Zeus

Zeus[a] is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion, who rules as king of the gods of Mount Olympus. His name
Zeus
is cognate with the first element of his Roman equivalent Jupiter. His mythology and powers are similar, though not
identical, to those of Indo-European deities such as Jupiter, Perkūnas, Perun, Indra, and Dyaus.[3][4][5][6] King of the Gods
God of the sky, lightning, thunder,
Zeus is the child of Cronus and Rhea, the youngest of his siblings to be born, though sometimes reckoned the eldest as the law, order, justice
others required disgorging from Cronus's stomach. In most traditions, he is married to Hera, by whom he is usually said to
Member of the Twelve Olympians
have fathered Ares, Hebe, and Hephaestus.[9] At the oracle of Dodona, his consort was said to be Dione, by whom the
Iliad states that he fathered Aphrodite.[12] Zeus was also infamous for his erotic escapades. These resulted in many divine
and heroic offspring, including Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Hermes, Persephone, Dionysus, Perseus, Heracles, Helen of
Troy, Minos, and the Muses.[9]

He was respected as an allfather who was chief of the gods[13] and assigned roles to the others:[14] "Even the gods who
are not his natural children address him as Father, and all the gods rise in his presence."[15][16] He was equated with many
foreign weather gods, permitting Pausanias to observe "That Zeus is king in heaven is a saying common to all men".[17]
Zeus' symbols are the thunderbolt, eagle, bull, and oak. In addition to his Indo-European inheritance, the classical "cloud-
gatherer" (Greek: Νεφεληγερέτα, Nephelēgereta)[18] also derives certain iconographic traits from the cultures of the
ancient Near East, such as the scepter. Zeus is frequently depicted by Greek artists in one of three poses: standing, striding
forward with a thunderbolt leveled in his raised right hand, or seated in majesty.

Contents
Name
Mythology
Birth
Infancy
King of the gods
Prometheus and conflicts with humans
In the Iliad
Other myths Zeus de Smyrne, discovered in
Family Smyrna in 1680[1]
Seven wives of Zeus Abode Mount Olympus
Zeus and Hera Planet Jupiter
Transformation of Zeus
Symbol Thunderbolt, eagle,
Children
bull, oak
Roles and epithets Day Thursday (hēméra
A
Diós)
B
Personal information
C
D Parents Cronus and Rhea
E Siblings Hestia, Hades, Hera,
G Poseidon and
H Demeter; Chiron
I Consort Hera, various others
K Children Aeacus, Agdistis,
L Angelos, Aphrodite,
M Apollo, Ares, Artemis,
N Athena, Britomartis,
O Dionysus, Eileithyia,
P Enyo, Epaphus Eris,
S Ersa, Hebe, Helen of
T Troy, Hephaestus,
X Heracles, Hermes,
Lacedaemon, Melinoë,
Cults of Zeus
Minos, Pandia,
Panhellenic cults
Persephone, Perseus,
Zeus Velchanos
Pollux,
Zeus Lykaios
Rhadamanthus,
Additional cults of Zeus
Zagreus, the Graces,
Non-panhellenic cults the Horae, the Litae,
Oracles of Zeus the Muses, the Moirai
The Oracle at Dodona
Roman Jupiter[2] (Sometimes
The Oracle at Siwa
equivalent called "Jovis" or "Iovis"
Zeus and foreign gods in Latin)
Zeus and the sun
Zeus in philosophy Slavic Perun
Zeus in the Bible equivalent

Zeus in Gnostic literature Hinduism Indra[3][4][5][6]

equivalent
In modern culture
Movies
TV series
Video games
Books
Other
Genealogy of the Olympians
Argive genealogy
Gallery
See also
Footnotes
Notes
References
External links

Name
The god's name in the nominative is Ζεύς (Zeús). It is inflected as follows: vocative: Ζεῦ (Zeû); accusative: Δία (Día); genitive: Διός (Diós); dative: Διί (Dií).
Diogenes Laërtius quotes Pherecydes of Syros as spelling the name Ζάς.[19]

Zeus is the Greek continuation of *Di̯ēus, the name of the Proto-Indo-European god of the daytime sky, also called *Dyeus ph2 tēr ("Sky Father").[20][21] The god
is known under this name in the Rigveda (Vedic Sanskrit Dyaus/Dyaus Pita), Latin (compare Jupiter, from Iuppiter, deriving from the Proto-Indo-European
vocative *dyeu-ph2 tēr),[22] deriving from the root *dyeu- ("to shine", and in its many derivatives, "sky, heaven, god").[20] Zeus is the only deity in the Olympic
pantheon whose name has such a transparent Indo-European etymology.[23]

The earliest attested forms of the name are the Mycenaean Greek 𐀇𐀸, di-we and 𐀇𐀺, di-wo, written in the Linear B syllabic script.[24]

Plato, in his Cratylus, gives a folk etymology of Zeus meaning "cause of life always to all things", because of puns between alternate titles of Zeus (Zen and Dia)
with the Greek words for life and "because of".[25] This etymology, along with Plato's entire method of deriving etymologies, is not supported by modern
scholarship.[26][27]

Diodorus Siculus wrote that Zeus was also called Zen, because the humans believed that he was the cause of life (zen).[28] While Lactantius wrote that he was
called Zeus and Zen, not because he is the giver of life, but because he was the first who lived of the children of Cronus.[29]

Mythology

Birth

Cronus sired several children by Rhea: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, and Poseidon, but swallowed them all as soon as
they were born, since he had learned from Gaia and Uranus that he was destined to be overthrown by his son as he had
previously overthrown Uranus, his own father, an oracle that Rhea heard and wished to avert.

When Zeus was about to be born, Rhea sought Gaia to devise a plan to save him, so that Cronus would get his retribution
for his acts against Uranus and his own children. Rhea gave birth to Zeus in Crete, handing Cronus a rock wrapped in
swaddling clothes, which he promptly swallowed.[30]

Infancy "Cave of Zeus", Mount Ida, Crete

Varying versions of the story exist:

1. According to Hyginus (Fabulae, 139) Zeus was raised by a nymph named Amalthea. Since Saturn (Cronus) ruled over the Earth, the heavens
and the sea, she hid him by dangling him on a rope from a tree so he was suspended between earth, sea and sky and thus, invisible to his
father.
2. According to Pseudo-Apollodorus (Bibliotheca, 1.1.5-7 ([Link] Zeus was raised by a goat named
Amalthea in a cave called Dictaeon Antron (Psychro Cave). A company of soldiers called Kouretes danced, shouted and clashed their spears
against their shields so that Cronus would not hear the baby's cry.

