GENDER AND

DEVELOPMENT
AWARENESS
 SCOPE
The Gender and Development (GAD) Evolution
and Legal Mandates
Basic Concepts Related to Gender and
Development (GAD)
Gender Biases and its Manifestations
GAD in the Philippine Army
 THE GENDER AND
DEVELOPMENT (GAD)
EVOLUTION AND LEGAL
MANDATES
 GAD Evolution
(Historical Background)
On the 24th day of October 1945, the UN Charter
mandates signatory-members to promote and encourage
fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to
race, sex, language, or religion

COMMISSION ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN (CSW)

The CSW was established on 21 June 1946. It is the
first global intergovernmental body exclusively dedicated to
the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of
women.
 UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF
HUMAN RIGHTS (UDHR)
Established the first official world-wide recognition of
women’s equality and nondiscrimination on the basis of
sex.
There are basic inalienable rights and fundamental
freedoms that apply to every human being, including that
of women with respect to their rights to equality in
marriage and family relations and right to special care and
assistance.
 WELFARE APPROACH
The Welfare Approach was developed in
[Link] the protection of women in
performing their reproductive functions,
focusing on healthcare and nutrition. However,
as women’s role evolved, from purely
reproductive to productive, another issue
confronting women with respect to their
productive roles emerged.
 WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT (WID)
APPROACH
It is based on a liberal feminist
framework particularly influential in North
America.
It focuses on the integration of women
into the workforce which increases their level
of productivity, thereby improving their lives.
 WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT
(WAD)
It was conceptualized in 1975. The WAD
originated in Mexico, and highlighted the relation
between patriarchy and capitalism.
It is focused on the relationship between
women and development processes rather than
purely strategies that seek women’s integration in
development.
 WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT
(WAD)
WAD was unsuccessful in bridging the gap in
power relations between women and men, as the
said development approach, like WID, only focused
on women. WAD also tended to group women
together without considering the impact of class,
race or ethnicity on women’s status.
 GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

GAD was developed in response to the lack of

progress of WID and WAD in changing women’s
lives and in influencing the broader development
agenda. It challenged the WID’s/WAD’s focus on
women in isolation and seeing women’s real
problem as the imbalance of power between women
and men.
 INTERNATIONAL GAD LEGAL
MANDATES
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)
Beijing Platform for Action
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Sustainable Development Goals 2030
United Nations Social Security Council Resolution (UNSCR)
1325
United Nations Social Security Council Resolution (UNSCR)
1820
 CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF
ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION
AGAINST WOMEN (CEDAW)

An international instrument adopted in

1979 by the UN General Assembly, and is
described as the international bill of rights for
women, as it defines what constitutes
discrimination against women and sets up an
agenda for national action to end such
discrimination.
 The only human rights treaty that affirms
the reproductive rights of women and targets
culture and tradition as influential forces
shaping gender roles and family relations.
As a signatory to the Convention, the
Philippines have been reporting regularly to the
UN committee on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women.
 THE FOLLOWING ARE THE RIGHTS OF
WOMEN GUARANTEED BY CEDAW:

Right to good quality education (Articles 10-14)

Right to comprehensive health services, including
family planning (Articles 11, 12 and 14)
Right to access loans and other forms of financial
credits (Articles 13-14)
Right to join leisure, sports and cultural activities
(Articles 10, 13-14)
Right to represent the country internationally (Article 8)
Right to acquire, change or retain nationality and
citizenship (Article 9)
Right to decide on the number of children and on the
number of years between pregnancies (Article 16)
Right to shared parenting responsibilities (Articles 5 to
16)
Right to have equal access to jobs, benefits and social
security (Articles 11 and 14)
 Right to be paid equally based on the work they do
(Article 11)
 Right to be free from all forms of violence whether
physical, sexual, emotional, mental or economic
(General Recommendation 12 and 19)
 Right to be free from all forms of slavery and
prostitution (Article 6)
 Right to vote, run for election and hold public office
(Article 7)
 BEIJING PLATFORM FOR ACTION
The platform was signed by the different
state parties in 1995 in Beijing, China. It
contains the 12 Critical Areas of Concern that
state parties must focus on in the
implementation of their development
initiatives to uphold the rights of women and
girl children.
 12 Critical Areas of Concern of the
Beijing Platform for Action:
12. Institutional mechanisms
1. Poverty
2. Education, training and human resource
development
3. Health
4. Violence Against Women
5. Armed Conflict
6. Economy

7. Power and decision-making

8. Human rights
9. Media
10. Environment
11. Girl child
 Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs)
The world’s time-bound and quantified targets for
2015 in addressing extreme poverty in its many
dimensions - income poverty, hunger, disease, lack of
adequate shelter, and exclusion - while promoting
gender equality, education and environmental
sustainability.
The MDGs have eight goals with measurable
targets and clear deadlines for improving the lives of
the world’s poorest people.
 The eight goals of MDG:
1. Eradicate extreme poverty
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
7. Ensure environment sustainability
8. Global partnership for development
 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
GOALS 2030
Adopted by the world leaders in
September 2015 at the Historic UN
Summit. It contained 17 Sustainable
Development Goals, and was released
by UN in January 1, 2016.
 The 17 SDGs are the following:
1. No poverty
2. Zero Hunger
3. Good Health and Well-being
4. Quality education
5. Gender Equality
6. Clean water and sanitation
7. Affordable and clean energy
8. Decent work and economic growth
9. Industry, innovation and infrastructure
10. Reduced inequalities
11. Sustainable cities and communities
12. Responsible consumption and production
13. Climate action
14. Life below water
15. Life on land
16. Peace and justice and strong institutions
17. Partnership for the goals
 Gender and Development is covered by
Sustainable Development Goal Number 5 (Gender
Equality), which seeks to address key challenges
such as poverty, inequality and violence against
women.
Goal 5 is known as the stand-alone goal
because it is dedicated to achieving recognition to
women’s equality and empowerment as both the
objective, and as part of the solution.
 UNITED NATIONS SOCIAL SECURITY
COUNCIL RESOLUTION (UNSCR) 1325

UNSCR 1325 (2000) is a landmark resolution

on women, peace and security as it was the first
formal and legal document from the Security
Council that required parties in a conflict to
prevent violations of women’s rights, to support
women’s participation in peace negotiations and in
post-conflict reconstructions, and to protect women
and girls from sexual and gender-based violence.
 UNITED NATIONS SOCIAL SECURITY
COUNCIL RESOLUTION (UNSCR) 1820

UNSCR 1820 (2008) was unanimously adopted by

the council on 19 June 2008. It condemns the use of
sexual violence as a tool of war, and declares that
“rape and other forms of sexual violence can constitute
war crimes, crimes against humanity or a constitutive
act with respect to genocide”.
The adoption of the resolution marked the first
time that the UN explicitly linked sexual violence as a
tactic of war with women, peace, and security issues.
 LOCAL MANDATES ON GAD
The Constitution of the Republic of the
Philippines (1987)
Executive Order No. 384 (1989)
Executive Order No. 273 (1995)
Republic Act 7192 (1992)
The Philippine National Action Plan on UNSCRs
1325 & 1820: 2011-2016
 The Constitution of the Republic
of the Philippines (1987)

Which provides that “The state

recognizes the role of women in
nation-building, and shall ensure
the fundamental equality before
the law of women and men.
 EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 384
(1989)
Which approves and adopted the
Philippine Development Plan for Women
for 1989 to 1992. This law mandated the
creation of Gender and Development
(GAD) Focal Points within an agency, a
sector or a locality.
 EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 273
(1995)
Is signed by former President Fidel V.
Ramos, adopted the 1995-2025
Philippine Plan for Gender Responsive
Development. The PPGD is the 30-year
plan of the Philippine government to
ensure that gender perspective will be
mainstreamed in its systems, structures,
policies, programs, and projects.
 REPUBLIC ACT 7192
(1992)
Otherwise known as the Women in
Development and Nation-Building Act,
which promotes the integration of
women as full and equal partners of
men in development and nation
building.
 THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL ACTION PLAN
ON UNSCRS 1325 & 1820: 2011-2016
Which is the Philippine government’s response to
the three-landmark international normative standards
on women, peace and security, namely, 1325 (2000) or
the Women, Peace and Security, 1820 (2000) on
Addressing the Issue of Widespread or Systematic
Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict, and 1888 (2009) on
the Designation for a Special Representative to the
Secretary-General on Ending Sexual Violence in Armed
Conflict.
 BASIC CONCEPTS
RELATED TO GENDER
AND DEVELOPMENT
(GAD)
 SEX VS. GENDER
Definition of Sex
“Natural distinguishing variable based on
biological characteristics of being a man or a
woman”
It primarily refers to biological attributes,
hence, it is biologically determined by genes
and hormones
As a natural attribute that a person is
born with, sex is same across all cultures and
race, and cannot be changed.
Definition of Gender
It is the socially differentiated roles,
characteristics and expectations attributed by culture
to women and men.
It is created, produced, reproduced, and
maintained by social institutions, a process otherwise
referred to as the social construction of gender
something that is learned and acquired. Hence,
gender changes from country to country and varies
through time
GENDER BIASES AND ITS
MANIFESTATIONS
 GENDER BIAS
“... cultural beliefs, perceptions,
practices, values, roles, attitudes, and
structural arrangements that favor one
sex over the other, not on the basis of
individual merits but on what society
recognizes as having greater value.”
 Discrimination is defined as:
Overt behavior in which people are given
different and unfavorable treatment on the
basis of their race, class, sex, and cultural
status.
Any practice, policy or procedure that
denies equality of treatment to an individual
or group.
 MARGINALIZATION
This happens when women’s work, especially
their reproductive functions of child bearing, child
rearing and family care and housework, are not
considered as directly contributing to economic
development, making their outputs unrecognized
and undervalued. It also happens when women
are considered as non-essential force in the
economy despite their crucial role in production.
 SUBORDINATION
This refers to the act of imposing that
power and leadership in the home,
community, workplace, and in the
society, must be occupied by men. This
often results in women having no control
over available resources and in having no
personal autonomy.
 GENDER STEREOTYPING
Gender Stereotyping refers to the giving of
automatic labels, characteristics or roles to men and
women that are dictated by culture and society.
It is the society’s perceptions and value systems
that instill an image of women as weak, dependent,
subordinate, indecisive, emotional and submissive.
Men, on the other hand, are strong, independent,
powerful, dominant, decisive and logical.
 GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR

