Project Report - Working Capital Management

 
WORKING CAPITAL - Meaning of Working Capital
Capital required for a business can be classified under two main categories via,

1)     Fixed Capital

2)     Working Capital

        Every business needs funds for two purposes for its establishment and to carry out its
day- to-day operations. Long terms funds are required to create production facilities through
purchase of fixed assets such as p&m, land, building, furniture, etc. Investments in these
assets represent that part of firm’s capital which is blocked on permanent or fixed basis and
is called fixed capital. Funds are also needed for short-term purposes for the purchase of raw
material, payment of wages and other day – to- day expenses etc.

These funds are known as working capital. In simple words, working capital refers to
that part of the firm’s capital which is required for financing short- term or current assets
such as cash, marketable securities, debtors & inventories. Funds, thus, invested in current
assts keep revolving fast and are being constantly converted in to cash and this cash flows
out again in exchange for other current assets. Hence, it is also known as revolving or
circulating capital or short term capital.

CONCEPT OF WORKING CAPITAL

There are two concepts of working capital:

1.     Gross working capital

2.     Net working capital

The gross working capital is the capital invested in the total current assets of the
enterprises current assets are those

Assets which can convert in to cash within a short period normally one
accounting year.

CONSTITUENTS OF CURRENT ASSETS

1)     Cash in hand and cash at bank

2)     Bills receivables

3)     Sundry debtors
 4)     Short term loans and advances.

5)     Inventories of stock as:

a.      Raw material

b.     Work in process

c.     Stores and spares

d.     Finished goods

6. Temporary investment of surplus funds.

7. Prepaid expenses

8. Accrued incomes.

9. Marketable securities.

In a narrow sense, the term working capital refers to the net working. Net
working capital is the excess of current assets over current liability, or, say:

NET WORKING CAPITAL = CURRENT ASSETS – CURRENT

LIABILITIES.

Net working capital can be positive or negative. When the current assets
exceeds the current liabilities are more than the current assets. Current
liabilities are those liabilities, which are intended to be paid in the ordinary
course of business within a short period of normally one accounting year
out of the current assts or the income business.

CONSTITUENTS OF CURRENT LIABILITIES

1.     Accrued or outstanding expenses.

2.     Short term loans, advances and deposits.

3.     Dividends payable.

4.     Bank overdraft.

5.     Provision for taxation , if it does not amt. to app. Of profit.

 6.     Bills payable.

7.     Sundry creditors.

The gross working capital concept is financial or going concern concept whereas net
working capital is an accounting concept of working capital. Both the concepts have their
own merits.

The gross concept is sometimes preferred to the concept of working capital for the following
reasons:

1.     It enables the enterprise to provide correct amount of working

capital at correct time.

2.     Every management is more interested in total current assets with

which it has to operate then the source from where it is made
available.

3.     It take into consideration of the fact every increase in the funds of
the enterprise would increase its working capital.

4.     This concept is also useful in determining the rate of return on

investments in working capital. The net working capital concept,
however, is also important for following reasons:

        It is qualitative concept, which indicates the firm’s ability to meet to

its operating expenses and short-term liabilities.

        IT indicates the margin of protection available to the short term

creditors.

        It is an indicator of the financial soundness of enterprises.

        It suggests the need of financing a part of working capital

requirement out of the permanent sources of funds. 

CLASSIFICATION OF WORKING CAPITAL

Working capital may be classified in to ways:

o       On the basis of concept.

o        On the basis of time.

On the basis of concept working capital can be classified as gross working

capital and net working capital. On the basis of time, working capital may
 be classified as:

     Permanent or fixed working capital.

     Temporary or variable working capital

PERMANENT OR FIXED WORKING CAPITAL

Permanent or fixed working capital is minimum amount which is required to ensure effective
utilization of fixed facilities and for maintaining the circulation of current assets. Every firm
has to maintain a minimum level of raw material, work- in-process, finished goods and cash
balance. This minimum level of current assts is called permanent or fixed working capital as
this part of working is permanently blocked in current assets. As the business grow the
requirements of working capital also increases due to increase in current assets.

TEMPORARY OR VARIABLE WORKING CAPITAL

Temporary or variable working capital is the amount of working capital which is required to
meet the seasonal demands and some special exigencies. Variable working capital can
further be classified as seasonal working capital and special working capital. The capital
required to meet the seasonal need of the enterprise is called seasonal working capital.
Special working capital is that part of working capital which is required to meet special
exigencies such as launching of extensive marketing for conducting research, etc.