King of the gods

After reaching manhood, Zeus forced Cronus to disgorge first the stone (which was set down at Pytho under the glens of Parnassus to be a sign to mortal men, the
Omphalos) then his siblings in reverse order of swallowing. In some versions, Metis gave Cronus an emetic to force him to disgorge the babies, or Zeus cut
Cronus's stomach open. Then Zeus released the brothers of Cronus, the Hecatonchires and the Cyclopes, from their dungeon in Tartarus, killing their guard,
Campe.
As a token of their appreciation, the Cyclopes gave him thunder and the thunderbolt, or lightning, which had previously
been hidden by Gaia. Together, Zeus, his brothers and sisters, Hecatonchires and Cyclopes overthrew Cronus and the
other Titans, in the combat called the Titanomachy. The defeated Titans were then cast into a shadowy underworld region
known as Tartarus. Atlas, one of the titans who fought against Zeus, was punished by having to hold up the sky.

After the battle with the Titans, Zeus shared the world with his elder brothers, Poseidon and Hades, by drawing lots: Zeus
got the sky and air, Poseidon the waters, and Hades the world of the dead (the underworld). The ancient Earth, Gaia,
could not be claimed; she was left to all three, each according to their capabilities, which explains why Poseidon was the
"earth-shaker" (the god of earthquakes) and Hades claimed the humans who died (see also Penthus).

Gaia resented the way Zeus had treated the Titans, because they were her children. Soon after taking the throne as king of
the gods, Zeus had to fight some of Gaia's other children, including the Gigantes. It was prophesied that the Gigantes,
children of Gaia born from Uranus's blood, could not be killed by the gods alone, but they could be killed with the help of
a mortal. Hearing this, Gaia sought for a certain plant (pharmakon) that would protect the Gigantes even from mortals.
Before Gaia or anyone else could get it, Zeus forbade Eos (Dawn), Selene (Moon) and Helios (Sun) to shine, harvested
all of the plant himself and then he had Athena summon Heracles. Porphyrion, the king of the Gigantes,[31] attacked
Heracles and Hera, but Zeus caused Porphyrion to lust after Hera, whom Porphyrion then tried to rape, but Zeus struck
Porphyrion with his thunderbolt and Heracles (or Apollo)[31] killed him with an arrow. Zeus, with the help of other
Olympians and Heracles, destroyed the Gigantes.[32]

After the Gigantes failed to defeat Zeus, Gaia mated with Tartarus and gave birth to Typhon. The monstrous Typhon First century statue of Zeus
challenged the reign of Zeus. Zeus fought against him in a cataclysmic battle and defeated him with his thunderbolt. He
then trapped Typhon in Tartarus.[33] According to Pindar, however, Typhon was trapped in Mount Etna.[34]

Zeus' reign was once challenged by Hera, Poseidon, and Athena, who wished to bind Zeus and overthrow him. The Nereid Thetis called the Hecatoncheire
Briareus to rescue Zeus. The other Olympians were scared of Briareus, who then freed Zeus.[35]

Prometheus and conflicts with humans

When the gods met at Mecone to discuss which portions they will receive after a sacrifice, the titan Prometheus decided to trick Zeus so that humans receive the
better portions. He sacrificed a large ox, and divided it into two piles. In one pile he put all the meat and most of the fat, covering it with the ox's grotesque
stomach, while in the other pile, he dressed up the bones with fat. Prometheus then invited Zeus to choose; Zeus chose the pile of bones. This set a precedent for
sacrifices, where humans will keep the fat for themselves and burn the bones for the gods.

Zeus, enraged at Prometheus's deception, prohibited the use of fire by humans. Prometheus, however, stole fire from Olympus in a fennel stalk and gave it
humans. This further enraged Zeus, who punished Prometheus by binding him to a cliff, where an eagle constantly ate Prometheus's liver, which regenerated every
night. Prometheus was eventually freed from his misery by Heracles.[36]

Now Zeus, angry at humans, decides to give humanity a punishing gift to compensate for the boon they had been given. He commands Hephaestus to mold from
earth the first woman, a "beautiful evil" whose descendants would torment the human race. After Hephaestus does so, several other gods contribute to her creation.
Hermes names the woman 'Pandora'.

Pandora was given in marriage to Prometheus's brother Epimetheus. Zeus gave her a jar which contained many evils. Pandora opened the jar and released all the
evils, which made mankind miserable. Only hope remained inside the jar.[37]

When Zeus was atop Mount Olympus he was appalled by human sacrifice and other signs of human decadence. He decided to wipe out mankind and flooded the
world with the help of his brother Poseidon. After the flood, only Deucalion and Pyrrha remained. This flood narrative is a common motif in mythology.[38]

In the Iliad

The Iliad is a poem by Homer about the Trojan war and the battle over the City of Troy, in which Zeus plays a major part.

Scenes in which Zeus appears include:[39][40]

Book 2: Zeus sends Agamemnon a dream and is able to partially control his decisions because of the
effects of the dream The Chariot of Zeus, from an 1879
Book 4: Zeus promises Hera to ultimately destroy the City of Troy at the end of the war Stories from the Greek Tragedians
Book 7: Zeus and Poseidon ruin the Achaeans fortress by Alfred Church.
Book 8: Zeus prohibits the other Gods from fighting each other and has to return to Mount Ida where he
can think over his decision that the Greeks will lose the war
Book 14: Zeus is seduced by Hera and becomes distracted while she helps out the Greeks
Book 15: Zeus wakes up and realizes that his own brother, Poseidon has been aiding the Greeks, while
also sending Hector and Apollo to help fight the Trojans ensuring that the City of Troy will fall
Book 16: Zeus is upset that he couldn't help save Sarpedon's life because it would then contradict his
previous decisions
Book 17: Zeus is emotionally hurt by the fate of Hector
Book 20: Zeus lets the other Gods lend aid to their respective sides in the war
Book 24: Zeus demands that Achilles release the corpse of Hector to be buried honourably
Jupiter and Juno on Mount Ida by
James Barry, 1773 (City Art
Other myths
Galleries, Sheffield.)

Zeus slept with his great-granddaughter, Alcmene, disguised as her husband Amphitryon. This resulted in the birth of
Heracles, who would be tormented by Zeus's wife Hera for the rest of his life. After his death, Heracles's mortal parts
were incinerated and he joined the gods on Olympus. He married Zeus and Hera's daughter, Hebe, and had two sons with her, Alexiares and Anicetus.[41]
When Hades requested to marry Zeus's daughter, Persephone, Zeus approved and advised Hades to abduct Persephone, as her mother Demeter wouldn't allow her
to marry Hades.[42]

Zeus fell in love with Semele, the daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, and started an affair with her. Hera discovered his affair with Semele when she later became
pregnant, and persuaded Semele to sleep with Zeus in his true form. When Zeus showed his true form to Semele, his lightning and thunderbolts burned her to
death.[43] Zeus saved the fetus by stitching it into his thigh, and it would be born as Dionysus.[44]

Alternatively, In the Orphic tradition, Zeus wanted to marry his mother Rhea. After Rhea refused to marry him, Zeus turned into a snake and raped her. Rhea
became pregnant and gave birth to Persephone. Zeus in the form of a snake would mate with his daughter Persephone, which resulted in the birth of Dionysus.[45]

Zeus granted Callirrhoe's prayer that her sons by Alcmaeon, Acarnan and Amphoterus, grow quickly so that they might be able to avenge the death of their father
by the hands of Phegeus and his two sons.[46]

Both Zeus and Poseidon wooed Thetis, daughter of Nereus. But when Themis (or Prometheus) prophesied that the son born of Thetis would be mightier than his
father, Thetis was married off to the mortal Peleus.[47][48]

Family

Seven wives of Zeus

According to Hesiod, Zeus had seven wives. His first wife was the Oceanid Metis, whom he swallowed on the advice of
Gaia and Uranus, so that no son of his by Metis would overthrow him, as had been foretold. Later, their daughter Athena
would be born from the forehead of Zeus.

