WOLAITA SODO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Course title: - integrated design III

problem statement on climate change

By
Kidus Feleke

ID No ENG/R/215/10

Course coordinators: -

Submission date: ---/---/--------

 climate change
A. INTRODUCTION
Climate change has become a reality, The Earth’s climate is rapidly changing and is one of the
greatest challenges the world is facing today. Climate change has led to increased frequency and
intensity/ severity of extreme weather events (droughts, floods, heat waves, cold snaps,
storms/hurricanes, etc.), melting of ice and glaciers, sea level rise, changes in global precipitation
patterns, expansion of desertification, increased frequency and intensity of wildfires, loss of
biodiversity, increased environmental pollution, decline in agricultural production and
productivity, water scarcity, increased incidence of pests and diseases, and human migration and
conflict.

What is climate change?

Climate change is a long-term shift in weather conditions identified by changes in temperature,
precipitation, winds, and other indicators. Climate change can involve both changes in average
conditions and changes in variability, including, for example, extreme events.

Climate change condition as international level

According to the World Meteorological Organization, the decade 2011–2020 was the warmest
on record, with the year 2020 being among the 3 warmest recorded years globally. The average
temperatures in 2020 were 1.2°C higher than in the pre-industrial period globally, and 2.2°C
higher in Europe. The 2015 Paris Agreement aims to limit the global temperature rise to well
below 2°C.

Climate change condition in Ethiopia

Average temperatures in Ethiopia have increased by an average of 1°C since 1960, at an
average rate of 0.25°C per decade. Increases have been most noticeable from July through
September. The average number of ‘hot nights’ (the hottest 10% of nights annually) increased by
37.5% between 1960 and 2010E.C and the average number of ‘hot days’ per year, increased by
20%; cold days have also decreased. Observed temperature increases have also led to increased
evapotranspiration and reduced soil moisture; higher rates of warming have been observed in the
central regions and highland areas.

B. root Causes of climate change

Factors that cause climate change can be divided into two categories - those related to natural
processes and those related to human activity.
1.natural processes: -The Earth's climate can be affected by natural factors that are external to
the climate system, such as changes in volcanic activity, solar output, and the Earth's orbit
around the Sun. Of these, the two factors relevant on timescales of contemporary climate change
are changes in volcanic activity and changes in solar radiation. In terms of the Earth's energy
balance, these factors primarily influence the amount of incoming energy. Volcanic eruptions are
episodic and have relatively short-term effects on climate.

Years (G.C)
Figure 1global temperature change graph by natural and human activity source: - emission data base for global
atmospheric research (EDGAR)
2.Human causes: -
Climate change can also be caused by human activities, Climate change can also be caused by
human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and the conversion of land for forestry and
agriculture. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, these human influences on the
climate system have increased substantially. the main driver of climate change is the greenhouse
effect. Some gases in the Earth's atmosphere act a bit like the glass in a greenhouse, trapping the
sun's heat and stopping it from leaking back into space and causing global warming.
Many of these greenhouse gases occur naturally, but human activity is increasing the
concentrations of some of them in the atmosphere, in particular:(carbon dioxide (CO2), methane,
nitrous oxide, fluorinated gases)
common human activity Causes for climate change
Burning coal, oil and gas produces carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.
Cutting down forests (deforestation). Trees help to regulate the climate by absorbing CO2 from
the atmosphere. When they are cut down, that beneficial effect is lost and the carbon stored in
the trees is released into the atmosphere, adding to the greenhouse effect.
Increasing livestock farming. Cows and sheep produce large amounts of methane when they
digest their food.
Fertilisers containing nitrogen produce nitrous oxide emissions.
Fluorinated gases are emitted from equipment and products that use these gases. Such
emissions have a very strong warming effect, up to 23 000 times greater than CO2.
Cement – Producing cement is another contributor to climate change, causing 2% of our entire
carbon dioxide emissions.
 Effect of Single house holder in the climate change.
Every house hold affect climate condition in deferent way by day-to-day activity. for example,
by waste disposal, power conception (deforestation of plant and releasing of carbon dioxide in to
the air), choice of unsustainable construction material and construction method, and also day
today transportation system and urban settlement condition (it means usage of space and
arrangement) And so on.