Temporary working capital differs from permanent working capital in the sense that is
required for short periods and cannot be permanently employed gainfully in the business.

IMPORTANCE OR ADVANTAGE OF ADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL

    SOLVENCY OF THE BUSINESS: Adequate working capital helps in

maintaining the solvency of the business by providing uninterrupted of
production.

     Goodwill: Sufficient amount of working capital enables a firm to make

prompt payments and makes and maintain the goodwill.

     Easy loans: Adequate working capital leads to high solvency and credit

standing can arrange loans from banks and other on easy and favorable terms.

     Cash Discounts: Adequate working capital also enables a concern to

avail cash discounts on the purchases and hence reduces cost.

     Regular Supply of Raw Material:  Sufficient working capital

ensures regular supply of raw material and continuous production.

     Regular Payment Of Salaries, Wages And Other Day TO

 Day Commitments: It leads to the satisfaction of the employees and
raises the morale of its employees, increases their efficiency, reduces wastage
and costs and enhances production and profits.

     Exploitation Of Favorable Market  Conditions: If a firm is

having adequate working capital then it can exploit the favorable market
conditions such as purchasing its requirements in bulk when the prices are
lower and holdings its inventories for higher prices.

     Ability To Face Crises: A concern can face the situation during the
depression.

     Quick And Regular Return On Investments:  Sufficient

working capital enables a concern to pay quick and regular of dividends to its
investors and gains confidence of the investors and can raise more funds in
future.

     High Morale: Adequate working capital brings an environment of

securities, confidence, high morale which results in overall efficiency in a
business.

EXCESS OR INADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL

Every business concern should have adequate amount of working capital to run
its business operations. It should have neither redundant or excess working
capital nor inadequate nor shortages of working capital. Both excess as well as
short working capital positions are bad for any business. However, it is the
inadequate working capital which is more dangerous from the point of view of
the firm.

DISADVANTAGES OF REDUNDANT OR EXCESSIVE

WORKING CAPITAL

1.     Excessive working capital means ideal funds which earn no

profit for the firm and business cannot earn the required rate of
return on its investments.

2.     Redundant working capital leads to unnecessary purchasing

and accumulation of inventories.

3.     Excessive working capital implies excessive debtors and

defective credit policy which causes higher incidence of bad
debts.
 4.     It may reduce the overall efficiency of the business.

5.     If a firm is having excessive working capital then the relations

with banks and other financial institution may not be
maintained.

6.     Due to lower rate of return n investments, the values of shares

may also fall.

7.     The redundant working capital gives rise to speculative

transactions

DISADVANTAGES OF INADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL

Every business needs some amounts of working capital. The need for working capital arises
due to the time gap between production and realization of cash from sales. There is an
operating cycle involved in sales and realization of cash. There are time gaps in purchase of
raw material and production; production and sales; and realization of cash.

Thus working capital is needed for the following purposes:

       For the purpose of raw material, components and spares.

       To pay wages and salaries

       To incur day-to-day expenses and overload costs such as office expenses.

       To meet the selling costs as packing, advertising, etc.

       To provide credit facilities to the customer.

       To maintain the inventories of the raw material, work-in-progress, stores

and spares and finished stock.

For studying the need of working capital in a business, one has to study the
business under varying circumstances such as a new concern requires a lot of
funds to meet its initial requirements such as promotion and formation etc. These
expenses are called preliminary expenses and are capitalized. The amount needed
for working capital depends upon the size of the company and ambitions of its
promoters. Greater the size of the business unit, generally larger will be the
requirements of the working capital.

The requirement of the working capital goes on increasing with the growth and
expensing of the business till it gains maturity. At maturity the amount of
working capital required is called normal working capital.
There are others factors also influence the need of working capital in a business.

FACTORS DETERMINING THE WORKING CAPITAL

REQUIREMENTS

1.  NATURE OF BUSINESS: The requirements of working

is very limited in public utility undertakings such as electricity, water
supply and railways because they offer cash sale only and supply services
not products, and no funds are tied up in inventories and receivables. On
the other hand the trading and financial firms requires less investment in
fixed assets but have to invest large amt. of working capital along with
fixed investments.