Zeus then married his aunt and advisor Themis, who bore the three Horae (Seasons): Eunomia (Order), Dikē (Justice),
Eirene (Peace); and the three Moirai (Fates): Clotho (Spinner), Lachesis (Allotter), and Atropos (Unbending). Zeus then
married his third wife, another Oceanid, Eurynome, who bore the three Charites (Graces): Aglaea (Splendor), whom
Hephaestus married, Euphrosyne (Joy), and Thalia (Good Cheer).

Zeus's fourth wife was his sister, Demeter, who bore Persephone. The fifth wife of Zeus was another aunt, the Titan
Mnemosyne, whom he seduced in the form of a mortal shepherd. Zeus and Mnemosyne had the nine Muses: Clio,
Euterpe, Thalia, Melpomene, Terpsichore, Erato, Polymnia, Urania, and Calliope. His sixth wife was the Titan Leto, who
gave birth to Apollo and Artemis on the island of Delos.

Zeus's seventh and final wife was his elder sister Hera.[49] Jupiter, disguised as a shepherd,
tempts Mnemosyne by Jacob de Wit
(1727)
Zeus and Hera

Zeus was the brother and consort of Hera. By Hera, Zeus sired Ares, Hebe and Hephaestus, though some accounts say
that Hera produced these offspring alone. Some also include Eileithyia, Eris, Enyo and Angelos as their daughters. In the
section of the Iliad known to scholars as the Deception of Zeus, the two of them are described as having begun their
sexual relationship without their parents knowing about it.[50] Zeus mated with several nymphs and was seen as the father
of many mythical mortal progenitors of Hellenic dynasties. Aside from his seven wives, relationships with immortals
included Dione and Maia. Among mortals were Semele, Io, Europa and Leda (for more details, see below) and with the
young Ganymede (although he was mortal Zeus granted him eternal youth and immortality).

Many myths render Hera as jealous of his amorous conquests and a consistent enemy of Zeus' mistresses and their
children by him. For a time, a nymph named Echo had the job of distracting Hera from his affairs by talking incessantly,
and when Hera discovered the deception, she cursed Echo to repeat the words of others.

Transformation of Zeus

Wedding of Zeus and Hera on an

antique fresco from Pompeii

Zeus carrying away Ganymede (Late

Archaic terracotta, 480-470 BC)
Love interest Disguises
Aegina an eagle or a flame of fire
Alcmene Amphitryon
Antiope a satyr
Asopis a flame of fire
Callisto Artemis
Cassiopeia Phoenix
Danaë shower of gold
Europa a bull
Eurymedusa ant
Ganymede an eagle
Hera a cuckoo
Imandra a shower
Lamia a lapwing
Leda a swan
Manthea a bear
Mnemosyne a shepherd
Nemesis a goose
Persephone a serpent
Semele a fire
Thalia a vulture

Children
 Offspring and mothers
Divine Lovers Offspring Divine Lovers Offspring Mortal Consort Offspring
Aega or • Astraea Alcmene • Heracles

Aix or • Aegipan[51] • Nemesis Anaxithea • Olenus[52]

Boetis • Nymphs of Eridanos • Aethlius or
Calyce
• Moirai / Fates1 • Moirai / Fates1 • Endymion

1. Atropos 1. Atropos • Anchinos[53]

Ananke Cassiopeia
2. Clotho 2. Clotho • Atymnius

3. Lachesis 3. Lachesis • Milye[54]

Chaldene
Aphrodite • Tyche6 (possibly) • Horae • Solymus

• Hecate[55] First Generation: Chonia • Lacon[56]

Asteria
• Heracles[57] 1. Auxo Chloris • Mopsus[56]

Asterope • Acragas Themis 2. Carpo Cotonia[58] • Polymedes[56]

Calliope • Corybantes 3. Thallo Danaë • Perseus

Coryphe • Coria (Athene)[59] Second Generation: Dia • Pirithous

• Persephone 1. Dike Elara or

Demeter • Tityos
2. Eirene Larissa
• Dionysus[60]
3. Eunomia • Minos
Dione
• Aphrodite Third Generation: • Rhadamanthus
Eos • Carae 1. Euporie Europa • Sarpedon

Euanthe or • Charites/ Graces2 2. Orthosie • Alagonia[61]

Eurydome or 1. Aglaea 3. Pherusa • Carnus[62]

Eurymedusa or 2. Euphrosyne • Athena[63] Euryodeia • Arcesius

3. Thalia Unknown mother • Ate Helen • Musaeus[56]

Eurynome
• Asopus Unknown mother • Nysean[64] Hermippe • Orchomenus[65]

Europa • Dodon[66] Unknown mother • Caerus Hippodamia • Olenus[56]

• Agdistis Unknown mother • Eubuleus[67] Hippodamia[56] no known offspring

Gaia • Manes[68] Unknown mother • Litae Imandra[69] no known offspring

• Cyprian Centaurs Unknown mother • Nymphs Iocaste • Agamedes

• Angelos Unknown mother • Phasis[70] • Thebe[71]

Iodame
• Ares3 Semi-divine Lovers Offspring • Deucalion[72]

• Arge[72] • Aeacus Isonoe (Isione) • Orchomenus

Aegina
• Eileithyia • Damocrateia[73] Lamia • Acheilus[74][75]

• Eleutheria[76] • Amphion Lamia • Libyan Sibyl (Herophile)

Hera Antiope
• Enyo • Zethus Laodamia or
• Sarpedon
• Eris Borysthenis • Targitaos[77] Hippodamia[56]

• Hebe3 Callisto • Arcas Leanida • Coron[56]

• Hephaestus3 Callirrhoe no known offspring • Helen of Troy5

Leda
• Curetes[63] Carme • Britomartis • Pollux

Hemera • Iasion[78]
Chalcea • Olympus[56] Libya • Belus[79]
Hybris • Pan

• Apollo Charidia • Alchanus[56] Lysithea • Helenus[56]

