MODIFICATION/DESIGNING

F4 CHAPTER 2: FORCES AND MOTION I

1. Suggest the suitable cloth, equipment and techniques to improve long jumper athlete and their safety.
suggestion Explanation
Use tight and light suit Less air friction
Use spikes shoes Better grip support while running and prevent slippery
Landing on sandy ground Increase time of impact during landing , reduce impulsive force
and prevent injury
The athlete has to sprint before jumping Can increase kinetic energy
Athlete has to bend the body during fall Increase the time impact , reduce impulsive force

2. Explain the simple characteristic of a rocket that can travels with greater acceleration.
Suggestions Explanations
Choose metal with high strength and hardness Even under pressure the shape will not change/break easily
Frame of rocket is made of low density metal Lighter, can accelerate faster.
Multistage rocket invented Each stage has burning fuel, pump and combustion chamber. It
will slip off when fuel of each chamber completely burn. When the
mass decreases, the acceleration increases
Rocket need to carry a tank of oxygen To enable the combustion of fuel in space
Silver color rocket Reflect light efficiently so the temperature of the rocket will
not rise easily
Cover the body of rocket with heat insulator Friction between air and the body will increase heat. The insulator
will reduce heat conductivity
Aerodynamic shape Reduce air friction, move faster

3. Suggest and explain the build of water bottle rocket in school competition to move higher altitude and has longer time in
the air.
Suggestions Explanations
The body of rocket must be tough Do not break easily under high pressure and when landing
Smaller mass Rocket will accelerate faster
The shape is streamline/aerodynamic Reduce air resistance
Nose cone or bullet shape on top of body To improve the aerodynamic of rocket
450 angle of launching The rocket can travel maximum distance
The volume of water is half or 1/3 from the Not too heavy so as to increase the momentum and the
whole volume impulsive force
Attach 3 or 4 fins at the tail of rocket and space Rocket will move smoothly and stable with no tumble.
out equally
Attach parachute will make the rocket floating and has longer time on the air
before landing//decrease the speed of falling due to air
resistance

4. Give suggestions to improve the design of a jet engine so that it can be used for larger airplane at the higher speed.
Suggestions Explanations
Increase more fuel injectors More fuel to be burnt to produce greater thrust/force
Increase the size of the combustion chamber More space for fuel to burnt to produce high pressure gas
Decrease the diameter of the nozzle Exhaust gas can be ejected at higher speed
Increase number of blades Can draw in more air into the engine
Blade and engine make of strong materials Can withstand strong pressure and will not easily break

5. Base on the physic principle, suggest the design of roller skate track so it can be used to oscillate skate continuously.
Suggestions Explanations
Semicircular curve shape track Exchange between kinetic energy and gravitational potential
energy can happen easily
Smooth surface Reduce frictional force/easy to slide
The slope slightly increase and decrease Easy to oscillates cause by smooth changing of energy
Use strong material such concrete of foundation Withstand high impact as large force produce due to jumping
of the track and landing of skate
Soft layer at the surface of concrete Reduce impulsive force when landing, low risk if accident
1
6. Explain the most suitable design of motorcycle that can move fast, safe and save time in racing.
Suggestions Explanations
Lower height of seat Lower center of gravity, more stable and safer during turning.
Bigger width tires Bigger surface area, better support, low pressure acts on the
tyres and more friction when breaking.
Less thread pattern of tires Increase the surface area in contact with the road for better
gripping
Smaller mass Light, small inertia so motorcycle can moves faster
With anti-braking system (ABS) Prevent locking and skidding of wheels

7. Suggest the suitable cloth and the best techniques to catch ball to prevent injury for goalkeeper.
Suggestion Explanations
Wear glove Reduce pain and protect player’s hands when catching the ball

Use soft material for glove Lengthen the time impact, reduce impulsive force.
Wear cloth which made from high specific heat To reduce heat lose and maintain the body temperature of
capacity material player.
Base of shoes has stud The stud will sink into ground and give good gripping without
slipping.
When catching the ball, the goal keeper should This action is to lengthen the time of impact between ball and
move his hand backwards hand, so to reduce the impulsive force.
The ball should have enough air pressure inside Shorten the time of impact between the foot and the ball, to
increase the impulsive force then the ball can move in high
speed and travel further distance.

8. Using physics concept, suggest and explain suitable athlete’s attires, running, jumping, landing techniques and
other aspects to help the long jumper can jump further.
Suggestion Explanation
Use tight and light suit Less air friction
Use spike shoes Better grip support while running and prevent slippery
The athlete have to sprint before jump Can increase the kinetic energy//momentum
The athlete have to push the body forward while Increase the elastic potential energy//able to increase longer
jumping distance of jumping
Athlete have to bent the body during landing Increase the time of impact, reduce impulsive force, less injured

9. Safety feature in car

crumping zone Characteristic Explanation
The bumper of car is prone to crash To increase the time of impact, reduce the impulsive force
The sitting space of the passenger is reinforced To protect the passenger
Use safety belt During collision, safety belt will hold the passengers from been
thrown forward due to inertia
Use air bag Will inflate when accident occurs, protect the driver from hitting
onto steering Lengthen the time of impact
Antilock breaking system(ABS) Prevent locking of wheels and prevent car from skidding
Strong steel struts Give good protection from side on collision
Tires with tread Good gripping between tires and the road and prevent skidding
of car.

10. Explain the design of and how kayak which can travel faster and safer.
Suggestion Explanation
Streamline /aerodynamic shape of body Reduce water resistant and the kayak can move faster
Smooth surface body /coated with wax Reduce friction of body in water
Low density material Light , easier to float, easy to carry and sail faster
Strong material body and peddle Everlasting , not easily break
Wider peddle surface Greater force because more water are peddled up
Wear safety jacket Passenger can float in water.

2
11. Give suggestion to design a sail boat which can travel faster and smooth.
Suggestion Explanation
Streamline /aerodynamic shape of board Reduce water and air resistance, so the boat can move faster
Smooth surface board/coated with wax Reduce friction in water
Installed keel below the boat The boat will not easily over turn
Low density material of sail Light, easier to float and sail faster
Strong material of sail Withstand strong wind, not easily damage
Wider sail To increase the surface area and produce larger force

12. Suggest how to increase the safety for motorbike racer to reduce injuries / accident
Suggestion Explanation
Wear helmet To protect the head on collision.
Use helmet with hard outer casing and soft Helmet reduce head injuries in a crash by spreading the
inner liner impact with hard outer casing and absorb energy with soft
inner linear of Styrofoam
Use safety jacket To protect the biker from injuries , cut ,burn during impact
Use gloves To protect the hand
Use padded leathers suit Will soften any impact and protect the skin from abrasion

13. Explain how you would design the pile driving system. The ram hammer is lifted to a height by the crane and allowed to
fall on the pile.
Modification Reason
Large hammer weight To produce large momentum when it hits onto the pile
Ram hammer made from hard material such as Not easily break/last longer
alloys
Hammer raised at higher position Increase the gravitational potential energy thus increase the
momentum upon impact
Stronger End of the top of the concrete pile To avoid breaking at the top of the concrete pile by the hammer
Sharp End of the bottom of the concrete pile To increase the pressure and easily for the pile to penetrate into
the ground

14. Explain the suitable loaded lorry which can carry liquid, such as petrol
Suggestion Explanation
The load of lorry should be divided into many To reduce effect of inertia
smaller tanks
Make tanks of shining or silver colour Not easily heated up
Far gap distance between tractor and trailer Provide space and easier for turning of the tractor.
Use more tires Pressure will be distributed to all tires, able to carry more loads.
Lower pressure better support and more stable.
Small belting/chain touching on road at behind of To discharge electrostatic charge and prevent sparks that might
lorry ignite the petrol
Use antilock breaking system (ABS) The lorry can stop easily without skidding

15. Diagram shows a rolling-down giant ball used in an extreme sport challenge.

3
 Explain how you would design the rolling-down giant ball to make the ball safer and long lasting.
Suggestion Explanation
Use rough sponged outer surface. To prevent slippery and have good gripping on ground.
The ball make of elastic material. Can go back to its original shape in a very short time.
The ball make of water proof material. Does not absorb water and become heavy.
The ball make good insulator material. Does not easily heated up.
Make of high strength material. Not easily break and last longer.
Has small entrance. Prevent participants been thrown out.
Has soft inner surface. Act as a cushion and prevent injury on the participants.

F4 CHAPTER 2: GRAVITATION
16. Properties of Earth Imaging Satellite

Properties Reasons
1. Satellite can travels over a specific region for a longer time
1. Elliptical shape orbit.
and out of contact for a short time when it is zipping around
the other side of the Earth.
2. Can capture very detailed and clearer pictures.
2. Low altitude.
3. Revolving the Earth many times in 24 hours hence pictures
3. Short orbital period.(T < 24 hours.)
of different regions can be captured in a day.

17. Properties of Communication Satellite

Properties Reasons
1. The circular orbit implies a constant satellite velocity and
1. Circular orbit.
satellite is always at a specific a fixed position on the
surface of the Earth.
2. Revolves at a speed which match the rotation of the Earth.
2. High altitude.
3. So they seem stationary, relative to the Earth's surface. This
3. Period of 24 hours.
allows the satellites to observe and collect information
continuously over specific areas.

F4 CHAPTER : Heat

18. Most suitable design of thermometer to use in Antarctica

Suggestion Explanation
Use alcohol as liquid – in glass thermometer Freezing point of alcohol is -115oC .So , it will not freeze
at low temperature Lower freezing point
Use thin wall of bulb Easily flow of heat in and out thus thermal equilibrium
achieves in a very short time, the thermometer becomes
more sensitive.
Use small diameter of capillary tube Alcohol can expand at higher rate for the small change in
temperature and becomes more sensitive.
Use thick glass wall for stem No easily break
Use round glass stem Can act as magnifying glass , so the alcohol level can be
clearly seen and read
opaque colour
19. Most suitable design of clinical thermometer
Suggestion Explanation
Use mercury Easy to read because it is opaque
The scale range from 35oC to 42oC Suitable to measure human body temperature
Small diameter of capillary tube// extra fine bore Mercury can expand at high rate for a small change in
tube temperature
Use thin glass wall of bulb Sensitive to the change of temperature
Use round glass stem and wall Can act as magnifying glass. So, mercury can be seen
Clearly
4
 Capillary tube with kink To stop the mercury level from falling on its own and
allows the user to note the reading when the
thermometer is taken out.

20. Explain the design and the characteristics of the cooking pan
Suggestion Explanation
Base is made of a good heat conductor Will be heated quickly and save energy
High density of base Heavier base make the pot stable and not topple easily
Body is made of low specific heat capacity Easily get heated up.
material
Handle is made of high specific heat capacity Not easily heated up.
material
Choose low density material for handle Does not add extra weight on the pan
Transparent pot cover with a release hole. Able to see the food and the cover will trap the heat so foods
can be cooked in a shorter time and the hole is to release
high air pressure

21. Suggest and explain the design of water heater to boil a large quantity of water faster ,efficient and safely
Suggestion Explanation
Use high resistant wire as heating element High resistant to produce more heat
Heating element in the form of coils Longer wire, increase the resistance to produce more heat
High melting point Not easy to melt at high temperature
Lower rate of rusting Does not get rust easily
Use thermostat When temperature reaches 1000C, the water heater
will automatically turn off

22. Determine the modification to be made for container, so fruits can be kept cool, remain fresh and easily seen by
customers.
Suggestion Explanation
Use container with high specific heat capacity Able to slow down the loss of heat from the container
Place small ice packet below the bottom of the cut Ice absorb a large quantity of latent heat when melt, so
fruits fruits will be chilled and remain fresh
Add salt to the packet of ice Salt will lower the freezing point of ice, so this will slow
down the melting of ice
White surface colour of container Can reduce the absorption of heat from the surrounding
The container has double wall Reduce heat transfers from surrounding into the
container. The air inside the container remains cool
Transparent wall of container Customers can see and choose the fruits easily

23. Investigate the most suitable liquid that can be used as coolant for car radiator using physics concept.
Suggestion Explanation
Low freezing point liquid Will not freeze easily during winter
High boiling point liquid Does not easily boil
High specific heat capacity liquid Can transfer large quantity of heat with a small rise in
temperature. Able to cool down the engine more
efficiently
Low ability to react with metal Does not corrode the radiator.