2.  SIZE OF THE BUSINESS: Greater the size of the

business, greater is the requirement of working capital.

3.  PRODUCTION POLICY: If the policy is to keep

production steady by accumulating inventories it will require higher
working capital.

4.  LENTH OF PRDUCTION CYCLE: The longer the

manufacturing time the raw material and other supplies have to be carried
for a longer in the process with progressive increment of labor and service
costs before the final product is obtained. So working capital is directly
proportional to the length of the manufacturing process.

5.  SEASONALS VARIATIONS: Generally, during the

busy season, a firm requires larger working capital than in slack season.

6.  WORKING CAPITAL CYCLE: The speed with which

the working cycle completes one cycle determines the requirements of
working capital. Longer the cycle larger is the requirement of working
capital.

                           DEBTORS

CASH                                 FINISHED GOODS

 
RAW MATERIAL                        WORK IN PROGRESS

  

7.     RATE OF STOCK TURNOVER: There is an inverse co-

relationship between the question of working capital and the velocity or
speed with which the sales are affected. A firm having a high rate of stock
turnover wuill needs lower amt. of working capital as compared to a firm
having a low rate of turnover.

8.     CREDIT POLICY: A concern that purchases its requirements on

credit and sales its product / services on cash requires lesser amt. of
working capital and vice-versa.

9.     BUSINESS CYCLE: In period of boom, when the business is

prosperous, there is need for larger amt. of working capital due to rise in
sales, rise in prices, optimistic expansion of business, etc. On the contrary
in time of depression, the business contracts, sales decline, difficulties are
faced in collection from debtor and the firm may have a large amt. of
working capital.

10. RATE OF GROWTH OF BUSINESS: In faster growing concern,

we shall require large amt. of working capital.

11. EARNING CAPACITY AND DIVIDEND POLICY: Some firms

have more earning capacity than other due to quality of their products,
monopoly conditions, etc. Such firms may generate cash profits from
operations and contribute to their working capital. The dividend policy
also affects the requirement of working capital. A firm maintaining a
steady high rate of cash dividend irrespective of its profits needs working
capital than the firm that retains larger part of its profits and does not pay
so high rate of cash dividend.

12. PRICE LEVEL CHANGES: Changes in the price level also affect

the working capital requirements. Generally rise in prices leads to increase
in working capital.

Others FACTORS: These are:

     Operating efficiency.

     Management ability.

     Irregularities of supply.
      Import policy.

     Asset structure.

     Importance of labor.

     Banking facilities, etc.

MANAGEMENT OF WORKING CAPITAL

Management of working capital is concerned with the problem that arises in

attempting to manage the current assets, current liabilities. The basic goal of
working capital management is to manage the current assets and current
liabilities of a firm in such a way that a satisfactory level of working capital is
maintained, i.e. it is neither adequate nor excessive as both the situations are
bad for any firm. There should be no shortage of funds and also no working
capital should be ideal. WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT POLICES
of a firm has a great on its probability, liquidity and structural health of the
organization. So working capital management is three dimensional in nature
as

1.     It concerned with the formulation of policies with regard to

profitability, liquidity and risk.

2.     It is concerned with the decision about the composition and

level of current assets.

3.     It is concerned with the decision about the composition and

level of current liabilities.

  WORKING CAPITAL ANALYSIS

As we know working capital is the life blood and the centre of a business.
Adequate amount of working capital is very much essential for the smooth
running of the business. And the most important part is the efficient
management of working capital in right time. The liquidity position of the
firm is totally effected by the management of working capital. So, a study of
changes in the uses and sources of working capital is necessary to evaluate the
efficiency with which the working capital is employed in a business. This
involves the need of working capital analysis.

The analysis of working capital can be conducted through a number of

devices, such as:

1.     Ratio analysis.

2.     Fund flow analysis.

3.     Budgeting.

1.    RATIO ANALYSIS
A ratio is a simple arithmetical expression one number to another. The
technique of ratio analysis can be employed for measuring short-term
liquidity or working capital position of a firm. The following ratios can be
calculated for these purposes:

1. Current ratio.

2. Quick ratio

3.  Absolute liquid ratio

4.  Inventory turnover.

5.  Receivables turnover.

6.  Payable turnover ratio.

7.  Working capital turnover ratio.

8.  Working capital leverage

9.  Ratio of current liabilities to tangible net worth.

2.    FUND FLOW ANALYSIS

Fund flow analysis is a technical device designated to the study the source
from which additional funds were derived and the use to which these sources
were put. The fund flow analysis consists of:

 
 a.      Preparing schedule of changes of working capital

b.     Statement of sources and application of funds.

