HOW DO YOU DETERMINE THE LIPID CONTENT IN

FOOD SOURCES?

OBJECTIVES
1. To test the presence of lipids;

2. To differentiate saturated and unsaturated fats;

3. To determine the factors affecting lipids; and

4. To propose a method(s) to detect lipids in other living things consistent with the
results determined in the experiment.

PRE-LAB SESSION
INITIAL QUESTION
Have you ever been advised to maintain a strategic avoidance from specific foods
since they contain an excessive amount of fat? Fat is present in a variety of foods. Every
food we eat has some fat in it; regularly in an undetectable structure, so we do not take
note. Be that as it may, eating healthy does not mean disposing of all fat in your eating
regimen. In actuality, fat is a basic supplement for your body.

Lipids functions in a cell as it stored energy for long term use in the form of fats.
They also provide thermal insulation from the environment for plants and animals. Fats,
cholesterol, waxes, and oil are probably the only lipids that many know. The different
varieties of lipids have different structures and correspondingly diverse roles in
organisms. Some lipids, such as steroid hormones, serve as chemical messengers
between cells, tissues, and organs, and others communicate signals between
biochemical systems within a single cell.

If you looked at nutrition labels of foods, you might have noticed that the fat
category is subdivided into ―saturated, ―unsaturated, and (sometimes) ―trans-fats.
The different names represent the various types of fats that result from each kind of fat
molecule’s chemical structure. In this activity, you will test the presence of lipid in
everyday household products and look at conditions that affect it. The focus question of
this activity is, how do you determine the lipid content in food sources?

POGIL-BASED LABORATORY-AT-HOME MANUAL ON BIOMOLECULES 94

PRE-LABORATORY QUESTIONS: Answer the following pre-laboratory
questions before proceeding to the laboratory proper.

1. Why do oil and water not mix?

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2. Differentiate unsaturated, saturated, and trans fats.

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3. How does saponification process happen? What is the difference between a hard
soap and a soft soap?
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[Link] is lipid from food sources break down in our body?

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POGIL-BASED LABORATORY-AT-HOME MANUAL ON BIOMOLECULES 95

LABORATORY PROPER
MATERIALS
Dropper Dishwashing Liquid Margarine Ethyl alcohol
soap

Disposable spoon Distilled Water Coconut oil Kerosene

Test tubes or narrow Iodine or Povidone Table Salt Mayonnaise

glass Iodine (Betadine

Syringe Bile or apdo Honey Vinegar

Plastic cups Corn oil HCl Baking soda powder

Beaker Olive oil Butter

Egg Fresh milk

PROCEDURE:

Groups 1 and 6 will do Model 1, Groups 2 and 7 and will do Model 2, Groups 3 and 8 will
do Model 3, Groups 4 and 9 for Model 4, and Groups 5 and 10 for Model 5.

In each group, assign the manager, scribe, reflector, video editor/s, and the presenter
for this experiment. Your role in this experiment should be different from your role in the
previous experiment (as possible, this would differ if there are more or less than 5 group
members). Each member must do one task within the model.

Model 1:

Task 1: Water x Oil: A Forbidden Love Story

1. Place 5 mL coconut oil and 5 mL melted margarine in two separate test

tubes/narrow glass.

2. Pour 5 mL of distilled water into each test tube and shake each test tube or narrow
glass for 2 minutes. Observe.

POGIL-BASED LABORATORY-AT-HOME MANUAL ON BIOMOLECULES 96

3. Put the test tubes in boiling water for 15 seconds. Compare the reactions.
_____________________________________________________________________
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Task 2: I Second that Emulsion

1. In a plastic cup, pour 60 mL water and 60 mL coconut oil in a container.

2. Add 3 tablespoons of mayonnaise.

3. Mix for 30 seconds. Observe for 5 minutes. What happened? __________________

_____________________________________________________________________
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Task 3: Good or Bad Fat?

1. Place about 10 ml of each sample (water, melted margarine, coconut oil) into
separate plastic cups.

2. Carefully add 5 drops of iodine in each sample and shake the cup sideways.
Observe for an hour. What happened? ______________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________

Task 4: Let’s Break Up!