The allocation of differential

tasks, roles, responsibilities and
activities to women and men
according to what is considered
socially and culturally appropriate.
 MULTIPLE BURDEN
A situation referring to the heavy
workload of women and the many,
overlapping tasks involved, which if computed
in terms of hours would total more than 24
hours.
It also refers to the assumption and
performance of several tasks and
responsibilities of women
 GENDER BASED VIOLENCE
It is an umbrella term for any harm that is
perpetrated against a person’s will as a result of
power inequities based on gender roles.
Physical abuse, psychological abuse, economic
abuse, rape, sexual harassment, other forms of
sexual violations, dowry-related violence, and any
discriminatory cultural practices perpetrated
against women and girl children such as female
genital mutilation.
 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING
GENDER BIASES
Family
School
Tri-Media
Church
Government
RESPONDING TO GENDER
ISSUES
 GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
It is a development perspective and process
that upholds the concepts of participatory decision-
making, empowerment, equity in the distribution of
resources and opportunities, freedom from
violence, respect for human rights, and support for
self-determination and actualization of human
potentials, thus promoting gender equality
(Republic Act 9710, 2010).
 GAD upholds the following Core Principles
of People-Centered Development:

Principle of Participation
In decision-making means that all
sectors must be able to participate in the
development process and benefit from
the results of development
Principle of empowerment
Empowerment is defined as the “collective
and individual process of women and men
having control over lives, setting their own
agendas, gaining skills, building self-
confidence, solving problems and developing
self-reliance”.
Principle of equity
In the distribution of resources and opportunities,
equity means fairness. It means that no individual or
groups of people should be asked to carry a greater burden
than the rest of the community as a result of government
actions.
Equity is used in determining the amount of
development inputs, while Equality is used to measure
development outputs as a result of the equitable
distribution of resources. This explains the statement,
“Equity is the means, Equality is the end”
Principle of Freedom from Violence and Respect
for Human Rights
This principle upholds that no person in the society
shall be violated by reason of his/her sex, sexual
orientation, class, status or race.
Freedom from violence and respect for human
rights means that all forms of violence (physical, sexual,
psychological, economic, and other discriminatory
cultural practices that foster violence against women
and girl children) must be stopped.
Principle of Support for Self-Determination
and Actualization of Human Potentials
This principle means that every individual is
able to actualize their human potentials beyond
basic needs. Such individual state or condition
could only be achieved if every person shall be
given the opportunity for effective and efficient
education, training and reward.
 GENDER AND
DEVELOPMENT IN THE
PHILIPPINE ARMY
 Reasons Why the Philippine
Army Should Engage in GAD

A. Gender Equality is a primary concern which

is mandated by international and national laws

Significant implications on military operations,

strategic, operational and tactical levels, in and
outside the organization, in combatant and non-
combatant situations, and in war and peacetime.
B. The underlying principles of GAD is
founded on Human Rights

The government and its instrumentalities,

including the AFP, along with civil society and
business sectors, pursue human rights through
their respective organizational mandates, and legal
and institutional mechanisms.
C. Existence of biases in women
and men

Constraints the full and equal

development of both sexes.
D. Gender and armed conflict is a major
critical concern

Identified in the 1995 UN Platform of Action on

Women. Further, the Geneva Convention for the Protection
of Civilians in Time of War (1949) and Additional Protocols
of 1977 provide that women shall especially be protected
against any attack on their honor, in particular against
humiliating and degrading treatment, rape, enforced
prostitution or any form of indecent acts.
E. Men have important roles and stakes in
advancing gender equality

As fathers, sons, partners, spouses and

workers as well as advocates of rights, and
guardians of territories and people.
F. Gender equality is an indicator of good
governance and a requisite for sustainable
human development

These are values and objectives pursued by the

military especially in “winning the peace” and
becoming a “professional army worthy of national
pride”.
 END OF
PRESENTATION
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
A. MAP - is a graphical representation of the earth
surface drawn to scale as seen from above. Man-made
and natural features are defected by symbols, colors,
lines and forms.

B. MAP READING - is the knowledge and skills

necessary to interpret correctly and efficiently map
information.
C. MAP SYMBOL - is a sign composed of
diagram, number, letter, abbreviation, colors,
or combination thereof which is used to
identify and distinguish a particular military
unit, activity or installation. Topographic
Symbols are simple standard drawing by
which terrain features such as valleys,
mountains, hills, water features, ate are
shown on a map.
 PURPOSE
A map provides information on the
existence and location of and the distance
between group features such as populated
place and routes of travel and
communication. It also indicates variations
in terrain, heights of natural features and
the extent of vegetation cover.
 It is necessary to rely on maps to provide
information to our combat elements and to
resolve logistical operations far from our
shores. Troops and materials must be
transported, stored, and place into operation
at the proper time and place. Therefore, any
operations require the supply of maps; however,
the finest maps available are worthless unless
the map user knows how to read them.
 SECURITY
All maps should be considered as documents
that require special handling. If a map falls into
unauthorized hands, it could easily endanger
military operations by providing information of
friendly plans or areas of interest to the enemy.
Even more important would be a map on which the
movements or positions of friendly Soldiers were
marked. It is possible, even though the markings
on a map have been erased, to determine some of
the erased information.
 If a map is no longer needed, it must
be turned in to the proper authority. If a
map is in danger of being captured, it
must be destroyed. The best method of
destruction is by burning it and
scattering the ashes. If burning is not
possible, the map can be torn into small
pieces and scattered over a wide area.
 Maps are documents that
must not fall into
unauthorized hands.
 PROTECTION OF MAP
• Protect from water, mud & tearing.
• Map should be carried in waterproof cases, in
pocket or in place where it is handy for use.
• If you put a mark on a map, use of pencil.
• Use light lines so they maybe erased easily
without smearing and smudging, or leaving marks
that may later cause confusion.
• Should be folded properly.
 CATEGORIES OF MAP
ACCORDING TO SCALE
SCALE - is expressed as a fraction and
gives the ratio of map distance to the
ground distance.
Small Scale
Medium Scale
Large Scale
(1) SMALL. Maps with scales of
1:1,000,000 and smaller are used for
general planning and for strategic
studies (bottom map in Figure 2-1). The
standard small-scale map is 1:1,000,000.
This map covers a very large land area at
the expense of detail.
(2) MEDIUM. Maps with scales larger than
1:1,000,000 but smaller than 1:75,000 are
used for operational planning (center map in
Figure 2-1). They contain a moderate amount
of detail, but terrain analysis is best done
with the large-scale maps. The standard
medium scale map is 1:250,000. Medium-
scale maps of 1:100,000 are also frequently
encountered.
(3) LARGE. Maps with scales of 1:75,000
and larger are used for tactical,
administrative, and logistical planning (top
map in Figure 2-1). These are the maps
that you as a Soldier or junior leader are
most likely to encounter. The standard
large-scale map is 1:50,000; however,
many areas have been mapped at a scale of
1:25,000.
 MILITARY MAP SUBSTITUTES
If military maps are not available, use
substitute maps. The substitute maps can
range from foreign military or commercial
maps to field sketches. The NGA can provide
black and white reproductions of many
foreign maps and can produce its own maps
based upon intelligence.
 MILITARY MAP SUBSTIITUTE
A. Foreign Maps. Foreign maps have been compiled by
nations other than our own.
B. Atlases. Atlases are collections of maps of regions,
countries, continents, or the world.
C. Geographic Maps. Geographic maps provide an overall
idea of the mapped area in relation to climate,
population, relief, vegetation, and hydrography.
D. Tourist Road Maps. Tourist road maps are maps of a
region in which the main means of transportation and
areas of interest are shown
 MILITARY MAP SUBSTIITUTE
E. City/Utility Maps. City/utility maps are maps
of urban areas showing streets, water ducts,
electricity and telephone lines, and sewers.
F. Field Sketches. Field sketches are preliminary
drawings of an area or piece of terrain.
G. Aerial Photographs. Aerial photographs can be
used as map supplements or substitutes to help
you analyze the terrain, plan your route, or guide
your movement.
 SHEET NAME
TOP
CENTER -
sheet name
or name of a
particular
area.
 SERIES NAME AND SCALE
UPPER LEFT -
series names and
scale. The series is
the name of the SCALE

large area of which SERIES

NAME
this particular map
sheet is a part.
 SERIES NUMBER AND SERIAL
NUMBER
TOP RIGHT -
sheet number
and serial
number.
 CONTOUR INTERVAL NOTE

