Power System Analysis

and Design Using

PWS and ETAP

Eng. TareQ FoQha

Introduction
 An electrical power system consists of generation, transmission
and distribution.
 The generation of the electric energy is the conversion of one
form energy into electrical energy.
 The transmission system supply bulk power and the
distribution systems transfer electric power to the ultimate
consumers.
Introduction
 A power system can be subdivided into four major parts:
 Generators (11-35 kV)
 Transmission (>230 kV)
34.5kV, 46kV, 69kV (MV), 115kV,
138 kV, 161kV, 230kV (HV), 345 kV,
500 kV and 765 kV (EHV).
 Subtransmission (69-138 kV)
 Distribution (4-34.5 kV)
Introduction
Generators
 One of the essential components of power systems is the three-
phase ac generator known as synchronous generator or
alternator.
 The source of the mechanical power, commonly known as the
prime mover, may be hydraulic turbines at waterfalls, steam
turbines whose energy comes from the burning of coal, gas and
nuclear fuel, gas turbines, or occasionally internal combustion
engines burning oil.
Generators
With today's emphasis on environmental consideration and
conservation of fossil fuels, many alternate sources are considered
for employing the untapped energy sources of the sun and the earth
for generation of power. Some of these alternate sources which are
being used to some extent are solar power, geothermal power, wind
power, tidal power, and biomass.
Generators
Transformers
Transformers — Another major component of a power system is the
transformer. It transfers power with very high efficiency from one
level of voltage to another level. The power transferred to the
secondary is almost the same as the primary, except for losses in the
transformer.
The insulation requirements and other practical design problems
limit the generated voltage to low values, usually 35 kV. Thus, step-
up transformers are used for transmission of power. At the receiving
end of the transmission lines step-down transformers are used to
reduce the voltage to suitable values for distribution or utilization.
Loads
 Loads of power systems are divided into industrial,
commercial, and residential.
 Very large industrial loads may be served from the transmission
system. Large industrial loads are served directly from the
subtransmission network, and small industrial loads are served
from the primary distribution network.
 The industrial loads are composite loads, and induction motors
form a high proportion of these load. These composite loads are
functions of voltage and frequency and form a major part of the
system load.
Transformers
Transmission and Subtransmission

The purpose of an overhead transmission network is to transfer

electric energy from generating units at various locations to the
distribution system which ultimately supplies the load.

The portion of the transmission system that connects the high

voltage substations through step-down transformers to the
distribution substations are called the subtransmission network.
There is no clear delineation between transmission and
subtransmission voltage levels. Typically, the subtransmission
voltage level ranges from 69 to 138 kV. Some large industrial
customers may be served from the subtransmission system.
Substations
Structure of Palestinian Power System

 There are about 258 coupling points in the West Bank of such a
type. These coupling points have caps on the electricity current
where the ampacity is controlled by an entity called Israeli civil
administration of the West Bank.
 Any increase in the ampacity is done based on political
coordination.
Structure of Palestinian Power System

 The Israeli Electricity Company (IEC) owns these transmission

lines up to the coupling point while the Palestinian Electricity
Transmission Line Company possess the remaining part until the
low voltage power substation which can be 33 kV/0.4 kV, 22
kV/0.4 kV, 33 kV/11 kV or 33 kV/6.6 kV.
 After the low voltage substation, the electricity networks are either
possessed by private Palestinian electricity distribution
companies (DESCOs) or local councils.
Distribution
Structure of Palestinian Power System
Loads
 Commercial and residential loads consist largely of lighting,
heating, and cooling. These loads are independent of frequency
and consume negligibly small reactive power.
Loads
Structure of Palestinian Power System

 According to Oslo accords, any development in the field of

electricity or energy should be in collaboration between Palestine
and Israel.
 Meanwhile, most of the consumed energy in the west bank
comes from Israeli power generation stations that are located
nearby the borders of the West Bank and Gaza.
Structure of Palestinian Power System

 In general, the power which is generated at the Israeli side is

transmitted via 161 kV main transmission lines.
 These lines then get transformed to 33 kV transmission lines or 22
kV transmission lines.
 Then in the middle of these transmission lines, a coupling point
that controls the amount of electricity that flows toward the
Palestinian side is placed.
 These coupling points are controlled by Israeli side while the
Palestinian side does not have any role in operating these coupling
points.
Structure of Palestinian Power System

 There are about 258 coupling points in the West Bank of such a
type. These coupling points have caps on the electricity current
where the ampacity is controlled by an entity called Israeli civil
administration of the West Bank.
 Any increase in the ampacity is done based on political
coordination.
Structure of Palestinian Power System

Each of the connection points is used as:

