STRUCTURAL DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Pa g e |1
Contents
1 INTRODUCTION
............................................................................................................................................. 3
2 STRUCTURE
.................................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Location:
.................................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Soil Data:
................................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2.1 Sub-soil conditions (Excerpt from Geotechnical Investigation Report)
............................................ 3
2.2.2 Ground Water
Table........................................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Structural System
....................................................................................................................................... 4
2.3.1 Foundation
......................................................................................................................................... 4
2.3.2 Super
Structure................................................................................................................................... 4
2.4 List of referred Codes
................................................................................................................................ 5
2.5 Construction Materials
............................................................................................................................... 6
3 LOADING
......................................................................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Dead loads (DL): The following parameters are considered as per IS 875
............................................... 6
Part – I
1987....................................................................................................................................................
....... 6
3.2 Super Imposed Dead loads (SDL)
............................................................................................................. 7
3.3 Live Loads
................................................................................................................................................. 8
3.4 Wind Loads
................................................................................................................................................ 9
3.4.1 Wind Tunnel Study
............................................................................................................................ 9
3.5 Earthquake
Loads....................................................................................................................................... 9
3.6 Serviceability
........................................................................................................................................... 10
4 DESIGN
........................................................................................................................................................... 10
4.1 Design Concept
........................................................................................................................................ 10
4.1.1 Gravity system concept
.................................................................................................................... 10
4.1.2 Lateral load (wind and seismic) resisting system concept
............................................................... 10
4.2 Dynamic Analysis
.................................................................................................................................... 11
4.3 Design Procedure and Software
............................................................................................................... 11
5 Load Combinations
.......................................................................................................................................... 11
5.1 Load Cases
............................................................................................................................................... 11
5.2 Load Combinations
.................................................................................................................................. 12
6 CONCLUSION
................................................................................................................................................ 13
APPENDIX A – Basic Wind Speed Map of
India................................................................................................... 14
APPENDIX B- Basic Seismic Zones of India
......................................................................................................... 15
1 INTRODUCTION
The client has proposed to construct a new residential tower at the intersection of
Lamington Road and Belasis Road in Central Mumbai. The objective of this document
is to present a complete detail of the building system, its analysis and design method
from a Structural Engineer’s perspective. The document highlights the structural
concept and adopted design philosophy.
The structural design of the project has been governed by the architectural
concept and the requirements for services. The design of the structure
takes the following into consideration:
Most cost effective
construction system
Efficient functioning of
the building
Speed of construction
2 STRUCTURE
2.1 Location:
The proposed building is located at the intersection of Lamington Road
and Belasis
Road in Central Mumbai.
2.2 Soil Data:
Geotechnical investigation report has been provided by GEOTEK
CONSORTIUM.
2.2.1 Sub-soil conditions (Excerpt from Geotechnical
Investigation Report) Sub-surface profile at this site
consists of fill soils overlying residual soils underlain by
bedrock. Encountered soil/rock layers are described
below.
Layer I: Fill
Fill, consisting mostly of black sandy gravel, was encountered
from the ground surface in the boreholes. The thickness of
this layer ranged between 1.5m and
2.5m.
Layer II: Residual Soils
Residual soils, consisting mostly of blackish brown or yellowish
brown clay, were encountered below the fill layer in the
boreholes. This layer is formed by the complete in-place
disintegration of parent bedrock material to texture of soil.
Based on Standard Penetration Tests (SPT), consistencies of
the predominantly cohesive soils ranged between medium stiff
and very stiff. The lower boundary of this layer was encountered
at depths between 4.5m and 8.0m below ground surface.
Layer III: Breccia Bedrock
Yellowish brown or blackish gray Breccia bedrock was encountered
at depths typically between 4.5m and 5.5m below ground surface,
but at slightly deeper depths between 7.0m and 8.0m in boreholes
BH-5, BH-6 and BH-7. The bedrock was highly weathered to sound,
generally improving with depth. Core recoveries ranged between 9
and 95 percent, while Rock Quality Designation (RQD) ranged
between 0 and 94 percent. The boreholes were terminated in this
layer at depths between 20.0m and 27.0m below ground surface.