BOTTOM CENTER
- information on
contour
intervals.
 MARGINAL INFORMATION
•TO THE RIGHT OF
GRID INFORMATION
– declination diagram
showing the
relationship among
the three (3) types of
north.
 MARGINAL INFORMATION
LOWER LEFT -
series number
repeated,
edition number
and date.
 ADJOINING SHEETS
LOWER RIGHT –
coverage diagram
showing method of
revision and
photography for the
map: index to
boundaries, INDEX TO
ADJOINING SHEETS.
 LEGEND
LOWER LEFT -
Legend. The
legend is partial
listing and
interpretation of
the symbols used
in the map.
 SCALE AND DISTANCE
Graphic (Bar) Scales
Secondary Scale Primary Scale
Meters 1000 0 1 2 3 4 5 Kilometers

1 ½ 0 1 2 3 Substitute Miles

1 ½ 0 1 2 3 Nautical miles

 Transferring map distance to paper strip

 Measuring straight-line map distance
 Measuring curved lines
 METHOD OF EXPRESSING DIRECTIONS

Degree – the most common unit of

angular measure.
Mil – used in arty, tank & mortar
gunnery.
Grad – a metric unit of measure
found on some foreign maps.
 BASE LINES
In order to measure something, there
must always be a starting point or zero
measurement. To express direction as a unit
of angular measure, there must be a starting
point or zero measure and a point of
reference. These two points designate the
base or reference line. There are three base
lines ⎯ true north, magnetic north, and grid
north
A. TRUE NORTH. True north
is defined as a line from any
point on the earth’s surface
to the north pole. All lines of
longitude are true north
lines. True north is usually
represented by a star.
B. MAGNETIC NORTH. Magnetic
north is the direction to the north
magnetic pole, as indicated by the
north-seeking needle of a magnetic
instrument. The magnetic north is
usually symbolized by a line ending
with half of an arrowhead. Magnetic
readings are obtained with magnetic
instruments such as lensatic and M2
compasses.
C. GRID NORTH. Grid
north is the north that is
established by using the
vertical grid lines on the
map. Grid north may be
symbolized by the letters GN
or the letter “y”.
 AZIMUTHS
An azimuth is defined as a horizontal
angle measured clockwise from a north
base line. This north base line could be
true north, magnetic north, or grid north.
The azimuth is the most common
military method to express direction.
 0 or 360O

90O
270O

180O
 BACK AZIMUTH
A back azimuth is the opposite
direction of an azimuth. It is comparable
to doing “about face.” To obtain a back
azimuth from an azimuth, add 180
degrees if the azimuth is 180 degrees or
less; subtract 180 degrees if the azimuth
is 180 degrees or more
 TYPES OF COMPASSES
A. The lensatic compass is the most common and
simplest instrument for measuring direction.
B. The artillery M2 compass is a special-purpose
instrument designed for accuracy.
C. The wrist/pocket compass is a small magnetic
compass that can be attached to a wristwatch
band. It contains a north-seeking arrow and a
dial in degrees.
LENSATIC COMPASS
 COMPASS HANDLING
A. INSPECTION. A detailed inspection is
required when first obtaining and using
a compass.
[Link] OF METAL AND
ELECTRICITY. Metal objects and
electrical sources can affect the
performance of a compass.
C. ACCURACY. A compass in good working condition
is very accurate. However, a compass has to be
checked periodically on a known line of direction,
such as a surveyed azimuth, using a declination
station. Compasses with more than 3 degrees
variation should not be used.
D. PROTECTION. If traveling with the compass
unfolded, make sure the rear sight is fully folded
down onto the bezel ring. This will lock the floating
dial and prevent vibration, as well as protect the
crystal and rear sight from damage.
Centerhold technique.
 ORIENTATION OF MAP
A map is oriented when
in a horizontal position and its
north and all map lines are
parallel to their corresponding
lines on the ground.
A. ORIENTATION BY COMPASS – place
the map on the flat surface and draw
the MN line and follow these steps:
1) Open the compass and place it over
the MN lines that the sightings wire in the
front sight cover is nearest the top if the
map and is directly over the MN line that
has been drawn.
2) Turn the map taking care
not to move the compass from its
position over the MN line, until
the north arrow of the compass is
aligned with the index line of the
inner glass.
B. ORIENTATION BY INSPECTION
– carefully examine the map and
ground for features that are
common to both map and ground.
Align the features on the map with
the same features on the ground.
The map is oriented.
FIRST AID
Is the immediate treatment
administered to a victim of injury
or illness before the services of a
doctor or corpsman can be
obtained.
 FOUR LIFE
SAVINGS STEPS:
1. STOP THE BLEEDING
by elevating, direct pressure
and by applying tourniquet.

2. PROTECT THE WOUND

by applying first aid dressing.
3. PREVENT OR TREAT SHOCK
Keep the victim lying down with
his/her hear lower than the body. Loosen
any tilt clothing. Keep the casualty’s
convertible warm by wrapping with
blanket. If she/he is unconscious, place
him at his/her sides, prevent checking on
vomits and other fluid. Give him fluid by
mouth with warm stimulants such as
coffee, tea or cocoa, remember Alcohol is
not stimulants fluid.
4. RESTORE BREATHING
If a casualty stop breathing you
must give artificial respiration
immediately. The sooner you begin
artificial respiration, the more likely
you are to succeed in restoring
breathing.
 CLIMATIC INJURIES
1. COLD WEATHER INJURY
2. DRY/HUMID WEATHER INJURY
 HYPOTHERMIA
Exposure to extreme cold
for a short time or moderate
cold for a long time can cause
hypothermia.
MILD HYPOTHERMIA
The patient will present
with cold skin and shivering
and will still be alert and
oriented.
 FIRST AID FOR MILD
HYPOTHERMIA
Check responsiveness.
 Cover the patient with a warm blanket.
 Apply hot compress.
 Check vital signs.
 Refer to a physician.
SEVERE HYPOTHERMIA
Patients may become
unresponsive. This is a true
medical emergency that can lead
to death.
 FIRST AID FOR SEVERE
HYPOTHERMIA
Check responsiveness.
 Check ABC, perform CPR if
needed.
 Care for shock.
 Refer to a physician.
 HEAT CRAMPS
A muscular pain and spasm due largely
to loss of salt from the body in sweating or
too inadequate intake of salt. The cramps
are more severe if the victim has drunk a
large quantity of tap water or soft drinks
without replacing the salt deficiency, in
which case severe mental confusion and
even convulsions may develop.
HEAT EXHAUSTION
A response to heat
characterized by fatigue,
weakness, and collapse due to
inadequate intake of water to
compensate for loss of fluids
through sweating.
 FIRST AID FOR DRY/HUMID
WEATHER INJURY
 Have the victim rest with his or her
feet elevated.
 Cool the victim.
 Give the victim electrolyte beverages to
sip or make a salted drink.
Monitor the victim for signs of
shock.
 If the victim starts having seizures,
protect him/her from injury and give
first aid for convulsions.
 If the victim loses consciousness,
give first aid for unconsciousness.
HEAT STROKE or SUNSTROKE
A response to heat
characterized by extremely high
body temperature and
disturbance of sweating
mechanism.
 FIRST AID FOR HEAT STROKE or
SUNSTROKE
Cool the victim.
 Give First Aid for Shock.
 If the victim starts having seizures, give
first aid for seizures.
 Keep the victim cool as you await medical
help.
 ALLERGIES
An allergy is an immune
system response to a foreign
substance that’s not typically
harmful to your body. These foreign
substances are called allergens. They
can include certain foods, pollen, or
pet dander.
INSECT/ANIMAL
BITES
 STINGER BEE
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Stinger may be present.
Swelling
Pain
Possible allergic reaction.
 FIRST AID FOR STINGER BEE
1. Scrape stinger off.
2. Wash wound.
3. Cover the wound.
4. Apply a cold pack.
5. Watch for signals of Allergic
reaction.
SPIDER BITE/SCORPION STING
SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
•Bite mark.
•Pain
•Swelling
•Nausea and vomiting
•Difficulty breathing or
swallowing.
 FIRST AID FOR SPIDER BITES &
SCORPION STING

1. Wash wound.
2. Apply a cold pack
3. Get medical care to receive antivenin.
4. Call local emergency number, if
necessary.
 SNAKE BITES
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
General discoloration on the skin due to destruction, RBC
Marked pain and swelling
General weakness and paralysis
Shortness of vision
Dimness of vision
Dropping of eyelids
Slurring of speech
Nausea and Vomiting
Shock
Increase salvation and sweating
 FIRST AID FOR SNAKE BITES
1. Keep the victim from not moving around.
2. Keep the victim calm as possible, preferably lying down.
3. Immobilize the bitten area and keep it at or below head
level.
4. Apply tourniquet 2-4 inches above the bitten area, but not
around the joint and around the head, neck or trunk.
5. Cut should be 1/8 inch deep and1/4 wide directly over
each fang marked or bite.
6. Transport the victim immediately to the nearest hospital as
soon as possible.
 POISONING
1. Swallowed – Antidote is to dilute with water or milk to
lessen the concentration of the poison. Milk coats the
lining of the intestines.
2. Inhaled – Proper ventilation at once (open air).
Contacted poison – Wash at once with soap and
water. Bath soap is recommended.
3. Snake Bite. Immediately expose the wound then
remove clothing, remove shoes, remove casualty’s jewelry
and place it in casualty’s pocket.
 DETERMINE THE NATURE OF BITE