Figure 2 CO2 emission rate from deferent sector as international level source: - emission data base for global atmospheric research (EDGAR)

C. The Effects of climate change as General

1.The direct consequences of man-made climate change include: -
1. Global Warming: -
Global warming is a phenomenon of climate change characterized by a general increase in
average temperatures of the Earth, which modifies the weather balances and ecosystems for a
long time. It is directly linked to the increase of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere, worsening
the greenhouse effect.
In fact, the average temperature of the planet has increased by 0.8º Celsius (33.4° Fahrenheit)
compared to the end of the 19th century. Each of the last three decades has been warmer than all
previous decades since the beginning of the statistical surveys in 1850.

At the pace of current CO2 emissions, scientists expect an increase of between 1.5° and 5.3°C
(34.7° to 41.5°F) in average temperature by 2100. If no action is taken, it would have harmful
consequences to humanity and the biosphere.
The main Couse of global warming is (fossil fuel, deforestation, intensive farming, waste
disposal, mining and so on)
2. Air pollution: -
The main greenhouse gas is not counted as an air pollutant because it does not appear to affect
health. However, there are links between climate change and global warming, such as the
atmospheric concentration of some pollutants in the air. Ans also It can be classified in 2
sections: visible and invisible air pollution.
The effect of air pollution: - Air pollution is caused by the presence in the atmosphere of toxic
substances, mainly produced by human activities, even though sometimes it can result from
natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions, dust storms and wildfires, also depleting the air
quality.
Local: -this concerns the quality of ambient air within a radius of a few kilometers.
Regional: -pollution like acid rain, photochemical reactions and degradation of water quality at
distances of a few kilometers to a thousand kilometers.
Global: -depletion of the ozone layer and global warming caused by the emission of greenhouse
gases, mainly carbon dioxide (CO2).
3. Water Pollution
Water pollution and climate change are closely linked, both in rivers, seas and oceans. This
pollution manifests itself in particular through changes in the flows of the various rivers, the
increase in temperature and the pollutants concentration in the water.
There are two types of water pollution:
A. Organic pollution due to microorganisms - bacteria and viruses - present in the water,
generated by excrement, animal and vegetable waste
B. Chemical pollution generated by the nitrates and phosphates of pesticides, human and animal
drugs, household products, heavy metals, acids and hydrocarbons used in industries
4. Land Pollution
The soil is equally hard hit by climate change. Human activity is significantly changing the
climate and the nature of soils, which are both very fragile and most of the time over-exploited.A
soil is polluted when it contains an abnormal concentration of chemical compounds potentially
dangerous to human health, plants or animals.
There are different types of land pollution they are Agricultural land pollution, Chemicals,
Solid waste.
 2. The indirect consequences of climate change, which directly affect us humans and our
environment, include: -an increase in hunger and water crises, especially in developing
countries and also health risks through rising air temperatures and heatwaves. Other economic
implications of dealing with secondary damage related to climate change and increasing spread
of pests and pathogens, loss of biodiversity due to limited adaptability and adaptability speed of
flora and fauna and also ocean acidification due to increased HCO3 concentrations in the water
as a consequence of increased CO₂ concentrations, the need for adaptation in all areas (e.g.,
agriculture, forestry, energy, infrastructure, tourism, etc.)