2.2.2 Ground Water Table
The ground water table was observed at a depth of 1.0m to 1.5m
below existing ground surface. Expected seasonal variations in
water table elevation have not been reported in the current version
of the geotechnical report. For design of basement walls,
foundations and grade slab, water table is assumed to be at
ground surface.
2.3 Structural System
2.3.1 Foundation
Main Tower: The main tower is proposed to be supported on
Breccia bedrock by a raft foundation system resting on [Link]
expected settlement will be less than 30mm.
2
Extended podium and parking: Spread footings with SBC of 60t/m
for East podium and 40t/m2 for West podium will be used for lightly
loaded columns and walls located below the extended podium and
parking areas. Total expected settlement will be less than 12mm.
Rock Anchors: Rock anchors with an allowable grout /bond stress of
2
40t/m is proposed to be used for stability against uplift.
2.3.2 Super Structure
The super structure consists of 2 Basement + Ground + 8 Podium +
64
Residential Levels including service floor and two amenity levels +
nd
Terrace + LMR + LMR roof + 23.5m decorative mast. The 2
basement is only in the east podium area. Total building height
above ground is approximately 243m to the terrace level and
284m to the top of the mast. (BASE D ON L ATE ST
ARCHITECT UR AL D R AW I N GS . PLE ASE VERIFY ALL FLOOR DET AILS
P ROVID E D I N
THI S SECTION )
Floor Heights in Tower Area Floor heights Outside
Tow er Area
Basement to Ground floor 4.8m 4.2m
st
Ground to 1 floor 3.6m 4.2m
st nd
1 to 2 floor 4.2m 4.2m
nd rd
2 to 3 floor 3.66m 3.66m
rd th
3 to 7 floor 3.35m 3.35m
th th
7 to 8 floor 4.2m 3.6m
th th
8 to 9 floor 3.9m
th
9 to 38 floor
th 3.0m
th
38 to 39 floor
th 3.5m
th
39 to 40 floor
th 4.2m
th st
40 to 41 floor 6.0m
st rd
41 floor to 63 floor 3.35m
th
64 floor to Terrace 3.5m
Mast Top 41m above terrace
Refer to Sec.4 for
further details.
2.4 List of referred Codes
1) National Building Code of India 2005 (NBCI)
2) IS 456: 2000 Code of Practice for Plain & Reinforced concrete
3) IS 875 (Part-1): 1987 Code of Practice for Design loads – Unit
weights.
4) IS 875 (Part-2): 1987 Code of Practice for Design loads – Imposed
loads.
5) IS 875 (Part-3): 1987 Code of Practice for Design loads – Wind
loads.
6) IS 1893 (Part-1): 2002 Criteria for Earthquake resistant design
structures (General provisions and Buildings).
7) IS 13920:1993 Edition 1.2
8) IS 800: 2007 Code of Practice for General Construction in Steel
9) IS 2062: Steel for General Structural Purposes
10) IS 11384: 1985 Composite Construction
11) SP: 16 Design aids for reinforced concrete to IS: 456- 1978.
12) SP: 23 Hand Book on concrete mixes.
13) SP: 24 Explanatory handbook on Indian standard code of
practice for plain and reinforced concrete (IS: 456-1978).
14) SP: 34 Hand Book on concrete reinforcement and Detailing.
15) ACI 318-08 Building code requirements for structural concrete
16) ACI 301-08 Specifications for Structural Concrete
17) ACI 347-04 Guide to Formwork for Concrete
18) ACI 117-90 (Reaffirmed 2002) Standard specification for
Tolerance for concrete construction and materials
19) AISC-360-05 – Specification for structural steel buildings.
20) BS 5950-2000 – Structural use of steelwork in buildings.
2.5 Construction Materials
1) Concrete shall have the following 28 day compressive cube strength
fck U.O.N
a. Columns – M80/M60/M50
b. Shear walls and link beams
– M80/M60/M50
c. Slab and gravity beams –
M40
d. Foundation – M40
2)
Concrete Reinforcing shall be Fe 500 conforming to IS 1786 with
2
yield strength not less than 500 N/mm
3) Structural steel plate material conforming to ASTM A572 Gr.50
with yield strength not less than 350Mpa.