 A metering point to measure the electricity consumed by the
DESCO/local authority;
 A capacity limit point, to limit the transfer of power to not exceed
the contracted power between IEC and the DESCO/local authority;
 A protection point, to separate any fault on the Palestinian grid
from the IEC grid; and
 A border, to demarcate the operational and maintenance
responsibilities between IEC grid and the Palestinian grid.
Figure 2 shows the
demands and location
of all DESCOs in
Palestine.
Structure of Palestinian Power System

 As projected, the Jenin Power Plant will satisfy approximately 50%

of Palestine’s current total electricity consumption. Power
generation from the plant is expected to commence at the end of
2023.
Structure of Palestinian Power System
Structure of Palestinian Power System

 The electrical networks in the West Bank are considered as

medium voltage networks below 33kV.
 Also, some loads, especially in the northern area of the West Bank,
are supplied by distribution feeders from substations inside Israel
from which distribution feeders cross the border to supply
Palestinian loads, such as the case of 22 kV feeders supplying
Qalqilya and Tulkarm areas. Also, 33 kV feeders from Beisan
substation are supply Jenin area.
Structure of Palestinian Power System

 Recently, the Palestinian Authority (PA) has been trying to develop

their energy framework so as to be able to manage this sector in a
better way.
 To do so, the PA has established the Palestine Electricity
Transmission Line Company (PETL) so as to hold the
responsibility of some 161 and 33 kV transmission lines and to
regulate the relation with the IEC through it.
Structure of Palestinian Power System

There are currently 258

connection points in the West
Bank and Gaza, connecting
the Palestinian grid (such as
municipality, village council
or DESCO grid) to the IEC
grid.
Structure of Palestinian Power System
Structure of Palestinian Power System

Each of the connection points is used as:

 A metering point to measure the electricity consumed by the
DESCO/local authority;
 A capacity limit point, to limit the transfer of power to not exceed
the contracted power between IEC and the DESCO/local authority;
 A protection point, to separate any fault on the Palestinian grid
from the IEC grid; and
 A border, to demarcate the operational and maintenance
responsibilities between IEC grid and the Palestinian grid.
Structure of Palestinian Power System
Structure of Palestinian Power System

In general, the West Bank contains many Israeli settlements. These

settlements are powered by the same 161 kV lines that power the
Palestinian regions. Thus, PETL cannot take responsibility of these
lines as it will be powering Israeli settlements which are illegal
according to UN resolutions. In the meanwhile, Israel will never
allow a public Palestinian company to control the power flow to
Israeli settlements.
Structure of Palestinian Power System

 Moreover PA is still unable to control and unify Palestinian

distribution network operators due to the nature of these entities.
 Some of these entities are private, while some of them are public
but not owned by the government such NEDCO, and TEDCO,
while some of them are Jordanian such as JEDCO.
 Other operators are municipalities and local councils which are
directly related to the ministry of local government where PENRA
has no authority over them.
Structure of Palestinian Power System

 The electrical networks in the West Bank are considered as

medium voltage networks below 33kV.
 Also, some loads, especially in the northern area of the West Bank,
are supplied by distribution feeders from substations inside Israel
from which distribution feeders cross the border to supply
Palestinian loads, such as the case of 22 kV feeders supplying
Qalqilya and Tulkarm areas. Also, 33 kV feeders from Beisan
substation are supply Jenin area.
Structure of Palestinian Power System
Structure of Palestinian Power System
Structure of Palestinian Power System
Tulkarm Power Grid
Structure of Palestinian Power System

The Israeli Electricity Corporation (IEC) supplies electricity to

Palestinian loads at 33kV or 22kV through IEC owned Medium
Voltage (MV) lines. In the Northern West Bank there are 22 kV
feeders originating in Israel supplying Qalqilya and Tulkarm and
two 33 kV feeders originating at Beisan supplying Jenin and
Tubas. Twelve 33 kV feeders from the Salfit substation supply
Nablus and parts of the central Northern West Bank. Finally, two
33 kV feeders from the M. Afraym substation supply loads in the
North Western part of the West Bank. The South West Bank also
has 33 kV feeders supplied from two substations.
Structure of Palestinian Power System

Palestine has two electricity distribution scenarios the first one is

private sector responsibility that covers around 70% of total energy
consumption in the west bank while 30% of the consumption managed
by municipalities. Private sector consists of four main distributions
companies which are JDECO, NEDCO, SELCO, and HEBCO. These
companies control the electricity distribution in West Bank. Figure (2)
which illustrates areas of each electric company.
Structure of Palestinian Power System
Structure of Palestinian Power System
Tulkarm Power Grid
Tulkarm Power Grid