24. Most suitable thermometer for laboratory to measure temperature of ice and boiling point of water
Suggestion Explanation
Size of the bulb is small Does not need a lot of heat to heat up the mercury,
increase the sensitivity of thermometer
Use thin wall of bulb Heat can transfer easily and thermal equilibrium achieves
in a short time
Use mercury Freezing point of mercury is -390C and boiling point is
3570C . So mercury thermometer is suitable to measure
temperature for ice and boiling water. Furthermore
Mercury does not stick to glass wall.
Narrow capillary tube The thermometer is more sensitive

5
 Thick and round glass stem Act as a magnifying glass for easy reading of scale

25. Modified and explain the design of an efficient solar water-heating system on the roof.
Suggestion Explanation
Long metal Pipe Longer metal pipe has greater surface area which can
absorb more heat
Use metal pipe Metal is good heat conductor, the pipe will be heated up
faster
Use insulator plate beneath the absorber panel Act as Insulator to prevent heat loss
Use black absorber panel Black is a good heat absorber
Cover the top of the panel with glass To trap heat energy

26. Design a solar reflector that can boil 500ml water in short time.
Suggestion Explanation
Use concave shape as solar reflector Will reflect and focus all heat to a focal point
Shinning or silver colour surface solar reflector Good heat reflector
Water is filled in a metal container Metal is a good heat conductor and water will be heated up
faster
Use black surface container Can absorb more heat
The container is placed at the focal point of the Heat energy is focused to the focal point.
reflector

27. Suggest the design of heating system in the house and characteristics of heating agent. The house used central
heating system with boiler, radiator and pipelines.
Suggestion Explanation
Use strong material for the piping Not easily break
Use metal pipe Good heat conductor and Increase the rate of heat transfer
Use long pipe in the form of coils Large surface area and more heat is transferred
Use high boiling point liquid Liquid will not evaporate easily
Low rate of rusting pipe Last longer, not easily rust
Big size of radiator fan Can blow and warm up air in a larger area

28. Suggest the characteristics of material to build food container which can keep the food warm.
Suggestion Explanation
Food container should made of low density Light , easily handle and able to be carry from one place
material to another.
High melting point container To prevent the container from melting under high
temperature
High specific heat capacity of material for container Less heat lost and able to keep the temperature of foods
Low thermal conductivity of material The outside of the container will not get hot thus easily
to handle by hand
Double wall To reduce heat loss.

29. Explain the characteristic and design of thermos flasks to maintain hot water.
Suggestion Explanation
Use hollow plastic stopper Air acts as a layer of insulator. So reduce heat loss through
the stopper.
Vacuum space between walls Prevent heat loss through conduction and convection
Has double walls Able to create a space for vacuum between walls
Walls coated with shiny paint Reduce heat through radiation
Double walls made of glass Glass is bad conductor, will reduce heat loss.

30. Explain the design of radiator of the car and characteristic of cooling agent which can absorb heat at short time,
Suggestion Explanation
Use cap of radiator with valve To release the high pressure built up in the radiator when
temperature is too high
6
 Increase the number of fin blades To increase the surface area for more heat lost
Use larger fan Draw in more air through the fin thus increase to cooling
effect
Use cooling agent liquid with high boiling point It won’t easily boil and evaporate in high temperature
Use cooling agent liquid with higher specific heat Able to absorb large amount of heat
capacity

31. Explain the use of suitable materials and design to improve the ventilation of a house and to ensure the temperature
inside the house is not high.
Suggestion Explanation
Build more windows for the house To allow more cool air to enter the house
Size of window must be large To allow more cool air to enter the house
Wall is made of high specific heat capacity material Wall is not easily heated up
Roof is made of high specific heat capacity material Roof is not easily heated up
Put a layer of insulator sheet below the roof To block heat from transferring into the house
Has holes on the upper part of wall Allow hot air to flow out
House is painted with light colour paint Light colour is a poor heat absorber

32. Diagram 9.2 shows an aluminium pail filled with some ice cubes is used to cool the canned drinks.

Suggest and explain how to produce a portable container that is able to cool canned drinks in a shorter time and to
ensure the canned drinks remain cold for a longer period.
Suggestion Reason
Add more ice Large mass of ice can absorb more heat from the drinks.
Container made of heat insulator / polystyrene To reduce heat absorbed from the surrounding.
Container made of substance with high specific heat Heated up slower
capacity
Use white container Do not absorb heat // Absorb less heat
Low density of container Lighter and easily handle.
Cover the container // lid Reduce heat absorbed through radiation //To reduce heat
absorbed from the surrounding.

33. Diagram shows a two‐door refrigerator for household use.

Using the knowledge about heat flows, explain the modification needed to produce a refrigerator which is constantly cold,
energy saving and lasting for the purpose of keeping the freshness of the food stored in it.

Characteristics Reason

7
 The deck is made of plastic Does not rust and long lasting
Use LED lamp or lamp of low power and just light when Does not heat up the refrigerator inside due to the lamp
the door is open of bulb
Use high power of refrigerator The refrigerator will be more cold to keep the freshness
of food stored
The freezer must be installed at the highest part inside The cool air has higher density will move down to cool the
the refrigerator lower part of food and thus causes the air circulation. Hot
air at lower part will move up and cooled down by the
freezer.
The specific heat capacity of the cover of refrigerator Slower conducting the heat outside into the refrigerator.
must be high.

34. An earth-monitoring satellite falls into the earth’s atmosphere at a high velocity and reaches a high temperature. This is
caused by the earth’s gravitational force and air resistance. Using the appropriate physics concepts, suggest and explain
suitable designs or ways to protect the satellite and its equipment:
Suggestion Explanation
Aerodynamic shape To reduce air resistance
Covered with heat shield material or insulator To protect the capsule from high temperature
High melting point Do not melt easily
Landing in water with air bag Increase time of impact and easily float in water
Light material / / small mass // low density -Reduce the inertia // -reduce the momentum // reduce the
impulse
Have parachute / /Retro rocket To reduce the speed and reduce the momentum on landing
Hard material // stiff composite Not easy crush upon impact

35. Designing a cooling pad that can lower down fever fast and convenient to use.

Protective film

Coolant

Design Explanation
Use high specific heat capacity Can absorb more heat.
of coolant.
High melting point of coolant. Not easily melt.
Use hydrogel type of coolant. Provide moisture and does not dry the
skin in contact.
Low density material of Light, easily handle and portable.
coolant.
Strong protective film. The pad will not easily break.

F4 CHAPTER 5: WAVE

36. To build a beach

Suggestion Explanation
Chose bay area Calmer waves due to refraction which diverge waves away
from bay area
High retaining walls Prevent over flow during high tide and reduce the direct
impact of the waves on the shore
Build concrete wall To reduce the erosion
8
 Concrete barrier structure with a gap Waves pass through the gap will be diffracted and
reduce the waves amplitude
Concrete barrier to form shallower water To reduce the speed of waves
Plant more trees around the beach To reduce erosion
Uneven surface of retaining wall To absorb waves energy and reduce reflection of waves

37. Explain the designing or modification in building a quality concert hall.

Suggestion Explanation
Cover the hard wall with soft board or thick curtain To absorb sound waves and reduce the reflection of sound
Fixed two loud speakers at the front corners of the More audient can hear loud sound
hall
Fixed two speakers at higher position No obstacle to block the sound waves
Cover the floor with carpet To absorb sound waves and reduce the reflection of sound
Thick concrete wall for the hall To produce a sound proof hall that reduce the disturbance
from external noise.
Uneven surface of ceiling To absorb sound waves and reduce the reflection of sound

38. Explain the characteristics of satellite communication signals receiving system.

Suggestion Explanation
Concave parabolic shape of disc To focus the receiving wave signals to a focal point
Large diameter of disc To receive and reflect more waves signal
Place a receiver at the focal point of the concave disc To collect maximum signals
Place parabolic disc higher from the ground To reduce the blocking of incoming signals by obstacles
Smooth surface of the disc For good reflection of wave signals
Position the disc to a specific satellite To receive the highest wave signals from the satellite

39. Diagram shows a communication system involved in transmitting information between two distance locations.

You are required to give some suggestions to design a communication system which can improve the quality of signal
transmission.

Suggestion Explanation
Use microwave as transmission wave Microwaves pass easily through the atmosphere, so they
can pass between stations on Earth and satellites in orbit.
Use high frequency wave as transmission High energy wave which allow the wave to reach a
wave satellite in high orbit
Short wavelength wave as transmission Less diffraction so the wave can travel further distance.
wave. Short wavelength allows conveniently-sized antennas to
direct them in narrow beams.
Use concave dish as receiver Able to focus wave signals to a focal point
Use large diameter dish receiver To reflect more waves and receive maximum wave signal
Use large diameter transmitter dish This produces very little diffraction, giving a narrow beam
signal that does not spread out.
Install transmitter and receiver dish on top of No obstacles
hill

9
40. Diagram 10.3 shows a guitar used by a student on a stage of your school hall in a singing competition without using a
rnicrophone.

Sound hole
String

Freds

$uggest and explain how to design a guitar which can produce high pitch and will not break easily when it is plucks.

Suggestion Explanation
Use metal string. Stiffer and not easily break, can produce louder sound.
Set string in high tension. Can produce high frequency sound.
Use strings of different thickness. Can produce wide range frequency of sound.
Wide pacing between freds. To produce different notes easily.
Big sound hole. More air particles vibrate in resonance to produce louder
sound.

41. Suggest and explain how ordinary fishing boat can be upgrade to the new boat which complete equipment to detect the
crowd of fish.

Suggestion Explanation
Attach radar system to the ship This equipment needs to detect crowd of fish and for
measurement the depth of the crowd of fish
a) Ultrasonic transmitter -Use to produce ultrasonic pulses
a) Microphone receiver To detect ultrasonic pulses
b) CRO -To measure the depth of fish by calculating d=vt/2;
d=depth, v=velocity, t=time
Use ultrasonic wave -Ultrasound not produce sound
-Ultrasonic wave has higher frequency, more energy, so it
can move further
Use high energy wave The penetrating power is higher

F4 CHAPTER 5: LIGHT

42. Determine and explain in the designing of a magnifying glass to be used for enlarging the image of stamps
Suggestion Explanation
Choose convex lens The image can be magnified
Excellent clarity of lens Can see clearer image
Small focal length Able to focus nearer object
Medium diameter of lens Can easily handle and hold by hand
The object is place less than the focal length The image is magnified and upright

43. Explain the suitability of a mirror that be used in shop to watch over customers

Suggestion Explanation
Use convex mirror Wider field of view
Greater reflectivity of material Clearer image
Choose a bigger size of mirror Enable wider view and sharper image
Place the mirror at the corner of shop ceiling Easier to look at and won’t disturb the customers pathway
Low density Lighter to hang up

10
44. Design fiber optic
Suggestion Explanation
The refractive index of the outer layer is lower than For total internal reflection can happen in the fiber optic.
the refractive index of the inner layer
Use high flexibility material so that it can be bent easily
Use strong material Does not break easily
Use thin material Light // can be used in small area
Low density material Light and easily handle
High purity inner core. Light travel a long distance in optical fibre without loss of
energy.