3 LOADING
The building is analyzed for the following basic load cases:-
3.1 Dead loads (DL): The following parameters are considered
as per IS 875
Part – I 1987
1)
Density of Reinforced concrete members :
3
2.5T/m
2)
Density of Plain concrete members :
3
2.4T/m
3
3) Density of Brick 1.9T/m
3
4) Density of Steel 7.85T/m
3
5) Density of glass 2.5T/m
3
6) Density of light weight partitions (e.g. Siporex or 0.8T/m
equivalent)
3
7) Density of plaster 2.0T/m
3
8) Density of soil fill 1.9T/m
3.2 Super Imposed Dead
loads (SDL)
A. Residential
1) 125mm thick light weight siporex wall-(100mm (4”) interior lightweight
Siporex block
2
+ 12.5mm plaster on each side) : 0.14 T/m of elevation area.
2) 150mm thick light weight siporex walls (125mm thick interior
lightweight Siporex partition wall + 12mm plaster on each side):
2
0.15 T/m of elevation area.
3) 175mm thick light weight siporex walls for elevator front wall
(150mm thick interior lightweight Siporex partition wall + 12mm
2
plaster on each side): 0.17 T/m of elevation area.
4) 200mm thick exterior brick wall (150 mm(6”) exterior brick wall+25mm
2
external sand faced plaster +25mm internal gypsum plaster): 0.4 T/m
of elevation area.
5) 230mm thick exterior brick wall at refuge area (175 mm brick
wall+25mm external sand faced plaster +25mm internal plaster):
2
0.44 T/m of elevation area.
2
6) Sale Tower floor finish (75mm thick allowance): 0.15 T/m
2
7) Sale Tower peripheral deck finish (50 mm thick allowance): 0.10T/m .
8) 2
Rehabilitation Tower floor finish (50mm thick): 0.10 T/m
9) 2
Rehabilitation Tower lift lobby ( 75mm thick) : 0.15T/m
10) 2
MEP hung loads: 0.05 T/m
11)
Water proofing + “Brickbat coba“ above the roof slab 300mm (12”): 0.6
2
T/m
2
12) Mech. Equipment (DG set / Transformer/Pumps): 0.75 T/m or Actual
weights of unit.
Locations and weights need to be provided to TT for structural
design of local area that supports the unit.
13) Amenities including badminton court, club house, decks, and
fountains: Actual weights of finishes will be used.
B. Podium
th
1) Soil load for landscaping at 8 floor including waterproofing - 600 mm
2
(2ft): 1.2 T/m .
2) Swimming pools: Average water depth 1200 mm (4ft)
3) Amenities including badminton court, club house, decks, and
fountains: Actual weights of finishes will be used.
C. Basement and Parking
1) 2
MEP hung loads: 0.05 T/m
2) 2
Floor finish ( Average 75mm thick): 0.15T/m
D. Roof (PLEASE VERIF Y / PROVIDE DET AILS)
2 3
1) Water proofing +“Brick bat Coba“ 300mm : 0.6T/m (Density=2T/m )
2) Water Tanks: As per Architectural dwg.
3) 2
For roof garden - 300 mm : 0.57 T/m
3.3 Live Loads
Live Loads considered on floor slabs are as per IS 875
(Part 2) – 1987. In general, the following live loads are
considered.
A. Residential
1) 2
All rooms and kitchens including toilet and Bathrooms : 0.2T/m
2)
Corridors, passages, staircases including fire escapes and store rooms:
2
0.3 T/m
3) 2
Balconies and Terraces : 0.3 T/m
2
4) Allowance for any mech. equipment on the roof: 0.75 T/m (To be
verified as per actuals)
2
5) Rooms for indoor games: 0.3 T/m
6) 2
Open deck refuge areas: 0.5 T/m
B. Podium
1) FIRE TENDER PATH: No fire tender movement considered within the
building footprint surrounded by retaining wall except for the part slab
area between retaining wall connecting column C15 and C16 and
corewall SW1 near residential entry . Fire tender movement shall be
considered in the external development area beyond the building
retaining wall extent.