Leto
• Artemis Chrysogenia • Thissaeus[56] Lysithoe • Heracles[80]

Maia • Hermes • Dardanus Manthea • Arctos[56]

Metis • Athena4 • Emathion Maera[81]

Electra • Locrus
Mnemosyne • Muses (Original three) • Iasion or Eetion
Megaclite[79]
1. Aoide • Harmonia • Thebe
2. Melete Eurymedousa • Myrmidon • Argus
Niobe[82]
3. Mneme Eurynome • Ogygias[56] • Pelasgus

• Muses (Later nine) • Cronius • Graecus[84]

1. Calliope Himalia[83] • Spartaios • Latinus[85]

Pandora
2. Clio • Cytus • Melera[79]

3. Euterpe Hora • Colaxes[86] • Pandorus[79]

4. Erato Idaea • Asterion[56] Phthia • Achaeus[87]

5. Melpomene • Cres[88] Protogeneia • Aethlius[89]
 6. Polyhymnia • Epaphus • Aetolus
Io
7. Terpsichore • Keroessa • Dorus[90]

8. Thalia • Sarpedon • Opus[92]

Lardane[91]
9. Urania • Argus • Hellen[93] or
Pyrrha
Nemesis • Helen of Troy Neaera • Aegle • Helmetheus[79]

• Melinoë Nymphe • Saon Semele • Dionysus[94]

Persephone
• Zagreus
Othreis • Meliteus Thaicrucia • Nympheus[90]
Rhea • Persephone[95]

• Dionysus[96] Phoenissa[97] • Endymion[56] • Aegyptus[71]

Thebe
• Ersa Plouto • Tantalus • Heracles[98]
Selene • Nemea • Balius • Magnes
Podarge Thyia[99]
• Nemean Lion • Xanthus • Makednos

• Pandia Salamis • Saracon[79] • Calabrus[100]

Styx • Persephone Taygete • Lacedaemon Unknown mother • Geraestus
Thalassa • Aphrodite Themisto • Archas • Taenarus

Thalia • Palici Torrhebia • Carius[101] Unknown mother • Corinthus[102]

Unknown mother • Aletheia Nymph African • Iarbas Unknown mother • Crinacus[103]

Nymph Sithnid • Megarus No mother • Orion[104]

1 The Greeks variously claimed that the Moires/Fates were the daughters of Zeus and the Titaness Themis or of primordial beings like Chaos, Nyx, or Ananke.
2 TheCharites/Graces were usually considered the daughters of Zeus and Eurynome but they were also said to be daughters of Dionysus and Aphrodite or of
Helios and the naiad Aegle.
3 Some accounts say that Ares, Hebe, and Hephaestus were born parthenogenetically.
4 According to one version, Athena is said to be born parthenogenetically.
5 Helen was either the daughter of Leda or Nemesis.
6 Tyche is usually considered a daughter of Aphrodite and Hermes.

Roles and epithets

Zeus played a dominant role, presiding over the Greek Olympian pantheon. He fathered many of the heroes and was
featured in many of their local cults. Though the Homeric "cloud collector" was the god of the sky and thunder like his
Near-Eastern counterparts, he was also the supreme cultural artifact; in some senses, he was the embodiment of Greek
religious beliefs and the archetypal Greek deity.

Aside from local epithets that simply designated the deity as doing something random at some particular place, the epithets
or titles applied to Zeus emphasized different aspects of his wide-ranging authority:

Zeus Aegiduchos or Aegiochos: Usually taken as Zeus as the bearer of the Aegis, the divine shield
with the head of Medusa across it,[106] although others derive it from "goat" (αἴξ) and okhē (οχή) in
reference to Zeus' nurse, the divine goat Amalthea.[107][108]
Zeus Agoraeus (Αγοραιος): Zeus as patron of the marketplace (agora) and punisher of dishonest traders.
Zeus Areius (Αρειος): either "warlike" or "the atoning one".
Zeus Eleutherios (Ἐλευθέριος): "Zeus the freedom giver" a cult worshiped in Athens[109] Roman marble colossal head of
Zeus Horkios: Zeus as keeper of oaths. Exposed liars were made to dedicate a votive statue to Zeus, Zeus, 2nd century AD (British
often at the sanctuary at Olympia Museum)[105]
Zeus Olympios (Ολύμπιος): Zeus as king of the gods and patron of the Panhellenic Games at Olympia
Zeus Panhellenios ("Zeus of All the Greeks"): worshipped at Aeacus's temple on Aegina
Zeus Xenios (Ξένιος), Philoxenon, or Hospites: Zeus as the patron of hospitality (xenia) and guests, avenger of wrongs done to strangers

Additional names and epithets for Zeus are also:

A
Abrettenus (Ἀβρεττηνός) or Abretanus: surname of Zeus in Mysia[110]
Achad: one of his names in Syria.
Acraeus (Akraios): his name at Smyrna. Acraea and Acraeus are also attributes given to various goddesses and gods whose temples were
situated upon hills, such as Zeus, Hera, Aphrodite, Pallas, Artemis, and others
Acrettenus: his name in Mysia.
Adad: one of his names in Syria.
Zeus Adados: A Hellenization of the Canaanite Hadad and Assyrian Adad, particularly his solar cult at Heliopolis[111]
Adultus: from his being invoked by adults, on their marriage.
Aleios (Ἄλειος)[112]
 Amboulios (Αμβουλιος, "Counsellor") or Latinized Ambulius[113]
Apemius (Apemios, Απημιος): Zeus as the averter of ills
Apomyius (Απομυιος): Zeus as one who dispels flies
Aphesios (Αφεσιος; "Releasing (Rain)")
Astrapios (Αστραπαιος; "Lightninger"): Zeus as a weather god

B
Basileus (Βασιλευς, "King, Chief, Ruler")
Bottiaeus/ Bottaios (Βοττιαίος, "of the Bottiaei"): Worshipped at Antioch[114] Libanius wrote that
Alexander the Great founded the temple of Zeus Bottiaios, in the place where later the city of Antioch was
built.[115][116]
Zeus Bouleus/ Boulaios (Βουλαίος, "of the Council"): Worshipped at Dodona, the earliest oracle, along
with Zeus Naos
Brontios ("Thunderer"): Zeus as a weather god
A bust of Zeus.
C
Cenaean (Kenaios/ Kenaius, Κηναῖος): a surname of Zeus, derived from cape Cenaeum[117][113]

D
Diktaios (Δικταιος): Zeus as lord of the Dikte mountain range, worshipped from Mycenaean times on Crete[118]
Dodonian/ Dodonaios (Δωδωναῖος): meaning of Dodona[119]

