Chapter 1
Introduction to Control System
Upon completion of this chapter, student should be able to:
➢ Define control systems.
➢ Differentiate between open loop and closed loop
system.
What is Control system?
Control system consists of subsystem and
processes (or plants) assembled for the purpose
of obtaining a desired output with desired
performance, given a specified input.
The objective of the control system is
to control the output variables in some prescribe
manner using the input variables, through the
elements of the control system.
In other word, a controlled system should be
able to produce the value of an output variable
similar to some desired value.
Block Diagram of control system
Recall: consists of
subsystem and processes Input Control Output
(or plants) assembled for the system
Desired Actual
purpose of obtaining a
desired output with desired response response
performance, given a
specified input. Fig 1: Simplified control system
Fig 2: Block diagram of Control system
Elements of control system
Input signal: - It is an signal applied to control system from an external energy
source in order to produce a specified output.
- Also called as Reference signal (R) , setpoint, desired value.
Output : the particular signal of interest or actual response obtained from a
control system when the input is applied.
- Also called as control variable signal (C) , actual value, measured value.
Controller : - devices which monitors and affected the operational condition of a
given dynamical system.
- Measure the value of controlled variable.
- Apply the input variable to the system to control/correct the output
value from a desired input value.
Elements of control system
Actuator : - mechanical device for moving or controlling a mechanism or system.
- Convert the control signal to a power signal.
- Ex: Valve, motor, muscles (human)
Plant : The portion of a system which is to be controlled or regulated.
Ex: Heating Furnace, Spacecraft, Car, Mechanical Device
Sensor : provide measurement of the output value.
Ex: Temperature sensor, level sensor
Control strategies
Open Loop system (OLCS) Closed loop system(CLCS)
i. Also known as feed forward control i. Also known as feedback control system.
system. ii. Is a system which control action depends
ii. Is a system which the control action is on the output signal.
independent of the output signal. iii. The block diagram:
iii. The block diagram:
Example of Open Loop control system
a) Automatic toaster system:
Fig 3 : Block diagram of the system
b) Fan Speed regulation system :
Fig 4 : Block diagram of the system
Example of Closed loop control system.
Water level control system.(Automatic control)
Fig 6 : Block diagram of the system
Other example:
Turntable speed control
Aim : to design a system for tuntable speed control that will ensure
that the actual speed of rotation is within an acceptable
percentage of desired speed.
Example of device : to rotate CD player or computer disk drive.
Open loop control system (OLCS)
Fig 7 : Open loop turntable
speed control system
Fig 8 : Block diagram of the system
Other example:
Turntable speed control
Closed loop control system (CLCS)
Fig 9 : Closed loop turntable speed control system
Fig 10 : Block diagram of the system
Advantages & Disadvantages of open
and closed loop.
Table 1 : Advantages and Disadvantages of OLCS and CLCS
Type of system Advantages Disadvantages
Open Loop system i. Simple i. Unable to correct the
ii. Low cost disturbances or error in the
iii. Stable system.
iv. Less maintenance ii. Required calibration from
v. Accurate if no disturbance. time to time
vi. Fixed input at set point. iii. Sensitive to disturbance
Closed loop system i. Increase an accuracy i. Costly and complex
ii. Increase bandwidth ii. Problem stability
iii. Reduces the effect of iii. Required trained operator to
disturbance operate.
iv. Not required the i/o
relationship
Types of Controller
2 types of controller :
i. Manual/ on off controller
ii. Continuous controller
On-Off Controller:
• It is a feedback controller that switches operate between two states; on and off.
• usually used where a precise control is not necessary.
• Example: temperature control
On Off action
• Advantages ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF ON
– Simple
temperature
– Inexpensive setpoint
• Disadvantages
– Not accurate
– Need to add on-off differential or ‘hysteresis’
time
Fig 11 : Example of
to the controller operations to prevent output from “chattering” manual controller
response.
Continuous control / Proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID controller)
• designed to eliminate the cycling associated with on-off control
• Used in systems where the load changes often and the controller is expected to
compensate automatically due to frequent changes in set point, the amount of energy
available, or the mass to be controlled.
• Apply algorithm of control loop feedback mechanism.
• Advantages
– Accurate
– stable control
• Disadvantages
– the proportional, integral and derivative terms
must be individually adjusted or “tuned”.
Fig 12 : Example of PID
controller response.
TUTORIAL TIME!!!!
Download Tutorial 1 Sheet
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