C. Basement and Parking
1)
Basement levels and podium level for parking (not greater than 2.5T
2
gross weight vehicles) 0.25T/m
2
2) Heavy vehicle parking (bus): 1.25 T/m . No heavy vehicle parking
within the building footprint surrounded by retaining wall.
D. Roof
1) 2
Roof garden (Assembly area) : 0.5 T/m
2) 2
Roof garden (Non-Assembly area) : 0.3 T/m
3) Allowance for any mech. equipment on the roof: 0.75 T/m2 (To be
verified as per actual weights of unit). Locations and weights need
to be provided to TT for structural design of local area that supports
the equipment.
3.4
Wind
Loads
IS 875 Part 3-1987 is used for finding out the
wind pressure. Main Wind force Resisting
system (MWFRS)
1) Basic wind speed Vb = 44 m/s
2) Exposure Terrain Category 3 – Class
C
3) Importance Factor 1.0
4) k1 (probability factor per 5.3.1) 1.0
5) k2 (terrain, height and structure size factor per 5.3.2) varies
6) k3 (topography factor per 5.3.3 ) 1.0
7) Vz = k1*k2*k3*Vb
2
8) Pz = 0.6*Vz (per 5.4 )
9) Wind lateral deflection limit H/500 (IS 800 Table 6)
10) Wind acceleration limitation 15 to 18 milli-g
3.4.1 Wind Tunnel Study
RWDI has conducted wind load study for Nathani heights project
and provided wind load data to be considered for design of the
structure.
3.5 Earthquake Loads
IS 1893 – 2002 is used for calculating seismic load and as the basis for
seismic load combinations. Following parameters are considered.
1) Zone Factor (Z) 0.16
2) Seismic Importance factor(I) 1.0
3) Seismic Zone III
4) Ta = 0.09H/SQRT(d)
5) Sa/g (per IS 1893 for appropriate soil1/T
condition)
6) Response Reduction factor (R) 4 (Ductile Shear Walls)
7) Seismic Weight W = DL+ SDL + 25% IL
8) Storey Drift limitation 0.004xhstory (per IS 1893
section
7.11)
3.6 Serviceability
1) SDL+Live load short term deflection less than L/350
or 20mm min
2) SDL Long term total deflection less than L/250
4 DESIGN
4.1 Design Concept
Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) is adopted as the primary building
material for the design of gravity and lateral members. All structural
members will be designed following guide lines of the codes
mentioned in section 2.4. Care will be taken to ensure that the
detailing is simple to understand and assures proper ductility and
strength. The design will also be in conformance to the stability criteria
envisaged in Clause 20 of IS 456.
The live loads considered for design may be duly reduced as per
provisions in the codes
I.S.1893 and I.S.875. The reduction will be done in the load
combinations per the specific code provisions.
4.1.1 Gravity system concept
Proposed gravity load resisting system consists of RCC flat
slab supported by RCC columns for all typical floors. Gravity
columns are not considered part of the lateral load resisting
system, and are therefore braced by the lateral system at all
levels by means of a rigid diaphragm.
RCC will also be used for foundations & basement walls. The
environmental exposure condition for the concrete structure is
taken as “moderate” as per IS456. All the covers to the
reinforcement bars are taken as to suit the mentioned
parameters.
4.1.2 Lateral load (wind and seismic) resisting system concept
Proposed lateral (wind and seismic) load resisting system
consists of RCC shear walls connected together with coupling
beams (link beams) to create an effective RCC “core tube” that
will be connected to mega columns via outrigger at various
levels. The core and the mega columns will be rigidly
connected to a raft foundation at the base. Tension piles have
been provided to counter overturning moments at the
foundation.
4.2 Dynamic Analysis
Wind and seismic loads acting on any structure are dynamic in nature.
For low-rise, non- slender regular structures with orthogonal lateral
systems, an equivalent static analysis is generally considered sufficient
for design. The structure in question is a high-rise building which is also
very slender with an aspect ratio of approximately 1:12. Therefore
detailed dynamic analysis is required to be done to correctly evaluate
building performance.
Dynamic Analysis will be carried out for this building using the
Response Spectrum Method.