It is an effective management tool to study the changes in financial position

(working capital) business enterprise between beginning and ending of the
financial dates.

3.    WORKING CAPITAL BUDGET

A budget is a financial and / or quantitative expression of business plans and
polices to be pursued in the future period time. Working capital budget as a
part of the total budge ting process of a business is prepared estimating future
long term and short term working capital needs and sources to finance them,
and then comparing the budgeted figures with actual performance for
calculating the variances, if any, so that corrective actions may be taken in
future. He objective working capital budget is to ensure availability of funds
as and needed, and to ensure effective utilization of these resources. The
successful implementation of working capital budget involves the preparing
of separate budget for each element of working capital, such as, cash,
inventories and receivables etc.  

ANALYSIS OF SHORT – TERM FINANCIAL POSITION OR

TEST OF LIQUIDITY

The short –term creditors of a company such as suppliers of goods of credit

and commercial banks short-term loans are primarily interested to know the
ability of a firm to meet its obligations in time. The short term obligations
of a firm can be met in time only when it is having sufficient liquid assets.
So to with the confidence of investors, creditors, the smooth functioning of
the firm and the efficient use of fixed assets the liquid position of the firm
must be strong. But a very high degree of liquidity of the firm being tied –
up in current assets. Therefore, it is important proper balance in regard to
the liquidity of the firm. Two types of ratios can be calculated for measuring
short-term financial position or short-term solvency position of the firm.

1.     Liquidity ratios.

2.     Current assets movements ‘ratios.

 
 A)   LIQUIDITY RATIOS

Liquidity refers to the ability of a firm to meet its current obligations as and
when these become due. The short-term obligations are met by realizing
amounts from current, floating or circulating assts. The current assets
should either be liquid or near about liquidity. These should be convertible
in cash for paying obligations of short-term nature. The sufficiency or
insufficiency of current assets should be assessed by comparing them with
short-term liabilities. If current assets can pay off the current liabilities then
the liquidity position is satisfactory. On the other hand, if the current
liabilities cannot be met out of the current assets then the liquidity position
is bad. To measure the liquidity of a firm, the following ratios can be
calculated:

1.     CURRENT RATIO

2.     QUICK RATIO

3.     ABSOLUTE LIQUID RATIO

1.   CURRENT RATIO

Current Ratio, also known as working capital ratio is a measure of general

liquidity and its most widely used to make the analysis of short-term
financial position or liquidity of a firm. It is defined as the relation between
current assets and current liabilities. Thus,

CURRENT RATIO = CURRENT ASSETS 

                                     CURRENT LIABILITES

The two components of this ratio are:

1)     CURRENT ASSETS

2)     CURRENT LIABILITES

Current assets include cash, marketable securities, bill receivables, sundry

debtors, inventories and work-in-progresses. Current liabilities include
outstanding expenses, bill payable, dividend payable etc.

A relatively high current ratio is an indication that the firm is liquid and has
the ability to pay its current obligations in time. On the hand a low current
ratio represents that the liquidity position of the firm is not good and the
 firm shall not be able to pay its current liabilities in time. A ratio equal or
near to the rule of thumb of 2:1 i.e. current assets double the current
liabilities is considered to be satisfactory.

CALCULATION OF CURRENT RATIO

                                                                              (Rupees in crore)

e.g.

2006 2007 2008

Year
Current Assets 81.29 83.12 13,6.57
Current Liabilities 27.42 20.58 33.48
Current Ratio 2.96:1 4.03:1 4.08:1
Interpretation:-

As we know that ideal current ratio for any firm is 2:1. If we see the current
ratio of the company for last three years it has increased from 2006 to 2008.
The current ratio of company is more than the ideal ratio. This depicts that
company’s liquidity position is sound. Its current assets are more than its
current liabilities.

2. QUICK RATIO

Quick ratio is a more rigorous test of liquidity than current ratio. Quick ratio
may be defined as the relationship between quick/liquid assets and current
or liquid liabilities. An asset is said to be liquid if it can be converted into
cash with a short period without loss of value. It measures the firms’
capacity to pay off current obligations immediately.

