United

ChapterStates
1
Department of Part 630 Hydrology Part
Introduction 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook
Agriculture
National Engineering Handbook
Natural
Resources
Conservation
Service

Chapter 1 Introduction

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Infiltration

Soil
Percolation

Rock Ocean
Ground water
Deep percolation

(210-vi, NEH, September 1997) 1–1

Chapter 1 Introduction Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

Issued September 1997

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimina-

tion in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion,
age, disability, political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not all pro-
hibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require
alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large
print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-
2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250, or call 1-800-245-6340 (voice) or (202)
720-1127 (TDD). USDA is an equal employment opportunity employer.

1–2 (210-vi, NEH, September 1997)

Chapter 1
Acknowledgments
Introduction Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

Chapter 1 was originally prepared by Victor Mockus (retired) and was

reprinted with minor revisions in 1969. This version was prepared by the
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) under the guidance of
Donald E. Woodward, national hydraulic engineer, Washington, DC.

(210-vi, NEH, September 1997) 1–i

1–3
Chapter 1 Introduction Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

1–ii
1–4 (210-vi, NEH, September 1997)
Chapter 1 Introduction Part 630 Hydrology
Chapter 1 Introduction National Engineering Handbook

Contents: 630.0100 Introduction 1–1

(a) Scope .............................................................................................................. 1–1

630.0101 Duties and responsibilities of NRCS hydrologists 1–1

630.0102 Other technical guides 1–2

(210-vi, NEH, September 1997) 1–iii

1–5
Chapter 1 Introduction Part 630 Hydrology
Chapter 1 Introduction National Engineering Handbook

630.0100 Introduction 630.0101 Duties and

responsibilities of NRCS
The NRCS National Engineering Handbook (NEH) is hydrologists
intended primarily for Natural Resources Conserva-
tion Service (NRCS) engineers and technicians. It
presents material needed to carry out NRCS responsi- Memorandums from the NRCS Conservation Engineer-
bilities in natural resources conservation and flood ing Division director define the duties and responsibili-
prevention. Part 630, Hydrology, contains methods and ties of NRCS hydrologists. One of the more important
examples for: responsibilities is that of choosing the most suitable
• Studying the hydrology of watersheds hydrologic method to use for a given problem.
• Solving special hydrologic problems that arise in
planning watershed protection and flood preven- NRCS projects requiring some application of hydrol-
tion projects ogy may range in construction cost from a few hun-
• Preparing working tools needed to plan or design dred dollars to several million dollars. A hydrologic
structures for water use, control, and disposal method suitable at one end of this range generally is
• Training personnel newly assigned to activities unsuitable at the other. Two projects of about the
that include hydrologic studies same cost may require widely different methods be-
cause of differences in available data, location of
benefits, or topography. The chosen method in each
case must be adequate to arrive at sound conclusions
(a) Scope
in terms of conditions, objectives, and functions of the
NEH part 630 contains some new techniques devel- project. The advice of the national hydrologist should
oped by NRCS personnel to meet specific needs of the be sought if there is doubt about the suitability of a
agency. Well-known techniques from other sources are method. For studies in which the choice of method is
included where necessary to illustrate special applica- limited by available survey time or funds, the results
tions to watershed-project planning, evaluation, and must be regarded as tentative pending an investigation
design. Hydrologic theory is held to the minimum of sufficient scope.
necessary to show the development of methods not
readily available elsewhere. References to hydrologic Because watershed planning is a team effort, the
literature are given if they provide additional theory, hydrologist must be familiar with the work and needs
data, discussion, or details of a method. of the economist, geologist, design engineer, and
others who will use the results of a hydrologic study.
Each major kind of hydrologic problem is described, To familiarize others with the hydrology work and
and, where possible, alternative solutions are given needs, the hydrologist must be able to describe the
and their relative merits are briefly considered. De- theories and working details of the methods used, the
scriptive material is kept to a minimum. All equations data required, what calculations are made and how
and examples are numbered for ease of reference. they are made, and to give the approximate number of
This part of the handbook is arranged so that each staff days needed to complete a job.
principal subject is covered in a separate chapter, and
cross-references to other chapters are made as
needed. Each chapter in part 630 is a reference to
specific topics, methods, and examples; the glossary
(chapter 22) is a reference to specific terms.

(210-vi, NEH, September 1997) 1–1

Chapter 1 Introduction Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

630.0102 Other technical

guides

NRCS hydrologists should have and be familiar with

other national guides and handbooks used in NRCS.
Publications of special interest are:
• Watershed Protection Handbook
• Economic Guide for Watershed Protection and
Flood Prevention
• NRCS National Engineering Handbook:
— Part 634 (Section 5) Hydraulic Engineering
— Part 623 (Section 15) Irrigation
— Part 624 (Section 16) Drainage
• Technical releases
• Handbooks issued by NRCS state offices

They should also be familiar with the handbooks,

manuals, and other inservice publications of the other
agencies in a cooperative study. NRCS methods and
those of a cooperating agency may be needed to meet,
as nearly as possible, the requirements of both agen-
cies. However, NRCS methods must be used for NRCS
projects unless approval to use other methods is
obtained from the director of the NRCS Conservation
Engineering Division.

NRCS hydrologists are expected to keep up-to-date on

new developments in hydrology by reading technical
papers in transactions, proceedings, or journals of
such organizations as the American Society of Agricul-
tural Engineers, American Society of Civil Engineers,
Society of American Foresters, American Geophysical
Union, Soil and Water Conservation Society of
America, American Institute of Hydrology, and Soil
Science Society of America. The solution of hydrologic
problems requires a knowledge of several interrelated
sciences, and hydrologists must accept every opportu-
nity to increase their knowledge of the geology, soils,
plant life, climatic variations, and agricultural prac-
tices of their assigned areas.

1–2 (210-vi, NEH, September 1997)

United States
Chapter 2
Department of Part 630 Hydrology Part
Procedures 630
National Engineering Handbook
Agriculture

Natural
National Engineering Handbook
Resources
Conservation
Service

Chapter 2 Procedures

Rain clouds
Cloud formation

Precipitation

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Evaporation
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sp
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ms
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Tr

Surfa E
fr o

ce ru
noff

Infiltration

Soil
Percolation

Rock Ocean
Ground water
Deep percolation

(210-vi-NEH, April 1999) 3–1

Chapter 2 Procedures Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Issued April 1999

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimina-

tion in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national
origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation,
and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all pro-
grams.) Persons with disabilities who require alternate means for communi-
cation of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should
contact the USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil

Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW,
Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call (202) 720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is
an equal opportunity employer.

3–2 (210-vi-NEH, April 1999)

Chapter 2 Procedures Part 630
Acknowledgments National Engineering Handbook

Chapter 2, Procedures, was originally prepared by Victor Mockus (retired)

in 1964. It was reprinted with minor revisions in 1972. This version was
prepared by the Natural Resources Conservation Service under the guid-
ance of Donald E. Woodward, national hydraulic engineer, Washington,
DC.

(210-vi-NEH, April 1999) 3–3

2–i
Chapter 2 Procedures Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

3–4
2–ii (210-vi-NEH, April 1999)
Chapter 2 Procedures Part 630
Chapter 2 Procedures National Engineering Handbook

Contents: 630.0200 Introduction 2–1

630.0201 Work outline plan and schedule relationship 2–1

(a) Data collection .............................................................................................. 2–1
(b) Computations ................................................................................................ 2–1
(c) Analyses ......................................................................................................... 2–1

630.0202 Hydrologic evaluation process 2–2

(a) Work sequence .............................................................................................. 2–2
(b) Analysis methods .......................................................................................... 2–4

630.0203 Design hydrology 2–6

Figures Figure 2–1 General process hydrology of watershed project 2–3

evaluation with streamflow and rainfall data available

Figure 2–2 General process hydrology of watershed project 2–5

evaluation with streamflow or rainfall data not available

Figure 2–3 Design hydrology for storage and spillways 2–7

in floodwater retarding structures

(210-vi-NEH, April 1999) 2–iii

3–5
7–i
Chapter 2 Procedures Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

3–6
7–ii (210-vi-NEH, April 1999)
Chapter 2 Procedures Part 630
Chapter 2 Procedures National Engineering Handbook

630.0200 Introduction 630.0201 Work outline

plan and schedule relation-
Hydrology for the evaluation of watershed projects is a ship
major concern in part 630 of the National Engineering
Handbook. The evaluation is a detailed investigation of
present (no project) and future (with project) condi- (a) Data collection
tions of a watershed to determine whether given
objectives will be met. It is the basis on which recom- Base maps, project area maps (chapter 3), rainfall data
mendations for or against the project are founded. A (chapter 4), and runoff data (chapter 10) are collected
summary of the evaluation is included in a work plan, early in the study. Field surveys provide stream cross
which is the official document for carrying out, main- sections and profiles (chapter 6) and dam site maps.
taining, and operating the project. The hydrology is Interviews with local NRCS personnel provide data on
not difficult, but it is complex. The procedures de- hydrologic soil-cover complexes (chapters 7, 8, and 9)
scribed in this chapter serve both as a guide to hydrol- and runoff curve numbers (chapter 10).
ogy studies and as a unifying introduction to succeed-
ing chapters of part 630.
(b) Computations
A project evaluation begins with a preliminary investi-
gation (PI), which is a brief study of a potential project Storm runoffs (chapter 10), snowmelt runoffs (chapter
to estimate whether a detailed investigation is justified 11), special effects of land use and treatment (chapter
(see chapter 3). If it is, information from the PI is used 12), and the relations of stream stages to inundation
in writing a work outline that gives the desired scope, (chapter 13) and discharge (chapter 14) are computed
intensity, and schedule of the planning study; its early in this phase of the study. Travel times and lags
estimated cost; the personnel needed; and the comple- (chapter 15) are computed for use in hydrograph
tion date for a work plan. construction (chapter 16) and flood routing (chapter
17). Runoff or peak discharge frequencies (chapter
An important part of the planning study is the hydro- 18), transmission losses (chapter 19), and watershed
logic evaluation, in which data collection, computa- yield (chapter 20) are computed only if they are re-
tion, and analysis are equally important divisions of quired in the study.
work. Availability governs the collection of data. Size
or cost of project influences the choice of computa-
tional and analytical methods (see chapter 1). National (c) Analyses
Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) policy deter-
mines the number and kind of analyses. Nevertheless, Four conditions of a watershed are studied in accor-
the basic evaluation procedure does not vary. It is dance with NRCS policy. In order of study they are:
flexible because some tasks can be done simulta- 1. Present—Condition of the watershed at the time
neously or in a preferred sequence and nearly all tasks of the survey; and the base to which the pro-
can be done by a preferred method, but the general posed project is added.
plan is invariable. The work outline schedule follows 2. Future with no project—Expected future condi-
the plan in principle. The plan, schedule, and chapters tion of the watershed with no project action
in part 630 are related as shown in the following sec- taken.
tions. 3. With future land use and treatment measures—
Proposed land use and treatment measures are
added to the first condition. The measures are
described in the National Watershed Manual.
4. With future land use and treatment measures and
structures—Watershed protection and flood
prevention structures are added to the third
condition. The structures are described in the
National Watershed Manual.

(210-vi-NEH, April 1999) 2–1

Chapter 2 Procedures Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

This order makes the analysis fall into a natural se-

quence in which measures that are first to affect 630.0202 Hydrologic
runoff are first to be evaluated. Flood routings for the
present condition give the discharges from which evaluation process
present flood damages are computed in the economic
evaluation. The routings are modified (chapter 12) to
In both the computational and analytical phases, use
give discharges for determining the effects of land use
of hydrologic and hydraulic computer models can
and treatment. New routings or further modifications
substanially reduce the work time. Such models can
(chapter 17) are made for the third condition to give
estimate runoff hydrographs; route hydrographs
discharges for determining the effects of structures.
through reservoirs, lakes, channels, and flood plains;
Generally, it is the third condition that is studied at
combine hydrographs as necessary; and determine
great length because an optimum number and location
stage/discharge/acres flooded relationships. Two
of structures are desired. Final design of individual
frequently used NRCS computer models include Tech-
structures is made late in the investigation or after the
nical Release 20 (Project Formulation - Hydrology,
work plan is approved. The hydrology and NRCS
1983) and Part 630, chapter 31, Computer Program for
hydrologic criteria for design are given in chapter 21,
TR60, and section IV of the Field Office Technical Water Surface Profiles (1994). The Corps of Engineers
Guide (FOTG). also have several hydrologic and hydraulic models that
can be useful in project analyses.