45. Determine and explain the design of microscope using lens P and Q with focal length of 15 cm and 5 cm
respectively. Suggest modifications that need to be done to get brighter and bigger image.
Suggestion Explanation
P as the eye piece and Q as the objective lens Focal length of P is longer than Q
Adjust the eye-piece so that object distance from To produce virtual, Inverted and bigger image//the eye-
the eye-piece is less than the focal length of the piece acts as a magnifying glass
eye-piece.
Distance between lenses > fo + fe To produce bigger image from the eyepiece // to increase
the magnification
Store in a cool and dry place To prevent the formation of fungus on the lenses
Use more powerful lens for the eyepiece To produce bigger image
A concave mirror is placed below the slide To focus more light and produce brighter image

46. Explain the suitable characteristics of a mirror to be used as outdoor safety mirror at the corner of the road
Suggestion Explanation
Use convex mirror Wider field of view
Excellent weather resistance Able to withstand bad weather
Excellent impact resistance of material Save cost, everlasting
Bigger size mirror To enable a wider view and sharper image
Greater reflectivity of material Clearer image even in bad weather
Place at the sharp road corner , at bending road To minimize from accident occur, to enable motorist see
the oncoming traffic
Small roof Protect from rain drops for better image

47. Designing of Astro disc using appropriate physics concepts.

Suggestion Explanation
Choose parabolic convex curve disc The reflected signals can be focused at the focal point
Signal receiver is placed at the focal point of the disc To receive the strongest signals and produce sharp and
clear image
Smooth surface of disc For better reflection of signals
Install the disc at high position No obstructions in signals receiving
Facing the disc towards satellite For better and maximise signals receiving

48. Modified a slide projector that need to be placed in school hall and can be seen by many students with clearer
image.
suggestion Explanation
Use high power bulb To produce high intensity light for a brighter image
The filament of the bulb is at the focal point of the To produce parallel reflected rays for image to be formed
concave mirror on a screen
Projector is placed further away from the screen To produce larger image
Installed an electric fan in the projector As a cooling system to lower the temperature of the
projector
Use condenser convex les To focus more light onto the slide and produce brighter
image
Use a concave mirror instead of plane mirror To focus the more light directly towards the lens hence
increase the intensity of light to produce brighter image

11
 Place the filament of the bulb at the centre of To reflect more light towards the lens to increase the
curvature of the converging mirror intensity of light.
Use heat filter To filter excess heat and prevent slide been overheated

49. Determine and explain the design of a telescope using lens J and K with lens K is thicker than lens J which can produce
bigger and clearer image.
Suggestion Expalanation
Choose lens K as the eyepiece lens Thicker lens has higher power with shorter in focal
𝑓
length 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑀 = 𝑓𝑜
𝑒
Small focal length of the eyepiece can produce bigger
image.
Choose lens J as objective lens Thinner lens has lower power with long focal length
Larger focal length will increase the magnification of the
telescope
Adjust the distance between the two lenses equal to To produce final image at infinity as not to strain
the sum of their individual focal length, L = f0 + fe observer’s eye

The lenses made of high clarity glass To produce sharp and clear image

Use bigger diameter of objective lens To allow more light to enter the telescope and produce a
clearer and brighter image
50. Diagram 9.4 shows a student uses a simple mirror periscope to see an object behind a wall.

Object Plane mirror

You are required to modify the simple mirror periscope into a prism binocular that can produce clearer image.
Suggestion Explanation
Use two 450-900-450 prisms For total internal reflection to happen and produce bright image.
Prisms are arranged with the hypotenuse sides in To produce 900 reflection of light.
parallel and facing out.

Prisms make of low density material. Light and easily handle.

Install low power objective lens. Large focal length, can focus far distance object and produce
high magnification.
𝑓𝑜
𝑀=
𝑓𝑒
F0 , M
Install high power eye piece. To produce high magnification.
Big diameter objective lens. To allow more light enters the periscope and produce bright
image.

12
51. Diagram shows a crack on an internal wall surface of a car engine. The crack cannot be seen from the outside.

Suggest a design of a device that can be inserted into the car engine.
State and explain the modifications based on the aspects such as the type of cable, the characteristics of the cable used,
and the additional features needed to display clear image and manoeuvrable in the coiled space of the car engine.

Suggestion Explanation
Use fiber optic type of cable. Total internal reflection occur and produce a clear image.
Use long cable. Able to inspect deep into part of engine.
Use small diameter cable. Can insert into narrow space part of engine.
Install high power lamp at the end of the cable. To produce a brighter image.
Use high flexibility cable Easily bend into space of the engine.

F5 CHAPTER 1: FORCES AND MOTION II

52. Explain the suitability feature of arm exercise equipment.

Suggestion Explanation
Spring make of high strength material like steel Can withstand large force
Two // more spring arrange in parallel The spring system is stiffer/increase spring constant
Spring with thicker wire Wire will not easily break
Smaller diameter coil of spring The spring will not be too soft and easily bend
Choose large force constant spring Will make strong spring, the spring will be more stiffer and will
not break easily

53. Explain the characteristic of a spring to make baby’s cradle.

Suggestion Explanation
Choose spring with large spring constant the spring will be more stiffer and not easily break
Choose thicker wire to make the spring The thicker the wire the stiffer the spring is.
Small diameter coil of spring The spring will not be too soft and produce large extension
The spring is made of high strength material like Steel and alloy is stiffer than iron, not easily break
steel
The arrangement of springs is two or more line in The spring becomes stiffer and can withstand larger load
parallel

54. Explain the most suitable design of spring for shock absorber for motorcycles.

Suggestion Explanation
Small diameter of spring coil Enough space for the spring to be installed and the spring
becomes harder
Choose large diameter of wire The larger the diameter wire the stiffer the spring
Spring wire make of high strength material Can support motorcyclist and passenger with larger load
Higher spring constant Produce small compression of the spring
Small natural frequency To reduce bumping, comfortable for user

13
55. Diagram shows an archer aiming an arrow to a target board. Using appropriate physics concept, explain the use of suitable
equipment and techniques to improve his performance.

Suggestions Explanations
Use small mass arrow The arrow can move in high speed
The arrow has sharp point/aerodynamic shape To reduce air resistance and the arrow can move in high speed
High elasticity bowstring Can store large elastic potential energy when stretching
High strength bow Will not easily break
Aiming the arrow a little higher above centre of To compensate the gravitational pull on the arrow while flying
target

56. Diagram 14.4 shows a trampoline. It uses the elastic property of a material to rebounce a person upwards.

You are required to give some suggestions to improve the design of the trampoline so that it can be used by the children
safely and can jump higher.
Suggestion Reason
Use more spring in parallel Increase the Spring constant and can withstand large force
High spring constant Can withstand large force
Main frame is made of steel Strong material which does not break easily
Use nylon for fabric Does not tear
Has net around the edge of trampoline To prevent the children from slipping out to the floor

57. Suggest and explain how to make suitable beach motorcycle which able to move on the sand smoothly and comfortable.
Suggestions Explanations
Deep thread patter // more definitive pattern Better grip on sand, able to move smoothly on sand
Large tire (big surface contact with ground) Reduce total pressure of motorcycle, increase stability and the
motorcycle would not get stuck in the sand
Soft seat and water resistance Comfortable for riders and would not get wet easily
Excellent resistance to rusting Everlasting. Would not rust easily
Installed shock absorber with higher spring Reduce bumping and reduce oscillations.
constant and small natural frequency.
Low density body Lighter, would not stuck in sand

14
58. Diagram C shows a pole vaulter performing a jump.

Diagram C

Using appropriate physics concepts, explain the use of suitable equipment and techniques to improve
his performance.
Suggestions Explanations
Wear tight attire. To reduce air friction.
Wear spiked shoes. For good gripping on the ground and prevent slippery.
Run in high speed or sprint. To produce large kinetic energy to transform into potential
energy and achieve higher height.
Use elastic pole. The pole can be bent and stored large elastic potential energy.
Use light pole. Light and can run in high speed.
Use strong pole. Not easily break.
Use thick mattress. Can absorb impact and reduce impulsive force.

59. Diagram 9.4 shows a fishing rod. You are required to give suggestions to improve the capability of the fishing rod.

State and explain your suggestions based on the characteristics of the length of rod, density of the keel, the size of the
ring, the material of fishing line and the fishing rod.

Suggestions Explanations
Long rod. More elastic and not easily break.
Low density of keel. Light and easily handle.
Small diameter of the ring. Fishing line not easily get tangled.
High elasticity and strong material fishing line. Easily bend and not easily break.
Fishing rod made of carbon fibre material. Light, elastic and strong.

F5 CHAPTER 2: PRESSURE

60. Efficient brake system

Suggestions Explanations
Type of liquid: oil Uncompressible so pressure can be transmitted equally in all
direction
Thick brake line/pipe To withstand the high pressure from the liquid
The ratio of cross sectional area for wheel piston To produce larger force on wheel piston
and master piston is high

15
 The chosen of type of brake for front rear wheel: Disc brake is more efficient than drum brake
Front wheel - disc
Rear wheel - drum

61. Explain the design of hydrometer which can be used to determine a wide range of densities of liquid.
Suggestions Explanations
Small and long stem Increase sensitivity where the scale division are far apart so that
small changes in density can be detected
Glass wall Do not corrode and small adhesive force with liquid
Large diameter of bulb To gain larger buoyant force/ displaces more liquid / able to float
easily
Calibration of scale : Able to measure a wide range of densities of liquids.
- Placed the hydrometer in alcohol. The liquid
level at the stem is marked (upper level)
- Placed the hydrometer in high density liquid
like mercury and marked the lower level
(lower level)
Put lead shots at the base of the bulb Hydrometer can stay upright while floating in liquid

62. Describe the suitable design to build mobile tent for an event which will be constructed at an open space for a week.
Using appropriate physics concept, suggests and explain.
Suggestion Explanation
Choose low density metal for frame Light weight, strong and easily handle
Use hollow frame which can assemble easily Hollow frame is not heavy, but equally strong, easy to mobile
anywhere, faster to put up, can reduce the cost of
construction and transportation
Water proof canvas If raining, would not getting wet
Anti-rust frame Can withstand rain and long lasting
Sharp end frame to be planted on ground Small surface area, so higher pressure onto the ground for
the frame to support the tent in stable

63. Explain the necessary modification for the structure of dentist chair for children that are suitable and save for an adult.
Suggestion Explanation
Increase the cross-sectional area of big piston and To increase the output force acting on the big piston / to lift
decrease the cross-sectional area of small piston heavier adult
The wall of pipe is made up of strong alloy to hold To withstand the strong pressure that might cause breaking
the fluid of the pipe
Installed electric touch control To lift or lower the chair to the desire height easily
and safely
The surface area of the seat enlarged To support the adult with the large bodies
Use non-corrosive oil in jack Does not corrode the piping and cause leakage

64. Explain the building and designing of a hot air balloon which can fly higher altitude faster and suggest some safety aspect.
Suggestion Explanation
Large balloon Produce bigger buoyant / upthrust force, increase the
volume of air displaced
Many hot air burners Heat up the gas inside the balloon faster
Synthetic nylon balloon Air proof, light weight, can stand high temperature and
strong
Light basket for passengers Balloon can move upward faster
Fly on early morning or late afternoon The temperature outside the ballon is cooler compare to
the inside of ballon, so the ballon will rise faster and higher

65. Explain the basic structure of small submarine that can be used for underwater exploration.
Suggestion Explanation
Strong material Can withstand high water pressure
Aerodynamic shape Reduce water resistance and move faster
Thick wall Does not crush easily under high pressure
16
 High density materials Increase mass / can submerge easily
Big ballast tank To displace more water to gain large buoyant force
Sonar transmitter and receiver To detect incoming objects and depth of water