QUICK RATIO = QUICK ASSETS

                               CURRENT LIABILITES

Where Quick Assets are:

1)           Marketable Securities

2)           Cash in hand and Cash at bank.

3)           Debtors.

A high ratio is an indication that the firm is liquid and has the ability to
 meet its current liabilities in time and on the other hand a low quick ratio
represents that the firms’ liquidity position is not good.

As a rule of thumb ratio of 1:1 is considered satisfactory. It is generally

thought that if quick assets are equal to the current liabilities then the
concern may be able to meet its short-term obligations. However, a firm
having high quick ratio may not have a satisfactory liquidity position if it
has slow paying debtors. On the other hand, a firm having a low liquidity
position if it has fast moving inventories.

CALCULATION OF QUICK RATIO

e.g.                                                              (Rupees in Crore)

2006 2007 2008

Year
Quick Assets 44.14 47.43 61.55
Current Liabilities 27.42 20.58 33.48
Quick Ratio 1.6 : 1 2.3 : 1 1.8 : 1
Interpretation :

       A quick ratio is an indication that the firm is liquid and has the ability
to meet its current liabilities in time. The ideal quick ratio is   1:1.
Company’s quick ratio is more than ideal ratio. This shows company has no
liquidity problem.

3. ABSOLUTE LIQUID RATIO

Although receivables, debtors and bills receivable are generally more liquid
than inventories, yet there may be doubts regarding their realization into
cash immediately or in time. So absolute liquid ratio should be calculated
together with current ratio and acid test ratio so as to exclude even
receivables from the current assets and find out the absolute liquid assets.
Absolute Liquid Assets includes :

ABSOLUTE LIQUID RATIO =      ABSOLUTE LIQUID ASSETS

                                                       CURRENT LIABILITES

ABSOLUTE LIQUID ASSETS = CASH & BANK BALANCES.

e.g.                                                          (Rupees in Crore)

2006 2007 2008

Year
Absolute Liquid Assets 4.69 1.79 5.06
Current Liabilities 27.42 20.58 33.48
Absolute Liquid Ratio .17 : 1 .09 : 1 .15 : 1
Interpretation :

       These ratio shows that company carries a small amount of cash. But
there is nothing to be worried about the lack of cash because company has
reserve, borrowing power & long term investment. In India, firms have
credit limits sanctioned from banks and can easily draw cash.

B) CURRENT ASSETS MOVEMENT RATIOS

Funds are invested in various assets in business to make sales and earn
profits. The efficiency with which assets are managed directly affects the
volume of sales. The better the management of assets, large is the amount of
sales and profits. Current assets movement ratios measure the efficiency
with which a firm manages its resources. These ratios are called turnover
ratios because they indicate the speed with which assets are converted or
turned over into sales. Depending upon the purpose, a number of turnover
ratios can be calculated. These are :

1.                 Inventory Turnover Ratio

2.                 Debtors Turnover Ratio

3.                 Creditors Turnover Ratio

4.                 Working Capital Turnover Ratio

The current ratio and quick ratio give misleading results if current assets
include high amount of debtors due to slow credit collections and moreover if
the assets include high amount of slow moving inventories. As both the ratios
ignore the movement of current assets, it is important to calculate the turnover
ratio.

1.                 INVENTORY
TURNOVER OR STOCK
TURNOVER RATIO :

Every firm has to maintain a certain amount of inventory of finished

goods so as to meet the requirements of the business. But the level of
inventory should neither be too high nor too low. Because it is harmful
to hold more inventory as some amount of capital is blocked in it and
some cost is involved in it. It will therefore be advisable to dispose the
inventory as soon as possible.

INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO =      COST OF GOOD SOLD

                                                     AVERAGE INVENTORY

Inventory turnover ratio measures the speed with which the stock is
converted into sales. Usually a high inventory ratio indicates an
efficient management of inventory because more frequently the stocks
are sold ; the lesser amount of money is required to finance the
inventory. Where as low inventory turnover ratio indicates the
inefficient management of inventory. A low inventory turnover
implies over investment in inventories, dull business, poor quality of
goods, stock accumulations and slow moving goods and low profits as
compared to total investment.