(a) Work sequence

The sequence of work in the hydrologic evaluation is
shown in figure 2–1. The forms of maps, graphs, and
tables are simplified representations of the various
standard forms used in the different States. The pre-
liminary investigation, which precedes the evaluation,
is described in chapter 3. The design hydrology comes
later, and details are given in chapter 21.

After evaluation for the present conditions (the first

condition) is completed, the early steps of the evalua-
tion process do not always need to be repeated for the
remaining conditions. Evaluations for future condi-
tions should include one that considers the future with
no project measures and that accounts for expected
future land use changes without any project. Depend-
ing on the nature of these expected changes, the
hydrologic soil-cover complexes and corresponding
runoff curve numbers would be altered, affecting the
runoff hydrographs. The condition with the future land
use and treatment measures would start the evaluation
process at the hydrologic soil-cover complexes step.
At this step the soil-cover complexes would be modi-
fied to reflect different land use/treatment conditions,
which would ultimately again be reflected in the flow
hydrographs. Finally, the condition with future land
use and treatment measures plus structural measures
would start the evaluation process at the unit hydro-
graph step by modifying the unit hydrograph to reflect
the structures being in place.

2–2 (210-vi-NEH, April 1999)

Chapter 2 Procedures Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Figure 2–1 General process hydrology of watershed project evaluation with streamflow and rainfall data available

Subwatershed map
Base map Flood damage map Cross section location map
Hydrologic soil group map
Stream reach location map
Rea
ch 1 4
D
3
R ea c h 6 B
eac
h 2 5 C
R
(chapter 3)
(chapter 7)
(chapter 6)

Reach 3 Subwatershed 3
Reach 2 Subwatershed 2
Reach 1 Subwatershed 1
Water-surface profiles Hydraulic Field surveys Watershed inventory
(chapter 14) computations cross section-profiles (chapter 8)
Land use and Present Future
Alternate

treatment (acres) (acres)

Stage

Cultivated 50 50
Straight row 50 –
Discharge Terraced – 50

Cross section 3 Reach 3 Storm of 6/1/40

Cross section 2 Reach 2 Storm of 7/3/36 Hydrologic soil-cover
Cross section 1 Reach 1 Storm of 6/12/35 complexes
(chapter 14) (chapter 3) 3"
2.5" (chapter 9)
3.5" 2" Subwatershed Present Future
over 6'
4'-6' 1 86 83
2'-4' Total 2 81 77
0-2' 3 83 82
Stage

Stage

4" 4 79 74
Historical storms
Discharge Area flooded (chapter 4)

Reach 3
Reach 2
Stream flow data
Reach 1
for checking results Runoff above reach
(chapter 5) (chapter 10)
Storm event Present Future
6/12/35 3.2" 3.0"
7/3/36 0.8" 0.5"
With structures 8/1/40 1.6" 1.5"
Present 6/10/59 3.2" 3.0"
Flood routing (chapter 17) Alternate
Reach 1 3
2
Reach 3
Rate

Reach 2
Reach 1
Runoff frequency (chapter 10)
Time
Runoff depth

Unit hydrograph Subwatershed 3 Reach 3

Unit hydrograph Subwatershed 2 Reach 2
Reach 1 1.25 2 5 10 25 50 100
Unit hydrograph Subwatershed 1 Frequency-years
(chapter 16)
Present With structures Future-w/LU&T plus structures Reach 3
Peak discharge

Future-w/LU&T plus structures Reach 2

t

s
en

cture
Rate

es

stru Future-w/LU&T plus structures Reach 1

Pr

With
Future-with land use & treatment Reach 3
Time Runoff (depth) Future-with land use & treatment Reach 2
Future-with land use & treatment Reach 1
No project conditions Reach 3
No project conditions Reach 2
Subwatershed time
of concentration No project conditions Reach 1 Economic
(chapter 15) Present Reach 3 evaluation
Subwatershed Time of concentration (Tc) Present Reach 2
Present W/structure* Present Reach 1
(hr) (hr)
1 0.5 0.5 Physical effects of watershed
2 1.7 0.6 programs summarized
3 3.2 1.7 Storm Peak Area flooded
*For area not above structures series discharge 0'-1' 1'-2' 2'-3' etc
100 yr
50 yr
33 1/2 yr
25 yr

(210-vi-NEH, April 1999) 2–3

Chapter 2 Procedures Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Of the basic data needed in the evaluation, only the at each line of relationship, plot the magnitudes at
historical rainfall and streamflow data are likely to be their proper places on probability paper, and draw the
unavailable; the rest are obtainable from field surveys. frequency line through the points.
Lacking rainfall and runoff data, the procedure goes as
shown in figure 2–2. The rainfall-frequency data shown Step 5 Apply the frequency lines of step 4 in the
in the figure are from U.S. Weather Bureau, National procedure for present conditions. Discharges or vol-
Weather Service, and NOAA publications (see part umes for with-project conditions are obtained by use
630, chapter 4). Direct checks on runoff cannot be of auxiliary relationships described in chapters 12 and
made, but indirect checks can be made if nearby 17
watersheds are gaged (see table 5–2).
In practice the method is more complex, but generally
Some steps in the procedures of figures 2–1 and 2–2 only in step 3. In this step variables in addition to
are taken in an entirely different way in the methods drainage area are related to the peaks or volumes. The
for regional analysis. variables include one or more of the following, alone
or in combination, directly or by means of index
numbers:
(b) Analysis methods • type of climate
• mean annual precipitation or rainfall or snowfall
(1) Regional analysis method • mean seasonal precipitation or rainfall or snow-
This method estimates the magnitudes and frequencies fall
of peak discharges or runoff volumes for ungaged • maximum or minimum average monthly rainfall
watersheds by using relationships from nearby gaged • storm pattern
watersheds. Some of the hydraulic work, construction • storm direction
of hydrographs, and flood routing are reduced or • x-year frequency, y-hour duration rainfall
eliminated from the evaluation, but not from the • mean number of days with rainfall greater than x
design hydrology. The method in its simplest form is inches
as follows: • mean annual number of thunderstorm days
• mean annual or seasonal or monthly temperature
Step 1 Select nearby gaged watersheds that are • maximum or minimum average monthly tem-
climatically and physically similar to the ungaged perature
watershed. These watersheds compose the region that • orographic effects
gives the method its name. • aspect
• stream density
Step 2 Construct frequency lines (chapter 18) for • stream pattern
peak discharges or runoff volumes of the gaged water- • length of watershed
sheds. • length to center of gravity of watershed
• length of main channel
Step 3 Plot peak discharges or runoff volumes for • average watershed width
selected frequencies (only the 2- and 100-year frequen- • altitude
cies if the frequency lines are straight) of each gaged • watershed rise
watershed against its drainage area size. Use log-log • main channel slope
paper for the plotting, and make straight-line relation- • land slope
ships for each frequency. A simple regression between • depth or top width of main channel near outlet
log (drainage area) and log (discharge or runoff vol- for x-year frequency discharge
ume) aids in estimating this best fit straight line • time of concentration
through the data. • lag
• time to peak
Step 4 Construct the frequency line for the ungaged • percentage of area in lakes or ponds
watershed (or any of its subdivisions). To do this, • extent or depth of shallow soils
enter the plot with drainage area, find the magnitudes • extent of major cover

2–4 (210-vi-NEH, April 1999)

Chapter 2 Procedures Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Figure 2–2 General process hydrology of watershed project evaluation with streamflow or rainfall data not available

Subwatershed map
Base map Flood damage map Cross section location map
Hydrologic soil group map
Stream reach location map
Rea
ch 1 4
D
3
R ea c h 6 B
eac
h 2 5 C
R
(chapter 3)
(chapter 7)
(chapter 6)

Reach 3 Subwatershed 3
Reach 2 Subwatershed 2
Reach 1 Subwatershed 1
Water-surface profiles Hydraulic Field surveys Watershed inventory
(chapter 14) computations cross section-profiles (chapter 8)
Land use and Present Future
treatment (acres) (acres)
Stage

Cultivated 50 50
Straight row 50 –
Discharge Terraced – 50
Distance

Cross section 3 Reach 3

Cross section 2 Reach 2 Hydrologic soil-cover
Cross section 1 Reach 1 complexes
Rainfall from U.S. Weather Bureau TP-40 (chapter 9)
(chapter 14) (chapter 3)
over 6' Subwatershed Present Future
4'-6' 1 86 83
2'-4' Total 2 81 77
0-2' 3 83 82
Stage

Stage

4 79 74

Discharge Area flooded

Reach 3
Reach 2
Reach 1
Runoff above reach
(chapter 10)
Storm event Present Future
2 yr 1.2" 1.1
5 yr 1.9 1.7
With structures
10 yr 2.3 2
Present
Flood routing (chapter 17)
Reach 1 3
2
Reach 3
Rate

Reach 2
Reach 1
Runoff frequency (chapter 10)
Time
Runoff depth

Unit hydrograph Subwatershed 3 Reach 3

Unit hydrograph Subwatershed 2 Reach 2
Reach 1 1.25 2 5 10 25 50 100
Unit hydrograph Subwatershed 1 Frequency-years
(chapter 16)
Present With structures Future-w/LU&T plus structures Reach 3
Peak discharge

Future-w/LU&T plus structures Reach 2

es
t
en

ctur
Rate

Future-w/LU&T plus structures Reach 1

es

stru
Pr

With Future-with land use & treatment Reach 3

Time Runoff (depth) Future-with land use & treatment Reach 2
Future-with land use & treatment Reach 1
No project conditions Reach 3
No project conditions Reach 2
Subwatershed time
of concentration No project conditions Reach 1 Economic
(chapter 15) Present Reach 3 evaluation
Subwatershed Time of concentration (Tc) Present Reach 2
Present W/structure* Present Reach 1
(hr) (hr)
1 0.5 0.5 Physical effects of watershed
2 1.7 0.6 programs summarized
3 3.2 1.7 Storm Peak Area flooded
*For area not above structures series discharge 0'-1' 1'-2' 2'-3' etc
100 yr
50 yr
33 1/2 yr
25 yr

(210-vi-NEH, April 1999) 2–5

Chapter 2 Procedures Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

• hydrologic soil-cover complex

• geologic region 630.0203 Design
• infiltration rate
• mean base flow hydrology
• mean annual runoff
The storage and spillway capacities of floodwater
• watershed shape
retarding structures are determined as shown by the
flowchart in figure 2–3. Chapter 21 gives details of the
Combinations of these variables are used as single
various steps and provides the NRCS criteria of the
variables in the analysis, one such combination being
design hydrology. That chapter also contains design
the product of watershed length and length to center
hydrology in outline form for channel improvement,
of gravity divided by the square root of the main chan-
levees, and minor project or onfarm structures.
nel slope. Index numbers (chapter 18) are used for
variables, such as geologic region, not ordinarily
defined by numerical values.

Multiple regression methods (chapter 18) must be

used if more than one variable appears in the relation-
ship. The only adequate measure of the accuracy of
the relationship (therefore of the regional analysis) is
the standard error of estimate in arithmetic units.
Computation of the error is illustrated in chapter 18.

(2) USGS regional regression equations

Another source for determining relative effects of
watershed characteristics on discharge is United
States Geological Survey (USGS) regional regression
equations. The USGS has performed multiple regres-
sion analyses on gaged watersheds for each state.
They correlated such watershed characteristics as
drainage area, climatic region, watershed slope, water-
shed storage, and others to peak discharge. The re-
gression equations can be useful for transferring data
from gaged watersheds to the watershed of interest.