E
Eleutherios (Ἐλευθέριος, "of freedom"). At Athens after the Battle of Plataea, Athenians built the Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios.[120] Some writers
said that was called "of freedom" because free men built the portico near his shrine, while others because Athenians escaped subjection to
the power of Persia and they were free.[121]
Epidôtês/ Epidotes (Επιδωτης; "Giver of Good"): an epithet of Zeus at Mantineia and Sparta
Euênemos/ Euanemos (Ευηνεμος; "of Fair Winds", "Giver of Favourable Wind") or Latinized Evenemus/ Evanemus[113]

G
Zeus Georgos (Ζεὺς Γεωργός, "Zeus the Farmer"): Zeus as god of crops and the harvest, worshipped in Athens

H
Zeus Helioupolites ("Heliopolite" or "Heliopolitan Zeus"): A Hellenization of the Canaanite Baʿal (probably Hadad) worshipped as a sun god
at Heliopolis (modern Baalbek)[111] in Syria
Herkeios (Ἑρκειος, "of the Courtyard") or Latinized Herceius
Hetareios (Ἑταιρεῖος, "of fellowship"): According to the Suda, Zeus was called this among the Cretans.[122]
Hikesios (Ἱκεσιος; "of Suppliants") or Latinized Hicesius
Hyetios (Ὑετιος; "of the Rain")
Hypatos (Ὑπατος, "Supreme, Most High")[113]
Hypsistos (Ὕψιστος, "Supreme, Most High")

I
Ikmaios (Ικμαιος; "of Moisture") or Latinized Icmaeus
Ithomatas (Ιθωμάτας)[113]

K
Zeus Kasios ("Zeus of Mount Kasios" the modern Jebel Aqra) or Latinized Casius: a surname of Zeus, the name may have derived from
either sources, one derived from Casion, near Pelusium in Egypt. Another derived from Mount Kasios (Casius), which is the modern Jebel
Aqra, is worshipped at a site on the Syrian–Turkish border, a Hellenization of the Canaanite mountain and weather god Baal Zephon
Kataibates (Καταιβάτης, "descending") or Latinized Cataebates, because he was sending-down thunderbolts or because he was
descending to earth due to his love of women.[123]
Keraunios (Κεραυνιος; "of the Thunderbolt") or Latinized Ceraunius
Klarios (Κλαριος; "of the Lots") or Latinized Clarius[113]
Konios (Κονιος; "of the Dust") or Latinized Conius[113]
Koryphaios (Κορυφαιος, "Chief, Leader") or Latinized Coryphaeus[113]
Kosmêtês (Κοσμητης; "Orderer") or Latinized Cosmetes
Ktesios (Κτησιος, "of the House, Property") or Latinized Ctesius[113]
L
Zeus Labrandos (Λαβρανδευς; "Furious, Raging", "Zeus of Labraunda"): Worshiped at Caria, depicted with a double-edged axe (labrys), a
Hellenization of the Hurrian weather god Teshub
Limenoskopos (Λιμενοσκοπος; "Watcher of Sea-Havens") or Latinized Limenoscopus occurs as a surname of several deities, Zeus,
Artemis, Aphrodite, Priapus and Pan

M
Maimaktês (Μαιμακτης; "Boisterous", "the Stormy") or Latinized Maemactes, a surname of Zeus, derived from the Attic calendar month name
'Maimakterion' (Μαιμακτηριών, Latinized Maemacterion) and which that month the Maimakteria was celebrated at Athens
Zeus Meilichios/ Meilikhios (Μειλίχιος; "Zeus the Easily-Entreated")[113]
Mêkhaneus (Μηχανευς; "Contriver") or Latinized Mechaneus[113]
Moiragetes (Μοιραγέτης; "Leader of the Fates", "Guide or Leade of Fate"): Pausanias wrote that this was a surname of Zeus and Apollo at
Delphi, because Zeus knew the affairs of men, all that the Fates give them and all that is not destined for them.[124]

N
Zeus Naos: Worshipped at Dodona, the earliest oracle, along with Zeus Bouleus

O
Ombrios (Ομβριος; "of the Rain", "Rain-Giver")[113]
Ourios (Οὐριος, "of Favourable Wind"). Ancient writers wrote about a sanctuary at the opening of the Black Sea dedicated to the Zeus Ourios
(ἱερὸν τοῦ Διὸς τοῦ Οὐρίου).[125] In addition, on the island of Delos a dedication to Zeus Ourios was found. The dedication was made by a
citizen of Ascalon, named Damon son of Demetrius, who escaped from pirates.[126]

P
Philios (Φιλιος; "of Friendship") or Latinized Philius
Phyxios (Φυξιος; "of Refuge") or Latinized Phyxius[113]
Plousios (Πλουσιος; "of Wealth") or Latinized Plusius

S
Skotitas (Σκοτιτας; "Dark, Murky") or Latinized Scotitas
Sêmaleos (Σημαλεος; "Giver of Signs") or Latinized Semaleus:
Sosipolis (Σωσίπολις; "City saviour"): There was a temple of Zeus Sosipolis at Magnesia on the Maeander[127]

T
Zeus Tallaios ("Solar Zeus"): Worshipped on Crete
Teleios (Τελειος; "of Marriage Rites") or Latinized Teleus
Theos Agathos (Θεος Αγαθος; "the Good God") or Latinized Theus Agathus
Tropaioukho/ Tropaiucho (τροπαιούχῳ, "Guardian of Trophies"): after the Battle of the 300 Champions, Othryades, dedicated the trophy to
"Zeus, Guardian of Trophies" .[128]

X
Xenios (Ξενιος; "of Hospitality, Strangers") or Latinized Xenius[113]

Cults of Zeus

Panhellenic cults

The major center where all Greeks converged to pay honor to their chief god was Olympia. Their quadrennial festival featured the
famous Games. There was also an altar to Zeus made not of stone, but of ash, from the accumulated remains of many centuries'
worth of animals sacrificed there.

Outside of the major inter-polis sanctuaries, there were no modes of worshipping Zeus precisely shared across the Greek world.
Most of the titles listed below, for instance, could be found at any number of Greek temples from Asia Minor to Sicily. Certain
modes of ritual were held in common as well: sacrificing a white animal over a raised altar, for instance.

Zeus Velchanos
Marble eagle from the
With one exception, Greeks were unanimous in recognizing the birthplace of Zeus as Crete. Minoan culture contributed many sanctuary of Zeus
essentials of ancient Greek religion: "by a hundred channels the old civilization emptied itself into the new", Will Durant Hypsistos, Archaeological
Museum of Dion.
observed,[130] and Cretan Zeus retained his youthful Minoan features. The local child of the Great Mother, "a small and inferior
deity who took the roles of son and consort",[131] whose Minoan name the Greeks Hellenized as Velchanos, was in time assumed
as an epithet by Zeus, as transpired at many other sites, and he came to be venerated in Crete as Zeus Velchanos ("boy-Zeus"),
often simply the Kouros.