1. Non-poisonous. Four to six

rows of teeth - No fang marks on
victim.
2. Poisonous. Two rows of teeth -
Two fangs which create puncture
wound.
TREATMENT:
1. NON-POISONOUS. Cleanse/disinfect
wound. Use soap and water or an antiseptic
solution. Use iodine (if casualty is not allergic
to it)
2. POISONOUS. Rest the casualty/have
casualty lie down. Keep casualty still to delay
venom absorption. Apply broad bandage.
Keep bitten part below heart level. Immobilize
the limb and bring transport to casualty
Caution:
If the bite cannot be
positively identified as
poisonous or non-poisonous,
treat as a poisonous bite.
Don’ts:
1. Cut or incise wound
2. Apply tourniquet
3. Wash bitten area
Prevention:
Avoidance – know where the
snake rests like near the logs or in
heavy brush (vegetation) and or In
Rocky Edges (reef)
HEAD AND NECK
INJURIES
 HEAD INJURIES
A head injury is any trauma to
the scalp, skull or brain. Injuries
may range from a bump on the
head to a traumatic brain
injury. Head injuries may be
closed or open.
CLOSED HEAD INJURIES - are often
the result of a hard blow to the head
from striking an object, but the object
did not break the skull.
AN OPEN (OR PENETRATING) HEAD
INJURY - is often the result of an object
hitting your head and breaking your
skull and entering the brain.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF
HEAD INJURIES
Head injuries may include
concussions, scalp wounds and skull
fractures. Concussions are the most
common type of traumatic brain injury
with 1 in 6 injury-related hospital
admissions every year.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF
HEAD INJURIES
Head injuries may include
concussions, scalp wounds and skull
fractures. Concussions are the most
common type of traumatic brain injury
with 1 in 6 injury-related hospital
admissions every year.
 NECK INJURIES
A neck injury is any
damage to the neck
including soft tissue, bone,
spinal column and nerves.
 The most common neck injuries
include a crick in the neck, a muscle
strain, a neck sprain, whiplash, a
herniated disc, a neck fracture (break in
a cervical bone), a cervical dislocation,
stingers and burners (temporary injuries
to the nerve root or brachial plexus), and
a spinal cord injury.
 The first three listed are soft
tissue injuries that can be mild,
moderate, or severe and are graded,
meaning they range from mild to
severe. The most severe cases may
require emergent medical treatment
due to pain or risk of fracture or
vertebral dislocation.
 BASIC SURVIVAL
(Field Expedient Direction Finding)
Survival is the action of staying alive in the
field with limited resources. You must try to
survive when you become separated from your
unit, are evading the enemy, or during the time
you are a prisoner. Survival requires knowledge
of how to live off the land and take care of you.
Direction
the position toward which someone or
something moves or faces:

the area or position that someone is in.

4 Common ways of Finding Direction

1. Watch method
2. Shadow Method
3. Star Method
4. Bark Method
END OF PRESENTATION

Thank you for listening!!!

By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

SOCIAL MEDIA

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

HPA Letter Directive dated 10 May 2018, Subject:

Revised Policy on the Use of Social Media.

Internet and Social Media

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

mins
This session will consume
40 minutes without break

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

At the end of the session, learners will be

able to discuss information that cannot be
posted online in accordance with the Revised
Policy on the Use of Social Media.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

Raise you questions anytime

Please go out silently to attend

personal necessities

Mobile phones should be in

silent mode

Drinks and foods are authorized

If dozing, exercise at the back

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

In case of fire, proceed calmly in front of

the Admin Building for mustering.

In case of an earthquake,
DROP where you are, onto your hands and knees to avoid
being knocked down and allows you to stay low and crawl to
shelter if nearby.

COVER your head and neck with one arm and hand. Stay
on your knees and crawl underneath a nearby sturdy table
for shelter.

HOLD ON until the shaking stop. Get out and proceed

in front of the Admin Building for mustering.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

Definition of Terms

Discuss
• What Can Be Posted
• What Shall Not Be Posted
• Safety and Security on Social Media
Check on Learning

Summary

Assessment

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

Social media - refers to computer-mediated technologies

that facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas
and other forms of expressions, and content via social media
platforms and virtual networks.

OPSEC or Operational Security - refers to all measures

taken to maintain security and tactical surprise. It includes
counter surveillance, physical security, signal security, and
information security.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

Official Statement, press releases including official photos & videos.

UNCLASSIFIED and releasable information.

Commenting, posting and linking of information that conforms with

basic rules of “AFP Code of Conduct.”

Upcoming unit programs or projects that are of public interest

Speeches or remarks of Unit Commanders during conferences,

seminars and summits

Heroic deeds of personnel particularly during awarding ceremonies or

visiting of Unit Commanders to WIA soldiers.

Soldiers or Unit conducting CMO activities.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

Unverified info such as fake news

Classified as “”Top Secret,” “Secret,” “Confidential,” or “Restricted”

Pornographic Content

Opinion

Family Quarrels

Operational info that will violates operational security

Rants and gripes

Gossips and rumors regarding the organization

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

Not everyone on social media reflects their true name and identity

Due diligence shall be observed when posting info related to operations

Specific and detailed location of a unit shall not be posted

Personal security is paramount

Army personnel are also responsible to remind their families.

“Think before you click”

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

Identify if the information

can be posted or
cannot be posted

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

Cannot be posted

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

Cannot be posted

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

Can be posted

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

[Link] muna kami sa Aguid, Sagada, Mt. [Link]

signal dun mahal.

Cannot be posted

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

Definition of Terms

What Can Be Posted

What Shall Not Be Posted

Safety and Security on

Social Media

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

5 mins Short Quiz

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

True or False
Instruction: On the space provided, write T if the statement is true, write F if the statement is false:

T 1. Social media refers to computer-mediated technologies that facilitate the creation and
______
sharing of information, ideas and other forms of expressions, and content.
T 2. OPSEC or Operational Security refers to all measures taken to maintain security and
______
tactical surprise.
F 3. Official Statement, press releases including official photos & videos cannot be
______
shared/posted on social media.
F 4. Unverified info such as fake news can be shared/posted on social media.
______
T 5. Gossips and rumors regarding the organization cannot be shared/posted on social media.
______
T 6. Operational information that will violates operational security cannot be shared/posted on
______
social media.
F 7. Family quarrels can be shared/posted on social media.
______
F 8. Everyone on social media reflects their true name and identity.
______
T 9. Specific and detailed location of a unit should not be posted online.
______
T [Link] personnel are also responsible to remind their families.
______

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

Learners were able to discuss information

that cannot be posted online in accordance
with the Revised Policy on the Use of Social
Media.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 OBJECTIVES

• TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE

– Identify the role of the AFP in Disaster Risk Reduction
Management
• ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE
– ELO 1: Describe the types of hazards and its effect.
– ELO 2: Identify Different emergency environment.
– ELO 3 : Describe the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction
Management System. (C1)
– ELO 4: Identify safety and security awareness
 REFERENCES

RA 10121: Philippine Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Act of
2010.
National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Plan (NDRRMP) s2011.
 SCOPE
Definition of Terms
Types of Hazards and Effect
Usage of the Hazard Map
Other Emergency Environment
National Disaster Risk Management Council
AFP’s Role in Disaster Management and
Response
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

HAZARD
A hazard is a source or a
situation with the potential for
harm in terms of human injury or
ill-health, damage to property,
damage to the environment, or a
combination of these.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

HAZARD
A hazard is a potential source of
harm. Substances, events, or
circumstances can constitute hazards
when their nature would allow them,
even just theoretically, to cause
damage to health, life, property, or
any other interest of value
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

HAZARD MANAGEMENT
Is the process which improves
worker safety by providing
measures to reduce fatalities and
injuries to workers in the field of
transportation construction and
maintenance tasks etc.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
HAZARD RESPONSE
The response section of the hazard
cycle is focused on the immediate needs
of the population, such as the protection
of life and property and includes
firefighting, emergency medical response,
evacuation and transportation,
decontamination, and the provision of
food, water and shelter to victims.
 HAZARDS AND EFFECTS
CHEMICAL HAZARD
Hazardous chemicals are substances that
can cause adverse health effects such as
poisoning, breathing problems, skin rashes,
allergic reactions, allergic sensitization,
cancer, and other health problems from
exposure.
Many hazardous chemicals are also classified
as dangerous goods. These can cause fires,
explosions, corrosion, and hazardous
reactions if not handled safely.
 HAZARDS AND EFFECTS

SAFETY HAZARD
Safety hazards encompass any type
of substance, condition or object that
can injure workers. They can include
spills on floors, walkways blocked by
cords or boxes, falls from heights,
machinery with moving parts,
confined spaces and electrical
hazards such as frayed cords.
 HAZARDS AND EFFECTS
BIOLOGICAL
Employees who work with
other people, with animals or
with infectious materials can
be exposed to biological
hazards such as blood, fungi,
mold, viruses and animal
droppings.
 HAZARDS AND EFFECT

ERGONOMIC
Ergonomic related musculoskeletal
disorders (MSDs) account for 33% of
all employee injury and illness cases.
These types of hazards occur when
repetitive work, the type of work, or a
certain position strains the body.
These are the most difficult hazards to
spot because problems build up over
time.
 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