1. Put 20 mL coconut oil and 20 mL water in a plastic cup. Stir vigorously.

2. Add 20 mL bile (apdo) in the plastic cup before stirring. What happened? Compare
the reaction before and after the addition of bile.
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Task 5: Let’s Break Up Again!

1. Put 20 mL coconut oil and 20 mL water in a plastic cup. Stir vigorously.

2. Add about 20 mL of dishwashing liquid soap in the plastic cup.

POGIL-BASED LABORATORY-AT-HOME MANUAL ON BIOMOLECULES 97

3. Add a pinch of salt. Stir. Observe.

4. Add a teaspoon of salt. Stir. Observe.

5. Add a tablespoon of salt. Stir. Observe. What happened as you increase the amount
of salt?_______________________________________________________________
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Model 2:

Task 1: Water x Oil: A Forbidden Love Story

1. Place 5 mL coconut oil and 5 mL melted margarine in two separate test

tubes/narrow glass.

2. Pour 5 mL of kerosene into each test tube and shake each test tube or narrow glass
for 2 minutes. Observe.

3. Put the test tubes in boiling water for 15 seconds. Compare the reactions.
_____________________________________________________________________
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Task 2: I Second that Emulsion

1. In a plastic cup, pour 60 mL water and 60 mL coconut oil in a container.

2. Add 3 tablespoons of honey.

3. Mix for 30 seconds. Observe for 5 minutes. What happened? __________________

_____________________________________________________________________
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POGIL-BASED LABORATORY-AT-HOME MANUAL ON BIOMOLECULES 98

Task 3: Good or Bad Fat?

1. Place about 10 ml of each sample (water, melted margarine, coconut oil) into
separate plastic cups.

2. Carefully add 5 drops of ethyl alcohol in each sample and shake the cup sideways.
Observe for an hour. What happened? ______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Task 4: Let’s Break Up!

1. Put 20 mL coconut oil and 20 mL water in a plastic cup. Stir vigorously.

2. Add 20 mL bile (apdo) in the plastic cup before stirring. What happened? Compare
the reaction before and after the addition of bile.
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_____________________________________________________________________

3. Add 20 mL of ethyl alcohol. What happened? _______________________________

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Task 5: Let’s Break Up Again!

1. Put 20 mL coconut oil and 20 mL water in a plastic cup. Stir vigorously.

2. Add about 20 mL of dishwashing liquid soap in the plastic cup.

3. Add a drop of ethyl alcohol. Stir. Observe.

4. Add 10 drops of ethyl alcohol. Stir. Observe.

5. Add 20 drops of ethyl alcohol. Stir. Observe. What happened as you increase the
amount of ethyl alcohol? _____________________________________________
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POGIL-BASED LABORATORY-AT-HOME MANUAL ON BIOMOLECULES 99

Model 3:

Task 1: Water x Oil: A Forbidden Love Story

1. Place 5 mL coconut oil and 5 mL melted margarine in two separate test

tubes/narrow glass.

2. Pour 5 mL of ethyl alcohol into each test tube and shake each test tube or narrow
glass for 2 minutes. Observe.

3. Put the test tubes in boiling water for 15 seconds. Compare the reactions.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Task 2: I Second that Emulsion

1. In a plastic cup, pour 60 mL water and 60 mL coconut oil in a container.

2. Add 3 tablespoons of egg yolk.

3. Mix for 30 seconds. Observe for 5 minutes. What happened? __________________

_____________________________________________________________________
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Task 3: Good or Bad Fat?

1. Place about 10 ml of each sample (water, melted margarine, coconut oil) into
separate plastic cups.

2. Carefully add 5 drops of vinegar in each sample and shake the cup sideways.
Observe for an hour. What happened? ______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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POGIL-BASED LABORATORY-AT-HOME MANUAL ON BIOMOLECULES 100

Task 4: Let’s Break Up!

1. Put 20 mL coconut oil and 20 mL water in a plastic cup. Stir vigorously.

2. Add 20 mL bile (apdo) in the plastic cup before stirring. What happened? Compare
the reaction before and after the addition of bile.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. Add 20 mL of vinegar. What happened? ___________________________________

Task 5: Let’s Break Up Again!