In Crete, Zeus was worshipped at a number of caves at Knossos, Ida and Palaikastro. In the Hellenistic period a small sanctuary
dedicated to Zeus Velchanos was founded at the Hagia Triada site of a long-ruined Minoan palace. Broadly contemporary coins
from Phaistos show the form under which he was worshiped: a youth sits among the branches of a tree, with a cockerel on his
knees.[132] On other Cretan coins Velchanos is represented as an eagle and in association with a goddess celebrating a mystic
marriage.[133] Inscriptions at Gortyn and Lyttos record a Velchania festival, showing that Velchanios was still widely venerated in
Hellenistic Crete.[134]

The stories of Minos and Epimenides suggest that these caves were once used for incubatory divination by kings and priests. The
dramatic setting of Plato's Laws is along the pilgrimage-route to one such site, emphasizing archaic Cretan knowledge. On Crete,
Zeus was represented in art as a long-haired youth rather than a mature adult and hymned as ho megas kouros, "the great youth". Colossal seated Marnas
Ivory statuettes of the "Divine Boy" were unearthed near the Labyrinth at Knossos by Sir Arthur Evans.[135] With the Kouretes, a from Gaza portrayed in the
style of Zeus. Roman period
band of ecstatic armed dancers, he presided over the rigorous military-athletic training and secret rites of the Cretan paideia.
Marnas[129] was the chief
The myth of the death of Cretan Zeus, localised in numerous mountain sites though only mentioned in a comparatively late divinity of Gaza (Istanbul
Archaeology Museum).
source, Callimachus,[136] together with the assertion of Antoninus Liberalis that a fire shone forth annually from the birth-cave the
infant shared with a mythic swarm of bees, suggests that Velchanos had been an annual vegetative spirit.[137] The Hellenistic
writer Euhemerus apparently proposed a theory that Zeus had actually been a great king of Crete and that posthumously, his glory
had slowly turned him into a deity. The works of Euhemerus himself have not survived, but Christian patristic writers took up the suggestion.

Zeus Lykaios

The epithet Zeus Lykaios (Λύκαιος; "wolf-Zeus") is assumed by Zeus only in connection with the archaic festival of the
Lykaia on the slopes of Mount Lykaion ("Wolf Mountain"), the tallest peak in rustic Arcadia; Zeus had only a formal
connection[138] with the rituals and myths of this primitive rite of passage with an ancient threat of cannibalism and the
possibility of a werewolf transformation for the ephebes who were the participants.[139] Near the ancient ash-heap where
the sacrifices took place[140] was a forbidden precinct in which, allegedly, no shadows were ever cast.[141]

According to Plato,[142] a particular clan would gather on the mountain to make a sacrifice every nine years to Zeus
Lykaios, and a single morsel of human entrails would be intermingled with the animal's. Whoever ate the human flesh was
said to turn into a wolf, and could only regain human form if he did not eat again of human flesh until the next nine-year
cycle had ended. There were games associated with the Lykaia, removed in the fourth century to the first urbanization of
Arcadia, Megalopolis; there the major temple was dedicated to Zeus Lykaios.
Laurel-wreathed head of Zeus on a
There is, however, the crucial detail that Lykaios or Lykeios (epithets of Zeus and Apollo) may derive from Proto-Greek
gold stater, Lampsacus, c 360–340
*λύκη, "light", a noun still attested in compounds such as ἀμφιλύκη, "twilight", λυκάβας, "year" (lit. "light's course") etc.
BC (Cabinet des Médailles).
This, Cook argues, brings indeed much new 'light' to the matter as Achaeus, the contemporary tragedian of Sophocles,
spoke of Zeus Lykaios as "starry-eyed", and this Zeus Lykaios may just be the Arcadian Zeus, son of Aether, described
by Cicero. Again under this new signification may be seen Pausanias' descriptions of Lykosoura being 'the first city that
ever the sun beheld', and of the altar of Zeus, at the summit of Mount Lykaion, before which stood two columns bearing gilded eagles and 'facing the sun-rise'.
Further Cook sees only the tale of Zeus' sacred precinct at Mount Lykaion allowing no shadows referring to Zeus as 'god of light' (Lykaios).[143]

Additional cults of Zeus

Although etymology indicates that Zeus was originally a sky god, many Greek cities honored a local Zeus who lived
underground. Athenians and Sicilians honored Zeus Meilichios (Μειλίχιος; "kindly" or "honeyed") while other cities had
Zeus Chthonios ("earthy"), Zeus Katachthonios (Καταχθόνιος; "under-the-earth") and Zeus Plousios ("wealth-
bringing"). These deities might be represented as snakes or in human form in visual art, or, for emphasis as both together
in one image. They also received offerings of black animal victims sacrificed into sunken pits, as did chthonic deities like
Persephone and Demeter, and also the heroes at their tombs. Olympian gods, by contrast, usually received white victims
sacrificed upon raised altars.
A statue of Zeus in a drawing.
In some cases, cities were not entirely sure whether the daimon to whom they sacrificed was a hero or an underground
Zeus. Thus the shrine at Lebadaea in Boeotia might belong to the hero Trophonius or to Zeus Trephonius ("the
nurturing"), depending on whether you believe Pausanias, or Strabo. The hero Amphiaraus was honored as Zeus
Amphiaraus at Oropus outside of Thebes, and the Spartans even had a shrine to Zeus Agamemnon. Ancient Molossian kings sacrificed to Zeus Areius
(Αρειος). Strabo mention that at Tralles there was the Zeus Larisaeus (Λαρισαιος).[144]

Non-panhellenic cults

In addition to the Panhellenic titles and conceptions listed above, local cults maintained their own idiosyncratic ideas about the king of gods and men. With the
epithet Zeus Aetnaeus he was worshiped on Mount Aetna, where there was a statue of him, and a local festival called the Aetnaea in his honor.[145] Other
examples are listed below. As Zeus Aeneius or Zeus Aenesius (Αινησιος), he was worshiped in the island of Cephalonia, where he had a temple on Mount
Aenos.[146]

Oracles of Zeus

Although most oracle sites were usually dedicated to Apollo, the heroes, or various goddesses like Themis, a few oracular sites were dedicated to Zeus. In
addition, some foreign oracles, such as Baʿal's at Heliopolis, were associated with Zeus in Greek or Jupiter in Latin.

The Oracle at Dodona

The cult of Zeus at Dodona in Epirus, where there is evidence of religious activity from the second millennium BC
onward, centered on a sacred oak. When the Odyssey was composed (circa 750 BC), divination was done there by
barefoot priests called Selloi, who lay on the ground and observed the rustling of the leaves and branches.[147] By the time
Herodotus wrote about Dodona, female priestesses called peleiades ("doves") had replaced the male priests.

Zeus' consort at Dodona was not Hera, but the goddess Dione — whose name is a feminine form of "Zeus". Her status as
a titaness suggests to some that she may have been a more powerful pre-Hellenic deity, and perhaps the original occupant
of the oracle.