PHYSICAL
A physical hazard can injure
workers with or without contact.
These types of hazards include
radiation, working in extreme heat
or cold, spending hours under the
sun or being constantly exposed to
loud noise.
 USAGE OF
HAZARD MAP
HAZARD MAPS
It provide important information to help
people understand the risks of
natural hazards and to help mitigate
disasters. Hazard maps indicate the extent of
expected risk areas, and can be combined with
disaster management information such as
evacuation sites, evacuation routes, and so forth.
 TYPES OF HAZARD MAP

[Link] Map
[Link] Map
[Link] Map
[Link] Map
[Link] Map
 HAZARD MAP

Hazard maps
include a time
frame/likelihood
reference.
 RISK MAP

Risk maps show the

consequences of an event
with a likelihood scale.
 SUSCEPTIBILITY MAPS
These maps combine different
factors which contribute to a hazard, to
give an indication of where hazard is
more likely to occur. No time factor
associated with a susceptibility map
(unlike hazard map).
 INVENTORY MAP
Inventory maps show a
collection of events that have
occurred at a location. The
location of previous events is a
good indicator of where future
events may occur, and allows
analyses and testing of
susceptibility, hazard, and risk
analyses.
DISASTER. Is defined
as something (such as
flood, tornado, fire,
plane crash, etc.) that
happens suddenly and
causes suffering or loss
to many people.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
DISASTER
 NATURAL DISASTER

TYPHOON EARTHQUAKES
STORM SURGE TSUNAMI
 FLOOD LANDSLIDE
VOLCANIC DROUGHT
ERUPTION
 MAN MADE DISASTER

These are events triggered by

hazards initiated by human activities
and undertakings either deliberately or
by accident, causing massive
destruction, economic losses, injuries
or loss of lives.
 MANMADE DISASTER
Fire Pollution
Conflagration Red Tide
Maritime Disaster  Industrial Accidents
Land and Air Accidents
Oil Spill
Civil Strife
 PDRRMS ACT of 2010

An act strengthening the Philippine disaster

risk reduction and management system, providing
for the national disaster risk reduction and
management framework and institutionalizing the
national disaster risk reduction and management
plan, appropriating funds therefore and for other
purposes.
 PDRRMS ACT of 2010

Is a working group of various

government, non-government, civil
sector and private sector
organizations of the Government of
the Republic of the Philippines
 ORGANIZATION OF DISASTER
COORDINATING COUNCIL

The basic Philippine Law on

disaster management provides for the
organization of multi-sectoral disaster
coordinating councils at every level of
government, from the national level to
the barangay (or village).
DISASTER MANAGEMENT UNITS
Are organized and established at the local
level. These are composed of the government
agencies, NGOs and peoples organization.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT OPN SUPPORT
LGU has decentralized much the authority
of governance to local officials.
 Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Response

Humanitarian assistance is
generally accepted to mean the aid and
action designed to save lives, alleviate
suffering and maintain and protect
human dignity during and in the
aftermath of man-made crises and
natural disasters, as well as to prevent
and strengthen preparedness for the
occurrence of such situations.
 Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Response

As defined under RA 10121

“Response” means “any concerted effort
by two (2) or more agencies, public or
private, to provide assistance or
intervention during or immediately after
a disaster to meet the life preservation
and basic subsistence needs of people
affected and in the restoration of
essential public activities and facilities”
 Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Response
“Disaster Response” means “the
provision of emergency services and public
assistance during or immediately after a
disaster in order to save lives, reduce health
impacts, ensure public safety and meet the
basic subsistence needs of the people
affected.” “Disaster Response” is also
defined by the law as “predominantly
focused on immediate and short-term needs
and is sometimes called -disaster relief-“.
 AFP PROGRAM FOR DISASTER

The AFP particularly the Philippine Army is

considered as a major player in disaster
management.
In line with the tasks specified in the
calamities and preparedness Plan, this SOP
prescribes the tasks of different AFP units
during calamities and disasters.
ROLE OF THE ARMED FORCES OF
THE PHILIPPINES (AFP) IN
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND
RESPONSE
 Role of AFP units within the different
stages of disaster management:
1. DEVELOPMENT – during the
development the AFP units participate in
capability building and organizational
development activities in the field of
engineering, medical services information
and communication technology
2. PREVENTION
Participates in security operations
to prevent high profile terrorist attacks
that may result to disaster.
Participate in identifying and
implementing engineering interventions.
3. MITIGATION
AFP play an important role in supporting
government’s efforts in disaster mitigation. The
Army engineers in support role maybe tapped by
disaster coordinating councils to assist in the
structural disaster mitigation activities such as de-
silting of rivers systems or repair of public
structures that pose hazards to citizens.
.
4. PREPAREDNESS
The AFP participate in joint
disaster preparedness planning
together with the member agencies and
the disaster coordinating council to
come up with a sound plan to cope with
effects of disasters.
The following stages in preparedness
segment are elucidated to identify
actions that the Army shall
undertake:
A. THREAT. As part of preparedness, Army
units shall identify hazards, critical areas,
and effects of these hazards.
B. WARNING. Army units shall closely
monitor warnings or signals announced
by appropriate government agencies and
be ready to execute measures relative to
the warning.
C. PRECAUTION. Army units shall assist the
local disaster coordinating council in the
conduct of evacuation.
D. DISASTER IMPACT. Army units shall
initiate immediate response during the
critical moments to those affected primarily
to save lives.
E. RESPONSE. the primary role of the Army is to ensure
security and stability in order to facilitate appropriate
response from other agencies and organizations especially
during the most critical periods within the emergency
situation.
F. RECOVERY. The recovery segment may take three
stages – restoration, rehabilitation and reconstruction. At
all stages, the Army’s role is to support the government’s
efforts to restore public utilities, rehabilitate affected
communities and reconstruct vital infrastructures.
 Response to the requests from LGUs and the
cluster through NDRRMC/OCD.

Coordinate with NDRRMC/OCD and DSWD on the pre-

positioning and or warehousing of FNFIs including its
security.
Provide the necessary capability to assist in the transport,
delivery, and security requirements of the affected LGUs,
cluster members through NDRRMC.
Provide personnel assistance and support for the
preparation, transport and prepositioning of Food and NFIs.
 CLUSTER A: FOOD AND NON-FOOD ITEMS

DURING DISASTER PHASE

Provide personnel, transportation and other
support requirements for the delivery and
distribution of F/NFIs.
POST DISASTER PHASE
Provide personnel, transportation and other
support requirements for the relief operations.
 Department Of National Defense (DND)
Through AFP
Provide security for health teams and logistics in areas
with conflict or insurgencies
Provide transport for Health Cluster personnel and
logistics
Coordinate with Health Cluster on the movement and
activities of the AFP and foreign military health personnel
Coordinate with the Health Cluster alive victims from
search and rescue operations
 Department Of National Defense (DND)
Through AFP

Take the lead in the provision of MHPSS services

for military personnel and families and refer to the
Health Cluster patients needing specialized care
Provide Health Cluster access to use of military
health facilities
Provide Health Cluster reports on medical
missions conducted
 PRE-DISASTER PHASE

Take necessary actions in response to

the requests from LGUs and the cluster
through NDRRMC/OCD.
Coordinate with NDRRMC/OCD and
DSWD regarding protection of
evacuation areas.
 PRE-DISASTER PHASE

In the identified and established Evacuation

Centers, the AFP will provide engineering
support to develop the facilities.
During Disaster Phase
Shall conduct area security in support to
PNP point
Provide the necessary capabilities to
support the logistic requirements of the
different clusters in coordination with
the NDRRMC.
Provide security to the logistics group.
Contribute to emergency transportation by
operating its aircraft, vehicles, and vessels, based
on needs and requests from NDRRMC and affected
local governments.
 Helicopters that have flexible mobility, and/or sea
vessels that have capacity of mass transportation,
shall mainly be promoted for use in emergency in
collaboration with AFP.
 Pre Disaster Phase
Alert the designated/detailed first responders “on
call”.
Equip the first responders with comms equipment
capable of off-the-grid sustenance of at least seven
days.
Ensure operational readiness of Operations Center
facilities.
 DURING AND POST DISASTER PHASE

Provide personnel/technical and equipment assistance for

communication between disaster site and DRRMCs, consistent
with defense priorities.
Coordinate with the DRRMCs on the optimum employment of
communications assets, both manpower and equipment.
Establish operations procedures consistent with the
communications flow of the DRRMCs.
Assist the DRRMCs in managing the spectrum by discouraging
employment of unauthorized communications equipment.
 POST DISASTER PHASE

Provide DRRMCs the good practices employed

during the disaster phase to serve as “lessons
learned” documents.
Be prepared to provide debriefing as part of
communications education.
Conduct retraining of technical personnel and
refurbish ICT equipment to ensure operational
readiness status.
(AFP Not involved)
(AFP is the Lead Agency for this cluster)
AIM: Provide support for effective,
timely, organized and systematic
search, rescue and retrieval operations
to affected areas in all emergencies to
further minimize loss of lives and
casualties.
 PRE-DISASTER PHASE

Lead the coordination with the SRR cluster NDRRMC-

members
Equipment check/show down inspections
Info-sharing/Situational awareness with other
concerned agency-responders
Crisis action planning
 PRE-DISASTER PHASE

Conduct of rehearsals (individual/inter-agency)

Identification and prepositioning of resources/assets
(SRR Teams)/ unit responders at the community
threatened areas
Monitoring and assessment of situation
Task organizing
 DURING DISASTER PHASE
Deployment of the necessary disaster response
capabilities of Search, Rescue and Retrieval (SRR)
operations at the disaster-affected communities:
 Mountain, Forest and Ravine Search and Rescue (SAR)
Urban Search, Rescue and Retrieval (USRR) Teams
capability:
Collapsed Structure SRR Teams;
Confined Space SRR Teams;
 DURING DISASTER PHASE
Water SRR Teams (Open water/deep-water)
Deployment of Road-Clearing/Debris-
Clearing Operations Teams
Collapsed structure search and rescue
Coordination with the Incident Commander
Continuous assessment
 POST DISASTER PHASE

Hand over
Debriefing /AHR
Reporting
Consolidation
Reorganization and redeployment
(AFP Not involved)
QUESTIONS?