66. Suggest the design of submarine which can submerge and float in the sea.
Suggestion Explanation
Big ballast tanks Able to displace more water to gain large buoyant force
Aerodynamic // streamline body To reduce water resistance
Use hard and stiff materials for body To overcome the pressure of water in the sea
Attach periscope To view surface surrounding area while submarine is in the
water
Use nuclear power source to generate power Long lasting power, does not need to refuel frequently

67. Explain the characteristic of material to be used for making the sole of jungle trekking shoes.
Suggestion Explanation
Rubber sole Good impact absorber
Low density Light weight
Many studs Give extra gripping on ground and prevent slippery
Low expansion effect Not loose easily
Excellent ability of stretch Comfortable to feet, less pressure on feet

68. Using physics concept, explain necessary deep sea diving suit and other accessory to carry.
Suggestion Explanation
Use water proof suit Keeps the diver dry.
Use body tight suit Helps in streamlining so that the diver can dive efficiently
Use thick glass of diving mask Enable the diver to see surrounding and at the same time
able to withstand the water pressure
Use atmospheric pressure ("hard") suits To maintain the surface pressure inside the suit.
Bring along oxygen gas tank To provide oxygen for the diver
Use very heavy suit The diver enable to stand on the floor of ocean and able to
overcome buoyancy of water

69. Modified a commercial airplane to cargo airplane that needs to carry more loads, use less of fuel, high efficiency and safe
to travel.
Suggestion Explanation
Increase the size of the body To increase the space for more loads
Increase the length of the wing To produce extra lifting force
Increase the thickness of the body To withstand a large different in air pressure over high
altitude
Use more powerful engines To overcome bigger inertia and gain enough speed in short
runway
Increase the number of tires To support large mass of loads and high pressure while
landing
Protective bar between the cabin and the pilot To prevent moving objects to smash onto the cockpit while
decelerate during landing

70. Design Vacuum Cleaner

Suggestion Explanation
Large fan Draw out more air and produce low pressure in vacuum
cleaner
Powerful of electric motor Can turn in high speed to create low pressure in vacuum
cleaner
Narrower inlet opening Increase the speed of suction air and create low pressure
Use large air filter To collect more dust
Larger spaced for depositing and collecting dust Allow air flows easily through the filter and the vacuum
particles cleaner can work efficiently

17
71. Design perfume sprayer
Suggestion Explanation
Large size of air bulb Compress more air/can exert large pressure
Bulb make of rubber material More elastic/easier to squeeze, can squeeze repeatedly
Narrow air tube Allow air flow in high speed to create low pressure
Low density material for perfume container Light and easily handle
Narrow nozzle at the end The paint can be sprayed evenly

72. Design hydraulic jack

Suggestion Explanation
Bigger area of slave piston (big piston) To produce large output force
Small area of master piston(small piston) Small input forced is needed to push the small piston
Longer handle Easier to apply force onto the small piston
Low density of a body Light and easily handle
Oil as hydraulic fluid Non-compressible and liquid pressure can be
transmitted equally in all directions
Release valve between small and main Liquid can flows into small reservoir to lower the slave
reservoir(reset) piston down

73. Design hydrometer

Suggestion Explanation
Bulb with lead shot at the lower section To ensure the hydrometer floats upright and not
overturn in liquid
Bulb with bigger diameter at the bottom To displace more liquid to gain enough buoyant force in
order to be able to float
Cylinder with smaller diameter at the upper section A small reading scale can be incorporated/increase the
sensitivity
Smaller scale increase the sensitivity
Filled with air Light and can easily float
Glass wall Not easily corrode

74. You are required to give some suggestions on how to design a boat as to increase the floating force and safer.
Suggestion Reason
Material used must be with low rusting rate (fibre Long lasting without rust
composite)
Shape of boat is streamline Reduce water friction while cruising
Density of boat is light Can carry more load before it sinks
Has life jacket and tyre For passenger to float during emergency
Installed Global Positioning System GPS To show exact position of boat on the Earth anytime
75. Modification of a ship that can carry more and heavier load, move faster and safer while travelling.
Suggestion Explanation
Use strong material Can withstand larger force and not easily break
Low density material Light weight, can move faster
Has plimsoll line Safe to travel on fresh and salt water
Big size Can place more goods
Aerodynamic/streamline shape Reduce water friction.

F5 CHAPTER 3: Electricity

76. Suggest the installation of lamps in a library, for economical yet high efficiency.
Suggestion Explanation
Circuit connection of lamps is in a parallel circuit If any lamp burns out, others can still be used
Attach shiny reflector Can reflect more light and the room becomes brighter.
Low power lamp Safe energy consumption and reduce energy costing
Use LED type of lamps Safe energy consumption yet produce high intensity light
Long life span lamps No need to replace more often
Install Automatic Infra-Red sensor Lamps will light up only when the sensors sense the
18
 existence of human body heat/Infra-Red

77. Explain the modification of table lamp to be use in study room.

Suggestion Explanation
Use the fluorescent lamp Fluorescent lamp consume less power and more economical
and also produce less heat
Attach a lamp cover to the bulb To protect the eye from the bulb's glare and to direct light
from the bulb
Use the adjustable stand The height of the lamp can be adjusted
Use portable type of stand Easy to be use anywhere in a room
Connect the lamp to the earth wire To protect user from electric short circuit

78. Suggest the suitable design of fuse to protect an electrical equipment which is label 240V,2400W
Suggestion Explanation
Use thin fuse wire High resistance, easily heated up and melt if exceed the
current limit
Fuse wire is in a ceramic cartridge Can withstand higher temperature
Fuse rating is 13A Maximum rating must be slightly higher than normal usage
current
Low melting point Easily melt when current exceed the current limit
Low specific heat capacity The fuse wire easily get heated and melt
Material of high resistant High resistance, easily heated up and melt if exceed the
current limit
Resistance to oxidation Not easily oxidise and can last longer

79. Diagram shows a variable resistor which the resistance can be varied to a maximum of 10 .

You are required to modify the design so that the maximum resistance is greater than 10 .
Modification Reason
Use thinner resistant wire Thinner wire has high resistance
Increase the number of turns of wire Longer wire used and resistance increases
Use wire of high resistivity To increase the resistance of the wire
The slider must make good contact to the For good electrical contact and easy for current to flow
wire

80. You have to choose one of the cables to be used in the National Grid Network. Explain the suitability of each of
the characteristics of the cables.
Suggestion Explanation
Use large diameter cable wire To reduce the resistance of the cable
Low density cable wire Light and will not sag hanging on pylon
The rate of expansion should be low Less expansion and less sagging in the cables during hot days
High melting point Cables does not melt in high temperature
Use uninsulated cable wire To reduce the weight and reduce sagging
Use low resistance cable wire To reduce power lost during transmission of power

19
81. Investigate the characteristic of electric oven that can toast more cupcakes in a shorter time
Suggestion Explanation
Big space oven Can bake more cupcakes at one time
Install heating element on top and bottom of the To produce more heat
oven
The wall is made of good insulator To reduce heat lost
Install a fan inside the oven To regulate the temperature in the oven
Internal space of oven is painted silver Reduce heat lost through radiation and more heat can be
reflected
Install thermostat to the oven To control the temperature

82. Diagram 10.3 shows a filament lamp in an electrical wiring system in a house.

As an electrical engineer at Power System Consulting, suggest modifications that can be made to the structure of the
filament lamp in Diagram 10.3, so that it can produce a brighter light. State and explain the modifications based on the
characteristics of the coil and the characteristics of the gas filled in the filament bulb.

Suggestion Explanation
Use high resistance wire as filament example tungsten To produce more heat and light energy.
wire.
Use thin resistance wire as filament. High resistance and easily heated up to produce light.
The filament is made into coils. Long wire can be installed into the bulb.
Fill the bulb with inert gas example nitrogen gas. To prevent oxidation of the filament wire.
Low pressure gas is filled in the bulb. To prevent high pressure build up when bulb is heated up.

83. Explain the design of an electric kettle

Suggestion Explanation
Use high resistance wire as heating element To produce more heat energy.
Higher number of loops of heating coil Longer wire has high resistance to produce more heat
Use high power rating To produce more heat energy in the coil
High melting point of coil wire Not easily melt under high temperature
Low rate of rusting Does not get rust easily
Use thermostat To cut off the circuit when temperature achieve 1000C
Use 3 pins plug in For safety purposes in case of any short circuit

84. Design of incubator used to hatch eggs

Suggestion Explanation
Bulbs are connected in parallel circuit When one bulb damage, it does not affect on the another bulbs
Multi-level rack More eggs can be incubated at one time
Install fan Heat can distributed uniformly
Low power rating bulbs Not to produce too much heat
Install timer To set the correct timing during the incubation of eggs
Install thermostat To control the temperature

20
85. Design circuit for a house
Suggestion Explanation
Connected in parallel Allow each electric appliances to be switched on and off
independently
Connect fuse to the live wire in the fuse box To cut off the flow of current when a high electric current flows
through the circuit
Install a circuit breaker Automatically cut off the circuit whenever there is a surge in
electric current flows in the circuit
Earth connection to the metal case of To allow current to flow to the earth when short circuit happen
electrical appliances
Use low power lamps / install fluorescent To save the energy consumption and reduce surrounding
lamp temperature

F5 CHAPTER 4: Electromagnet
86. Using appropriate physics concepts, explain the use of suitable equipment to design an electric bell which can produce
louder sound.

Designing Reason
Increase the number of turns of coil To produce stronger magnetic field strength that increase the pulling
force on the hammer
Increase the size of the Gong Will cause more air particles to vibrate and produce louder sound
Use a higher elasticity of springy steel For a better vibration of the hammer hitting on the gong
strip
Use two pieces of soft irons to form Will increase the magnetic field strength and the pulling force on the
two solenoids soft iron armature
Use thick copper wire as the coil wire Low resistance allow larger current to flow in the solenoid

87. Suggest modification on dc motor to increase efficiency of the motor.

Suggestion Explanation
Low density material Light and easily handle
Increase the number of turns in To increase the magnetic force and motor can turn faster
the coil
Use high strength magnet To increase the magnetic force and motor can turn faster
More segments of coils Will increase the power of the motor
Use concave shape magnet The motor turns smoothly
Use thick insulated copper wire Reduce the resistant and motor can turn faster
as coils

21
88. Using a 12 V a.c power supply, explain the modification that needs to be done on the motor and the external circuit to
enable the motor to be a d.c electric motor and rotate faster.