1. Put 20 mL coconut oil and 20 mL water in a plastic cup. Stir vigorously.

2. Add about 20 mL of dishwashing liquid soap in the plastic cup.

3. Add a drop of vinegar. Stir. Observe.

4. Add 10 drops of vinegar. Stir. Observe.

5. Add 20 drops of vinegar. Stir. Observe. What happened as you increase the amount
of vinegar? ___________________________________________________________
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Model 4:

Task 1: Water x Oil: A Forbidden Love Story

1. Place 5 mL olive oil and 5 mL fresh milk in two separate test tubes/narrow glass.

2. Pour 5 mL of distilled water into each test tube and shake each test tube or narrow
glass for 2 minutes. Observe.

3. Put the test tubes in boiling water for 15 seconds. Compare the reactions.
_____________________________________________________________________
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POGIL-BASED LABORATORY-AT-HOME MANUAL ON BIOMOLECULES 101

Task 2: I Second that Emulsion

1. In a plastic cup, pour 60 mL water and 60 mL coconut oil in a container.

2. Add 30 mL of boiling water.

3. Mix for 30 seconds. Observe for 5 minutes. What happened? __________________

_____________________________________________________________________
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Task 3: Good or Bad Fat?

1. Place about 10 ml of each sample (water, melted margarine, coconut oil) into
separate plastic cups.

2. Carefully add 5 drops of baking soda solution (to prepare: add 1 tsp of baking soda
powder in 150 mL of water) in each sample and shake the cup sideways. Observe for
an hour. What happened? ________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Task 4: Let’s Break Up!

1. Put 20 mL coconut oil and 20 mL water in a plastic cup. Stir vigorously.

2. Add 20 mL bile (apdo) in the plastic cup before stirring. What happened? Compare
the reaction before and after the addition of bile.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. Add 20 mL of baking soda solution (to prepare: add 1 tsp of baking soda powder in
150 mL of water). What happened? ___________________________________

Task 5: Let’s Break Up Again!

1. Put 20 mL coconut oil and 20 mL water in a plastic cup. Stir vigorously.

2. Add about 20 mL of dishwashing liquid soap in the plastic cup.

POGIL-BASED LABORATORY-AT-HOME MANUAL ON BIOMOLECULES 102

3. Add a drop of fresh milk. Stir. Observe.

4. Add 10 drops of fresh milk. Stir. Observe.

5. Add 20 drops of fresh milk. Stir. Observe. What happened as you increase the amount
of ethyl alcohol? ________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________

Model 5:

Task 1: Water x Oil: A Forbidden Love Story

1. Place 5 mL corn oil and 5 mL melted butter in two separate test tubes/narrow glass.

2. Pour 5 mL of distilled water into each test tube and shake each test tube or narrow
glass for 2 minutes. Observe.

3. Put the test tubes in boiling water for 15 seconds. Compare the reactions.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Task 2: I Second that Emulsion

1. In a plastic cup, pour 60 mL water and 60 mL coconut oil in a container.

2. Add 30 mL of cold water.

3. Mix for 30 seconds. Observe for 5 minutes. What happened? __________________

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Task 3: Good or Bad Fat?

1. Place about 10 ml of each sample (water, melted margarine, coconut oil) into
separate plastic cups.

2. Carefully add 5 mL of hot water in each sample and shake the cup sideways.
Observe for an hour. What happened? ______________________________________

POGIL-BASED LABORATORY-AT-HOME MANUAL ON BIOMOLECULES 103

Task 4: Let’s Break Up!

1. Put 20 mL coconut oil and 20 mL water in a plastic cup. Stir vigorously.

2. Add 20 mL bile (apdo) in the plastic cup before stirring. What happened? Compare
the reaction before and after the addition of bile.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. Add 20 mL of cold water. What happened?

_________________________________

Task 5: Let’s Break Up Again!

1. Put 20 mL coconut oil and 20 mL water in a plastic cup. Stir vigorously.

2. Add about 20 mL of dishwashing liquid soap in the plastic cup.

4. Add a pinch of baking soda powder. Stir. Observe.

5. Add a teaspoon of baking soda powder. Stir. Observe.

6. Add a tablespoon of baking soda powder. Stir. Observe. What happened as you
increase the amount of salt?_____________________________________
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Safety Since you mixed materials and followed the process

regarding how it is actually used, it is advisable not to re-
use the materials.