AVERAGE STOCK  =   OPENING STOCK + CLOSING STOCK

                                                                 2

                                                      (Rupees in Crore)

2006 2007 2008

Year
Cost of Goods sold 110.6 103.2 96.8
Average Stock 73.59 36.42 55.35
Inventory Turnover Ratio 1.5 times 2.8 times 1.75 times
Interpretation :

       These ratio shows how rapidly the inventory is turning into receivable
through sales. In 2007 the company has high inventory turnover ratio but in
2008 it has reduced to 1.75 times. This shows that the company’s inventory
management technique is less efficient as compare to last year.

2.                 INVENTORY CONVERSION PERIOD:

INVENTORY CONVERSION PERIOD =   365 (net working days)

                                                INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO

e.g.

2006 2007 2008

Year
Days 365 365 365
Inventory Turnover Ratio 1.5 2.8 1.8
Inventory Conversion Period 243 days 130 days 202 days
Interpretation :

       Inventory conversion period shows that how many days inventories
 takes to convert from raw material to finished goods. In the company
inventory conversion period is decreasing. This shows the efficiency of
management to convert the inventory into cash.

3.                 DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO :

A concern may sell its goods on cash as well as on credit to increase

its sales and a liberal credit policy may result in tying up substantial funds
of a firm in the form of trade debtors. Trade debtors are expected to be
converted into cash within a short period and are included in current assets.
So liquidity position of a concern also depends upon the quality of trade
debtors. Two types of ratio can be calculated to evaluate the quality of
debtors.

a)       Debtors Turnover Ratio

b)      Average Collection Period

DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO = TOTAL SALES (CREDIT)

                                                         AVERAGE DEBTORS

Debtor’s velocity indicates the number of times the debtors are turned
over during a year. Generally higher the value of debtor’s turnover ratio the
more efficient is the management of debtors/sales or more liquid are the
debtors. Whereas a low debtors turnover ratio indicates poor management
of debtors/sales and less liquid debtors. This ratio should be compared with
ratios of other firms doing the same business and a trend may be found to
make a better interpretation of the ratio.

AVERAGE DEBTORS= OPENING DEBTOR+CLOSING DEBTOR

                                                        2

e.g.

2006 2007 2008

Year
Sales 166.0 151.5 169.5
Average Debtors 17.33 18.19 22.50
Debtor Turnover Ratio 9.6 times 8.3 times 7.5 times
Interpretation :

       This ratio indicates the speed with which debtors are being converted or
turnover into sales. The higher the values or turnover into sales. The higher
 the values of debtors turnover, the more efficient is the management of
credit. But in the company the debtor turnover ratio is decreasing year to
year. This shows that company is not utilizing its debtors efficiency. Now
their credit policy become liberal as compare to previous year.

4.                 AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD :

Average Collection Period =    No. of Working Days

                                             Debtors Turnover Ratio

The average collection period ratio represents the average number of

days for which a firm has to wait before its receivables are converted into
cash. It measures the quality of debtors. Generally, shorter the average
collection period the better is the quality of debtors as a short collection
period implies quick payment by debtors and vice-versa.

Average Collection Period =    365 (Net Working Days) 

                                             Debtors Turnover Ratio

2006 2007 2008

Year
Days 365 365 365
Debtor Turnover Ratio 9.6 8.3 7.5
Average Collection Period 38 days 44 days 49 days
Interpretation :

          The average collection period measures the quality of debtors

and it helps in analyzing the efficiency of collection efforts. It also helps to
analysis the credit policy adopted by company. In the firm average
collection period increasing year to year. It shows that the firm has Liberal
Credit policy. These changes in policy are due to competitor’s credit policy.

5.                 WORKING CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO :

Working capital turnover ratio indicates the velocity of utilization of

net working capital. This ratio indicates the number of times the
working capital is turned over in the course of the year. This ratio
measures the efficiency with which the working capital is used by
the firm. A higher ratio indicates efficient utilization of working
capital and a low ratio indicates otherwise. But a very high working
capital turnover is not a good situation for any firm.

Working Capital Turnover Ratio =           Cost of Sales

                                                        Net Working Capital

  

Working Capital Turnover       =                   Sales        

                                                        Networking Capital

e.g.

2006 2007 2008

Year
Sales 166.0 151.5 169.5
Networking Capital 53.87 62.52 103.09
Working Capital Turnover 3.08 2.4 1.64
Interpretation :

          This ratio indicates low much net working capital requires for
sales. In 2008, the reciprocal of this ratio (1/1.64 = .609) shows that for
sales of Rs. 1 the company requires 60 paisa as working capital. Thus this
ratio is helpful to forecast the working capital requirement on the basis of
sale.