2–6 (210-vi-NEH, April 1999)

Chapter 2 Procedures Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Figure 2–3 Design hydrology for storage and spillways in floodwater retarding structures
Class (c)
Class (b)
Min. 24 hr. precip. for Class (a)
freeboard hydrograph
Structure 3-Class (b) Class (c)
Structure 3
Structure 2-Class (b) Class (b)
Structure 2
Structure 1-Class (c) Min. 24 hr. precip. for Class (a)
Structure 1 Time of concentration (TC) auxiliary spillway hydrograph
(chapter 15) Precipitation
Drainage area map
Rainfall-inches (chapter 21)
Structure TC (hr) Auxiliary Freeboard ES-1020
spillway hydrograph 1021
1 9.2 hydrograph 1022
2 4.6 1023
24 hr. point 10 24
3 3.5 Adjust. t/area 9.5 22.6
Adjust. t/duration 10.5 25.1

Structure 3 Structure 3
Rainfall from U.S. Weather Bureau TP-40 &
Structure 2 Structure 2 Hydrologic soil cover NOAA Atlas #2
Structure 1 Structure 1
complex numbers
Hydrologic soil (chapter 9)
groups (chapter 7) Watershed inventory
(chapter 8) Above structure Present Future
C Land use and Present Future
treatment (acres) (acres) 1 75 70
Hydrologic soil group D: 2 65 65
D Positive (fair) 64 102 3 80 80
Cultivated (St. R.) 36 18
Hydrologic soil group C:
Cultivitated (ST. R.) 46 46

Structure 3
Structure 3
Structure 2 Runoff above structure
(chapter 10) Structure 2
Design hydrographs Structure 1 Auxiliary
(chapter 21) Str. no. Class. spillway Freeboard
hydrograph
Floodwater storage Structure 1
Freeboard hydrograph hydrograph
(inches) (inches)
Rainfall Runoff
1 (c) 6.7 20.7
Accumulated vol.
Discharge

Auxiliary spillway
hydrograph 2 (b) 5.3 9.8 Storage
3 (b) 4.7 9.5

Principal spillway release

Time
Time

Sediment storage
Structure 3 Structure 3 Field surveys (SCS-TR 12)
Structure 2 Structure 2 reservoir
Structure 1 Storage capacity Structure 1 sites 1, 2, 3, . . . Water supply
Principal spillway (NEH-5)
Structure 3 storage
Structure 2 (SCS-TR 19)
Stage

Stage

Structure 1
Storage requirement
(chapter 21 & SCS-TR 19)
Discharge Storage Acre fast
Sediment 530
Water supply 2,300
Floodwater 3,100

Structure 3 Structure 3 Structure 3

Structure 2 Structure 2 Structure 2
Auxiliary spillway Structure 1 Reservoir routing Structure 1 Auxiliary spillway Structure 1
selection (chapter 17 & SCS TR 2)
Trial spillway 3 Trial spillwlay 3
2 Auxiliary spillway
inflow hydrograph
Critical velocity

1 2
Discharge

Outflow trial
Stage

spillway Design vel.

2 3 1

Discharge Time Width

Structure 3 Structure 3
Structure 2 Structure 2
Auxiliary spillway Structure 1 Reservoir routing Structure 1

Freeboard hydrograph
ay
spillw Outflow Structural design
cted
Discharge

Sele
Stage

Discharge Time

(210-vi-NEH, April 1999) 2–7

Chapter 2 Procedures Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

2–8 (210-vi-NEH, April 1999)

United States
Chapter 3
Department of Part 630 Hydrology Part 630
Preliminary Investigations
National Engineering Handbook
Agriculture

Natural
National Engineering Handbook
Resources
Conservation
Service

Chapter 3 Preliminary Investigations

Rain clouds
Cloud formation

Precipitation

n
iratio
Evaporation
n

ean
tio

Transp
soil
ta

from oc
ge
ve

fr o m
m

n
fr o

ti o

s
am
n

ir a
ti o

tr e
sp
ra
po

an

ms
va

Tr

Surfa E
fr o

ce ru
noff

Infiltration

Soil
Percolation

Rock Ocean
Ground water
Deep percolation

(210-vi-NEH, April 1999) 3–1

Chapter 3 Preliminary Investigations Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Issued April 1999

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimina-

tion in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national
origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation,
and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all pro-
grams.) Persons with disabilities who require alternate means for communi-
cation of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should
contact the USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil

Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW,
Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call (202) 720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is
an equal opportunity employer.

3–2 (210-vi-NEH, April 1999)

Chapter 3 Preliminary Investigations Part 630
Acknowledgments National Engineering Handbook

Chapter 3, Preliminary Investigations, was originally prepared by R.G.

Andrews (retired) in 1964 and was reprinted with minor revisions in 1969.
This version was prepared by the Natural Resources Conservation Service
under the guidance of Donald E. Woodward, national hydraulic engineer,
Washington, DC.

(210-vi-NEH, April 1999) 3–3

3–i
Chapter 3 Preliminary Investigations Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

3–4
3–ii (210-vi-NEH, April 1999)
Chapter 3 Preliminary Investigations Part 630
Chapter 3 Preliminary Investigations National Engineering Handbook

Contents: 630.0300 Introduction 3–1

630.0301 Making the preliminary investigation 3–1

(a) Examination of available reports and data ................................................ 3–1
(b) Reconnaissance............................................................................................. 3–1
(c) Evaluation ...................................................................................................... 3–2

600.0302 Summary 3–5

630.0303 Report 3–8

Figures Figure 3–1 Estimating the minimum amount of area necessary 3–2
to control by floodwater retarding structures

Figure 3–2 Estimating average annual cost of a system of 3–3

floodwater retarding structures

Figure 3–3 Estimating total cost of a system of floodwater 3–3

retarding structures

Figure 3–4 Estimating the amount of flood plain area in a watershed 3–3

Figure 3–5 Estimating the average annual direct damage 3–5

Figure 3–6 Estimating present average annual flood damages 3–4

Figure 3–7 Estimating the reduction in average annual 3–4

flood damages

Example Example 3–1 Preliminary investigation process 3–6

(210-vi-NEH, April 1999) 3–iii

3–5
7–i
Chapter 3 Preliminary Investigations Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

3–6
7–ii (210-vi-NEH, April 1999)
Chapter 3 Preliminary Investigations Part 630
Chapter 3 Preliminary Investigations
National Engineering Handbook

630.0300 Introduction 630.0301 Making the

preliminary investigation
A preliminary investigation (PI) is a brief study of a
potential project to estimate whether a detailed inves- During a preliminary investigation the hydraulic engi-
tigation is justified. For a watershed protection and neer may be required to work in fields other than
flood prevention project, the PI is mainly concerned hydrology. Because of this, chapter 3 covers the gen-
with flood problems and their solutions. A planning eral conduct of a PI without undue emphasis on the
team makes a PI by examining available reports and hydrologic analysis.
data for a watershed, making a field reconnaissance,
briefly evaluating their findings, and writing a concise
report. NRCS policy assigns the responsibility for (a) Examination of available re-
selecting the degree of intensity of a PI to the state ports and data
conservationist. Once this degree is selected, the
planning team modifies its procedures accordingly and The watershed staff examines earlier reports made for
makes the study. The hydraulic engineer can make a the area in which the watershed is located. Such
valuable contribution to the study by supplying appro- reports may include material useful in evaluating a
priate reports and data, by using suitable techniques potential project or in preparing the PI report. Bureau
on the problems, and by developing new techniques as of Reclamation, Corps of Engineers, Agricultural
the need arises. Research Service, Forest Service, and State engineer
reports may give applicable information or data. U.S.
National Weather Service, U.S. Geological Survey,
National Water Climate Center, and state university
publications may provide appropriate data on rainfall
and runoff. NRCS soil survey reports provide soils and
generalized cover information. The local NRCS conser-
vationist can readily evaluate a wide range of informa-
tion regarding a specific watershed in the area.

(b) Reconnaissance
A field reconnaissance gives the watershed staff an
opportunity to become familiar with the physical
characteristics of the watershed. This familiarity is
necessary to avoid making gross mistakes in evaluat-
ing the available information or in writing the report.
Before making the reconnaissance the staff obtains
aerial photographs and other available maps of the
watershed. Suitable maps are detailed maps prepared
by the NRCS National Cartography and Geospatial
Center, NRCS soil survey maps, U.S. Geological Sur-
vey topographic sheets, or other similar maps. In
addition to their use as direction finders, the photo-
graphs or maps are used in the field for recording
possible sites of project measures, for designating
areas of major floodwater or sediment damages, and
for indicating areas requiring intensive study in a
detailed investigation.

(210-vi-NEH, April 1999) 3–1

Chapter 3 Preliminary Investigations Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

During the reconnaissance the hydraulic engineer Figures 3–1 through 3–7 are not for general application
obtains estimates of Manning's n (chapter 14), natural to all watersheds because they were developed for
storage areas (lakes, large wetlands), and hydrologic particular areas and are valid only for those areas.
soil cover complexes (chapters 7, 8, and 9) if such They illustrate principles that can be applied in devel-
estimates are needed in the evaluation or report. oping relationships for other areas. All such relation-
ships are empirical, which means that the lines of
relation should not be extended very far beyond the
(c) Evaluation range of data used in their construction. An example
of the use of some of the relationships is given later in
The preliminary investigation report is concerned with this chapter.
a potential project and its economic justification.
Magnitudes of rains or floods and similar data are Figure 3–1 shows a relationship developed from data
introductory material of minor interest, but the quanti- in workplans for projects containing floodwater re-
ties of measures, damages, benefits, and costs are of tarding structures, but few channel improvements. The
major interest. The required quantities can generally line of relation shows the minimum amount of water-
be estimated by use of relationships developed from shed area that must be controlled by the structures for
workplans or other studies already completed for the a project to be economically justified. For other areas
physiographic region in which the watershed lies. the line of relation may be curved or have a different
Some typical relationships are shown in figures 3–1 slope.
through 3–7. Relationships of this kind are used be-
cause the PI evaluation must be made in a relatively Figure 3–2 shows the average annual cost of a system
short time. of floodwater retarding structures in relation to water-
shed area and percent of control for projects having
few channel improvements. In this and other figures
that show costs, the costs are valid only for the eco-
Figure 3–1 Estimating the minimum amount of area
necessary to control by floodwater retarding nomic period for which they were originally appli-
structures cable. An adjustment must be made for later periods.
300
Figure 3–3 shows the cost relationship for total cost of
200 individual structures. The cost is related to the drain-
Minimum area controlled in square miles

age area above a structure and to the land resource

area in which it lies.
100
Figure 3–4 shows the amount of flood plain area in a
watershed in relation to the product of total watershed
50 area and average annual rainfall. Such a relationship is
40 most effective for regions where the annual rainfall
30
does not vary abruptly over the region.

20 Figure 3–5 shows the average annual direct damage

for present conditions in relation to flood plain area
size and percent of cultivation. This figure was devel-
10 oped by means of a multiple regression analysis (chap-
ter 18). Similar relationships for other areas may be
developed either by such an analysis or by a graphical
5 method in which the data are plotted on log paper and
10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 400
Watershed area in square miles
a family of curves or straight lines is fitted by eye.