Couse and effect of climate change diagram

Population growth

Agricultural expansion
Human
Energy consumption
activity

Deforestation industrialization

High resource usage

CO2 emission Burning of fossil fuel

Buildings and structure

Livestock farm Global warming  Disease, pandemic

disease
Climate Air pollution  Famine and food
change insecurity
Volcanic activity Water pollution
 War and death
Earth quick Land pollution  Damage of natural
habitat and species
Land sliding Rising sea level  Migration and
Natural
homeless
activity

Figure 3 diagram of climate change Couse and effect

 the effects of climate change in Ethiopia
Climate Change Impacts in Ethiopia increase the risk and intensity of flooding as well
as increase the likelihood for water scarcity for certain areas of the country. Increased intense
rainfall events, with the possibility of higher rainfall for some areas will lead to the heightened
risk of flooding, loss of life, and damage to property and infrastructure. Intense rainfall and
flooding may also result in soil erosion and water logging of crops, decreasing yields and
increasing food insecurity. Additionally, the increased aridity and drought stress is expected to
lead to water scarcity in some areas, resulting in increased demand for water, raising and the
potential for conflict and biodiversity loss. Higher temperatures with increased aridity may also
lead to livestock stress and reduced crop yields. This is likely to result in significant economic
losses, damage to agricultural lands and infrastructure as well as human casualties. Furthermore,
land degradation and soil erosion, exacerbated by recurrent flood and drought, adversely impact
agricultural production, further affecting the livelihoods of the rural poor. Small rural farmers are
more sensitive to impacts of disasters (floods, dry periods) because they have limited resources
with which to influence and increase adaptive capacity

Climate change static data in national level

 Yearly Change +4.03%
 Global Share 0.03%
 Tons per capita 0.1
 Fossil CO2 emissions in Ethiopia were 10,438,855 tons in 2016.
 CO2 emissions increased by 4.03% over the previous year, representing an increase
by 404,108 tons over 2015, when CO2 emissions were 10,034,747 tons.
 CO2 emissions per capita in Ethiopia are equivalent to 0.10 tons per person (based on
a population of 103,603,462 in 2016), an increase by 0.00 over the figure of 0.10 CO2 tons
per person registered in 2015; this represents a change of 1.2% in CO2 emissions per capita.

Figure 4Ethiopian CO2emissions level graph source : - emission data base for global atmospheric research (EDGAR)
Figure 5 fossil emission level in deferent sector source: - emission data base for global atmospheric research (EDGAR)

climate change impacts on key sectors

Ethiopia is highly vulnerable to climate change, particularly in regards to the country’s
water, agriculture, infrastructure, forestry and public health sectors. Impacts of climate
change are already being experienced in the region. Water scarcity and drought conditions are
expected to increase risks of food insecurity and may exacerbate conflict situations over scarce
resources and population movements. Heavy rains, flooding, and soil erosion puts both urban
and rural infrastructure at risk, particularly for poor and vulnerable groups. Increased
occurrences of drought conditions and reduced rainfall across much of the country will further
impact agriculture, livestock, food security, and human health. Environmental degradation,
impacted water resources, and loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services constitute serious
obstacles to the country’s continued development and poverty reduction efforts, increasing
vulnerability to risks and hazards, increasing the importance for sustainable adaptation and
resilience measures.
 Main climate change Couse in wolaita zone
The root
Figure Couse
6 natural of climate
disasters change
in Ethiopia 1900G.Cin wolaita
-2020 zone isMinistry
G.C source of Environment
the rapid and Forest
population growth. The(2020).
population growth of wolaita zone is rapidly growing; by 1999 E.C census the population of
Wolaita was 1,501,112, an average growth per annum is 2.9%. In 2010 E.C it has grown to
2,096,492, in 2011 reached to 2,273,992 and in 2012 reached to 2,326,306.
The above data show that howe much the population number rapidly growth in wolaita zone.
because of this the rate of housing development and also agricultural expansion and
deforestation, and also aggressive use of natural resource and carbon dioxide emission in the
environment.

Figure 7 wolaita zone population growth graph Source: Wolaita Zone Plan Department 2013, projection

And the other Couse of climate change in wolaita zone is lack of awareness about the climate
change and the effect. And also, about prevention method of climate change effect. Because of
this the society affect the environment.