INVENTORIES

(Rs. in Crores)

2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008

Year
Inventories 37.15 35.69 75.01
Interpretation :

       Inventories is a major part of current assets. If any company wants to

manage its working capital efficiency, it has to manage its inventories
efficiently. The graph shows that inventory in 2005-2006 is 45%, in 2006-
2007 is 43% and in 2007-2008 is 54% of their current assets. The company
should try to reduce the inventory upto 10% or 20% of current assets.

CASH BNAK BALANCE :

(Rs. in Crores)

2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008

Year
Cash Bank Balance 4.69 1.79 5.05
Interpretation :
        Cash is basic input or component of working capital. Cash is needed to
keep the business running on a continuous basis. So the organization should
have sufficient cash to meet various requirements. The above graph is
indicate that in 2006 the cash is 4.69 crores but in 2007 it has decrease to
1.79. The result of that it disturb the firms manufacturing operations. In
2008, it is increased upto approx. 5.1% cash balance. So in 2008, the
company has no problem for meeting its requirement as compare to 2007.

DEBTORS :

(Rs. in Crores)

2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008

Year
Debtors 17.33 19.05 25.94
Interpretation :

       Debtors constitute a substantial portion of total current assets. In India

it constitute one third of current assets. The above graph is depict that there
is increase in debtors. It represents an extension of credit to customers. The
reason for increasing credit is competition and company liberal credit
policy.

CURRENT ASSETS :

(Rs. in Crores)

2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008

Year
Current Assets 81.29 83.15 136.57
Interpretation :

       This graph shows that there is 64% increase in current assets in 2008.
This increase is arise because there is approx. 50% increase in inventories.
Increase in current assets shows the liquidity soundness of company.

CURRENT LIABILITY :

(Rs. in Crores)

2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008

Year
Current Liability 27.42 20.58 33.48
 Interpretation :

       Current liabilities shows company short term debts pay to outsiders. In
2008 the current liabilities of the company increased. But still increase in
current assets are more than its current liabilities.

NET WOKRING CAPITAL :

(Rs. in Crores)

2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008

Year
Net Working Capital 53.87 62.53 103.09
Interpretation :

       Working capital is required to finance day to day operations of a firm.

There should be an optimum level of working capital. It should not be too
less or not too excess. In the company there is increase in working capital.
The increase in working capital arises because the company has expanded
its business.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The methodology, I have adopted for my study is the various tools, which basically analyze
critically financial position of to the organization:

             I.               COMMON-SIZE P/L A/C

          II.               COMMON-SIZE BALANCE SHEET

      III.               COMPARTIVE P/L A/C

       IV.               COMPARTIVE BALANCE SHEET

          V.               TREND ANALYSIS

       VI.               RATIO ANALYSIS

The above parameters are used for critical analysis of financial position.  With the evaluation
of each component, the financial position from different angles is tried to be presented in
well and systematic manner. By critical analysis with the help of different tools, it becomes
clear how the financial manager handles the finance matters in profitable manner in the
critical challenging atmosphere, the recommendation are made which would suggest the
organization in formulation of a healthy and strong position financially with proper
management system.

I sincerely hope, through the evaluation of various percentage, ratios and comparative
analysis, the organization would be able to conquer its in efficiencies and makes the
desired changes.

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:

Financial statement is a collection of data organized according to logical and consistent

accounting procedure to convey an under-standing of some financial aspects of a business
firm. It may show position at a moment in time, as in the case of balance sheet or may reveal
a series of activities over a given period of time, as in the case of an income statement. Thus,
the term ‘financial statements’ generally refers to the two statements

(1) The position statement or Balance sheet.

(2) The income statement or the profit and loss Account.

OBJECTIVES OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:

According to accounting Principal Board of America (APB) states

The following objectives of financial statements: -

1. To provide reliable financial information about economic resources and obligation of a

business firm.

2. To provide other needed information about charges in such economic resources and
obligation.

3. To provide reliable information about change in net resources (recourses less obligations)
missing out of business activities.

4. To provide financial information that assets in estimating the learning potential of the
business.

LIMITATIONS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:

Though financial statements are relevant and useful for a concern, still they do not present a
final picture a final picture of a concern. The utility of these statements is dependent upon a
number of factors. The analysis and interpretation of these statements must be done carefully
otherwise misleading conclusion may be drawn.