3–2 (210-vi-NEH, April 1999)

Chapter 3 Preliminary Investigations Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Figure 3–2 Estimating average annual cost of a system of Figure 3–4 Estimating the amount of flood plain area in a
floodwater retarding structures watershed
200 100

50
100 80

Flood plain area in hundreds of acres

40
70
30

es 60
Average annual cost of watershed floodwater

tur 20
retarding storage in thousands of dollars

50 uc
r str 50
40 lo e
t ro bov 40
on a 10
30
n t c area
e 30
rc ed
Pe rsh
20 e
at
tw 20 5
n
r ce 4
pe
3
10
10 2

5 1
4 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50
Drainage area x average annual rainfall
3 (square miles x inches depth)

1 Figure 3–5 Estimating the average annual direct damage

20 30 40 50 100 200 300 400
Watershed area in square miles
300
Average annual direct damage in thousands of dollars

Percent cultivated
200
70%
60%
100 50%
Figure 3–3 Estimating total cost of a system of floodwa-
40%
ter retarding structures
30%
30 50
area above floodwater retarding

20%
Total cost per sq. mi. drainage

40
str. in thousands of dollars

10%
25 30
Land resource area
20 20

15 1
2 10
3
10 4
5
5 4
3
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2
Drainage area above floodwater retarding .2 .3 .4 .5 1 2 3 4 5 10 20
structure in square miles Flood plain area in thousands of acres

(210-vi-NEH, April 1999) 3–3

Chapter 3 Preliminary Investigations Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Parameters other than percent cultivated may also be Figure 3–6 Estimating present average annual flood
suitable. In relationships using damages in dollars, the damages
damage estimates are valid only for the economic 10
period in which they were originally applicable. An
adjustment must be made for later periods.
5

(ratio)
4
3
Figure 3–6 shows another damage relationship for
2

Average annual damage present

present conditions. This relationship applies within a

damage for single flood evemt

region for which flood frequency lines of the water-
sheds will have about the same slope when plotted on 1
lognormal probability paper. For other regions the line
of relation may have a different curvature. Figure 3–6
0.5
is used with a historical flood for which the frequency 0.4
and total damage are known. For example, if a water- 0.3
shed in this region has had a flood with a 10-year
0.2
frequency, then the curve gives a multiplier of 0.41. If
the total damage for that flood was $80,000, then the
estimated average annual damage for the watershed is 0.1
$32,800 (0.41 x $80,000).
.05
Figure 3–7 shows the average annual damage reduc- 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 100
tion resulting from use of a system of floodwater Flood frequency in years
retarding structures in relation to the percent of the
watershed controlled by the system. Lines of relation
for different land resource areas in a particular region Figure 3–7 Estimating the reduction in average annual
are given. The reason for the variations by area is not flood damages
specified in the original source of the figure, but it may 300
be a result of one or more influences, such as topogra-
phy, soils, rainfall, or type of economy.
Percent reduction in average annual damage

1
80
Land 2
resource
area 3
4
60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80
Percent of watershed area above
floodwater retarding structures

3–4 (210-vi-NEH, April 1999)

Chapter 3 Preliminary Investigations Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

600.0302 Summary

The chief requirement for relationships is that they be

conservatively developed. The lines of relation should
be drawn in such a way that the estimates are conser-
vative; that is, the lines should tend to overestimate
costs and underestimate benefits. If this is done, these
relationships and similar others will be valuable work-
ing tools not only for preliminary investigations, but
also for river basin studies. Example 3–1 illustrates the
relationships used to determine the benefit-to-cost
ratio of a potential system of floodwater retarding
structures.

(210-vi-NEH, April 1999) 3–5

Chapter 3 Preliminary Investigations Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Example 3–1 Preliminary investigation process

Assume: Figures 3–1, 3–2, 3–4, 3–5, and 3–7 apply to the land resource area in which the prob-
lem watershed lies.

Determine: The benefit-to-cost ratio of a potential system of floodwater retarding structures so

that a statement can be made in the preliminary report whether further investigation
of the project is worthwhile. The required data are as follows:
• The watershed is in land-resource area 4.
• The drainage area is 150 square miles.
• The average annual rainfall 24 inches.
• The flood plain is 60 percent cultivated.

Solution: (All numerical estimates will be carried with as many digits as can be read from the
figures, and the rounding will be in the last step.)

Step 1 Estimate the minimum area that must be controlled to have an economically
justified project. Enter figure 3–1 with the drainage area of 150 square miles
and read an area controlled of 80 square miles. In practice, the reconnais-
sance may show that more control can be obtained; if so, use the higher
degree of control in the remaining steps.

Step 2 Compute the percent controlled:

 80 
100  = 53%
 150 

Step 3 Estimate the average annual cost of the system. Enter figure 3–2 with the
drainage area of 150 square miles and for 53 percent control; read by interpo-
lation an average annual cost of $36,000.

Step 4 Estimate the amount of flood plain area. First, compute the product of drain-
age area and average annual rainfall:
150(24 ) = 3, 600

Next, enter figure 3–4 with this product and read a flood plain area of 5,200
acres.

Step 5 Estimate the average annual direct damages. Enter figure 3–5 with the flood
plain area of 5,200 acres. At the line for 60 percent cultivated, read damages
of $75,000.

Step 6 Estimate the reduction in average annual direct damages. Enter figure 3–7
with the percent controlled from step 2. At the line for land resource area 4,
read a reduction of 73 percent.

3–6 (210-vi-NEH, April 1999)

Chapter 3 Preliminary Investigations Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Example 3–1 Preliminary investigation process—Continued

Step 7 Compute the estimated benefits. Use the average annual direct damages in
step 5 and the percent reduction in step 6:
 73 
  ($75, 000) = $54, 750
 100 

Step 8 Compute the estimated benefit-to-cost ratio. Use the benefit in step 7 and the
cost in step 3. The ratio is:
$54, 750
= 1.52
36, 000

Round to 1.5, which is the required estimate for this example.

Conclusion: In this example the benefit-to-cost ratio is favorable, and a recommendation can be
made in the PI report that further investigation is justified. If the ratio happens to turn
out slightly unfavorable, it may still be desirable to recommend further investigation.
The shortcut procedure is conservative, and a detailed investigation may show that
the project is economically feasible. If the ratio is very unfavorable, however, it is not
likely that a detailed investigation can improve it. An alternative project measure
needs to be considered instead.

(210-vi-NEH, April 1999) 3–7

Chapter 3 Preliminary Investigations Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

630.0303 Report

The general format of a PI report will not be given

here because each State establishes its own pattern.
Generally, the hydrology in the report is merely de-
scriptive. However, if hydrographs of present and
future (with project) flows must be in the report, the
hydrologist can find shortcut methods of estimating
runoff amounts in chapter 10 and of constructing
hydrographs in chapters 16 and 17.

3–8 (210-vi-NEH, April 1999)

United
ChapterStates
4
Department of Part 630 Hydrology Part
Storm Rainfall Depth 630
Hydrologic Engineering
Agriculture

Natural
National Engineering Handbook
Resources
Conservation
Service

Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth

Rain clouds
Cloud formation

Precipitation

n
iratio
Evaporation
n

ean
tio

Transp
soil
ta

from oc
ge
ve

fr o m
m

n
fr o

ti o

s
am
n

ir a
ti o

tr e
sp
ra
po

an

ms
va

Tr

Surfa E
fr o

ce ru
noff

Infiltration

Soil
Percolation

Rock Ocean
Ground water
Deep percolation

(210-NEH, 3/93) 4–1

Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth Part 630
Hydrologic Engineering

Issued March 1993

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimina-

tion in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion,
age, disability, political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not all pro-
hibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require
alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large
print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-
2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250, or call 1-800-245-6340 (voice) or (202)
720-1127 (TDD). USDA is an equal employment opportunity employer.

4–2 (210-NEH, 3/93)

Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth Part 630
Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth Hydrologic Engineering

Contents: 630.0400 Introduction 4–1

630.0401 Sources of data 4–1

(a) Published data ............................................................................................... 4–1
(b) Unpublished data .......................................................................................... 4–2
(c) Data quality .................................................................................................... 4–2

630.0402 Data analysis 4–3

(a) Published rainfall-data analyses ................................................................. 4–3
(b) Use of published analyses ............................................................................ 4–4

630.0403 Watershed rainfall 4–4

(a) Methods of estimating average depths ....................................................... 4–4
(b) Accuracy ........................................................................................................ 4–6
(c) Orographic influences .................................................................................. 4–8

630.0404 References 4–9

630.0405 Appendix 4–11

Tables Table 4–1 Watershed rainfall depth by the Thiessen method 4–5

Table 4–2 Computations for percentages of points outside of error lines4–7

(210-NEH, 3/93) 7–i

4–i
4–3
Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth Part 630
Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth
Hydrologic Engineering

630.0400 Introduction 630.0401 Sources of data

Chapter 4 gives a brief account of the sources, variabil- The storm rainfall data used in this handbook are the
ity, and preparation of storm rainfall data used for amounts measured at rain gauges and published by the
estimating storm runoff (chapter 10) and for designing National Weather Service (NWS), and statistical analy-
floodwater-retarding structures (chapter 21). The ses carried out by the NWS. The choice of data is due
chapter also applies to monthly and annual rainfall. to their availability on a national basis.
Probable maximum precipitation is discussed in
chapter 21, and Technical Release No. 60, Earth Dams A comprehensive account and bibliography of rain
and Reservoirs (USDA 1985). A discussion of rainfall gauge designs, installations, and measurement re-
generators, rainfall distributions, and computer mod- search is given by Kurtyka (1953). Gauges used in the
els is outside the scope of this chapter. NWS network are described by the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (USDC
1989) and Brakensiek, et al. (1979).

(a) Published data

Daily amounts of rainfall measured at gauges in the
official networks operated by the NWS are processed
and published by the National Climatic Data Center
(Asheville, NC) in monthly issues of “Climatological
Data” for each state.

The times of daily measurement vary, as indicated in

the publications. More detailed observations of storm
totals and durations are available from the Hourly
Precipitation Data, also published by the National
Climatic Data Center for each state. Other Federal and
State agencies, and universities, publish rainfall data at
irregular intervals, often in a special storm report or a
research paper.

The SCS Climate Data Access Facility (CDAF), ob-

tains, evaluates, manages and disseminates the cli-
matic data to support agency programs and activities
nationwide. The data are provided through agency-
wide climatic data management and analysis service
through the Climatic Data Access Network (CDAN).
CDAN consists of Climatic Data Liaisons (CDL) estab-
lished in each state, National Technical Centers, and in
National Headquarters.

Climatic data, such as precipitation, evaporation, and

temperature, are available for the continental United
States and the Pacific and Caribbean Islands. Annual,
monthly, and daily data are available in a variety of
formats.

(210-NEH, 3/93) 4–1

Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth Part 630
Hydrologic Engineering

Hourly, and 15-minute time series, along with other alter only the average value, leaving the frequency
climatic variables, are supported off-line by CDAF. distribution unaltered.
Requests for these special data types should be made
to CDAF through the appropriate CDL at the state Random errors occur from time to time because of a
office or NTC. variety of unrelated causes. In general, they partly or
wholly cancel out, so that correction is seldom
Climatic data are also available from state climatolo- needed.
gists, who coordinate the observations made by
weather observers throughout the States before they Mistakes are widely discrepant readings that cannot
are sent to the National Climatic Data Center. be reconciled with readings from other locations. They
are often caused by misreading the scale, misprints in
writing, or data entry errors. Mistakes generally are
(b) Unpublished data easy to recognize and can often be corrected. If the
mistake cannot be resolved, it must be rejected before
Various Federal and State agencies sometimes make observations can be treated statistically or in model
field surveys after an unusually large storm to collect execution.
"bucket-survey" data, which are measurements of
rainfall caught in narrow-bore tubes, buckets, watering Presently, no sanctioned procedure is available for
troughs, bottles, and similar containers. Ordinarily, eliminating errors from an archived data set. In gen-
these data are used to give more detail to rainfall maps eral, known errors are corrected by the user and may
based on standard-gauge data. The bucket gauge data not be incorporated in the official data set.
should be carefully evaluated. Data from bucket sur-
veys are generally not published, but are available in Reasons for missing data can be traced to a number of
the offices of the gathering agency. factors, including observer vacation, broken equip-
ment, or lost records. Standard meteorologic text-
Narrow-bore tubes used by many farmers and ranch- books describe how to handle missing data. CDAF is
ers have given results almost equal to those from developing procedures for treating missing data,
standard gauges. Tube gauges must be properly ex- mistakes, and errors in the data. CDAF data sets can
posed and serviced to obtain such results. Many farm- be used in model execution or treated statistically.
ers and ranchers keep a daily or storm record of
catches.