Suggestion Explanation
Use diodes and capacitor as The 12 V a.c has to be rectified into d.c by using diodes in
rectifier bridging circuit with a capacitor to smoothen the d.c
Replace the two slips rings with To reverse the direction of current flows into the coil in
a commutator every half turning of the coil
Increase number of turns of coil To produce larger turning force on the coil
Use stronger magnet To produce larger turning force on the coil
Use concave shape magnets To produce radial magnetic field for a smooth turning of
coil

89. Diagram shows a cross section of a moving coil microphone.

Using an appropriate concept in physics, suggest and explain suitable modifications or ways to enable the microphone to
detect sound effectively and generate bigger current.
Characteristic Reason
Use thicker diaphragm Can withstand high pressure of sound vibrations
High strength of diaphragm Long lasting
Use more turns To produce larger induced current
Bigger diameter of wire coil Reduce resistance of wire
Higher strength of magnet Produce stronger magnetic field

90. Investigate the characteristics to improve the efficiency of a transformer.

Suggestion Explanation
Use soft iron core Easy to magnetized and demagnetized
Laminated core Reduce eddy current and reduce energy lost
Use thick wire coils Low resistance, less energy lost
Use insulated copper wire to make the coil Low resistance and less energy lost
Wind the secondary coil on top of the primary coil Reduce leakage of magnetic field lines

91. Design a moving coil ammeter that can function better and able to detect small change in current
Suggestion Explanation
Use stronger magnet Strong magnetic field and produce larger magnetic force to turn the
coil for a larger deflection of pointer
Use concave shape magnet Produce radial magnetic field/to get linear scale
Use cylindrical core To produce uniform magnetic field
Use soft iron core To concentrate the magnetic field
Using hair spring of lower stiffness Smaller opposing force to stop the turning of coil
Use lighter pointer Small inertia for easier deflection
Use low density coil wire Light and easily to turn
22
 Increase the area of coil To produce large magnetic force for the turning of coil

92. Suggest and explain the Design of adaptor to charge the DC 8V hand phone from 240V power supply.
Suggestion Explanation
Use step down transformer Able to reduce output voltage
Ratio of turns of primary coil to secondary Can reduce the output voltage from 240V to 8V
coil is 30 : 1
Connect four diodes in bridging circuit To produce a full wave rectification of AC to DC
Connect a capacitor To smoothen the output DC
Use insulator as the casing To protect user from electric shock
Use low density material of coil wire and Light and easily handle
casing

93. Figure 12.1 shows how a model of an electric transformer system can be set up in a laboratory. The model consists of a
power station that generates 12 V of alternating current (ac) that transmits the electrical energy to the users using
transmission wires and transformers P, Q and R.

You are required to set up a model as in the Figure using the information in the Table.

Answer:
Suggestion Reason
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠 24 1000
For transformer P: (12 V  24 V) = , =
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝 12 500
Np = 500, Ns = 1000
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠 8 400
For transformer Q: (24 V  8 V) = , = 1200
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝 24
Np = 1200, Ns = 400
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠 6 120
For transformer P: (12 V  6 V) = , = 500
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝 24
Np = 500, Ns = 120
Use laminated soft iron as core Soft iron easily magnetize and demagnetize
Laminated core can reduce eddy current
Use copper wire Low resistance so can reduce power lost

23
 F5 CHAPTER 5: Electronic

94. Modified the automatic switch light (diagram above) which can switch on at night and switch off during morning to
be an automatic switch on fire alarm, explain using diagram and the function of component.
Suggestion Explanation
Replace LDR with a thermistor Resistance of a thermistor varies with the change of
temperature
Replace LED with alarm// siren Able to produce alarm sound if fire is detected
Interchange LDR with R During fire, R has greater resistance compare to LDR so
voltage in the base circuit is higher than 1V and transistor
allows current to flow and alarm is triggered
When the temperature is high, the resistance of thermistor decreases. This will increase the voltage across R. So current
will flow into the base circuit of transistor, the transistor then allows a large current to flow in the collector circuit. The
alarm will be switched on.

95. Suggest the modification on the circuit in the Diagram so that it can function as an automatically fire alarm switch
that need high voltage.

Suggestion Explanation
Replace LDR with thermistor To detect heat
Replace LED with a relay switch which is connected in To switch on high voltage secondary circuit
the collector circuit
Interchange the resistor R and thermistor To increase the base voltage when heat is detected by the
thermistor
Use 240 V power supply in secondary circuit For Siren to function under high voltage
Connect a diode parallel to the relay To protect transistor from burn out due to high current
induced when soft iron in the relay demagnetised

F5 CHAPTER 6: Nuclear Physics

96. Suggest the design of nuclear reactor.
Suggestion Explanation
Use uranium-235 Use as nuclear fuel
Nuclear fission A type of chain reaction that produce huge of heat energy
Boron or Cadmium rod is used as control rods To control the rate of nuclear fission
Use graphite as moderator To slow down the fast moving neutrons

Build thick concrete wall Thick concrete wall can prevent the escape of
radioactive radiations, keep the radiations inside the reactor
Carbon dioxide or water is used as cooling agent To absorb heat from the reaction for turn turbine generator.

Build the reactor plant near to river or sea Need large amount of water to cool down the reactor

24
DECISION MAKING
F4 Chapter 2: Forces and Motion I

97. Diagram shows five designs of ‘Newton’s Cradle’, P, Q, R, S and T, with different specifications. You are required
to determine the most suitable design to make the ball at the end swings up to higher level and at bigger speed.
Study all the five designs from the following aspects:
− The arrangement of the balls − The type of material used to make the balls
− the number of string used to hang the balls − the position of the ball to start the oscillation

Answer:
Characteristic Reasons
The balls touch each other This will reduce losses of energy which will reduce the speed of the
balls
The type of material used to make the Steel balls are hard and produce highly elastic collision. Energy can
balls is steel Easily be transferred through the intermediate balls.
Two strings used to hang each ball This string arrangement restricts the balls’ movements to the same plane.
the position of the ball to start the oscillation
High position of the ball to start High potential energy and will change to high kinetic energy. The last end
ball will swing at bigger speed.
Newton’s cradle Q is the most suitable because the balls touch each other, used steel balls, two strings used to hang each ball
and high position of ball to start.

98. Diagram 11.4 shows the side view of a car.

Diagram 11.4
Table 11 shows four safety car seats K, L, M and N with different specifications. You are required to determine the
most suitable car seat and the way it is positioned on the front passenger seat, for babies’ safe travel. Explain the
suitability of each characteristic of the car seat and position.
Determine the most suitable car seat and position. Give a reason for your choice.

25
Answer:
Characteristics Explanation
1. Seat cover: Fabric 1. Cooler / able to absorb sweat
2. Seat base: fibre 2. Strong /does not break easily
3. Seat belt : wide 3. Exert less pressure on baby
4. Car seat fastened facing the rear 4. Children are not exposed to danger from
broken glass or flying pieces of debris
Car seat M is the most suitable because it has fabric seat cover, fibre seat base, wide seat belt and car seat fastened facing the
rear.

99. Diagram 12.3 shows four racing motorcycles, P, Q, R and S, with different specifications.
You are required to determine the most suitable motorcycle to move fast and safe when racing.

Racing bike A

Type of brake : without ABS

Mass : 205.0 kg

Racing bike B

Type of brake : without ABS

Mass : 220.0 kg

Racing bike C

Type of brake : ABS

26
 (Antilock Brake System)

Mass : 208.0 kg

Racing bike D

Type of brake : ABS

(Antilock Brake System)

Mass : 242.0 kg

DIAGRAM 12.3/ Rajah 12.3

Study the specifications of all the four motorcycles from the following aspects:
Explain the suitability of the aspects. Justify your choice.
Answer:
Specification Reason
With ABS Motorcycle does not stop immediately/ can be controlled if
direction changes/ does not move side ways / more friction with
ABS.
Bigger with of tyre Bigger surface area, better support / low pressure acts on the
tyres/ more friction when breaks.
Smaller mass Lighter, can move faster / low inertia.
Lower seat height Lower centre of gravity/ more stable/ safer when turn.
Racing bike C is the most suitable because it has ABS brake, bigger tyres, small in mass and lower seat height.

100. Diagram 11.2 shows a tennis player hitting a tennis ball with his racket.

Techniques and Time contact

Action after hitting the ball String Material of
characteristics between the
tension the string
of string ball and racket
Continue to swing the racket
P Long High Steel
after hitting the ball
Continue to swing the racket
Q Short High Nylon
after hitting the ball

27
 Stops the racket immediately
R Short Low Steel
after hitting the ball
Stops the racket immediately
S Long Low Nylon
after hitting the ball

You are required to investigate the techniques done by the player and the characteristics of the racket’s string.
Determine the most effective technique done by the tennis player and the most suitable characteristics of the
racket’s string to produce high speed motion of the tennis ball after being hit.
Answer:
Characteristic & technique Reason
Continue to swing the racket after hitting Extended the stopping time of the racket that will reduce
the ball the impact toward hand.
Increase the stopping time will increase the impulse and
increase the speed of the ball.
Short time contact between the ball and To increase the impulsive force.
racket.
High string tension. Shorten the contact time with the ball / produce high
impulsive force
Nylon as for the material of the string More elastic and produced higher elastic potential energy.
Technique and characteristic Q is the most suitable because it has continue to swing the racket after hitting the ball,
short time contact between the ball and racket, high string tension and nylon as for the material of the string.

101. Diagram 11.2 shows a goalkeeper for field hockey game.

Table 2 shows the characteristics of the goalkeeper’s equipment.

Set of Stick Density of Left Hand The Thickness of
Equipments Material Head Protector the Leg Guard
Protector
Carbon
K fibre High Hard Thin
Plastic
Wood High Hard Foam Thicker
L
Carbon
fibre Low Hard Foam Thicker
M

N Wood Low Hard Plastic Thin

Table 2
Choose the most suitable equipment to be used by the goalkeeper and provide the reasons for your
choice.
Answer:
Characteristic Reason
Stick made of carbon fibre. Light weight and strong, not easily break.
Low density of head protector. Light and easily move.
Hard foam left hand protector. The foam can absorb impulsive force and it is hard so
can protect the hand.
Thicker leg guard. Can absorb large impulsive force.
Set equipment M is the most suitable because it has stick made of carbon fibre, low density of head protector, hard foam left
hand protector and thicker leg guard

28
97. Diagram 11.2 shows the design and specifications of four different track bicycles, P, Q, R and S for track cycling
competition in a velodrome.

Track bicycle / Basikal trek P Track bicycle / Basikal trek Q

Body made Drop handle
of alloy steel Body made Straight handle
of alloy steel

Wide tyre Wide tyre

without thread with thread

Track bicycle / Basikal trek R Track bicycle / Basikal trek S

Body made of Drop handle

Body made of
carbon fibre carbon fibre Straight handle

Narrow tyre Narrow tyre

without thread with thread

Diagram 11.2/ Rajah 11.2

Study the specifications of all four track bicycles. Explain the suitability of each design and its specifications.
Determine the most suitable track bicycle that can travel with higher speed.
Answer:
Specification Reason
Body made of Carbon fibre. Lighter / Small mass / Low density so the bicycle can
accelerate faster.
Drop handle. Cyclist at aerodynamic position / reduce air resistance.
Narrow tyre. Lighter / reduce the friction.
No thread. Reduce the friction.
Track bicycle R is the most suitable because it has Body made of carbon fibre, drop handle, narrow tyre and tyre with
no thread.

29
98. Diagram 11.2 shows a waterslide for children at Tasik Kenyir Water Park.

Side fence
Side fence

Height of water Volume of water Type of Height of slide

Design
slide/m on slide slide fence fence/m
S 15 Large Hard 0.5
T 8 Small Soft 0.5
U 15 Large Soft 1.0
V 5 Small Hard 1.0

Study the specifications of all four designs. Explain the suitability of each specification of the waterslide. Choose the most
suitable design and justify your choice.
Answer
Specification Reason
High height of water slide. Large gravitational potential energy convert to large
kinetic energy thus the speed of an object is high.
Large volume of water on slide. To reduce frictional force.
Soft type of slide fence. To produce small impulsive force and reduce injury.
High height of slide fence. To prevent overthrow.
Design U is the most suitable because it has High height of water slide, Large volume of water on slide, Soft type of slide
fence and High height of slide fence.

F4 Chapter 3: Gravitation

99. Determine the best specifications for a geostationary communication satellite and the method to launch the satellite.

Method Launch Launch site Altitude of Launch

location satellite direction.
P At the At a very big 36000 km To the West
equator stadium
Q Near the Near the sea 36000 km To the East
equator.
R At the South Near the sea 3600 m To the West
pole
S At the North At a very big 3600 m To the East
pole stadium

Answer
Specification Reason
Launch position at equator or near equator. Easily set the satellite in an orbit above the equator.
Launch site near the sea. Any miss launching will allow the rocket fall back on the sea.
At an altitude of 36000 km. Orbital altitude of 36000 km will result in orbital period of 24 hours.
Launch direction to the East. To set the direction of rotation of satellite in the same direction of
the rotation of the Earth.
Method Q is the most suitable because the launch location is at the equator, launch near the sea, at an altitude of 36000 km
and launch direction to the East.