4.3 Design Procedure and Software
ETABS structural analysis and design software will used to analyze
the structure. Rafts, spread footings, elevated slabs will be designed
with SAFE and double checked with in- house spreadsheets. RCC
shear walls will be designed using in-house spreadsheets and ductile
detailing will be done per IS13920.
3D frame analysis of the structure provides results of various
parameters to be checked for stability and serviceability of the
structure like drift, deflection, torsion effects, soft storey effects etc.
Beams are then designed for critical moments and shears out of
various load combinations. Columns are designed for biaxial moments
resulting from frame moments, slenderness effects and eccentricity
effects.
Basement walls and all other sub structure members are designed
based on combinations of gravity and lateral loads transferred
from the superstructure, lateral earth pressure and hydrostatic
pressure. Design will conform to soil parameters specified in the
soil report.
5 Load Combinations
Following load combinations are adopted as per IS 456, IS875 and
IS1893.
5.1 Load Cases
1) Dead Load (D. L.)
2) Live Load (L. L.)
3) Eqx (X- dir. earthquake with eccentricity as per code –site N-S
direction)
4) Eqy (Y- dir. earthquake with eccentricity as per code- site E-W
direction)
5) Wnx (X- dir. Wind – site N-S direction)
6) Wny (Y- dir. Wind- site E-W direction)
5.2 Load Combinations
1) 1.5 (D. L. + L. L.)
2) 1.2 (D. L. + 0.25L. L.+ Eqx+0.3Eqy)
3) 1.2 (D. L. + 0.25L. L.- Eqx+0.3Eqy)
4) 1.2 (D. L. + 0.25L. L.+ Eqx-0.3Eqy)
5) 1.2 (D. L. + 0.25L. L.- Eqx-0.3Eqy)
6) 1.2 (D. L. + 0.25L. L.+ 0.3Eqx+Eqy)
7) 1.2 (D. L. + 0.25L. L.- 0.3Eqx+Eqy)
8) 1.2 (D. L. + 0.25L. L.+ 0.3Eqx-Eqy)
9) 1.2 (D. L. + 0.25L. L.-0.3Eqx-Eqy)
10) 1.2 (D. L. + L. L.+ Wnx)
11) 1.2 (D. L. + L. L.+ Wny)
12) 1.2 (D. L. + L. L.- Wnx)
13) 1.2 (D. L. + L. L.- Wny)
14) 1.5 (D. L. + Eqx+0.3Eqy)
15) 1.5 (D. L. - Eqx+0.3Eqy)
16) 1.5 (D. L. + Eqx-0.3Eqy)
17) 1.5 (D. L. -Eqx-0.3Eqy)
18) 1.5 (D. L. + 0.3Eqx+Eqy)
19) 1.5 (D. L. - 0.3Eqx+Eqy)
20) 1.5 (D. L. + 0.3Eqx-Eqy)
21) 1.5 (D. L. -0.3Eqx-Eqy)
22) 1.5 (D. L. + Wnx)
23) 1.5 (D. L. + Wny)
24) 1.5 (D. L. - Wnx)
25) 1.5(D. L. - Wny)
26) (0.9D. L.) + 1.5(0.3Eqx + Eqy)
27) (0.9D. L.) - 1.5(0.3Eqx + Eqy)
28) (0.9D. L.) + 1.5(0.3Eqx - Eqy)
29) (0.9D. L.) + 1.5(-0.3Eqx + Eqy)
30) (0.9D. L.) + 1.5(Eqx + 0.3Eqy)
31) (0.9D. L.) - 1.5(Eqx + 0.3Eqy)
32) (0.9D. L.) + 1.5(Eqx – 0.3Eqy)
33) (0.9D. L.) + 1.5(-Eqx + 0.3Eqy)
34) (0.9D. L. + 1.5Wnx)
35) (0.9D. L. + 1.5Wny)
36) (0.9D. L. - 1.5Wnx)
37) (0.9D. L. – 1.5Wny)
6 CONCLUSION
This design philosophy has been worked out based on the available data issued by the
client and the Architect and it covers all the code norms for the geometry and usage of
the structure.
All other guidelines or specific details will be provided along with the working
drawings and general drawings.
APPENDIX A – Basic Wind Speed Map of India
APPENDIX B- Basic Seismic Zones of India