Newspaper offices, banks, and municipal offices,

including water-treatment plants, collect measure-
ments at their own gauges and keep daily records.

(c) Data quality

Every observation is subject to certain errors, which
may be classified as systematic errors, random errors,
or mistakes.

Systematic errors may be because of defects in the

instruments, in its exposure, or in the observational
procedure. A gradual change in the surroundings of a
station may be a source of systematic error. System-
atic errors are best handled by correction before the
data are used in statistical analysis. Systematic errors
that are constant throughout the range of observations

4–2 (210-NEH, 3/93)

Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth Part 630
Hydrologic Engineering

(2) Documents covering durations from 2 to

630.0402 Data analysis 10 days and storm return periods to 100
years
The Special Studies Branch and the Hydrometeoro- • Two- to Ten-Day Precipitation for Return
logical Branch of the NWS have a number of reports Periods of 2 to 100 years in the Contiguous
that summarize many years of weather observations United States, United States Weather Bureau,
over the country. The NWS personnel use refined Technical Paper No. 49, 29p, 1964. Includes the
statistical and error analyses to make these publica- 48 contiguous states. (Use SCS West National
tions as reliable as possible. Technical Center Technical Note-Hydrology-
PO-6, Revised 1973, for States covered by
NOAA Atlas 2).
(a) Published rainfall-data • Two- to Ten-Day Rainfall for Return Periods of
analyses 2 to 100 years in the Hawaiian Islands, United
States Weather Bureau, Technical Paper No.
In many kinds of hydrologic work, it is unnecessary to 51, 34p, 1965.
use actual rainfall data because published analyses of • Two- to Ten-Day Rainfall for Return Periods of
data provide the required information in more usable 2 to 100 years in Alaska, United States Weather
form. The following published rainfall-data analyses Bureau, Technical Paper No. 52, 30p, 1965.
were made by the NWS in cooperation with SCS: • Two- to Ten-Day Rainfall for Return Periods of
2 to 100 years in Puerto Rico and the Virgin
(1) Documents covering durations to 1 day Islands, United States Weather Bureau, Techni-
and storm return periods up to 100 years cal Paper no. 53, 35p, 1965. Documents from
• "Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the United States," NWS and NOAA covering probable maximum
United States Weather Bureau, Technical Paper precipitation data.
No. 40; 115p, 1961. This reference is to be used • Probable Maximum Precipitation in California,
for States east of the Rockies, except for dura- Interim Report, United States Weather Bureau
tions of 60 minutes or less. Hydrometeorological Report No. 36, 202p, 196l.
• "Five to 60-Minute Precipitation Frequency for • Probable Maximum Precipitation in the Hawai-
the Eastern and Central United States," NOAA ian Islands, United States Weather Bureau
Technical Memorandum NWS HYDRO-35, 36p, Hydrometeorological Report No. 39, 98p, 1963.
1977. • Probable Maximum Precipitation, Northwest
• "Generalized Estimates of Probable Maximum States, United States Weather Bureau Hydrom-
Precipitation and Rainfall-Frequency Data for eteorological Report No. 43, 228p, 1966.
Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands," United States • Probable Maximum Precipitation Estimates,
Weather Bureau, Technical Paper No. 42, 94p, Colorado River and Great Basin Drainages,
1961. NOAA Hydrometeorological Report No. 49,
• "Rainfall-Frequency Atlas of the Hawaiian 161p, 1977.
Islands," United States Weather Bureau, Tech- • Probable Maximum Precipitation Estimates,
nical Paper No. 43, 60p, 1962. United States East of the 105th Meridian,
• "Probable Maximum Precipitation and Rainfall- NOAA Hydrometeorology Report No. 51, 87p,
Frequency Data for Alaska," United States 1978.
Weath-er Bureau, Technical Paper No. 47, 69p, • Application of Probable Maximum Precipita-
1963. tion Estimates - United States East of the 105th
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- Meridian, NOAA Hydrometeorology Report No.
tion Atlas 2. Precipitation Atlas of the Western 52, 168p, 1982.
United States, 1973: • Probable Maximum Precipitation and Snow-
Vol. l, Montana Vol. VII, Nevada melt Criteria for Southeast Alaska, NOAA
Vol. II, Wyoming Vol. VIII, Arizona Hydrometeorological Report No. 54, 115p,
Vol. III, Colorado Vol. IX, Washington 1983.
Vol. IV, New Mexico Vol. X, Oregon
Vol. V, Idaho Vol. XI, California
Vol. VI, Utah
(210-NEH, 3/93) 4–3
Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth Part 630
Hydrologic Engineering

• Probable Maximum Precipitation Estimates -

United States Between the Continental Divide 630.0403 Watershed rain-
and the 103rd Meridian, NOAA Hydrometeoro-
logical Report No. 55, 245p, 1984.
fall
These publications, except for the NOAA Atlas 2, are In watershed work, it is often necessary to know the
available from the National Technical Information average depth of storm rainfall over an area. The
Service in Springfield, Virginia. The NOAA Atlas 2 average depth can be determined in various ways,
Precipitation Atlases are available from the NWS in depending on the kind of data being used. If the rain-
Silver Spring, Maryland. fall amount is taken from one of the NWS technical
papers, it is for a specific point and the point-area
relationship given in the paper is used to estimate the
average depth over the area. Examples in the papers
(b) Use of published analyses
illustrate the procedure. It is difficult to obtain an
Methods of using the rainfall information in the NWS average depth from data of several rain gauges be-
technical papers are given in the papers themselves, cause the results are influenced by the number and
and additional examples will be in chapter 21. Figures locations of gauges and the storm variability. Methods
4–4 and 4–6 (see appendix) do not apply to rainfall of using such data are given in this section.
information from these papers. A discussion of the
errors involved in use of the depth-duration-frequency
maps of those papers are on pages 4 and 5 of NWS (a) Methods of estimating average
Technical Paper 40, where the following statement is depths
made:
(1) Use of one gauge
Evaluation.—In general, the standard error of How well the rainfall measured at a single gauge
estimate ranges from a minimum of about 10% represents the average depth over an area depends on
wherea point value can be used directly as taken • distance from the gauge to the center of the
from a flat region of one of the 2-year maps, to area,
50% where a 100-year value of short-duration • size of the area,
rainfall must be estimated for an appreciable • kind of rainfall amounts being used, and
area in a more rugged region. • orographics (topography) of the locality.

The effects of the first three influences are illustrated

in figure 4–1 (see appendix). The fourth is described
later in this section under the heading (c) Orographic
influences.

The effect of distance is shown in figures 4–1a and

4–1b. In 4–1a, a single gauge is located near the center
of a 0.75-square-mile watershed. Storm rainfall catches
at the gauge are seen to be quite close to those of the
watershed averages, which were determined using a
dense network of gauges. However, in 4–1b, where the
gauge is located 4 miles from the watershed boundary,
the storm rainfall catches at the gauge often differ
significantly (in the statistical sense) from the water-
shed averages. A similar effect is found when the area
of application is increased, as shown in figure 4–1c,
where the gauge is near the boundary of a 5.4-square-
mile watershed.

4–4 (210-NEH, 3/93)

Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth Part 630
Hydrologic Engineering

The correspondence between gauge catches and area A denser network may give a more complicated iso-
averages is close where the rainfall amounts being hyetal map (fig. 4–2d) where the total network on this
used are sums of catches, such as monthly or annual research watershed is used to depict the storm. There
rainfalls, because the errors for single storms tend to is an important change in depth on parts of the water-
offset each other. The gauge and watershed used for shed, but the watershed average is 1.61 inches, which
figure 4–1c are also used in figure 4–1d where annual is not a significant improvement in accuracy over the
rainfalls are plotted. The differences between gauge estimate in figure 4–2c. A particular network may
and watershed amounts are relatively smaller than therefore be excessively close for one kind of estimate
those for the storm comparison of figure 4–1c. at the same time that it is too open for another kind.
The relative error of an area average obtained through
Thecorrespondence between gauge and area amounts use of a network can be estimated as shown in section
are also close if the storm rainfalls are used with the 630.0403(b).
methods shown in chapter 18 to construct frequency
lines for gauge and area. The correspondence occur- (3) Thiessen method
ring then is for amounts having the same frequency. Another method of using a rain gauge network for
estimating watershed average depths that is especially
The examples were developed from data taken from a suitable for electronic computation is the Thiessen
nonmountainous region, where orographic influences method (fig. 4–3 in appendix). In this method, the
are not significant; otherwise, the results might be very watershed area is divided into subareas using rain
different. The examples show that the use of a single gauges as hubs of polygons. The subareas are used to
gauge leads to errors in areal estimates and to the determine ratios that are multiplied by the subarea
question of how much error is permissible. Accuracy rainfall and summed to get the watershed average
of rainfall estimates is discussed in section depth. The ratios are the percentages of area in the
630.0403(b). basin represented by each rain gauge. Construction of
the polygonic diagram is illustrated in figures 4–3a and
(2) Isohyetal method 4–3b.
The spacing of gauges in an areal network is seldom
sufficiently uniform to permit use of the numerical The Thiessen weights are the ratio of the gauge’s
average of the gauge catches as the area average. polygon area divided by the area of the entire water-
Isohyetal maps are often used, with networks of any shed, as indicated in figure 4–3c. Watershed average
configuration, to get area averages or for studies of depths are computed as shown in table 4–1, in which
rainfall distributions. An isohyet is a line connecting the storm of figure 4–2a is used. If a gauge is added or
points of equal rainfall depth. The map is made by removed from the network, a new diagram must be
drawing the lines in the same manner that contour drawn and new weights computed. Figure 4–3d shows
lines are drawn on topographic maps, using the gauge the Thiessen method for a denser rain gauge network.
locations as data points.

Figure 4–2 in the appendix illustrates construction and Table 4–1 Watershed rainfall depth by the Thiessen
application of the isohyetal method to a research method
watershed in Nebraska. The watershed average depth
can be obtained as follows: Rain gauge Measured Thiessen Weighted
rainfall rainfall weight
If the isohyetal pattern is fairly even across the water- (inches) (inches)
shed as in figure 4–2c, a point at the center of the area
gives the average depth. The estimate made using
A 1.40 0.407 0.570
point A in figure 4–2c is 1.59 inches.
B 1.54 0.156 0.240
C 1.94 0.437 0.848
If the isohyetal pattern is not even, divide the water-
Sum - 1.658*
shed into parts for which the pattern is sufficiently
uniform, make an estimate for each part, and get the * Watershed weighted rainfall depth is 1.658 inches, which is
watershed average by weighting or averaging the rounded off to 1.66 inches.
amounts for the parts.
(210-NEH, 3/93) 4–5
Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth Part 630
Hydrologic Engineering

The Thiessen method is not used to estimate rainfall 2. Compute a minus error as half of the plus error:
depths of mountainous watersheds since elevation is 2. 1 = 1. 0 5
also a strong factor influencing the areal distribution 2
(see section 630.0403(c), Orographic influences). Round off to 1.1 inches.
(4) Other methods 3. Compute the range of rainfall likely to have
Other methods for estimating areal average rainfall occurred nine chances out of ten. The limits
from a system of point rain gauge measurements are 3.5 + 2.1 = 5.6 inches, and 3.5 - 1.1 = 2.4
include the reciprocal-distance-squared method (Wei inches. Therefore, where the gauge has a catch
and McGuiness 1973; Singh and Chowdhury 1986) and of 3.5 inches, there is a probability of 0.9 (9
use of geostatistics (krieging) (McCuen and Snyder chances out of 10) that the rainfall depth at a
1986; Bras and Rodriguez-Iturbe 1985). point 5 miles away from the gauge is between
5.6 and 2.4 inches.