30
F4 Chapter 4: Heat

100. You are given four choices of materials P, Q, R and S. The table below shows the characteristics for the four
materials. Determine the most suitable material to be used to make a boat and give your reasons.
Specific Heat
Material Rate of Density Strength
Capacity
rusting
P Low 900 Low Low
Q High 500 High High
R High 387 Low Low
S Low 452 High High

Answer
Characteristic Reason
Low rate of rusting Not easily rust so can last longer
Low density Light and easily float in water
High Specific heat capacity The boat will not easily be heated up
High strength material Difficult to break/damage, can last longer
Material S is chosen because it has low rate of rusting, low density, high specific heat capacity and high strength

101. Diagram shows a food delivery used by a food delivery man.

Type of bag A B C D
Material of bag Steel Polystyrene Aluminium PVC plastic
Specific heat capacity 490 1450 921 1170
of food box/Jkg-1 0C-1
Density of food bag Large Small Small Large
Inner layer of food Dull surface Shiny Shiny Dull surface
bag

Explain the suitability of each specification of the four types of food delivery bag and determine the most suitable food
delivery bag for the purpose of maintaining the temperature of hot foods.

Answer:
Specification Reason
Polystyrene as material of the bag. Light and good heat insulator.
High specific heat capacity. Will not cold down easily.
Small density of food bag. Light and easily handle.
Shiny inner surface. Reduce heat lost and can retain the temperature of foods.
Type of bag B is the most suitable because it made of polystyrene material, high specific heat capacity, small density
and has shiny inner surface.

31
F4 Chapter 5: Waves

102. Diagram shows concrete barrier which is used to reduce the noise level produced by the vehicles at a housing area.

Explain the suitability of each specification of the concrete sound barriers and determine the most suitable concrete to be
used to minimize the noise level.

Answer:
Specification Reason
High concrete barrier Can block more sound waves
Uneven surface A good sound absorber
Thick wall Difficult for wall to vibrate and reduce the transmission of sound
High sound absorption Can absorb more sound energy.
Concrete sound barrier X is the most suitable because it is high, uneven surface, thick wall and has high sound absorption.

103. Diagram 21.3 shows the use of ultrasound scanner across the mother’s womb to see the unborn babies.

Ultrasound scanner
Ultrasonic waves
Pengimbas ultrasonik
Gelombang ultrasonik

Table 21 shows the characteristics of the ultrasound scanner W, X, Y and Z.

Frequencies Penetrating Ionizing
Scanner Type of wave
range (Hz) power power
Mechanical < 20 000 High Low
W
Mechanical > 20 000 Low Low
X
Electromagnet < 20 000 Low High
Y
Electromagnet > 20 000 High High
Z

Explain the suitability of each characteristic in Table 21 that can be used as ultrasound scanner to scan the image of
foetus safely.
Answer:
Characteristics Reason
Use mechanical wave Ultrasonic needs medium to travel
Use high frequency The scanned image is clear
Use low penetrating power Does not hurt the foetus
Use low ionizing power Does not change the structure of cells of foetus
Scanner X is chosen because it uses mechanical wave, with high frequency, low in penetrating power and has low
ionizing power.

32
F4 Chapter 6: Light

104. Table shows 5 materials which can be used to make an optical fibre. You are asked to investigate the characteristics of
the materials in the Table which could be used to make the optical fibre.
Explain the suitability of each characteristic and hence, determine the most suitable material to be used to make the
optical fibre. Give a reason for your choice.

Material Refractive index % of light energy absorbed Elasticity Strength

P 1.70 2% High Low
Q 1.80 10 % Low High
R 1.75 2% High High
S 1.52 3% High High
T 1.48 10 % Low Low

Answer:
Characteristic Explanation
High refractive index Easy for total internal reflection to occur
Small % of light energy absorbed More light can pass through and produce brighter and clearer
image
High elasticity The optical fibre can be bent easily
High strength Not easily break and last longer
Material R is chosen because it has high refractive index, small % of light energy absorbed, high elasticity and high strength.

105. Diagram shows an astronomical telescope to be used to view distant objects.

Telescope Type of Focal length of Power of Diameter of

lens objective lens objective lens lens
S Convex 40 10 5.0
T Concave 10 40 5.0
U Convex 10 40 2.5
V Concave 40 10 2.5
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the telescope and determine the most suitable telescope to be used to
observe very far object. Give reason for your choice.
Answer:
Characteristics Reason
Use convex lens To converge light to form image at focal point
Focal length of objective lens must be long To produce large magnification of image.
Low power of objective lens To produce high magnification of image
Diameter of lens must be big To allow more light to enter the telescope and produced a
brighter and clearer image.
Telescope S is the most suitable because it uses convex lens, focal length of the objective lens is long, power of the lens is
low and the diameter of the lens is big.

33
106. Diagram 11.2 shows a man is using a binocular to watch a bird. The binocular is unable to produce a clear vision of the
bird.

Arrangement of the
prisms on one side of Angle of prism Material for Critical angle
Binocular the prism of prism
the binocular

K 45o - 90o - 45o Plastic Big

L 45o - 90o - 45o Glass Small

M 30o - 90o - 60o Glass Big

N 30o - 90o - 60o Plastic Small

You are required to investigate the designs and characteristics of the binoculars K, L, M and N as shown in Table
Answer:
Design/Characteristics Reason
Two prisms with hypotenuse in parallel and To produce 1800 reflection of light.
facing in each other.

Prism with 45o - 90o - 45o Enable total internal reflection to occur in the prism.
Glass type of prism. Not easily fade and produce clear and sharp image.
Small critical angle. Enable total internal reflection to occur easily in the prism.
Binocular L is the most suitable because it has two prisms with hypotenuse in parallel and facing in each other, prism with
45o - 90o – 45o, Glass type of prism and Small critical angle.

34
107. Diagram shows a smart phone with a telescopic lens. The telescopic lens is widely used to take photo of distance object and to
enhance the quality of photos and videos.

Lens Angle of Purity Density Focal length

view
P Wide Low High Long
Q Narrow High Low Long
R Narrow High Low Short
S Wide Low High Short

Answer:
Characteristic Reason
Narrow angle of view. Light will be more focused and produce clearer
image.
High purity. More light can passed through the lens and produce
brighter image.
Low density. The smart phone will be Light and easily handle.
Long focal length. Can focus far distance object.
Lens Q is the most suitable because it has narrow angle of view, high purity, low density and long focal length.

F4 Chapter 4: Heat

108. You are given four choices of materials P, Q, R and S. The table below shows the characteristics for the four
materials. Determine the most suitable material to be used to make a boat and give your reasons.

Specific Heat
Material Rate of Density Strength
Capacity
rusting
P Low 900 Low Low
Q High 500 High High
R High 387 Low Low
S Low 452 High High

Answer

Characteristic Reason
Low rate of rusting Not easily rust so can last longer
Low density Light and easily float in water
High Specific heat capacity The boat will not easily be heated up
High strength material Difficult to break/damage, can last longer
Material S is chosen because it has low rate of rusting, low density, high specific heat capacity and high strength

35
F4 Chapter 5: Waves

109. Diagram shows concrete barrier which is used to reduce the noise level produced by the vehicles at a housing area.

Explain the suitability of each specification of the concrete sound barriers and determine the most suitable concrete to be
used to minimize the noise level.

Answer:
Specification Reason
High concrete barrier Can block more sound waves
Uneven surface A good sound absorber
Thick wall Difficult for wall to vibrate and reduce the transmission of sound
High sound absorption Can absorb more sound energy.
Concrete sound barrier X is the most suitable because it is high, uneven surface, thick wall and has high sound absorption.

110. Diagram 21.3 shows the use of ultrasound scanner across the mother’s womb to see the unborn babies.

Ultrasound scanner
Ultrasonic waves
Pengimbas ultrasonik
Gelombang ultrasonik

Table 21 shows the characteristics of the ultrasound scanner W, X, Y and Z.

Frequencies Penetrating Ionizing
Scanner Type of wave
range (Hz) power power
Mechanical < 20 000 High Low
W
Mechanical > 20 000 Low Low
X
Electromagnet < 20 000 Low High
Y
Electromagnet > 20 000 High High
Z

Explain the suitability of each characteristic in Table 21 that can be used as ultrasound scanner to scan the image of
foetus safely.
Answer:
Characteristics Reason
Use mechanical wave Ultrasonic needs medium to travel
Use high frequency The scanned image is clear
Use low penetrating power Does not hurt the foetus
Use low ionizing power Does not change the structure of cells of foetus
Scanner X is chosen because it uses mechanical wave, with high frequency, low in penetrating power and has low
ionizing power.

36
111. Diagram 12.3 shows a microwave oven.

Microwave Liner Material of Transformer Metal mesh door

oven the liner

Rotating Step Small hole

P Metal
down

Q Non rotating Glass Step Big hole

down

Rotating Step up Small hole

R Glass

S Non rotating Metal Step up Big hole

Table 12 shows the characteristics of four microwave oven model, P, Q, R and S with different specifications.
Determine the most suitable model of the microwave oven that can function effectively.
Answer:
Characteristic Explanation
Rotating linear. Foods can be cooked or heated up evenly.
Use Glass as material of the linear. To prevent sparks.
Use step up transformer. To increase to voltage supply to the oven.
Small hole metal mesh door. To prevent the leakage of microwave.
Microwave oven R is the most suitable because it has Rotating linear, use Glass as material of the linear, use step up
transformer and small hole metal mesh door.

37
112. You are assigned to investigate the design for the location to keep the boats and the characteristics of the retaining
wall as shown in Diagram based on the following aspects:
- the location to keep the boat
- material used for the retaining wall
- the height of retaining wall
- size of slit
Explain the suitability of the location and the characteristics of the retaining wall and determine the most suitable design
to keep the boat safely.

Answer:
Characteristic Reasons
Bay Wave is calmer
Concrete retaining wall Stronger/ / lasting
High wall Prevent high wave
Smaller opening/aperture / slit of Diffraction obvious //low wave energy
retaining wall
Design P is the most suitable because it ia at bay area, with Concrete retaining wall, with high wall and smaller size of slit.

38
F4 Chapter 6: Light

113. Table shows 5 materials which can be used to make an optical fibre. You are asked to investigate the characteristics of
the materials in the Table which could be used to make the optical fibre.
Explain the suitability of each characteristic and hence, determine the most suitable material to be used to make the
optical fibre. Give a reason for your choice.

Material Refractive index % of light energy absorbed Elasticity Strength

P 1.70 2% High Low
Q 1.80 10 % Low High
R 1.75 2% High High
S 1.52 3% High High
T 1.48 10 % Low Low

Answer:
Characteristic Explanation
High refractive index Easy for total internal reflection to occur
Small % of light energy absorbed More light can pass through and produce brighter and clearer
image
High elasticity The optical fibre can be bent easily
High strength Not easily break and last longer
Material R is chosen because it has high refractive index, small % of light energy absorbed, high elasticity and high strength.

114. Diagram shows an astronomical telescope to be used to view distant objects.

Telescope Type of Focal length of Power of Diameter of

lens objective lens objective lens lens
S Convex 40 10 5.0
T Concave 10 40 5.0
U Convex 10 40 2.5
V Concave 40 10 2.5
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the telescope and determine the most suitable telescope to be used to
observe very far object. Give reason for your choice.
Answer:
Characteristics Reason
Use convex lens To converge light to form image at focal point
Focal length of objective lens must be long To produce large magnification of image.
Low power of objective lens To produce high magnification of image
Diameter of lens must be big To allow more light to enter the telescope and produced a
brighter and clearer image.
Telescope S is the most suitable because it uses convex lens, focal length of the objective lens is long, power of the lens is
low and the diameter of the lens is big.

