pengertian-kodedansample/, Accessed on September 11,
2021 at 16.08.