(b) Accuracy In step 2 of example 4–1, the minus error is taken as

half the plus error. This is an approximation, but
Accuracy of the resulting rainfall estimate depends example 4–2 and the discussion following show this
mainly on the distance between a gauge and the point approximation generally applies.
of application of the estimate, regardless of the
method used. In mountainous areas, the vertical In example 4–2, the graphs of figure 4–5 (see appen-
distance may be more important than the horizontal, dix) show the variation to be expected when data at
but for flat or rolling country, only the horizontal one gauge are used to estimate the rainfall depth at a
distance matters. For a network, both distance and distant point.
arrangement of gauges affect the accuracy. Unless
special studies at a gauge site have been made, the Example 4–2—Rain gauges B28R and G42R, on the
measurement errors are generally ignored. Agricultural Research Service watershed in Webster
County, Nebraska, are 4.3 miles apart. Given any storm
Figure 4–4 (see appendix) can be used to estimate the rainfall of 0 to 4 inches depth at G42R, compute the
range of error likely to occur nine times out of ten if range of error to be expected if the rainfall at B28R is
the catch at a single gauge is used as a depth for a to be estimated from that at G42R. Use figure 4–4.
location some distance away. It was developed from Compare the computed range with the plotting of
information given by Huff and Neill (1957) for small actual data for the two gauges.
areas in Illinois. Equation 5 of this reference was
modified to give results on a 10 percent level of signifi- 1. Plot a line of equal values, which is the middle
cance. Horizontal distance is used, so the diagram line on figure 4–5a.
does not apply in mountainous areas or high desert
country. The following examples show how the dia- 2. Select three values on the G42R depth scale.
gram can be used. These values will be used with figure 4–4. For
this example, the selected values are 1, 2, and 4
Example 4–1—The storm rainfall depth at a gauge is inches.
3.5 inches. What rainfall depth is likely to have oc-
curred, with a probability of 0.9 (9 chances out of 10), 3. Enter figure 4–4 with the distance of 4.3 miles,
at a point 5 miles away from the gauge? and at the intersections of the 1-, 2-, and 4-inch
rainfall lines read plus errors of 1.15, 1.50, and
1. Enter figure 4–4 with the distance of 5 miles, 2.15 inches, respectively. (The reading for the
and at the intersection of the 3.5-inch line (by 1-inch rainfall line requires an extrapolation.)
interpolation), read a "plus error" of 2.1 inches.
4. Compute the minus errors. These are 0.58, 0.75,
and 1.08 inches.

4–6 (210-NEH, 3/93)

Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth Part 630
Hydrologic Engineering

5. Plot the plus-error and minus-error lines as difficult. With the case shown in figure 4–7d, where
shown on figure 4–5a. The plotted points the network QRST is completely outside the water-
shown are for actual measurements at the shed (but still usable for construction of an isohyetal
gauges. Only three points of the gauged (less map) any decision on the number of gauges "in" the
than 10 percent) data fall outside the error watershed would be arbitrary.
range, so the expected error for this pair of
gauges is somewhat less than that predicted by Therefore, figure 4–6 should be used without spending
figure 4–4. much time on deciding how many gauges are appli-
cable. The examples that follow will illustrate what
One advantage in using figure 4–4 is that where a can be done even with the extreme cases of figure 4–7.
rainfall estimate is to be made for some distant point, Note that figure 4–6 gives an average error that is of
the error lines can be drawn in advance to give an idea the same magnitude plus and minus, in this respect
of the value of the estimate. Note that the percentage differing from figure 4–4.
of error decreases as the rainfall amount increases.
Error lines have also been drawn on figure 4–5b, c, Example 4–3—Assuming that the watershed of figure
and d, using the method of example 4–2, as a further 4–7a has a drainage area of 200 square miles and an
check on figure 4–4. In each of the plottings, a differ- average annual rainfall of 35 inches, find the average
ent number of points falls outside the error lines, but error of estimate when the watershed average depth is
on the average only 10 percent should be outside. This 4.5 inches.
is confirmed by the computation shown in table 4–2.
Figure 4–6 is used first with a network of two, then of
Figure 4–6 in the appendix serves the same purpose three, gauges and the results are compared. The 2-
for an area that figure 4–4 serves for a point. It was gauge network gives an error of about 13 percent, and
developed from work by McGuinness (1963) for a a 3-gauge network gives an error of about 8 percent. In
range of rainfall amounts and geographic locations in either case, the error is relatively small.
the Middle West. The user must exercise some judg-
ment before applying the information in this figure in Example 4–4—The standard percentage error (see
other locations. chapter 18) can be estimated, if it is needed, by taking
1.5 times the average error. For example 4–3, the
In using figure 4–6, the number of gauges on the water- computations were:
shed must first be determined. The number is seldom
clearly evident, as the typical examples of figure 4–7 in 2-gauge network, standard error = 1.5 (13) = 19.5%
the appendix show. 3-gauge network, standard error = 1.5 (8) = 12.0%

In figure 4–7a, the gauge network ABC would be used

for an isohyetal map or in computing Thiessen
weights. The watershed average rainfall depth esti-
mated from an isohyetal map based on the use of ABC Table 4–2 Computations for percentages of points
outside of error lines
would be more accurate than if based on BC. There-
fore, it would not be correct to say there are only two
Figure 4–5: (a) (b) (c) (d) Total
gauges "within" the watershed when figure 4–6 is used.

In figure 4.7b, however, all six gauges of the network Number of points 91 35 7 20 153
DEFGHI are physically within the watershed, but Number outside 3 10 0 3 16
gauges DEFG are much too close together (by com- lines
parison with the remaining gauges) to be considered Percentage outside 3.3 28.6 0 15.0 10.46
as individual gauges. lines
In figure 4.7c where gauges JKLMNP have varying
distances between adjacent gauges, determining how
many gauges are "in" the watershedis even more

(210-NEH, 3/93) 4–7

Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth Part 630
Hydrologic Engineering

Example 4–5—The size of the watershed itself can Figure 4–8 in the appendix shows an example of the
have no bearing on the watershed average rainfall influences of altitude and topographic barriers on
depth when the network is that of figure 4–7d. In such rainfall. The rainfall amounts indicated by the points in
cases the area of the polygon formed by the network figure 4–8a were recorded during the storm of Febru-
QRST is used in figure 4–6. If the watershed average ary 27 to March 4, 1938, in southern California, in the
annual rainfall is 35 inches and the network polygon vicinity of the Santa Ana, San Bernardino, and San
area is 375 square miles, then figure 4–6 gives an Gabriel mountains, which lie roughly parallel to the
estimate of about 8 percent error for a 5-inch rain. This California coast. The series of moisture-laden air
is for the area of the polygon and, presumably, for any masses associated with the storms swept in from the
watershed within it. It is reasonable to expect that the Pacific Ocean to encounter the mountain ranges at
smaller the watershed, the larger the error will be, but almost right angles to their path. The mountains acted
this cannot be determined on the basis of present as obstructions, thrusting the warm, moist air upward
information. into colder air, and the resultant rapid condensation
produced excessively heavy rainfall, particularly on
Figure 4–6 must be used with some imagination. As the coastal side of the ranges. The desert side of the
examples 4–3 through 4–5 show, it gives only rough ranges (fig. 4–8b) had significantly less rainfall. Much
approximations. And, for cases such as the networks of the moisture had already been pulled out of the air
in figures 4–7b and 4–7c, neither the number of gauges mass by the time it reached the desert side of the
to be used nor the area of applicability is easy to ranges. As the air mass warmed moving down the
define. Despite these limitations, figure 4–6 functions desert side of the mountain slopes, it no longer had a
well in keeping the hydrologist aware of the range of ready moisture source and thus became drier.
error possible in calculations.

(c) Orographic influences

In hilly or mountainous country, rainfall catches are
influenced by physiographic variables, both local and
distant. Some of these are:
• Elevation or altitude
• Local slope
• Orientation of the slope
• Distance from the moisture source
• Topographic barriers to incoming moisture
• Degree of exposure, which is defined as "the
sum of those sectors of a circle of 20-mile
radius centered at the station, containing no
barrier 1,000 feet or more above station eleva-
tion, expressed in degrees of arc of circle
(azimuth)" (Hiatt 1953)

In the ordinary watershed study, it is seldom possible

to determine the influences of all these variables.
When a special study is needed for a project, the SCS
hydrologist or hydraulic engineer can apply to the
director, Engineering Division, National Headquarters,
Washington, DC, who can make arrangements for a
cooperative study by the NWS.

4–8 (210-NEH, 3/93)

Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth Part 630
Hydrologic Engineering

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conser-

630.0404 References vation Service. 1985. Earth dams and reservoirs.
TR-60.

Brakensiek, D.L., H.B. Osborn, W.J. Rawls, coordina- United States Department of Commerce, National
tors. 1979. Field manual for research in Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Na-
agricultural hydrology. USDA, Agric. Handb. 224, tional Weather Service. 1989. Cooperative station
550 pp. observations. Natl. Weather Serv. Observing
Handb. No. 2.
Bras, R.L., I. Rodriguez-Iturbe. 1985. Random functions
and hydrology. Addison Wesley, Reading, MA,
559 pp.

Chow, Ven Te, editor-in-chief. 1964. Handbook of

applied hydrology: A compendium of water
resource technology. McGraw-Hill, 1,418 pp.

Hiatt, W.E. 1953. The analysis of precipitation data, in

Subsurface facilities of water management and
patterns of supply-type area studies. Edited by
U.S. House of Representatives, Interior and
Insular Affairs Committee, vol. IV, The physical
and economic foundation of natural resources
series, pp. 186-206.

Huff, F.A., and J.C. Neill. 1957. Rainfall relations on

small areas in Illinois. Bul. 44, IL State Water
Survey.

Kurtyka, J.C. 1953. Precipitation measurement study.

Report of investigation no. 20, IL State Water
Survey Division, Urbana, IL.

McCuen, R.H., and W.M. Snyder, 1986. Hydrologic

modeling, statistical methods and applications.
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 568 pp.

McGuinness, J.L. 1963. Accuracy of estimating water-

shed mean rainfall. Journal of Geophysical
Research, vol. 68, no. 16, pp. 4,763-4,767.

Singh, V.P., and P.K. Chowdhury. 1986. Comparing

methods of estimating mean areal rainfall. Water
Resourc. Bul., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 275-282.

Wei, T.C., and J.L. McGuinness. 1978. Reciprocal

distance squared methods, A computer technique
for estimating area precipitation. ARS-NC-8, U.S.
Agric. Research Serv., North Central Region,
Coshocton, OH.

(210-NEH, 3/93) 4–9

Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth Part 630
Hydrologic Engineering

4–10 (210-NEH, 3/93)

Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth Part 630
Hydrologic Engineering

630.0405 Appendix

(210-NEH, 3/93) 4–11

Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth Part 630
Hydrologic Engineering

4–12 (210-NEH, 3/93)

Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth Part 630
Hydrologic Engineering

Figure 4–1 Errors caused by use of catches at one gauge as estimates of watershed average rainfall (based on data from
ARS Experimental Agricultural Watersheds in Hastings, Nebraska)

4 4
Storm rainfall, watershed average,

Storm rainfall, watershed average,

3 3
in inches

in inches
2 2

1 1

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
Storm rainfall at one gauge in inches Storm rainfall at one gauge in inches

(a) Watershed area is 0.75 square miles and gauge (b) Watershed area is 0.75 square miles and gauge
is near the center. is 4 miles outside the water shed boundary.

4 4
Annual rainfall, watershed average,
Storm rainfall, watershed average,

3 30
in inches

in inches

2 20

1 10

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 10 20 30 40
Storm rainfall at one gauge in inches Storm rainfall at one gauge in inches

(c) Watershed area is 5.45 square miles and gauge (d) Watershed area is 5.45 square miles and gauge
is on the boundary. is on the boundary.

(210-NEH, 3/93) 4–13

Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth Part 630
Hydrologic Engineering

Figure 4–2 Steps in construction of an isohyetal map (based on data from ARS
Experiemental Agircultural Watershed in Hastings, Nebraska)

(a) (b)
1 54 1 54
1 40
1 40

1 55
5
1 5
60)
(1.
70)
One mile (1.