39
115. Diagram shows a car is parked under the hot Sun.
Rear windshield
Front windshield

Table shows the characteristics of four tint films.

Tint films Ability to block Ability to block Ability to block Fitting

ultraviolet infrared visible light
P High High High Outer side of
window
Q High High Low Inner side of
window
R Low Low Low Outer side of
window
S Low Low High Inner side of
window
Choose the most suitable tint film to be fitted on the car front and rear windows to overcome the broblems.
Answer:
Characteristics Reason
High ability to block ultraviolet. To reduce harmful ultraviolet from entering the car.
High ability to block infrared. To reduce the heat from entering the car and the inner car
becomes cooler.
Low ability to block visible light. Allow more light to penetrate and give a good vision for
the driver.
Fitted on the inner side of window. To avoid wear and tear due to rain and physical contact.
Tint film Q is the most suitable because it has high ability to block ultraviolet, high ability to block infrared, low ability
to block visible light and fitted to the inner side of window.

40
F5 Chapter 1: Forces and Motion II

116. Diagram shows four flag poles P, Q, R and S with different specifications mounted on the ground.

You are required to determine the most suitable of the flag pole that can withstand strong wind.
Answer:
Characteristics Reason
High maximum tension of string It does not break easily
Low density of pole Light and can be easily carried
High flexibility of pole Not easily break under strong wind
The string is tied at higher point on the pole More stability and the pole will not easily fall
Pole Q is the most suitable because it has high maximum tension of string, low density of pole, high flexibility of pole
and the string is tied at higher point on the pole.

117. Diagram shows a traffic light with mass of 15 kg is hung by using two cables in front of a tunnel.

Determine the most suitable cable to be used so that the cable would not break easily when supporting the traffic light
41
Answer:
Characteristic Reason
Large angle , The larger the angle , the smaller the tension in the
cable
T T
2Tsin = W
 
𝑊
𝑇 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛

W
Large maximum tension Not easily break  , T
Use steel as material of cable Steel is stronger than iron and not easily break
Low rate of oxidation Not easily rust and last longer
Cable R is the most suitable because it has large angle, , large maximum tension, use steel as material and low in rate of
oxidation.

F5 Chapter 2: Pressure
118.

Dam Height of the Type of the The thickness of the Shape of wall
retaining wall material of wall wall at the bottom
Not curved with
J Low Wood Small even surface
Not curved with
K High Wood Big
even surface
Curved with
L
High Concrete Big uneven surface
Curved with
M Low Concrete Small uneven surface

Study the characteristics of the dam that is safe. Explain the suitability of the characteristics and determine the
most suitable dam.
Answer:
Characteristic Reasons
High height of retaining wall. Can retain more water.
Concrete type of wall. Strong and not easily break, can withstand high water pressure.
Large thickness of bottom wall. Can withstand high water pressure at the bottom.
Curved with uneven surface shape of wall. Can withstand large force and also reduce reflection of
water waves.
Dam L is the most suitable because it has high height of retaining wall, concrete type of wall, large thickness of bottom wall
and Curved with uneven surface shape of wall.

42
119. Table shows the characteristics of five types of materials that can be used for making the soles of the trekking shoes.
You are asked to study the characteristics of the materials shown in Table. Explain the suitability of each
characteristics in Table and then determine the most suitable material to be used. Give a reason for your choice.

Type of Density Studs Expansion Ability to

material (Kg/m -3) effect stretch
P 820 Without Low Good
Q 700 With Low Good
R 720 Without Medium Average
S 750 Without High Poor
T 880 With High Poor
Answer:
Characteristic Reasons
Low density Small in mass and light
With studs For good gripping on ground
Expansion effect is low Always fits/Does not loosen when hot.
Ability to stretch is good Less stress on the feet/Can walk on uneven surface.
Material Q is chosen because it has low density, with studs, low in expansion and good in ability to stretch.

120. You are required to build a hydrometer that can be used to measure densities of a concentrated acids. Table
shows the characteristics of 4 types of hydrometers L, M, N and O. Decide which hydrometer is most suitable and give
reasons.

Hydrometer Type of material Diameter of capillary Density of shots/ Diameter of bottom

of hydrometer tube/ cm kgm-3 bulb/ cm
L Plastic 0.5 1000 1.0
M Plastic 2.0 1300 3.0
N Glass 0.5 9800 3.0
O Glass 2.0 8000 1.0

Answer:
Characteristic Explanation
Material made from glass Glass does not corrode by petroleum base liquid
Small diameter of capillary tube To increase the sensitivity of the hydrometer
High density of shots Makes the hydrometer stays upright when floating in liquid
Big diameter of bottom bulb To gain more buoyant force in order to be able to float
Hydrometer N is chosen because it is glass type of material, has small diameter capillary tube, has high density of shots and big
diameter of bottom bulb

43
 121. You are asked to investigate the characteristics of hot air balloon as below. Explain the suitability for each
characteristic for the hot air balloons and then determine which hot balloon will move up the fastest into the air.
Give a reason for your choice

Answer

Characteristic Reason
Large volume of the balloon Able to displace larger amount of air to gain enough buoyant force
to rise.
Density of the balloon material is low Balloon is light and easily rise
Gas temperature is high To produce maximum expansion of balloon and reduce the density
of air in the balloon
Total of mass is low Upwards resultant force is higher and balloon can move upwards
faster.
Hot air balloon S is chosen because it has large volume balloon, low density of balloon material, high gas temperature and low
in total mass.

122. Diagram shows four racing cars, P,Q,R and S, with different specifications.
Car Spoiler Shape Ridges on Engine Material for
tyre power the car body

P Yes 518 kW Heavy and

Aerofoil elastic

Q None 745 kW Light and stiff

Aerofoil

R Yes 518 kW Heavy and

Inverted Aerofoil elastic

S None 745 kW Light and stiff

Inverted Aerofoil

You are required to investigate the specifications given so that the car can run very fast. Determine the most suitable car
and justify your choice.
Answer:
Characteristics Reason
Inverted aerofoil shpe of spoiler To produce downward force and prevent skidding
No ridge on tyre provide better gripping on dry road
High engine power Produce large acceleration
Light and stiff material for the car body Not heavy to move and can withstand larger force
44
 Car S is the most suitable because it has inverted aerofoil spoiler, no ridge on tyres, engine power is big and material of
body is light and stiff.

123. You are asked to investigate the characteristics of four submarines shown in TablE.
Maximum
Shape of submarine Volume of Number of
pressure to be
ballast tank air tank
tolerated

P 3 000 litre 15 4.5 atm

30 6.0 atm
Q 2 500 litre

R 350 litre 3 6.1 atm

S 400 litre 1 2.0 atm

Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the submarines and determine the submarine which can travel faster, stay
longer in deeper sea water and able to carry more crew. Give reasons for your choice.

Answer:
Characteristics Reason
Streamline shape of submarine Reduce water resistance and the submarine can move faster.
Large Volume of ballast tank Can displace more water and thus gains more buoyant force
Use more air tank Can trap more air to gain more buoyant
Can tolerate high pressure Can submerge deeper and not easily crush due water pressure
Submarine Q is the most suitable because it has streamline shape, high volume of ballast tank with more air tanks, can
tolerate higher pressure

124. You are asked to investigate the characteristics of each backhoes in Table and choose a backhoe that can do heavy
works.

Explain the suitability of the characteristics each backhoes. Determine the most suitable backhoe. Give reason for your
choice
Type of Size of Fluid used in Mass Centre
Backhoe tyre hydraulic of
system gravity
P Large Liquid Large Low
Q Small Gas Small Low
M Large Gas Large High
N Small Liquid Small High

Answer:
Characteristics Reason
Large size tyre To prevent the backhoe from sinking into soft ground

Liquid type fluid in hydraulic system Liquid has very low compressibility and liquid pressure
can be transmitted equally in all direction
Large mass The backhoe will be stable even when the bucket is full of
load
Low centre of gravity More stable not easily tumble
Backhoe P is the most suitable because it has large tyre, fluid used in hydraulic system is liquid, has large mass,
large base area and has low centre of gravity.

45
125. Diagram below shows two different glass lifters which are used to lift heavy glass panels.
Hinged lever
Tuas berengsel

Sucker cup
Mangkuk penyedut
Seal lining
Double-sucker cup Lapik kedap Triple-sucker cup
Mangkuk penyedut ganda dua Mangkuk penyedut ganda tiga
Type of glass lifter Pressure in cup after Diameter of cup Seal lining Number of cups
hinged lever is
Jenis pengangkat pressed down Diameter mangkuk Bilangan
kaca Tekanan dalam Lapik kedap mangkuk
mangkuk selepas tuas
berengsel ditolak ke
bawah
W 6.47 × 10 4 Pa 120mm Plastic Three
Plastik Tiga
X 6.47 × 10 4 Pa 105mm Rubber Two
Getah Dua
Y 2.06 × 10 4 Pa 120mm Rubber Three
Getah Tiga
Z 2.06 × 10 4 Pa 105mm Plastic Two
Plastik Dua

You are required to determine the most suitable glass lifter thet can be used for lifting large and heavier pieces of glass
safely .

Answer:
Characteristic Explanation
Low pressure in cup after hinged level is To produce higher difference in pressure where high
pressed down. atmospheric pressure presses the cups tightly onto the glass.
Big diameter of cups. To produce higher force acting on the cup and press the cups
tightly onto the glass.
Rubber seal lining. Easily compressed and seal the cup, the cups become air tight.
With three cups. To produce larger force and can lift a bigger piece of class.
Glass lifter Y is the most suitable because it has low pressure in cup after hinged level is pressed down, big diameter of
cups, used rubber seal lining and with thre cups.

126. Diagram below shows the air balloon which is used as a weather balloon to carry a radiosonde instrument for collecting
data about the atmosphere.

Ballon String
Belon Tali
Radiosonde instrument
Peralatan radiosonde

Table (b) shows the characteristics of four weather balloons,P,Q,R and S.

Balloons Characteristics of balloons

46
 Size of balloon Density of filled gas in Type of balloon fabric Mass of radiosonde
Saiz belon the balloon Jenis fabric belon Jisim radiosonde
Ketumpatan gas yang
diisi dalam belon /
kgcm-3
P Big 0.090 Canvas 4.5
Besar Kanvas
Q Samll 0.178 Synthetic nylon 3.0
Kecil Nilon sintetik
R Big 0.178 Synthetic nylon 0.5
Besar Nilon sintetik
S Medium 1.429 Canvas 0.4
sederhana Kanvas

You are required to determine the most suitable weather balloons which is able to carry the instrument to a
higher altitude in a shorter time.

Answer:
Characteristic Explanation
Big size of balloon. To produce large buoyant force to lift the balloon.
Low density of gas filled in the balloon. Light and the balloon can easily lift in air.
Synthetic nylon type of balloon. Light- weight, strong and air-proof material.
Low mass of radiosonde instrument. Light and the balloon can easily lift in air.
Balloon R is the most suitable because it has big balloon, low density of gas filled in the balloon, synthetic nylon type of
balloon and low mass of radiosonde instrument.

127. Diagram (a) shows an aeroplane. Diagram (b) shows a cross section of the aeroplane’s wing.

Diagram (a) Diagram (b)

Rajah (a) Rajah (b)

Table below shows characteristic of four designs of the aeroplane wings.

Difference in
Design Shape of cross section of wing Density of wing speed of air
Area of
material/kgm-3 above and
wing/m2
below the
wing/ms-1

W 38.0 2400 0.0

X 39.7 2300 21.8

47
 Y 60.5 2000 20.0

Z 40.5 2050 15.5

You are requested to choose the most suitable wing to be installed to the body of an aeroplane.