The architecture interference of against on climate change

The construction industry uses more raw materials by weight than any other industrial sector.
About 50% of all materials extracted from the Earth’s crust are processed into construction
materials. In building construction, a wide range of materials are used and the production of each
material consumes energy and emits CO2. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
reported that buildings and construction are responsible for more than 36% of the global
energy consumed, and as much as 40% of energy-related CO2 emissions. According to the
UNEP, the amount of total buildings-related CO2 emissions (including energy-related emissions
from buildings construction) in 2017 alone was more than 11 GtCO2. Buildings and the
construction sector have the largest shares of global energy and emissions compared to other
sectors, such as industry and transport. Architecture has always played a huge role in climate
change. We know that buildings contribute to nearly half of the nation’s CO 2 (carbon dioxide)
emissions which is a huge part of the problem.
Architects can lead the climate change movement by designing the greenest, healthiest buildings
and environments. The very best in technical advancements needed to produce climate-saving
buildings have been put in place over the last few decades. New technologies and designs help
lower emissions and generate energy.
architects can be leaders in the fight against global warming by slashing energy consumption by
60-70% with the reduction of heating, cooling, and other systems within commercial and
residential buildings.

D. Known Strategies of solve or reduce climate change Couse and effect.

1.use Renewable energies: -Changing our main energy sources to clean and renewable energy.
Solar, Wind, Geothermal and biomass could be the solution.
2. Develop Sustainable transportation: -Our transport methods must be aligned with
environmental requirements and reduce their carbon footprint. It is essential to rethink our
transport methods from the design stage towards eco-friendly transportation.
3.  prevent Air pollution: -Many methods exist to prevent, control and reduce air pollution, in
particular by reducing the consumption of fossil fuels, and limiting industry emissions and waste.
4. Waste Management & recycling: -The simplest solution to reduce waste is to adapt our
production methods to our consumption patterns. The recycling process must also be taken into
account in our consumption habits.
5. Sea and Ocean preservation: -Oceans and seas are the largest storage of greenhouse gases
and are an exceptional support system for life on this planet. Limiting overfishing, unsustainable
development activities in coastal areas and the
6. Circular economy: -Use the 3 r's of circular economy (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) to
significantly reduce our waste and avoid unnecessary production of new items.
7.conserve and protect natural resource: -natural resource damage by deferent human
activities. Like deforestation, aggressive use of natural resource, agricultural land expansion.
Source: - united nation Environmental conservation Programme

Architect and builders’ strategies for against climate change

1. architect Convince Clients of the Value of Biodegradable Materials
The construction industry relies mainly on fossil fuels, leaving a massive carbon footprint.
Driven to make the construction process greener, designers have turned to using biodegradable
materials. For example, the bricks are developed with no carbon emission or waste, and after
their intended use, they can decompose and return to the carbon cycle. Alternative biodegradable
materials that have been used in construction include cork, bamboo, and desert sand.
2. Advocate for the Use of Locally Sourced Materials
Where materials originate, where they’re manufactured, where they’re used in construction, and
the distances between each of these phases plays a massive role in determining a project’s
environmental impact. Transportation distances determine greenhouse gas emissions as a result
of burning fuel. Therefore, by reducing these distances, a project will leave a much smaller
carbon footprint.
3. Transition from Concrete Frames to other sustainable building material
Concrete is a major carbon emissions culprit as the four billion tons of cement produced each
year for concrete production accounts for eight per cent of total carbon dioxide emissions. This
process is also incredibly water intensive, which strains supplies for drinking and irrigation.
4. Reuse Building Materials
Much of this waste actually derives from demolition taken before the beginning of new
construction projects. Reusing discarded raw material not only cuts down on costs, but it also
reduces greenhouse gas emissions when manufacturing new materials.
5.Understand the Environmental Implications of a Project’s Life Cycle
Time should be viewed in a biological perspective in order to better understand the impact on the
planet. Rather than looking solely at the traditional design timeframe of project construction and
life cycle, architect should take into consideration of its broader implications for the natural and
social environments.
6.Become More Efficient with Digital Technology
Architects should be use digital technology. It helps to increased efficiency in the design
process can help guide decisions that influence a project’s environmental footprint. Projects can
be completed quicker with less last minute, on-site alterations, which reduces waste and overall
energy consumption.
7. Design for Humans and Nature: -Designing in a way that generates mutual benefits and
shared value for humans and nature combined must be practiced. Natural capital needs to be
considered in cost-benefit analyses and in designs.
Source: - Canada Green Building Council office, Zero Carbon Building Standard,1st Version
 Ethiopian adaptation strategies to the impacts
of climate variability and change
No Ethiopian known strategies to adapt climate change
.
1. Effective, efficient and participatory management of available natural resources