80)
(1.
90)
1 94 (1.
4
1 9

Step 1 - Locate rain gauges on Step 2 - Interpolate among

watershed map and plot rain gauges.
rainfall amounts.

(c) (d)
1.5 1.6

1 54
1.4
3
1.

1 40
1.7

1.6
1 55 A
1.4

1.4

1.7
8
1.

1.6
9
1.

1.7
1.7
1.5

2.0
1.5

1.8

1 94
1.6

1.9
1.

Step 3 - Draw isohyetals. Same storm with

isohyetals based on
a denser network.

Circles used as decimal points also denote rain gauges. Figures c and d illustrate
the variations caused by the use of different networks of gauges.

4–14 (210-NEH, 3/93)

Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth Part 630
Hydrologic Engineering

Figure 4–3 Steps in the determination of Thiessen weights

(a) (b)

1 mile

Step 1 - Draw lines connecting Step 2 - Draw perpendicular

rain gauge locations. bisectors.

(c) (d)

A
31 =0.1
199
81 =0
199
.4

6 5
07

87 =0.437
199

Step 3 - Compute Thiessen Thiessen polygons for

weights. a denser network.

Figures c and d illustrate the variations in polygons caused by use of

different networks of gauges.

(210-NEH, 3/93) 4–15

Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth Part 630
Hydrologic Engineering

Figure 4–4 Estimating the upper (positive) increment of error in transposed rainfall amounts (modified from Huff
& Neill 1957)

30

20

Rainfall in inches
10 100
Upper limit at 10 percent significance level in inches

80
60
40
5
30
4
20
3

10
2
8
6
4
1 3
2

0.5 1
0.4

0.3 0.5

0.2

0.1
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 100

Distance to point of estimate in miles

The 10 percent level of significance applies to the positive increment. The lower (negative) increment is taken as half the
upper. The graph does not apply to rainfalls in mountainous area.

4–16 (210-NEH, 3/93)

Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth Part 630
Hydrologic Engineering

Figure 4–5 Applications of figure 4–4

7

6 6

Depth in inches at Dallas, Texas gage

5 5
Depth in inches at B28R gage

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Depth in inches at G42R gauge Depth in inches at Fort Worth, Texas gauge
(a) Storm rainfall at gauges 4.3 miles (b) Storm rainfall at gauges about 30 miles apart
apart
60

50
Depth in inches at Dallas, Texas gage

40 40
Depth in inches at B28R gage

30 30

20 2

10 1

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Depth in inches at G42R gauge Depth in inches at Fort Worth, Texas, gauge
(c) Annual precipitation at gauges (d) Annual precipitation at gauges about 30 miles apart
4.3 miles apart

The dashed lines show the range in rainfall to be expected 90 percent of the time at a distant location (ordinate) when the rainfall amount at a
gauge (abscissa) is transposed. The plotted points are actual measurements at the distant and gauge locations. (Figures a and c are based on
data from the ARS Experimental Agricultural Watershed at Hastings, Nebraska.)

(210-NEH, 3/93) 4–17

Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth Part 630
Hydrologic Engineering

Figure 4–6 Network chart for estimating the error in watershed average rainfall amounts (modified from McGuinness 1963)

0.1

0.5
Av
er
ag
ea

0.7
nn

1.0
ua

10
0
l
pr
e

70
cip

Sto 3
ita

rm
rai 5
50
tio

nfa 7
n

ll (
(Pa

P) 10
)i

in
30

inc
n

he
in

s3
ch

0
20
es

10
Example 4–3

1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50
Average error in percent plus or minus

1,000

500
400
300
30

200
20

10

100
Drainage area (A) in square miles

50
2

40
30
=1

20
es N
aug
of g

10
ber
Num

5
4
3

0.5

4–18 (210-NEH, 3/93)

Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth Part 630
Hydrologic Engineering

Figure 4–7 Typical rain gauge networks

(a) (b)

DE F
G
B

C
I

(c) (d)
J Q
K
R
L
M

T
P

(210-NEH, 3/93) 4–19

Chapter 4 Storm Rainfall Depth Part 630
Hydrologic Engineering

Figure 4–8 Orographic influences on rainfall (Source: USGS 1942)

9,000
(a)
Kelly's Kamp
8,000
Mt. Islip

7,000
Big Pines

Big Pines
Plunge Creek Divide
6,000
Big Pines Mt. Wilson
of e [Link] Lake Crystal Lake
sid l M
Altitude in feet

5,000 t
r ria
e
s b
De Ga Little Cienaga
a n
S Browns Flat
Aldrich Ranch
4,000
Valyermo
Llano
ts.
lM f
ab de o

3,000
n G si
ria
Sa oast
C

Silverado Canyon
2,000

Silverado Canyon
1,000

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 40
Precipitation, in inches, February 27 to March 4, 1938

(b) Mt. Islip

8,000

7,000
Big Pines
6,000
Mt. Wilson Crystal Lake
Altitude in feet

5,000
Little Aldrich
Cienaga Ranch
4,000
Pacific Ocean

Valyermo
3,000 Llano
San Gabriel
Silverado Canyon Mts.
2,000
Santa Ana
Mts.
1,000

0
Coast side Desert side

Points denote rain gauge catches.

4–20 (210-NEH, 3/93)

United
ChapterStates
5
Department of Part 630 Hydrology Part
Streamflow Data 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook
Agriculture
National Engineering Handbook
Natural
Resources
Conservation
Service

Chapter 5 Streamflow Data

Rain clouds
Cloud formation

Precipitation

n
iratio
Evaporation
n

ean
tio

Transp
soil
ta

from oc
ge
ve

fr o m
m

n
fr o

ti o

s
am
n

ir a
ti o

tr e
sp
ra
po

an

ms
va

Tr

Surfa E
fr o

ce ru
noff

Infiltration

Soil
Percolation

Rock Ocean
Ground water
Deep percolation

(210-vi, NEH, September 1997) 5–1

Chapter 5 Hydrology
Streamflow Data Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

Issued September 1997

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2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250, or call 1-800-245-6340 (voice) or (202)
720-1127 (TDD). USDA is an equal employment opportunity employer.

5–2 (210-vi, NEH, September 1997)

Chapter 5 Streamflow Data Part 630 Hydrology
Acknowledgments National Engineering Handbook

Chapter 5, Streamflow Data, was originally prepared by Victor Mockus

(retired) and was reprinted with minor revisions in 1969. This version was
prepared by an Agricultural Research Service/Natural Resources Conserva-
tion Service (NRCS) workgroup under the guidance of Norman Miller
(retired), Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), Washington,
DC. The workgroup members include Donald E. Woodward, national
hydraulic engineer, NRCS, Washington, DC, and William J. Gburek, hy-
draulic engineer, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), University Park, PA,
co-chairmen; Allen T. Hjelmfelt, Jr., hydraulic engineer, ARS, Columbia,
MO; Robert O. Kluth, (retired); Arlis Plummer, hydraulic engineer,
NRCS, Lincoln, NE; Joe Van Mullen, hydraulic engineer, NRCS, Bozeman,
MT; and James Hailey, NRCS, Temple, TX.

Many others including Gary Conaway, hydraulic engineer, NRCS, Port-

land, OR; Paul Welle, conservation engineer, NRCS, Beltsville, MD; and
William Merkel, hydraulic engineer, NRCS, Beltsville, MD, provided com-
ments on the chapter. Helen Fox Moody, hydraulic engineer, NRCS,
Washington, DC, helped to prepare the final materials, and the Technical
Publishing Team, NRCS, Fort Worth, TX, prepared the document for publi-
cation.

(210-vi, NEH, September 1997) 5–i

5–3
Chapter 5 Streamflow Data Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

5–4
5–ii (210-vi, NEH, September 1997)
Chapter 5 Streamflow Data Part 630 Hydrology
Chapter 5 Streamflow Data National Engineering Handbook

Contents: 630.0500 Introduction 5–1

630.0501 Sources 5–1

630.0502 Installation and operation of streamflow stations 5–2

(a) Temporary streamflow station installations ............................................. 5–2

630.0503 Streamflow data uses 5–3

(a) Mean daily discharges .................................................................................. 5–3
(b) Transposition of streamflow records ......................................................... 5–8
(c) Volume-duration-probability analysis ...................................................... 5–10
(d) Flow duration curves ................................................................................. 5–10
(e) Determination of runoff curve numbers .................................................. 5–10

630.0504 References 5–15

Tables Table 5–1 Mean daily discharges, annual flood period 5–7

Table 5–2 Factors affecting the correlation of data: A guide to the 5–8
transposition of streamflow

Table 5–3 Curve numbers for events with annual peak discharge 5–11
for Watershed 2 near Treynor, Iowa

(210-vi, NEH, September 1997) 5–iii

7–i
5–5
Chapter 5 Streamflow Data Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

Figures Figure 5–1 Crest staff gage 5–3

Figure 5–2 Sample of USGS surface water-supply paper showing 5–4

recorded mean daily discharges

Figure 5–3 Sample of USGS surface water-supply paper 5–5

summarizing discharge records

Figure 5–4 Two methods of plotting daily flow records 5–6

Figure 5–5 Solution of runoff equation 5–9

Figure 5–6 Rainfall versus direct runoff plotted from an 5–12

experimental ARS watershed in Treynor, Iowa

Examples Example 5–1 Total runoff for annual flood 5–6

Example 5–2 Simple method to determine the direct runoff in inches 5–7
for the annual flood of example 5–1

Example 5–3 Determining runoff of gaged and ungaged watersheds 5–8

that are alike in all respects

Example 5–4 Classical graphical approach to establish runoff curve 5–10

numbers

Example 5–5 Statistical approach to establish runoff curve numbers 5–13

5–iv
5–6 (210-vi, NEH, September 1997)
Chapter 5 Streamflow Data Part 630 Hydrology
Chapter 5 Streamflow Data National Engineering Handbook

630.0500 Introduction 630.0501 Sources

Published streamflow data for the United States are
Streamflow data collected by various agencies de- available from many sources. The main sources are:
scribe the flow characteristics of a stream at a given
point. Normally, data are collected by using a measur- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS, Department of
ing device commonly called a stream gage. Interior)—Water Supply Papers (WSP) and other
publications issued regularly contain records collected
Streamflow data are used to indicate the present from continuously gaged streamflow stations and
hydrologic conditions of a watershed and to check other crest stage and low flow data. USGS is the major
methods for estimating present and future conditions. source of streamflow data for the United States. Their
Specific uses presented in part 630 are for determining publications are listed in Publications of the Geologi-
hydrologic soil-cover complex numbers (chapter 9), cal Survey, which is issued in cumulative editions;
frequency analysis (chapter 18), determining water yearly and monthly supplements are also issued.
yields (chapter 20), and designing floodwater retarding Complete files of WSP’s are in USGS district offices.
structures (chapter 21). This chapter describes ways Some of the basic stream data are available on the
to use this information to determine runoff from a USGS home page.
specific event, how to use this information with rain-
fall data to estimate the watershed runoff curve num- Descriptions of streamflow methods of gaging and
ber, and how to use the data to determine volume- other facts about USGS gaging practices are given in
duration-probability relationships. Measurement and Computation of Streamflow, Vol-
ume 1: Measurement of Stage and Discharge, and
Volume 2: Computation of Discharge (USGS 1982).

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (BOR, Department of

Interior)—This agency gages and publishes
streamflow data at irregular intervals in technical
journals and professional papers.

U.S. Forest Service (FS, Department of Agricul-

ture)—Streamflow data are published at irregular
intervals in technical bulletins and professional pa-
pers.

Agricultural Research Service (ARS, Department

of Agriculture)—ARS routinely publishes compila-
tions of small watershed data. The most recent is
Hydrologic Data for Experimental Agricultural Water-
sheds in the United States, 1978-79 (USDA, ARS 1989).
This series is in 22 volumes. ARS also maintains
REPHLEX, which is an online data base consisting of
breakpoint rainfall-runoff data from ARS experimental
watersheds. For information on this resource, contact
the Water Data Center, ARS Hydrology Lab, Beltsville,
Maryland. ARS practices are described in Field Manual
Handbook 224 (USDA, ARS 1979).