The Oracle at Siwa

The oracle of Ammon at the Siwa Oasis in the Western Desert of Egypt did not lie within the bounds of the Greek world
before Alexander's day, but it already loomed large in the Greek mind during the archaic era: Herodotus mentions
consultations with Zeus Ammon in his account of the Persian War. Zeus Ammon was especially favored at Sparta, where
a temple to him existed by the time of the Peloponnesian War.[148]

After Alexander made a trek into the desert to consult the oracle at Siwa, the figure arose in the Hellenistic imagination of Roman cast terracotta of ram-horned
a Libyan Sibyl. Jupiter Ammon, 1st century AD
(Museo Barracco, Rome).

Zeus and foreign gods

Zeus was identified with the Roman god Jupiter and associated in the syncretic classical
imagination (see interpretatio graeca) with various other deities, such as the Egyptian
Ammon and the Etruscan Tinia. He, along with Dionysus, absorbed the role of the chief
Phrygian god Sabazios in the syncretic deity known in Rome as Sabazius. The Seleucid ruler
Antiochus IV Epiphanes erected a statue of Zeus Olympios in the Judean Temple in
Jerusalem.[150] Hellenizing Jews referred to this statue as Baal Shamen (in English, Lord of
Heaven).[151] Zeus is also identified with the Hindu deity Indra. Not only they are the king of
gods, but their weapon - thunder is similar.[152] Evolution of Zeus Nikephoros ("Zeus holding Nike") on Indo-Greek
coinage: from the Classical motif of Nike handing the wreath of
victory to Zeus himself (left, coin of Heliocles I 145-130 BC), then to
Zeus and the sun a baby elephant (middle, coin of Antialcidas 115-95 BC), and then to
the Wheel of the Law, symbol of Buddhism (right, coin of Menander
Zeus is occasionally conflated with the Hellenic sun god, Helios, who is sometimes either II 90–85 BC).
directly referred to as Zeus' eye,[153] or clearly implied as such. Hesiod, for instance,
describes Zeus' eye as effectively the sun.[154] This perception is possibly derived from
earlier Proto-Indo-European religion, in which the sun is occasionally envisioned as the eye of *Dyḗus Pḥa tḗr (see
Hvare-khshaeta).[155]

The Cretan Zeus Tallaios had solar elements to his cult. "Talos" was the local equivalent of Helios.[156]

Zeus in philosophy
In Neoplatonism, Zeus' relation to the gods familiar from mythology is taught as the Demiurge or Divine Mind,
specifically within Plotinus's work the Enneads[157] and the Platonic Theology of Proclus.

Zeus in the Bible

Zeus as Vajrapāni, the protector of
Zeus is mentioned in the New Testament twice, first in Acts 14:8–13: When the people living in Lystra saw the Apostle the Buddha. 2nd century, Greco-
Paul heal a lame man, they considered Paul and his partner Barnabas to be gods, identifying Paul with Hermes and Buddhist art.[149]
Barnabas with Zeus, even trying to offer them sacrifices with the crowd. Two ancient inscriptions discovered in 1909 near
Lystra testify to the worship of these two gods in that city.[158] One of the inscriptions refers to the "priests of Zeus", and
the other mentions "Hermes Most Great" and "Zeus the sun-god".[159]

The second occurrence is in Acts [Link] the name of the ship in which the prisoner Paul set sail from the island of Malta bore the figurehead "Sons of Zeus" aka
Castor and Pollux.

The deuterocanonical book of 2 Maccabees 6:1, 2 talks of King Antiochus IV (Epiphanes), who in his attempt to stamp out the Jewish religion, directed that the
temple at Jerusalem be profaned and rededicated to Zeus (Jupiter Olympius).[160]

Zeus in Gnostic literature

Pistis Sophia, a Gnostic text discovered in 1773 and possibly written between the 3rd and 4th centuries AD alludes to Zeus. He appears there as one of five grand
rulers gathered together by a divine figure named Yew.[161]

In modern culture

Movies

Zeus was portrayed by Axel Ringvall in Jupiter på jorden, the first known film adaption to feature Zeus; Niall MacGinnis in Jason and the Argonauts[162][163]
and Angus MacFadyen in the 2000 remake;[164] Laurence Olivier in the original Clash of the Titans,[165] and Liam Neeson in the 2010 remake,[166] along with
the 2012 sequel Wrath of the Titans;[167][168] Rip Torn in the Disney animated feature Hercules,[169] Sean Bean in Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The
Lightning Thief (2010).[170]
TV series

Zeus was portrayed by Anthony Quinn in the 1990s TV series Hercules: The Legendary Journeys;[171] Corey Burton in
the TV series Hercules; Hakeem Kae-Kazim in Troy: Fall of a City;[172] and Jason O'Mara in the Netflix animated series
Blood of Zeus.[173]

Video games
Niall MacGinnis as Zeus in Jason
and the Argonauts
Zeus has been portrayed by Corey Burton in God of War II, God of War III, God of War: Ascension, PlayStation All-Stars
Battle Royale & Kingdom Hearts 3[174][175] and Eric Newsome in Dota 2. Zeus is also featured in the 2002 Ensemble
Studios game Age of Mythology where he is one of 12 gods that can be worshipped by Greek players.[176][177]

Zeus is a character in the video game Smite.[178]

Books

Zeus appears in Rick Riordan's Percy Jackson and the Olympians.

Other

Depictions of Zeus as a bull, the form he took when abducting Europa, are found on the Greek 2-euro coin and on the United Kingdom identity card for visa
holders. Mary Beard, professor of Classics at Cambridge University, has criticised this for its apparent celebration of rape.[179]

Genealogy of the Olympians

Olympians' family tree [180]

Uranus Gaia

Uranus' genitals Cronus Rhea

Zeus Hera Poseidon Hades Demeter Hestia

a[181]

b[182]

Ares Hephaestus

Metis

Athena[183]

Leto

Apollo Artemis

Maia

Hermes

Semele

Dionysus

Dione

a[184] b[185]

Aphrodite

Argive genealogy
Argive genealogy in Greek mythology

Inachus Melia
 Zeus Io Phoroneus

Epaphus Memphis

Libya Poseidon

Belus Achiroë Agenor Telephassa

Danaus Elephantis Aegyptus Cadmus Cilix Europa Phoenix

Mantineus Hypermnestra Lynceus Harmonia Zeu

Polydorus

Sparta Lacedaemon Ocalea Abas Agave Sarpedon Rhadamant

Autonoë

Eurydice Acrisius Ino Minos

Zeus Danaë Semele Zeus

Perseus Dionysus

Colour key:

Male
Female
Deity

Gallery

The abduction of Olympian assembly, The "Golden Man" Enthroned Zeus Zeus and Hera Zeus statue
Europa from Zeus from left to right: Zeus statue (Greek, c. 100 BC) -
Apollo, Zeus and modeled after the
Hera Olympian Zeus by
Pheidas (c. 430 BC)