Financial statements suffer from the following limitations: -

1. Financial statements do not given a final picture of the concern. The data given in these
statements is only approximate. The actual value can only be determined when the business
is sold or liquidated.

2. Financial statements have been prepared for different accounting periods, generally one
year, during the life of a concern. The costs and incomes are apportioned to different periods
with a view to determine profits etc. The allocation of expenses and income depends upon
the personal judgment of the accountant. The existence of contingent assets and liabilities
also make the statements imprecise. So financial statement are at the most interim reports
rather than the final picture of the firm.

3. The financial statements are expressed in monetary value, so they appear to give final and
accurate position. The value of fixed assets in the balance sheet neither represent the value
for which fixed assets can be sold nor the amount which will be required to replace these
assets. The balance sheet is prepared on the presumption of a going concern. The concern is
expected to continue in future. So fixed assets are shown at cost less accumulated
deprecation. Moreover, there are certain assets in the balance sheet which will realize
nothing at the time of liquidation but they are shown in the balance sheets.

4. The financial statements are prepared on the basis of historical costs Or original costs. The
value of assets decreases with the passage of time current price changes are not taken into
account. The statement are not prepared with the keeping in view the economic conditions.
the balance sheet loses the significance of being an index of current economics realities.
Similarly, the profitability shown by the income statements may be represent the earning
capacity of the concern.

5. There are certain factors which have a bearing on the financial position and operating
result of the business but they do not become a part of these statements because they cannot
be measured in monetary terms. The basic limitation of the traditional financial statements
comprising the balance sheet, profit & loss A/c is that they do not give all the information
regarding the financial operation of the firm. Nevertheless, they provide some extremely
useful information to the extent the balance sheet mirrors the financial position on a
particular data in lines of the structure of assets, liabilities etc. and the profit & loss A/c
shows the result of operation during a certain period in terms revenue obtained and cost
incurred during the year. Thus, the financial position and operation of the firm.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS

It is the process of identifying the financial strength and weakness of a firm from the
available accounting data and financial statements. The analysis is done
 CALCULATIONS OF RATIOS

Ratios are relationship expressed in mathematical terms between figures, which are
connected with each other in some manner.

CLASSIFICATION OF RATIOS

Ratios can be classified in to different categories depending upon the basis of classification

The traditional classification has been on the basis of the financial statement to which the
determination of ratios belongs.

 These are:-

        Profit & Loss account ratios

        Balance Sheet ratios

        Composite ratios

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Pages : 73

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 QUESTIONNAIRE

DATE…………..

NAME………………………………                  

ADDRESS…………………………..

CONTACT NO……………………..

Q1. Which current broker are you trading?

        Religare             (  )                             Karvy                   (  )

        Indiabulls           (  )                             Reliancemoney      (  )

        Others…………………………..

Q2. Who would provide better service?

        Broker                 (  )                        Sub broker                   (  )

Q3. In which segment do you deal?

Equity                  (  )                         Commodity                (  )

         Mutual fund        (  )                         Others                         (  )

Q4. Do u have a pan card.

        Yes                      (  )                            No                            (  )

Q5. Do you know about stock exchange?

        Yes                      (  )                            No                            (  )

Q6. Do you ever invest money in share market?

          Yes                     (  )                              No                          (  )

Q7. Are you a long term investor or short term investor?

Long term           (  )                               Short term              (  )

Q8.Do you know about NSE and BSE?

        Yes                        (  )                              No                         (  )

Q9. How is your experience in share market?

        Good                     (  )                           Bad                         (  )

Q10. Do you know that whose control on stock exchange?

        SEBI                     (  )                          IRDA                      (  )

Q11. Do you know about Depositary services?

        Yes                        (  )                              No                       (  )

Q12. Do you know about whose control over depositary services?

        NSDL                    (  )                          CDSL                     (  )

        BOTH…………….

Q13.How much charges do you pay for Dmat a/c?

        Less than 500         (  )                          More than 500       (  )

Q14. how much brokerage do you pay?

        Intraday………………….                 Delivary……………….

Q15. Are you satisfied with the service of the company, with which you are dealing?

         Yes                  (  )                            No                         (  )

Q16 . Are you satisfied with the current research (tips,sms)?

        Yes                     (  )                            No                         (  )