?
 SUMMARY
• Climate Change and its effect to environment
• Different effects of climate change to environment
• Different Types of Disaster
• The PDRRM System
• Role of AFP in Disaster management and
response
END OF PRESENTATION
 By 2028, a world class Army, that is a source of national pride.

Do Have Idea When Was

The First Constitution
Formed ?

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world class Army, that is a source of national pride.

Born on March 22, 1897

Emilio Aguinaldo's newly formed the Philippine Revolutionary Government

and its Army were officially born on March 22, 1897 at Tejeros, San Francisco
de Malabon in Cavite.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world class Army, that is a source of national pride.

LEGAL BASIS OF ROTC FOR STUDENTS

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world class Army, that is a source of national pride.

It Requires To All College Students

Taking Bachelors Degree to Learn
And understand the NSTP LAW

Honor. Patriotism. Duty

 By 2028, a world class Army, that is a source of national pride.

“To serve and protect the people”.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty

By 2028, a world class Army, that is a source of national pride.

CLASS RULES

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

By 2028, a world class Army, that is a source of national pride.

This session will

consume 40
minutes w/o
break

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world class Army, that is a source of national pride.

Road Map
Explain the ff:
Section 4, Article II of the Constitution.
Section 38, Article VII.
Presidential Decree 1706 (National Service Law)
The Role of Republic Act 9163 (NSTP LAW)
The 3 components of the NSTP

Apply thru Check on Learning

Summarize
Assessment (write an essay)

Honor. Patriotism. Duty

 By 2028, a world class Army, that is a source of national pride.

OUTCOME
The Learners Will Able To Discuss the
Legal Basis of ROTC For Students Enrolled
In College/Universities Based On Section 2,
Article II of the Constitution.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty

By 2028, a world class Army, that is a source of national pride.

Safety Plan

Honor. Patriotism. Duty

 By 2028, a world class Army, that is a source of national pride.

Section 4, Article II of the Constitution

The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. The
Government may call upon the people to defend the State and, in the
fulfilment thereof, all citizens may be required, under conditions provided
by law, to render personal, military or civil service."

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world class Army, that is a source of national pride.

Section 38, Article VII, Republic Act 7077

– states that, “Military training for students enrolled in colleges,

universities and similar institutions of learning is mandatory
pursuant to the provisions of the National Defense Act of 1935
and the 1987 Constitution.”

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world class Army, that is a source of national pride.

The National Defense Act was amended in 1980 by Presidential Decree 1706
(The National Service Law)
-Which directs that military service will no longer be compulsory, but leaving the
National service or training to be in effect.

- Military Training Service (MTS), Civic Welfare Service (CWS), Law Enforcement
Service (LES) make up the National Service Program.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world class Army, that is a source of national pride.

Republic Act Number 9163

which makes ROTC Optional and requires male and female
freshmen students taking Baccalaureate degree and at least
two (2) years vocational/technical or associate courses to take
the National Service Training Program (NSTP) with any of the
three (3) Program Components namely: Reserve Officer
Training Corps (ROTC), Literacy Training Service (LTS) and Civic
Welfare Training Service (CWTS).

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world class Army, that is a source of national pride.

Summary
Section 4, Article II of the Constitution -provides that the prime duty of
the Government is to serve and protect the people

Section 38, Article VII, Republic Act 7077 – states that, “Military training
231802977
for students enrolled in colleges, universities.

The National Defense Act was amended in 1980 by Presidential Decree

1706 (The National Service Law)

Republic Act Number 9163 which makes ROTC Optional and requires
male and female freshmen students taking Baccalaureate Degree.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world class Army, that is a source of national pride

CHECK ON LEARNING

____1)Section 4, Article II of the Constitution

provides that the prime duty of the government is “to serve and protect the
people”.
_____2) Republic Act 7077
An act providing for the organization, administration, training, maintenance, and
utilization of the citizen armed force of the Philippines and for the purposes
____3) National Defence Act - First statutory enactment by the commonwealth
government on December 23, 1935
____4) Section 38, Article VII, Republic Act 7077
states that, “Military training for students enrolled in colleges, universities and
similar institutions of learning is mandatory pursuant to the provisions of the
National Defense Act of 1935 and the 1987 Constitution.”
____5) Presidential Decree 1706 (National Service Law)
Directs that military service will no longer be compulsory but leaving the national
service for training to be in effect.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

By 2028, a world class Army, that is a source of national pride.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty

 By 2028, a world class Army, that is a source of national pride.

“Ignorance to the law excuses no one”

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 By 2028, a world class Army, that is a source of national pride.

That’s All For Today

Thank you And Good
Bye


Honor. Patriotism. Duty

 Scope of Presentation

Title of the Lesson: Personality Development

Parts;
Self Development
Values Education
Theories of Values Formation
Ethics and Moral Education
Morality and Conscience
 Objectives

At the end of the lesson the students must be able to:

• Enhance the ability to handle casual and formal

situations in terms of Personal Grooming, Dining,
and entertaining eitiquite.
• Develop and maintain Positive attitude and to be
assertive.
• Apply Holistic Development in daily lives
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

Personality development is the relatively

enduring pattern of the thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors that distinguish individuals from each
other. The dominant viewpoint in personality
psychology indicates that personality emerges
early and continues to develop across one's
lifespan.
SELF DEVELOPMENT

 Perceived
 Ideal self
 Social identity
 Self esteem
 PERCEIVED (how person sees self & and others see
them).

 IDEAL SELF (how person would like to be).

 SOCIAL IDENTITY is a person’s sense of who they are

based on their group membership(s).

 SELF ESTEEM (a person's overall subjective sense of

personal worth or value.
Values education
Can address to varying degrees are character, moral
development, Religious Education, Spiritual development,
citizenship education, personal development, social
development and cultural development.
Most common strategies in values education include
the following:

 The rejection of discrimination, enlivening debate

on moral matters and promoting collaborative
leadership.
 Denouncing harmful attitudes for society as a
whole without stigmatising individuals.
 Stressing the idea that we can all change and that
we deserve a second chance.
THEORIES OF VALUES FORMATION
 Psycho-analytic theory
 Behaviorist view
 Social cognitive learning theorist
 Confluent theory
 Psycho-social/epigenetic theory
 Person-centere theoruy
 Humanistic theory
 Cognitive moral development
PSYCHO-ANALYTIC THEORY (SIGMUND FREUD,
1856-1939)
Suggests that unconscious forces act to
determine personality and behavior. The
unconscious is the part of the personality about
which a person is unaware. It contains infantile
wishes, desires, demands and needs that are
hidden, because of their disturbing nature, from
conscious awareness.
 Freud suggested that the unconscious is responsible for a good
part of our everyday behavior. According to Freud, one’s
personality has three aspects:

