D.A.
DEGREE ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY-MAHEMDABAD(118)
Subject Name: Design Of Machine Elements (3171917)
Ch-4: PRESSURE VESSELS
Mr. BHAUMIK BHANDARI
23-Nov-21 DADET-MAHEMDABAD 1
THIN CYLINDERS
Cylindrical pressure vessels are divided into two groups—
1)Thin and
2)Thick cylinders.
A cylinder is considered thin when the ratio of its inner
diameter to the wall thickness is more than 1.5.
Boiler shells, pipes, tubes, and storage tanks are treated as
thin cylinders.
As shown in Fig., there are two principal stresses in thin
cylinder—the circumferential or tangential stress (σt) and
longitudinal stress (σl). It is assumed that the stresses are
uniformly distributed over the wall thickness. Considering
equilibrium of forces acting on the half portion of cylinder of
unit length (Fig-a)
Eq-1
Considering equilibrium of forces in the longitudinal direction
[Fig.(b)],
Eq-2
From Eq-1 and 2, it is seen that the circumferential stress (σt)
is twice the longitudinal stress (σl).
Example-1 A seamless cylinder with a storage capacity of 0.025
m³ is subjected to an internal pressure of 20 MPa. The length of
the cylinder is twice its internal diameter. The cylinder is made
of plain carbon steel 20C8 (Sut = 390 N/mm2) and the factor of
safety is 2.5. Determine the dimensions of the cylinder.
THIN SPHERICAL VESSELS
A spherical pressure vessel with a thin wall, cut into two
halves, is shown in Fig. Considering equilibrium of forces for
each half,
Example-2 An air receiver consisting of a cylinder closed by
hemispherical ends is shown in Fig. It has a storage capacity of
0.25 m³ and an operating internal pressure of 5 MPa. It is
made of plain carbon steel 10C4 (Sut = 340 N/mm²) and the
factor of safety is 4. Neglecting the effect of welded joints,
determine the dimensions of the receiver.
THICK CYLINDERS
When the ratio of the inner diameter of the cylinder to the
wall thickness is less than 1.5, the cylinder is called a ‘thick-
walled’ cylinder or simply ‘thick’ cylinder.
Hydraulic cylinders, high-pressure pipes and gun barrels
are examples of thick cylinders.
LAME’S EQUATION
When the material of the cylinder is brittle, such as cast
iron or cast steel, Lame’s equation is used to determine the
wall thickness. It is based on the maximum principal stress
theory of failure, where maximum principal stress is equated
to permissible stress for the material.
The three principal stresses at the inner surface of the
cylinder are as follows
CLAVARINO’S AND BIRNIE’S EQUATIONS
When the material of the cylinder is ductile, such as mild
steel or alloy steel, maximum strain theory of failure is used as
a criterion to indicate failure.
This theory is also called St Venant’s theory. According to
this theory, the material begins to yield or begins to fail when
the maximum strain at a point equals the yield point strain in
a simple tension test.
The three principal stresses at the inner surface of the
cylinder are as follows:
Clavarino’s equation is applicable to cylinders with closed
ends and made of ductile materials. When the cylinder ends
are open
Birnie’s equation is applicable to open cylinders made of
ductile material
Example -3 The piston rod of a hydraulic cylinder exerts an
operating force of 10 kN. The friction due to piston packing
and stuffing box is equivalent to 10% of the operating force.
The pressure in the cylinder is 10 MPa. The cylinder is made of
cast iron FG 200 and the factor of safety is 5. Determine the
diameter and the thickness of the cylinder.
Example-4 The inner diameter of a cylindrical tank for
liquefied gas is 250 mm. The gas pressure is limited to 15
MPa. The tank is made of plain carbon steel 10C4 (Sut = 340
N/mm² and µ = 0.27) and the factor of safety is 5. Calculate
the cylinder wall thickness.
Example -5 A seamless steel pipe of 100 mm internal diameter
is subjected to internal pressure of 12 MPa. It is made of steel
(Syt = 230 N/mm² and µ = 0.27) and the factor of safety is 2.5.
Determine the thickness of the pipe.
CYLINDERS WITH EXTERNAL PRESSURE
Variation of Principal Stresses (Cylinder with External Pressure)
A thick cylinder subjected to external pressure Po is
shown in Fig(a).
Substituting the constants in Eqs. (a) and (b),
Eqs. (c)
Eqs. (d)
The negative sign is introduced in the expression of (σr)
since it is compressive stress.
At the inner surface of the cylinder
From Eqs (c) and (d), the stresses are as follows:
The variation of principal stresses across the cylinder wall
thickness is shown in Fig.(b).
AUTOFRETTAGE
Autofrettage is a process of pre-stressing the cylinder before
using it in service. It is used in case of high-pressure cylinders
and gun barrels.
When the cylinder is subjected to internal pressure, the
circumferential stress (σt) at the inner surface limits the
pressure capacity of the cylinder. In the pre-stressing process,
residual compressive stresses are developed at the inner
surface.
When the cylinder is loaded in service, the residual
compressive stresses at the inner surface begin to decrease,
become zero and finally become tensile as the pressure is
gradually increased.
There are three methods of Pre-stressing the cylinder. They are
as follows:
(i) A compound cylinder consists of two concentric cylinders
with the outer cylinder shrunk onto the inner one. This
induces compressive stresses in the inner cylinder. The
compound cylinder is extensively used in practice.
(ii) The second method consists of overloading the cylinder
before it is put into service. The overloading pressure is
adjusted in such a way that a portion of the cylinder near the
inner diameter is subjected to stresses in the plastic range,
while the outer portion is still in the elastic range. When the
pressure is released, the outer portion contracts exerting……
pressure on the inner portion which has undergone
permanent deformation. This induces residual compressive
stresses at the inner surface.
(iii) In the third method, a wire under tension is closely wound
around the cylinder, which results in residual compressive
stresses.
Autofrettage increases the pressure capacity of the
cylinder. It has another advantage. The residual compressive
stresses close the cracks within the cylinder resulting in
increased endurance strength.
COMPOUND CYLINDER
A compound cylinder, consisting of a cylinder and a jacket is
shown in Fig.(a). The inner diameter of the jacket is slightly
smaller than the outer diameter of the cylinder. When the
jacket is heated, it expands sufficiently to move over the
cylinder.
As the jacket cools, it tends to contract onto the inner
cylinder, which induces residual compressive stresses.
There is a shrinkage pressure P between the cylinder and
the jacket. The pressure P tends to contract the cylinder and
expand the jacket as shown in Fig. (b) and (c).
Substituting the above values in Eq. (d ),
Substituting the above values in Eq. (g),
The negative sign indicates contraction.
Neglecting the positive and negative signs and considering
only magnitudes, the total deformation (δ) is given by,
The shrinkage pressure P can be evaluated from the above
equation for a given amount of interference (δ). The resultant
stresses in a compound cylinder are found by superimposing
the two stresses—stresses due to shrink fit and those due to
internal pressure.
Example-6 A high-pressure cylinder consists of a steel tube
with inner and outer diameters of 20 and 40 mm respectively.
It is jacketed by an outer steel tube, having an outer diameter
of 60 mm. The tubes are assembled by a shrinking process in
such a way that maximum principal stress induced in any tube
is limited to 100 N/mm². Calculate the shrinkage pressure and
original dimensions of the tubes (E = 207 kN/mm²).