Answer:
Characteristic Explanation
Aerofoil shape of cross section of wing. To produce high speed air flow above the wing to create low
pressure.
Large the area of the wing. To produce large lifting force.
Low density of the wing materials. Less weight//produce more upward resultant force.
Large difference in speed of air above and The produce large lifting force.
below the wing.
Design Y is the most suitable because it has aerofoil shape of cross section of wing, large the area of the wing, low density of
the wing materials and large difference in speed of air above and below the wing.

128. Table 11 shows the characteristics of a loaded cargo ship in America.

Jadual 11 menunjukkan ciri-ciri kapal barang yang dimuatkan dengan barang di Amerika.

Density of material
used for cargo ship
Cargo Ketumpatan bahan
ship Plimsoll line Volume yang digunakan untuk Shape

Kapal Garis Plimsoll Isipadu membuat kapal Bentuk

barang barang

Large Low Hydrodynamics

P
Besar Rendah Hidrodinamik

Q Large High Aerodynamics

Besar Tinggi Aerodinamik

48
 R Small Low Hydrodynamics
Kecil Rendah Hidrodinamik

Small High Aerodynamics

S
Kecil Tinggi Aerodinamik

Table 11/ Jadual 11

Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the loaded cargo ship.
Determine the most suitable cargo ship which can carry more load at a time and is able to move quickly in water
from America to the Strait of Malacca.

Answer:
Characteristic Explanation
Water level at S to the plimsoll line. To ensure that the ship will not sink too low when it passes into tropical
region in Malaysia (less dense).
Largr volume. To displace more water and produce large buoyant force.
Low density material for the cargo ship. Less weight//produce more upward resultant force.
Hydrodynamic shape. To reduce water resistance so the ship can move faster in water.

Cargo ship P is the most suitable because it has water level at S to the plimsoll line, largr volume, low density material for the
cargo ship and hydrodynamic shape.

F5 Chapter 3: Electricity
129. As a researcher, your duty is to study the characteristics of a material to make a water heater. You are given four
choices of metal type T, U, V and W. The table below shows the characteristics of the four metals. Determine the
most suitable metal to be used as the material to make the heater and give your reasons.
Metal The cross sectional area Melting Point Specific Heat Capacity Length
T Smaller Low High Long
U Larger High High Short
V Smaller High Low Long
W Larger Low Low Short

Answer:
Characteristic Explanation
Smaller cross sectional area Has high resistance to produce more heat
High melting point Not easy to melt and can last longer
Low specific heat capacity The heater will be heated up faster
Long metal wire To increase the resistance of the heating element and produce
more heat
Metal V is chosen because it has smaller cross sectional area, high melting point, low specific heat capacity and long wire.

49
130. A student plans to fix a lamp in his room. Table shows the features of 4 different types of lamps. Explain the
suitability of each feature in the table and then determine the most suitable lamp to be used. Give a reason
for your choice
Type of lamp Power Efficiency Life Span Price
Compact fluorescent lamp 18 W 50 % 7000 hours High
Filament lamp 75 W 12 % 1000 hours Low
Long fluorescent lamp 20 W 45 % 14000 hours Low
Round fluorescent lamp 24 W 40 % 10000 hours High

Answer
Characteristic Explanation
Low power lamp Safe energy consumption, safe cost
High efficiency Less power lost and more electrical energy converted into light
energy
Long life span No need to replace often
Low price Save money and economical
Long fluorescent lamp is the most suitable because it has low power, more efficient, long life span and low in price.

131. You are required to determine the most suitable hairdryer for drying hair quickly and safely.

Answer:
Specification Reason
Nichrome as heating element High resistance and produce more heat
Thin wire heating element High resistance and produce more heat
High power fan Can blow more air
𝑃 1100
Use 5 A fuse Current flows in the fan 𝐼 = 𝑉 = 240 = 4.58 𝐴

Hairdryer T is the most suitable because it has nichrome as heating element, thin wire heating element, high power fan
and use 5 A fuse.

132. Table shows the specifications of a few metals to be used as a fuse wire.

Metal Melting Specific heat Diameter Resistivity

point /°C capacity/ J kg‐1°C‐1
W 1100 900 Big Low
X 600 900 Small High
Y 1100 240 Big Low
Z 700 240 Small High

Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the four metals and determine the most suitable metal to be used as the
fuse wire. Give reasons for your choice.
50
 Answer:
Characteristics Reason
The melting point must be low Easily melt when hot
Specific heat capacity must be low Faster getting hot
The diameter of metal must be Has high resistance which can convert current to
small heat
The resistivity must be high Produces high resistance
Metal Z is chosen because it has low melting point , low specific heat capacity, small diameter and high resistivity.

133. Table shows the specifications of five fuses that can be used to protect a semiconductor device.

Fuse Thickness of Cartridge Rating Melting

fuse wire type point
P Thick Plastic 10 A Medium
Q Thin Glass 10 A Low
R Thin Glass 13 A Low
S Thick Plastic 13 A High

Determine the most suitable fuse to protect a 240V, 2000 W semiconductor material device.
Answer:
Characteristics Reason
The thickness of fuse wire is Has higher resistance which can be heated up faster
thin
The cartridge type must be glass Can see whether a fuss is broken or not

The fuse rating is 10 A Enough to break down the 240V, 2000 W semiconductor
device which needs only a current of 8.33 A
The melting point must be low Easily melt and break the circuit when the circuit is
overheated
Fuse Q is the most suitable because it has thin wire fuse, cartridge type is made of glass, fuse rating is 10 A and low melting point.

##Remember: The fuse must be easily getting hot with high resistance, can easily melt so that the circuit is broken and thus
protect the electrical components from getting burnt.

51
134. Diagram 12.3 shows a simple shake flashlight.
switch

Coil Magnet
Capacitor

Shake Number of Number of Ability to Type of

flashlight turns of magnet store bulb
coils energy

M Low Less Large Filament

Rendah Sedikit Besar Filamen
N High More Small LED
Tinggi Banyak Kecil LED
O High More Large LED
Tinggi Banyak Besar LED
P High Less Small Filament
Tinggi Sedikit Kecil Filamen

Determine the most suitable shake flashlight model that can function efficiently during emergency.
Answer:
Characteristic Explanation
High number of turns of coils. More induced current is produces.
More number of magnet. High magnetic field strength to produce more induced current.
Large ability to store energy. Can store more charge and can be use longer.
LED type of bulb. Less power consumption and produce brighter light.
Shake flashlight O is the most suitable because it has High number of turns of coils, More number of magnet, Large
ability to store energy and use LED type of bulb.

F5 Chapter 4: Electromagnet

135. The transmission of electricity over the National Grid Network uses high voltage cables. You are assigned to
study the characteristics of cables which could be used as transmission cable. Table shows the characteristics
of four transmission cables. Determine the most suitable transmission cable to be used and give reasons for
your choice.
Cable Resistivity /Ωm-1 Density / kg m-3
Cost Rate of thermal expansion
P 3.0 x l0-7 5 x l05 Low High
Q 1.8 x l0-8 2 x l03 Low Low
R 7.5 x l0-7 8 x l02 High Low
S 7.0 x l0-8 4 x l03 High High

Answer:
Characteristic Explanation
Low resistivity To reduce power/heat loss in the cables
Low density The cables will be lighter and reduce sagging
Low cost Cost of project will be lower
Low rate of thermal expansion The cables will not expand and sag under hot weather
Cable Q is the most suitable because it has low resistivity, low density, low cost and low rate of thermal expansion

52
136. Diagram shows the cross=section of a fast train.

Determine the most suitable fast train which can move with highest speed.
Answer:
Aspect Reason
Use low density material to build the body of the Light and able to move faster
fast train
Aerodynamic shape of fast train Reduce air resistance and the train can move faster
Use superconductor as the material to make the Superconductor has zero resistance, so a very high strength
electromagnet electromagnet can be produced
Use 8 short coaches Small in mass and the train has small inertia, so the train can
start up or slow down in a very short time
Fast train L is the most suitable because it has low density material, aerodynamic shape, use superconductor to make
electromagnet and has 8 short coaches

137. Diagram 12.1 shows the building structure of construction of a hydro power generating plant.

You are required to determine the most suitable transformer to be used in hydro power generating plant, Explain the
suitability of the characteristics of the transformer. Choose the most suitable transformer.

Transformer Thickness
Ratio number of Type of iron core Shape of iron core
laminated iron
primary coil to
core/mm
number of
secondary coil
P 100 : 200 Steel 2.0 O
Q 200 : 100 Soft iron 1.0 U
R 20000 : 200 Steel 0.5 U
S 200 : 20000 Soft iron 0.2 O
53
 Answer:
Characteristic Reason
Ration Np : Ns is 200 : 20000 To step up the output voltage as transmission of electricity
under high voltage can reduce power lost.
Soft iron type of iron core. Easily magnetised and demagnetized to produce high
induced current.
Thin laminated iron core. To reduce eddy current.
O shape of iron core. To reduce leakage of magnetic field.
Transformer S is the most suitable because it has Ration Np : Ns is 200 : 20000, Soft iron type of iron core, Thin
laminated iron core and O shape of iron core.

F5 Chapter 5: Electronic

138. You are required to determine the most suitable set of electronic components that can cause the fire alarm system to
function

Explain the suitability of each electronic component and then determine the most suitable set of electronic component
Answer
Component Reason
Terminal JK: As a potential divider. When temperature increases, voltage in
Thermistor is connected the base circuit increases.
Terminal LM: To control and limit base current
A resistor is connected
Terminal NO: To produce loud alarm sound to warn the public
An alarm is connected
Terminal PQ: Negative terminal of the cell must be connected to the emitter
Cell 2 is connected terminal of the transistor
Set electric component X is the most suitable because it has thermistor in terminal JK, resistor in terminal LM, an alarm in
terminal NO and cell 2 in terminal PQ.

F5 Chapter 6: Nuclear Physics

139. Table shows the characteristics of five radioisotopes P, Q, R, S and T. As a factory engineer, you are required to
determine the most suitable radioisotope that can be used by the system to ensure the volume of guava juice
is uniform. Study the characteristics of all 5 radioisotopes and explain the suitability of the aspects. Determine
the most suitable radioisotope and give the reason for your choice.
Radioisotope
Half life Types of ray State of matter Ionising power

P 7 hours Alpha Solid High

Q 10 days Beta Liquid High
R 100 days Gamma Solid Low
S 10 years Gamma Liquid Low
T 30 years Beta Solid Low
54
Answer:
Characteristics Explanation
Has a long half-life Can be used for a long time hence save cost
Emits beta ray Has medium penetrating power
In solid state Easy to handle and will not spill
Low ionising power Does not change the state and taste of juice.
Radioisotope T is the most suitable because it has long half-life, emits beta ray, in solid state and low ionizing power.

140. Diagram shows the schematic diagram of a nuclear reactor at a nuclear power station.

You are required to determine the most suitable design of nuclear reactor so that the nuclear energy can be used
efficiently and safely in the generation of electricity. Determine the most suitable design and justify your choice.

Type of Half‐life of Specific heat Material of

Design reaction nuclear fuel capacity of gas shield
P Fusion Long Low Brick
Q Fission Short High Concrete
R Fission Long Low Concrete
S Fusion Short High Brick

Answer:
Characteristics Reason
Type of reaction is fission Reaction can easily occur at low temperature
Half‐life of nuclear fuel must be long Can be used for longer time with the least of
replacement
Specific heat capacity of gas must be low Heated up faster
Material of shield must be concrete Prevent leakage of radiation
Design R is the most suitable because its type of reaction is fission, half‐life of the fuel is long, specific heat capacity of
gas is low and material of the shield is concrete.

55