Clean-up/Disposal Everything is safe to go down the drain.

The work area needs to be cleaned with soap and water.

Use a sponge!

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DATASHEET
Write down your groups’ observations in this data sheet. Upload your videos and
complete this data sheet after watching the short videos shared by the other groups of
different Models.

Observations

Task 1: Water x Oil: A Forbidden Love Story

Coconut oil +
Water

Margarine +
Water

Coconut oil +
Kerosene

Margarine +
Kerosene

POGIL-BASED LABORATORY-AT-HOME MANUAL ON BIOMOLECULES 105

Coconut oil +
Ethyl alcohol

Margarine + Ethyl
alcohol

Olive oil + Water

Fresh Milk +
Water

Corn oil + Water

Butter + Water

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 Task 2: I Second that Emulsion

Water + oil +
mayonnaise

Water + oil +
honey

Water + oil + egg

yolk

Water + oil +
boiling water

Water + oil + cold

water

POGIL-BASED LABORATORY-AT-HOME MANUAL ON BIOMOLECULES 107

Task 3: Good or Bad Fat?

IODINE

Water

Margarine

Coconut Oil

ETHYL ALCOHOL

Water

Margarine

Coconut Oil

POGIL-BASED LABORATORY-AT-HOME MANUAL ON BIOMOLECULES 108

 VINEGAR

Water

Margarine

Coconut Oil

BAKING SODA

Water

Margarine

Coconut Oil

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HOT WATER

Water

Margarine

Coconut Oil

Task 4: Let’s Break Up!

Oil + water + bile

Oil + water + bile +

ethyl alcohol

POGIL-BASED LABORATORY-AT-HOME MANUAL ON BIOMOLECULES 110

 Oil + water + bile +
vinegar

Oil + water + bile +

baking soda

Oil + water + bile +

cold water

POGIL-BASED LABORATORY-AT-HOME MANUAL ON BIOMOLECULES 111

Task 5: Let’s Break Up Again!

Liquid soap + a
pinch of salt

+ a teaspoon of
salt

+ a tablespoon of
salt

Liquid soap + a
drop of ethyl
alcohol

+ 10 drops of
ethyl alcohol

+ 20 drops of
ethyl alcohol

POGIL-BASED LABORATORY-AT-HOME MANUAL ON BIOMOLECULES 112

 Liquid soap + a
drop of vinegar

+ 10 drops of
vinegar

+ 20 drops of
vinegar

Liquid soap + a
drop of fresh milk

+ 10 drops of
fresh milk

+ 20 drops of
fresh milk

Liquid soap + a
pinch of baking
soda

+ a teaspoon of
baking soda

+ a tablespoon of
baking soda

POGIL-BASED LABORATORY-AT-HOME MANUAL ON BIOMOLECULES 113

POST-LABORATORY SESSION
POST-LABORATORY QUESTIONS: Answer the following questions.
1. Analyze your groups’ data. How do you determine the lipid content in food sources?
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2. Compare your data with that of other groups. What factors affect lipids?
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2.1 How can we bring together polar and non-polar molecules and make them blend
together? ____________________________________________________________
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2.2 How do bile affect lipids? How do bile work in our body?
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POGIL-BASED LABORATORY-AT-HOME MANUAL ON BIOMOLECULES 114

2.3 How do sodium ions in NaCl affects the solubility of soap in water?
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3. Based on the pooled data, develop a hypothesis to explain the properties of lipids.
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3.1 How do we detect saturated fats in our food?
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3.2 Why are saturated fats considered bad fat?
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4. Suppose you added dishwashing liquid directly to coconut oil. What do you think you
would observe? Explain how soap is chemically significant in cleaning.
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POGIL-BASED LABORATORY-AT-HOME MANUAL ON BIOMOLECULES 115

5. Consider a face cream has liquid on top after not using it for 5 years. Would you predict
that it would be easier to mix it using mayonnaise instead of honey? Briefly explain.
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6. What method would you propose to determine which between skim milk and whole
milk has more fats?

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7. Why is it important to know how much lipid a food contains?
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POGIL-BASED LABORATORY-AT-HOME MANUAL ON BIOMOLECULES 116

REFERENCES

POGIL-BASED LABORATORY-AT-HOME MANUAL ON BIOMOLECULES 117