2. Modifying livestock composition (rearing different livestock species) and herd size (herd splitting;
decreasing the number of livestock through selling and slaughtering/feeding during periods of droughts in
which there is scarcity of water and forage, and increasing through purchasing during inter-drought periods)

3. Construction and maintenance of water storage infrastructure

4. Use of crop residues as animal feed

5. Hay making, collection and preservation

6. Reserving dry season grazing areas

7. Raising community awareness on climate change issues and needs for adaptation

8. Modification of rangeland management practices (controlled grazing/regulating the frequency and

intensity of grazing, controlled burning for acquisition of new growth for livestock grazing)
9. Tree planting (for livestock feed and shade)

10. Modification of farming practices

11. Diversifying livelihood activities

12. Increasing education for children

13. Establishing community groups to overcome the impacts of droughts and provide alternative means of
support

14. Strengthening existing conflict resolution mechanisms and rethinking regional boundaries

15. Mobility (livestock and/or people)

Sources: Riché et al. (2010), Chidumayo et al. (2011), Tadesse et al. (2013) and Tilahun et al. (2017)
 E. proposed strategies and solution for climate change
General Title: -SUSTAINABLE DESIGN IN THE ENVIRONMENT
As an architect My proposed solution to prevent the climate change Couse and effect in Ethiopia
is A preventive approach. because depend on the above data the contribution and the effect of
Ethiopia on the climate change is low amount relatively other European countries so preventive
approach is necessary in Ethiopian case. As an architect to prevent a climate change Couse in
Ethiopia develop sustainable design environment is one of very successful method or strategy.

Sustainable architecture is the use of design strategies that reduce the negative
environmental impact from a built environment. Architects take the site landscape, energy
management, and stormwater management into consideration when planning, and then use
environmentally friendly systems and building materials during construction.

What is sustainability?
Sustainability means meeting our own needs without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs. In addition to natural resources, we also need social and
economic resources. Sustainability is not just environmentalism, And also equity and economic
development.

What is sustainable development? :-

In simple terms, sustainable development means integrating the economic, social and
environmental objectives of society, in order to maximize human well-being in the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. This means seeking
mutually supportive approaches whenever possible, and making trade-offs where necessary. The
pursuit of sustainable development thus requires improving the coherence and complementarity
of policies across a wide range of sectors, to respond to the complex development challenges
ahead.

Sustainable Development Goals

On 1 January 2016, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development, adopted by world leaders in September 2015. Over the next 15 years,
with these new goals that universally apply to all, countries will mobilize efforts to end all forms
of poverty, fight inequalities and tackle climate change.

The 17 sustainable development goals are:- 1) No Poverty, 2) Zero Hunger, 3) Good
Health and Well-being, 4) Quality Education, 5) Gender Equality, 6) Clean Water and
Sanitation, 7) Affordable and Clean Energy, 8) Decent Work and Economic Growth, 9) Industry,
Innovation and Infrastructure, 10) Reduced Inequality, 11) Sustainable Cities and Communities,
12) Responsible Consumption and Production, 13) Climate Action, 14) Life Below Water,
15) Life On Land, 16) Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions,(17) Partnerships for the Goals.)
Based on the above criteria Finland is no 1from 168 countries by achieve 85.5% of UN
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). relatively our country Ethiopia is 136 ranks from 168
168 countries by achieve 54.52% of UN Sustainable Development Goals. So sustainable
design environment is very Necessary strategies to achieve (SDGs) (source united nation
sustainability development Programme goal.)