 THE ID- is the primitive, instinctive component of personality

that operates according to the pleasure principle.
 THE EGO- is the decision-making component of personaility
that operates according to the reality principle.
 THE SUPEREGO- is the moral component of personality that
incorporates social standards about what represents right and
wrong.
BEHAVIORIST VIEW (John B. Watsons)
Behaviorism is a theoretical orientation based on
the premise that scientific psychological should study only
observable behavior.
Behavior refers to any overt response or activity by
an organism. Watson asserted that psychologist could study
anything that people do or say-shopping, playing chess, eating,
complimenting a friend-but they could not study scientifically
the thoughts, wishes and feelings that might accompany these
behaviors.
SOCIAL COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIST (ALBERT
BANDURA)
“Most human behavior is learned by observation
through modeling”-Albert Bandura
Observational learning occurs when an organism’s
responding is influenced by the observation of others, who they
called models. This process has been investigated extensively by
Albert Bandura. Bandura does not see observational learning as
entirely separate from classical and operant conditioning.
CONFLUENT THEORY – TRACK CONCIOUS (BRIAN
HALL)
Acquisition of value is dependent upon and
could be limited by one’s level of consciousness (the
older one gets, the higher level of consciousness and
the wider the range of needs and value options).
PSYCHO-SOCIAL/EPIGENETIC THEORY (ERIK ERIKSON)
Erikson concluded that events in early childhood
leave a permanent stamp on adult personality.
Erikson partitioned the life span into eight stages, each
characterized by a psychosocial crisis involving transitions in
important social relationships.
According to Erikson, personality is shaped by how
individuals deal with these psychosocial series. Each crisis is a
potential turning point that can yield different outcomes.
Erikson described the stages in terms of these
alternative outcomes, which represent personality traits that people
display over the remainder of them of their lives.
ERIKSON ‘S STAGES THEORY
Erikson’s theory of personality
development posits that people evolve through eight
stages over the life span. Each stage is marked by a
psychosocial crisis that involves confronting a
fundamental question, such as “Who am I and where
am I going?” the stages are describe in terms of
alternative traits that are potential outcomes from
the crises. Development is enhanced when a crisis is
resolved in favor of the healthier alternative.
PERSON-CENTERED THEORY (Self Theory) (Carl Rogers,
1902-1987)
“It seems to me that at bottom each person is
asking, “Who am I, really? How can I get touch with real
self, underlying all my surface behavior? How can I become
myself?”
Rogers (1951) argue that human behavior is
governed primarily by everyone’s sense of self, or “self-
concept”- which animals presumably lack.
 Rogers viewed personality structure in terms of
just one construct. He called this construct the self, although
it’s more widely known today as the self-concept. A self-concept
is a collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique
qualities, and typical behavior.
Both he and Maslow (1954) maintained that to
fully understand people’s behavior, psychologist must take into
account the fundamental human drive toward personal growth.
They asserted that people have a basic need to continue to
evolve as a human being and to fulfill their potentials.
HUMANISTIC THEORY- ABRAHAM MASLOW’S SELF
ACTIUALIZATION THEORY
Maslow proposed that human motives are organized
into a hierarchy of needs- a systematic agreement of
needs, according to priority, in which basic needs
must be met before fewer basic needs are aroused.
Maslow argued that humans have an innate toward personal
growth-that is, evolution toward a higher state of being. Thus,
he described that needs in the uppermost reaches of his
hierarchy as growth needs. These include the needs for
knowledge, understanding, order, an aesthetic beauty.
Foremost among them is the need for self actualization, which
is the need to fulfill one’s potential.
Maslow summarized this concept with a simple statement:
“What a man can be, he must be.”
COGNITIVE MORAL DEVELOPMENT (LAWRENCE KOHLBERG)
There exists is a structural bases written each
person that determine the process of perceiving value. This series
of progression depends on the person’s interaction with the
environment. Moral reasoning is relate to moral behavior.
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development describe the
young child as being in the “Premoral Stage” (up to about eight
years old), which basically means that “the child believes that evil
behavior is likely to be punished and good behavior is based on
obedience or avoidance of evil implicit in disobedience.”
 Moral education is about an inner change,
which is a spiritual matter and comes
through the internalization of universal
Islamic values (Halstead, 2007).

Ethics is the branch of philosophy which

tries to probe the reasoning behind our
moral life.
 Conscience is understood as the voice that
every sane person carries within herself or himself
that tells right from wrong, regardless of the law or
the opinions of people around her or him. ...

Morality presumes that we have the ability to

determine what is right and wrong, independently
of the law.
Reflection:

Before and After this lecture what are the things

you already know and the things you learned
during the lecture and how it is possible for you to
apply it in daily lives for personal development?
END OF PRESENTATION

Thank you for Listening!!!

 STANDARD CONDUCT
OF A SOLDIER
1. PURSUIT OF EXCELLENCE
2. PRIDE IN UNIFORM
3. DISCIPLINE
4. PROFESSIONALISM
5. ADHERENCE TO LAW
6. DEFERENCE TO AUTHORITY
 PURSUIT OF EXCELLENCE
It is a continuing goal that, when
achieved in any endeavor, reaps the
full confidence, morale, esprit-de-
corps, and pride that the soldier
carries as the symbol of the military
spirit.
 PURSUIT OF EXCELLENCE CONT.
Historically, even when reduced to the
barest of fighting paraphernalia, the
pursuit of excellence remained constant
such as when the guerillas were
recognized for their best weapons: "silence,
invisibility, and speed".
 PRIDE IN UNIFORM
The uniform is the symbol of integrity
and discipline in the service. This
commitment is also an unconditional
acceptance of the discipline that
accompanies the immense responsibility
for one bearing arms.
 In any legitimate army of any sovereign
country, the military uniform reflects one's
pride in being the guardian of his country.
The manner of wearing the uniform is a
manifestation of the state of the Army. It
reflects not only the personality and
character of the individual soldier but also
that of the whole organization.
 DISCIPLINE
Good discipline conquers fear and the
best discipline, which is self-discipline,
conquers all. It is discipline that is the
bedrock of the military profession just as
professionalism enhances and projects the
discipline required to carry out the
soldier's mission.
 PROFESSIONALISM
Professionalism in the military
career stands for commitment,
knowledge, and skills and is better
expressed in one's attention to duty
with the required discipline and
competence.
 Professionalism comes from the
soldier's pursuit of excellence; his
disciplined performance as to When,
Where and How; the recognition of
individual merit; humility where respect is
earned and not coveted; and most of all,
humor in being human and in keeping
one's feet on the ground.
 ADHERENCE TO LAW
The Constitution, the Articles of War, the
various coded laws, the law on Ethical Standard
and Public Accountability, and all other general
special laws are to be followed as the minimum
standard of conduct expected of a military man.
In case of conflict, the higher military standard of
conduct, required under the same set of
circumstances in either system, is always
paramount.
 The Armed Forces of the Philippines
is an organization that operates
pursuant to the policy direction of the
National Command Authority. As a field
of service of the AFP, the Philippine Army
and each soldier is committed to follow
orders that are pursuant to such
national policy.
 DEFERENCE TO AUTHORITY
Authority refers to those with the
right and responsibility to carry out
functions that affect an entire group.
 Within the military, authority is evident in the
chain of command, starting with the non-
commissioned officer in the most vital role as
implementer, and the succession of Commanding
Officers before him through which commands are
progressively issued and implemented at each level of
the hierarchy. Persons in position of authority within
the military are entrusted with carrying out the
military operational imperative and discipline
ensures this is followed.
 INSTRUCTOR’S PROFILE
NAME: JINKY CRISTOBAL
DEDICATORIA ZA-R06-000072
AGE: 31
ADDRESS: AMUNGAN, IBA,
ZAMBALES
CURRENTLY ENROLLED AT
PRMSU TAKING UP
BACHELOR OF ELEMENTARY
EDUCATION
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Signal Communication – is a method or
means or a combination thereof of conveying
information from one person or place to
another except by direct conversation.
Means Of Communication – a medium by
which a message is conveyed from one
person to another.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Morse Code– a medium by which a
message is conveyed from one person to
another.
Tactical radio sets – is the principal
means of communication in tactical units. It
use for command, fire control, exchange of
information and administrative purposes
between & within the units.
 PHONETIC ALPHABET
ALPHABET ALPHABET M MIKE
A ALPHA N NOVEMBER

B BRAVO O OSCAR

C CHARLIE P PAPA

D DELTA Q QUEBIC

E ECHO R ROMEO

F FOXTROT S SIERRA
T TANGO
G GOLF
U UNIFORM
H HOTEL
V VICTORY
I INDIA
W WHISKY
J JULIET
X X-RAY
K KILO
Y YANKEE
L LIMA
Z ZULU
NUMERICAL PRONOUNCIATION
NUMBER PRONUNCIATION
1 WUN
2 TA-O
3 THU-REE
4 FOWER
5 FI-YIV
6 SIX
7 SEVEN
8 ATE
9 NINER
0 ZERO
 MEANS OF COMMUNICATION
 WIRE – it is used as the principal means
of commuication in all military units.
This means of commo embraces all
equipment used for laying recovring wire,
battery operated & sound-powered
telephones, switch boards & teletype
equipment when their use is authorized.
 The operating range of wire
commo varies, depending principally on
the weather & the condition of wire.
Wet weather, poor splices, &
damage insulation are factors that
greatly reduce its operating range.
 Radio – this means of communication is the
most rapid one. It is most frequently used for
maintaining command, control, contact &
direction in contact.
The radio has one distinct advantage over
other means of commo. It has a relatively high
degree of mobility & flexibility, resulting from the
fact that physical circuits are unnecessary to
establish commo between radio stations.
 The radio set is the only adequate means of
commo available in the fast moving situations,
such as armored attacks, amphibious operation,
naval gun fire support, serial bombing & strafing
mission.
The radio can bridge gaps in a wire system
& can provide commo across a terrain where the
use of the other means of commo is not possible.
 Messenger – the use of messenger as a
means of communication is preferred over
the rest when maps & classified documents
are to be transmitted to other operating
units.
Since time immemorial, messengers
have been used as a means of commo. It is
no less important today as it was in times
gone by.
 It is the most secret means
used by infantry units. Maps &
classified documents are
delivered through this means. It
also the best means for the
transmission of long messages
over short distances.
 Visual signal – is used to control the
action of a small unis. Over the years, a
visual signal has been relegated to the role
of an auxiliary means of communication.
Any signal that is received by the
eye regardless of how it is transmitted, is
the “common sense” definition of a visual
signal.
 Flags, signal flares, & smoke signals
have been used throughout the ages as
visual means of commo have been
developed. These included light,
pyrotechnics panels & others.
They are most effective during day
light or under conditions of clear visibility.
Otherwise, they are ineffecient means of
commo.
 Sound signal – this means of communications is
used primarily to spread alarms. Normally, it used
to warn troops of an impending hostile air,
mechanized, or gas attack.
Signal received by the unaided ear, regardless of
the method of transmission, are sound means of
commo. They may be transmitted by whistles,
bugler, horns, weapons, & other noise-making
devices. Pre-arranged messages are transmitted
through this means.
 They are rapid means of
communication over short distance
but their effective range is greatly
reduced by battle noises.
Like visual signals, they are not
secure means of commo. Their use
may be prohibited for security
reasons.
 MORSE CODE
Morse code is a detailed symbols of
dot, dashes, and spaces used to
represent numbers, punctuation, and
letters of the alphabet. It is used both a
code and a way to communicate without
the ability or need to use actual
characters.
 USING MORSE CODE
One of the great advantage of Morse Code is its
ability to be used in just about any circumstance. It
works as long as it is possible to create a signal of
some sort, whether that be a written or symbolic
image, flashing a light, or even just tapping on
something. it is also used commonly in radio
communication. Morse code’s flexibility to be used
in almost any scenario is one of the reasons it is
considered an important part of training for
soldiers.
 MORSE CODE ALPHABET
ALPHABET INTERNATIONAL M __
MORSE CODE N _∙
A ∙_ O ___
B _∙∙∙ P ∙__∙
C _∙_∙ Q __∙_
D _∙∙ R ∙_∙
E ∙ S ∙∙∙
F ∙∙_∙ T _
G __∙ U ∙∙_
H ∙∙∙∙ V ∙∙∙_
I ∙∙ W ∙__
J ∙___ X _∙∙_
K _∙_ Y _∙__
L ∙_∙∙ Z __∙∙
 MORSE CODE NUMBER CHART
• M NUMBER INTERNATIONAL MORSE CODE
• __