Zeus/Poseidon
statue

See also
 Family tree of the Greek gods
Agetor
Ambulia – Spartan epithet used for Athena, Zeus, and Castor and Pollux
Hetairideia – Thessalian Festival to Zeus
Temple of Zeus, Olympia
Zanes of Olympia – Statues of Zeus

Footnotes
a. British English /zjuːs/;[7] American English /zuːs/[8]
Attic–Ionic Greek: Ζεύς, romanized: Zeús Attic–Ionic pronunciation: [zděu̯ s] or [dzěu̯ s], Koine Greek pronunciation: [zeʍs], Modern Greek
pronunciation: [zefs]; genitive: Δῐός, romanized: Diós [di.ós]
Boeotian Aeolic and Laconian Doric Greek: Δεύς, romanized: Deús Doric Greek: [děu̯ s]; genitive: Δέος, romanized: Déos [dé.os]
Greek: Δίας, romanized: Días Modern Greek: [ˈð[Link]̠]

Notes
1. The sculpture was presented to Louis XIV as Aesculapius but 21. R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p.
restored as Zeus, ca. 1686, by Pierre Granier, who added the 499.
upraised right arm brandishing the thunderbolt. Marble, middle 2nd 22. Harper, Douglas. "Jupiter" ([Link]
century CE. Formerly in the 'Allée Royale', (Tapis Vert) in the er). Online Etymology Dictionary.
Gardens of Versailles, now conserved in the Louvre Museum 23. Burkert (1985). Greek Religion ([Link]
(Official on-line catalog ([Link]
ion0000burk/page/321). p. 321 ([Link]
_not_frame&idNotice=27483))
ion0000burk/page/321). ISBN 0-674-36280-2.
2. Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia, The Book People,
24. "The Linear B word di-we" ([Link]
Haydock, 1995, p. 215.
[Link]?Id=16703). "The Linear B word di-wo" ([Link]
3. Thomas Berry (1996). Religions of India: Hinduism, Yoga, [Link]/[Link]?Id=16635). Palaeolexicon. Word study
Buddhism ([Link] tool of Ancient languages.
Columbia University Press. pp. 20 ([Link]
25. "Plato's Cratylus " ([Link]
nsofindia00berr/page/20)–21. ISBN 978-0-231-10781-5. FMC) by Plato, ed. by David Sedley, Cambridge University Press, 6
4. T. N. Madan (2003). The Hinduism Omnibus ([Link] November 2003, p. 91 ([Link]
om/books?id=EUsqAAAAYAAJ). Oxford University Press. p. 81. 0ZvFMC&lpg=PP1&dq=Plato's%20Cratylus&pg=PA91#v=onepage
ISBN 978-0-19-566411-9. &q&f=false)
5. Sukumari Bhattacharji (2015). The Indian Theogony ([Link] 26. Jevons, Frank Byron (1903). The Makers of Hellas ([Link]
[Link]/books?id=lDc9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA280). Cambridge rg/details/makersofhellascr00geej/mode/2up). C. Griffin, Limited.
University Press. pp. 280–281. pp. 554–555 ([Link]
6. Roshen Dalal (2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide ([Link] de/2up/page/n303/mode/2up?view=theater).
[Link]/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ). Penguin Books. 27. Joseph, John Earl (2000). Limiting the Arbitrary ([Link]
ISBN 9788184752779. Entry: "Dyaus" [Link]/books?id=o1xn5Bb-CacC). ISBN 1556197497.
7. Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "Zeus, n. ([Link] 28. "Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, Books I-V, book 5, chapter
w/Entry/232824)" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1921. 72" ([Link]
8. Zeus ([Link] in [Link]-grc1:5.72). [Link].
the American Heritage Dictionary 29. "ToposText" ([Link] [Link].
9. Hamilton, Edith (1942). Mythology ([Link] 30. "Greek and Roman Mythology.". Mythology: Myths, Legends, &
ogytimeles00hami_1/page/467) (1998 ed.). New York: Back Bay Fantasy. Sweet Water Press. 2003. p. 21. ISBN 9781468265903.
Books. p. 467 ([Link]
31. Pindar, Pythian 8.12–18 ([Link]
1/page/467). ISBN 978-0-316-34114-1. doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoe
10. Homer, Il., Book V. m%3D8).
11. Plato, Symp., 180e. 32. Apollodorus, 1.6.1-2 ([Link]
12. There are two major conflicting stories for Aphrodite's origins: 33. Hesiod, Theogony 820-869 ([Link]
Hesiod's Theogony claims that she was born from the foam of the
34. Pindar, Olympian 4.6–7 ([Link]
sea after Cronos castrated Uranus, making her Uranus's daughter doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoe
but Homer's Iliad has Aphrodite as the daughter of Zeus and
m%3D4).
Dione.[10] A speaker in Plato's Symposium offers that they were
35. Homer, Iliad, Book 1, 395-410 ([Link]
separate figures: Aphrodite Ourania and Aphrodite Pandemos.[11] r/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0134:book=1:card=386)
13. Homeric Hymns.
36. Hesiod, Theogony 507-565 ([Link]
14. Hesiod, Theogony. 37. Hesiod, Works and Days 60–105 ([Link]
15. Burkert, Greek Religion. rn:cts:greekLit:[Link]-eng1:59-82).
16. See, e.g., Homer, Il., I.503 & 533. 38. Leeming, David (2004). Flood | The Oxford Companion to World
17. Pausanias, 2.24.2 ([Link] Mythology ([Link]
Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3 =PA138). Oxford University Press. p. 138. ISBN 9780195156690.
D4%3Asection%3D2). Retrieved 14 February 2019.
18. Νεφεληγερέτα ([Link] 39. "The Gods in the Iliad" ([Link]
eus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=nefelhgere/ta^). Liddell, Henry es/CLAS210/CourseDocuments/Epic/gods_in_the_iliad.htm).
George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus [Link]. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
Project. 40. Homer (1990). The Iliad. South Africa: Penguin Classics.
19. Laërtius, Diogenes (1972) [1925]. "1.11" ([Link] 41. Apollodorus, 2.48-77 ([Link]
edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0258%3Aboo 42. Hyginus, Fabulae 146 ([Link]
k%3D1%3Achapter%3D11). In Hicks, R.D. (ed.). Lives of Eminent
Philosophers. "1.11" ([Link] 43. Hyginus, Fabulae 179 ([Link]
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External links
Greek Mythology Link, Zeus ([Link] stories of Zeus in myth
Theoi Project, Zeus ([Link] summary, stories, classical art
Theoi Project, Cult Of Zeus ([Link] cult and statues
Photo: Pagans Honor Zeus at Ancient Athens Temple ([Link] from
National Geographic

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This page was last edited on 8 December 2021, at 10:55 (UTC).

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