Strategies for create sustainable design environment: -

1. Passive Sustainable Design: -Passive strategies, such as form of the building and
considering sun orientation and climate when siting and being thoughtful about window
placement and operation, are used to best manage daylighting and natural ventilation and go a
long way in reducing energy requirements for the building. In certain climates, thermal mass
techniques can be used to harness solar energy. In such cases, thick walls absorb heat from the
sun during the day and release it into the building at night.

2. Active Sustainable Design: -Architects consult with mechanical and electrical engineers
to implement high-efficiency electrical, plumbing, HVAC, and other systems, which are
designed to have small environmental footprints.

3. Renewable Energy Systems: -Renewable energy systems, including those that harness
solar and wind energy, are also great options for some buildings. These systems are often used in
conjunction with passive design strategies.

4. Green Building Materials and Finishes: -By making it a priority to purchase steel,
lumber/wood, concrete, and finishing materials, such as carpet and furnishings, from companies
that use environmentally responsible manufacturing techniques or recycled materials, architects
up the ante on sustainability.

5. Native Landscaping: -Landscaping choices can make a big impact in civic building water
consumption. By using trees, plants, and grasses that are native to the area, architects can greatly
reduce irrigation needs. Landscaping can also be used as part of a passive energy strategy. By
planting trees that shade the roof and windows during the hottest time of the day, solar heat gain
inside the building can be reduced.

6. Stormwater Management: - When rain falls on an untouched site, the water that doesn’t
evaporate absorbs back into the ground, replenishing the natural water table. However, when a
building is placed on the site, along with parking lots, sidewalks, access roads, and other
hardscaping, rainfall behaves differently. The water runs off these surfaces and into storm drains.
By implementing stormwater management strategies, such as pervious pavement that helps to
reduce runoff and retention ponds that capture runoff and slowly release water back into the
ground, the negative environmental impact of buildings can be reduced

Final solution project for against climate change

 My proposed architectural project is awareness center

in Ethiopia, there is generally low awareness on climate change. So, it is one of the big
challenges to fight climate change impact in Ethiopia Thus, it is crucial to raise awareness about
climate change and its impacts in the policy makers and the general public. This can be done
using a variety of method by establishment of efferent awareness center; meetings (conferences,
workshops, seminars, symposiums, panel discussions) print media (newspapers, leaflets, books,
journal articles); electronic media (radio, TV, internet); and short text messages (SMS) using
mobile. Furthermore, key environmental issues are not properly integrated into the curricula,
though some elements are incorporated. Thus, there is a need to inculcate the whole range of
environmental issues, especially climate change, environmental protection, biodiversity and
conservation, in the curricula of schools and higher learning institutions so as to raise the
environmental awareness of the young generation.

What is the purpose of this awareness center to the society?

Money developed countries like USA, Canada, Singapore and others, established awareness
center and they gave awareness about climate change Couse and effect to the society. So, in
Ethiopia low awareness on climate change So This awareness center is very necessary to society
and, to know about the climate change, Couse and effect, prevention method and adaptation
method and also the current real situation about climate change impact, and also about
sustainability and the concept about sustainable design in the environment. the strategies about
sustainable design like new sustainable building material and technology, renewable energy
system, material recycle and Advocate for the Use of Locally Sourced Materials, and also
sustainable land scape treatment and so on.
Sources and reference

 Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR)

 CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion - IEA
 World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision - United Nations Population Division
 www.global climate change cause and efect.com
 www.world bank.org CLIMATE RISK COUNTRY PROFILE — ETHIOPIA
 www.world health organization.org
 www.un habitat.org
 Canada Green Building Council office, Zero Carbon Building Standard,1st Version