• N 1 .----
• _∙

• O 2 ..---
• ___

• P
3 ...--
• ∙__∙
4 ....-
• Q

• __∙_
5 .....
• R

• ∙_∙ 6 -....
• S

• ∙∙∙ 7 --...
• T

• _
8 ---..
•

•
U

∙∙_
9 ----.
• V
10 -----
• ∙∙∙_

• W

• ∙__

• X

• _∙∙_

• Y
END OF PRESENTATION
 SCOPE OF PRESENTATION
✓Objective
✓Definition Of Terms
✓Characteristics Of A Good Correspondence
✓Types Of The Military Correspondence & Its
Usage
✓How To Prepare
 OBJECTIVES
To learn the basic
requirements and
procedures in preparing
the military
correspondence.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
❖ Military Correspondence - is a written
record whereby the AFP transact most of
its business. It concerns almost every
subject and takes many forms.
❖ Correspondence - is a written
communication having two fold purposes,
to convey information and to build good
will.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE
❖Clear - The words must be simple and common to
the reader. Technical words, for ordinary readers are
difficult to comprehend.
❖Concise - It means short and brief. A
correspondent must write simple sentence.
❖Specific - When making a report on the abuses of a
certain military officer, state his rank, full name,
unit assignment, and the details of his offense.
 CHARACTERISTICS…
• Courteous - Whether a correspondent writes a
military or non-military letter, it should possess
refinement of words.
• Emphatic - consideration to the reader’s desires
and needs.
• Correct - Correspondence must be correct in giving
information, in placing mechanical parts, in
spelling, and in arranging words in an utterance,
grouping them together to enable them stick together.
Correctness implies accuracy, completeness and
coherence.
 TYPES OF MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE

• 1. MILITARY (SUBJECT-TO) LETTER

– is used for correspondence with the
army, naval and air personnel as well as
with the General Headquarters of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines. The
letter follows the fundamental, style,
varying only in details.
 THREE (3) MAIN ELEMENTS:

[Link]
[Link]
[Link] Ending
 A. HEADING
Heading this part consists of all the materials
above the first line of the body the letter such as:
office of the origin and address, file reference,
identifying initials, date, subject channels,
through the letter will pass, and address to which
the letter will be sent.
• Letterhead – top of the letterhead is
normally places ¾ inch or in the 5th line
below the top edge of the paper.
 HEADING…
• File Reference – identifying file reference is
placed at the left margin, usually two (2)
spaces below the letterhead and in line with
the date.
• Date - is placed at the right side of the
paper, second line below the letterhead. It
should be placed beyond the margin. The
usual order is the day, the month and the
year. The day and the year will be written in
numerical, while the month is spelled out.
 HEADING…
• Channel – correspondence can be routed through
the normal chain of command addressed to the
next higher or lower commander expected to
exercise control, take action, or to be concerned.
The THRU and TO data begin on the fourth line
below the preceding item.
• Addressee – the addressee preceded by TO will be
written in block style, with open punctuation, and
normally will be placed on the fourth line below
the subject or the thru addressee (if used).
•*A military letter will be addressed
to the Commanding Officer or head
of an agency, a command or an
installation by his title. This letter
will not be addressed to
headquarters or office. The title will
not be abbreviated in either
complete or brief addresses.
 B. BODY
The body of a letter is the message
itself. It is the substance of the typed
letter as distinct from the formal
beginning and ending. This part of the
letter is single-spaced, except when it is
less than nine (9) lines and no reply is
expected.
 BODY…
PARAGRAPHING
When a letter consists of only one paragraph,
the paragraph will not be numbered, although its
sub-paragraphs will be lettered if there are two or
more. When there are two or more paragraphs,
they will be numbered consecutively. The first line
of a paragraph will be indented five (5) spaces. The
second and succeeding lines will begin at left
margin.
 BODY…
•Abbreviations – A military letter allows
abbreviations which are in conformity
with the AFP Style Manual or are
generally accepted. They are generally
written without spacing or periods
except geographical locations which
can be written with or without periods.
 BODY…
•Page Numbering – The first page
should not be numbered.
Succeeding pages, will be numbered
consecutively, beginning with the
second page as 2. Page number will
be centered 1 inch from the bottom
of the page.
 Margin rules normally consider
the following spaces:
➢TOP- first page (without printed letterhead) typed
letterhead, ¾ inch or five (5) roller spaces from the edge
of the paper.
➢TOP- second and succeeding pages will be
➢ 1 ¼ inches or 7 roller spaces from the top edge of the
paper.
➢LEFT – 1 ¼ inches or 15 bar spaces.
➢RIGHT – ¾ inch or 7 bar spaces
➢BOTTOM – 1 ¼ inches or 7 roller spaces
C. COMPLIMENTARY ENDING

It consists of the command or

authority line, signature
elements and inclosure(s).
 COMPLIMENTARY ENDING…
• Command or authority line – when the
correspondence is signed for the commander or
head of a command, agency or office by an
individual authorized to do so, an authority
command line will be shown. The authority line will
be omitted when the correspondence has the
personal signature of the head of a command,
agency or office. The command or authority line
will be typed in a capital letters, it begins on the
2nd line below last paragraph directly under the
1st letter of the last word of the main paragraph.
 SIGNATURE
The signature contains the name of the officer
(usually first name, middle initial and last name )
signed in ink (blue or black). The name typed,
stamped or printed in a capital letters identical
with the written name. The officer’s grade, arm
service, and the title, type portion of the signature
begins approximately one space to the right of the
center of the page, (5) lines below the command
line. Block style and the open punctuations are
used.
 INCLOSURES
Inclosures are
supplementary documents
which are sent with
communications to provide
additional information.
 NON-MILITARY LETTER
(PERSONAL TYPE)

It is used for correspondence with

the civilians, civilian agencies, the
Secretary of National Defense and
other governmental agencies.
 PARTS OF A NON-MILITARY LETTER
a. Heading
b. Date
c. Inside Address
d. Salutation
e. Body- paragraph are not numbered, single
spacing is authorized when the letters contain
more than 9 lines
f. Complimentary ending/close
g. Signature
 INDORSEMENT LETTER

It is a reply or forwarding
statement added to a military letter.
It shows all facts relative to a definite
case stated in the basic letter.
 TWO (2) TYPES OF
INDORSEMENT
1. The stamped Indorsement – In case not
disciplinary in nature, the use of an
indorsement is set up on a rubber stamp
designed so that the user needs only to fill in
the space with appropriate information. The
stamp has a rectangular form which is 1 ½ by
3 ½ inches in size.
 TWO (2) TYPES OF
INDORSEMENT
2. Check or Initial Indorsement - is
used to forward communications without
comment. They are initialed by the
individual who transmits the
correspondence. They are numbered in
sequence with other indorsements.
 DISPOSITION FORM
It is that type of correspondence
which may be used between agencies of
the Department of National Defense with
the Chief of Staff, AFP and from him to
any agency. It is also used within a
headquarters or agency in the AFP.
USES:
A. To give instructions
B. To transmit an order, policy advice, or
information.
C. To request action,
D. To trace action, or check or follow-up
implementation of orders.
E. To record comments, coordination and
recommendations.
 ROUTING SLIP
It is used to transmit papers
from office to office within
headquarters or from a section
without the need for endorsement.
 PERSONNEL ACTION FORM
It is officially known as AGO FORM NR 110, is
used for a wide variety of routine personnel
actions.
USES:
a. To request
b. To recommend to direct or report any personnel
action for which no other standard form is required,
and when no other type of communication is required
or better.
 RADIO MESSAGE
It is an informal communication sent through
wire devices to facilitate action on a certain matter.
The message shall be expressed briefly in a
plain or secret languages. The use of many words
should be avoided in order not to make it vague or
misleading.
Punctuation marks will be kept to the
minimum and used only when needed to attain
clarity.
 CLASSIFICATION OF A RADIO
MESSAGE:
[Link] – may be designated as top
secret, secret, confidential and
restricted.
[Link] – has only one
designation.
 PRECEDENCE OF RADIO MESSAGE:
1. Category Flash (Z) – is reserved for initial enemy
contact message or operation combat messages.
2. Category Immediate (O) – is reserved for message
relative to situation which gravely affect the security of
the national/allied forces.
3. Category Priority (P) – is reserved for message which requires
expeditious action by the addressee.
4. Category Routine (R) - is used for all types of messages which
justify transmission is a rapid means.