(210-vi, NEH, September 1997) 5–1

Chapter 5 Streamflow Data Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

Corps of Engineers (COE, Department of De-

fense)—COE obtains gage data and publishes 630.0502 Installation and
streamflow data at irregular intervals in technical
journals and professional papers. Most of the data
operation of streamflow
appears in USGS publications. stations
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS,
Department of Agriculture)—NRCS gages and NRCS cooperates with the USGS in the installation
publishes streamflow data at irregular intervals in and operation of streamflow stations needed by NRCS.
technical journals and professional papers. NRCS and This cooperation is on a formal administrative basis,
the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric and the Engineering Division can advise on the admin-
Administration's National Weather Service (NWS) istrative procedure (National Engineering Manual,
jointly analyze snow and precipitation data in the Section 530.02).
Snow Survey Program. The data are used to forecast
seasonal runoff in the western United States, which
depends on snowmelt for about 75 percent of its water (a) Temporary streamflow station
supply. The NRCS National Weather and Climate installations
Center (NWCC) in Portland, Oregon, archives snow
course, precipitation, streamflow, reservoir, and Sometimes streamflow information is needed for a
temperature data for states. The data, which includes brief period on a small stream, irrigation ditch, gully,
many USGS gage sites, is accessible electronically. or reservoir, and the circumstances do not justify the
installation of a continuous recorder. If the flow to be
measured is small, measuring devices described in
NEH-15, Chapter 9, Measurement of Irrigation Water,
can be used. If only the maximum stage or peak rate of
flow is needed, a crest staff gage can be used at a
culvert or other existing structure. Figure 5–1 shows a
typical inexpensive staff gage. The pipe of the gage
contains a loose material (usually powdered cork) that
floats and leaves a high-water mark or maximum
stage. The stage is used with a rating curve (chapter
14) to estimate the peak rate of flow.

5–2 (210-vi, NEH, September 1997)

Chapter 5 Streamflow Data Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

Figure 5–1 Crest staff gage (USGS 1968, p.27)

630.0503 Streamflow data
uses
3/16-in vent
hole

Note: (a) Mean daily discharges

Set 8 penny nail or top of
measuring stick for flush
fit with cap Records of mean daily discharges are generally pub-
2-in pipe lished in the form shown in figure 5–2, a typical page
from a water supply paper (WSP). Each state pub-
lishes an annual summary of the daily flows for each
,,
,, ,50,
3/4 by 1 1/2-in
measuring stick
,, , ,, 30
USGS station that contains continuous flow and stage
,, , ,,
,,, ,,,,, ,,
data. Summaries of discharge records appear in vari-
,,, , Flow ous forms; a typical page from a WSP containing
,, ,, ,, ,
,,, ,,,,, ,,,50, 1/4-in intake
30 summaries is shown in figure 5–3. Summaries contain-
,, ,,, ,,

,,
ing daily flow records were published cumulatively by
, ,,A-A'
holes
,, Section , USGS for 5-year increments until 1970. Figure 5–3
,, , , shows a page from an older WSP containing the sum-
, , maries of all records for 1951 through 1960. Such older
,,
,, ,,,,
summaries covering longer periods do not have the
Perforated daily flow records.
,
regranulated cork ,,
tin cup for ,,
,
,, , ,,,,,,
,,,,, ,,,,,
,, ,,,,,,
,,
,, ,,,,
A , A'

(210-vi, NEH, September 1997) 5–3

Chapter 5 Streamflow Data Part 630 Hydrology
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Figure 5–2 Sample of USGS surface water-supply paper showing recorded mean daily discharges (USGS 1974)

Wabash River Basin—03332.300 Little Indian, Creek Royal Center, Indiana

Location—Lat. 40° 52' 33" long. 86° 35" 26", in NE 1/4 NW 1/4 Sec. 13. T.28 11., R.2 11., White county on right bank at downstream side
of county road bridge, 2.8 miles (4.7 km) upstream from mouth, 3.2 miles (5.1 km) downstream from Fredericks ditch 4.8 miles
(7.7 km) northwest of Royal Center Post Office.
Drainage area—35.0 SQ MI (90.6 sq. km).
Period of Record—July 1959 to September 1973, converted to partial-record station.
Average Discharge—14 years 28.7 ft3/s (0.813 m3/s), 11.14 in/yr. (283 mm/yr).
Remarks—Current year: Max. discharge, 349 ft3/s (9.84 m3/s) Dec. 31, gage height, 6.61 ft (2.015 m) minimum daily, 4.8 ft3/s (0.14 m3/s)
Sept. 24. Period of record: Max. discharge about 500 ft3/s (14.2 m3/s) Mar. 5, 1963 (gage ht unknown): min. daily 0.5 ft3/s
(0 014 m3/s) Dec. 17-22, 1963 Maximum stage known, 11.2 ft (3.41 m) in Spring 1957, from information by local residents.
Remarks—Records good.
Discharge, in cubic feet per second, water year October 1972 to September 1973
DAY OCT NOV DEC .IAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP

1 84 100 42 292 46 23 139 39 38 39 161 8.8

2 62 92 39 210 99 26 103 36 32 29 97 8.8
3 50 96 37 153 96 29 86 33 28 25 61 8.5
4 44 68 35 209 71 32 74 30 48 25 38 8.2
5 49 56 34 146 63 70 62 27 200 22 24 8.2
6 45 48 74 99 55 89 55 26 134 20 19 8.2
7 40 48 57 79 49 67 49 26 84 17 14 8.5
8 36 72 45 63 44 53 33 27 58 16 11 8.2
9 32 61 40 49 40 47 42 26 45 16 10 7.6
10 29 53 36 40 36 52 42 24 36 15 9.1 7.9
11 54 59 45 35 32 155 37 22 32 14 8.2 7.6
12 88 4 47 30 31 155 47 22 30 13 7.9 7.6
13 62 63 141 28 29 100 67 21 28 12 7.6 7.6
14 50 188 104 29 30 136 30 21 26 12 36 8.2
15 42 162 72 29 32 161 43 20 27 12 47 9.1
16 40 116 62 29 30 107 49 20 45 12 22 7.9
17 36 94 48 39 30 169 81 19 183 11 16 6.7
18 32 76 40 50 28 168 63 18 135 11 13 6.4
19 30 66 37 78 27 149 66 20 79 11 12 6.1
20 30 70 50 57 30 116 se 20 54 13 12 5.8
21 30 70 57 46 32 90 105 18 41 14 9.6 5.3
22 56 62 62 83 30 75 210 18 34 13 8.8 5.0
23 136 54 57 115 28 64 211 19 30 12 8.5 5.0
24 112 49 57 71 26 54 134 18 27 14 16 4.8
25 80 48 66 58 25 84 95 21 24 14 14 8.8
26 64 54 59 57 25 145 71 19 24 26 12 6.1
27 53 57 51 61 24 94 56 19 34 21 10 5.0
28 52 52 47 69 23 73 45 27 143 15 9.7 5.5
29 46 46 63 63 –– 65 39 38 92 12 9.4 16
30 42 44 235 49 –– 67 39 64 56 48 9.4 12
31 40 –– 343 42 –– 71 –– 52 –– 103 9.4
Total 1,642 2,099 2,182 2,458 1,119 2,788 2,272 810 1,847 637 742.4 231.7
Mean 53.0 70.3 70.4 79.3 40.0 89.9 75.7 26.1 61.6 20.5 23.9 7.72
Max 136 188 343 292 99 169 211 64 200 103 161 18
Min 29 34 34 28 23 23 37 18 24 11 7.6 4.8
CFSM 1.51 2.00 2.01 2.27 1.1. 2.57 2.10 .75 1.76 .59 .68 .22
In 1.75 2.23 2.32 2.61 1.19 2.96 2.41 .86 1.96 .68 .79 .25
Cal YR 1972 Total 14,224.6 Mean 38.9 Max 343 Min 2.3 CFSM 1.11 In 15.12
WTR YR 1973 Total 18,828.61 Mean 51.9 Max 343 Min 4.8 CFSM 1.47 In 20.01
Peak Discharge (Base, 250 ft3/s) — Dec 31 (1 000) 349 ft3/s (6.61 ft)

5–4 (210-vi, NEH, September 1997)

Chapter 5 Streamflow Data Part 630 Hydrology
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Figure 5–3 Sample of USGS surface water-supply paper summarizing discharge records (USGS 1964)

Nueces River Basin—2080 Atascosa River at Witsett, TX

Location—Lat. 28°37’20" long. 98°17"05", on right bank 1,400 feet upstream from bridge on Farm Road 99, 0.9 mile west of Whitsett, Live
Oak County, and 4 miles downstream from LaParita Creek.
Drainage area—1,171 mi2.
Records available—September 1924 to May 1926, May 1932 to September 1960.
Gage—Water-stage recorder and artficial control. Datum of gage is 159.04 feet above mean sea level, datum of 1929. Prior to May 8, 1926,
chain gage at bridge 1,600 feet downstream at datu 1.38 feet higher.
Average discharge—29 years (1924-25, 1932-60), 135 ft3/s (97,740 acre-foot per year).
Extremes—1924-26, 1932-60: Maximum discharge, 39,300 ft3/s July 7, 1942 (gage height, 38.3 feet from floodmark), from rating curve
extended above 12,000 ft3/s on basis of slope-area measurement at gage height 38.0 feet; no flow at times. Maximum stage since at
least 1881, about 41 feet in September 1919.
Remarks—Considerable losses of floodflows into various permeable formations occur upstream from station. June 1951 to May 1958 a
considerable part of low flow resulted from flow of several artesian wells near Campbellton, which were drilled by the Lower
Nueces River Water Supply District and turned into river to supplement the supply for city of Corpus Christi. Small diversions
above station.
Monthly and yearly mean discharge, in cubic feet per second
Water year Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep The year

1951 0.47 0.58 2.70 4.88 6.39 10.0 6.98 188 239 1.60 6.49 445 75.5
1952 20.0 20.7 13.9 17.5 48.5 14.9 65.4 39.2 6.76 114 6.74 246 50.7
1953 7.58 16.4 24.6 22.5 17.2 17.4 59.4 542 30.3 32.1 50.4 591 118
1954 76.3 13.9 10.0 9.97 15.6 15.2 62.3 43.8 39.8 7.59 0 3.29 24.8
1955 21.6 27.2 9.27 19.2 128 16.2 12.2 130 60.6 19.2 39.4 19.5 41.3
1956 378 5.21 11.7 11.6 11.3 10.6 31.9 62.8 21.6 14.5 68.0 177 35.5
1957 204 6.86 58.7 14.6 18.6 108 1,208 1,365 321 13.7 8.91 703 336
1958 10 241 23.4 940 1,499 64.7 30.7 208 23.8 4,734 3.09 118 267
1959 386 2,863 87.8 28.8 37.2 19.7 17.1 83.5 24.0 8.55 2.77 7.29 82.8
1960 200 31.2 1,109 16.7 17.2 31.5 22.1 10.1 201 142 135 14.2 69.7

Monthly and yearly discharge, in acre-feet

1951 29 35 166 300 355 615 416 11,550 14,210 98 399 26,460 54,630
1952 1,230 1,230 852 1,080 2,790 915 3,890 2,140 402 7,000 415 14,610 36,820
1953 466 974 1,510 1,381 956 4,071 3,540 33,350 1,800 1,970 3,100 35,170 85,290
1954 4,690 828 617 613 865 936 3,710 2,700 2,370 467 0 196 17,990
1955 1,330 1,620 570 1,180 4,080 996 725 8,000 3,610 1,180 2,420 1,160 29,870
1956 48 310 721 716 649 652 1,900 3,860 1,290 889 4,180 10,530 25,740
1957 12,560 408 3,610 900 1,040 6,610 71,870 83,900 19,080 845 548 41,830 243,200
1958 6,170 14,330 1,440 57,800 83,230 3,980 1,830 12,770 1,410 2,920 190 7,010 193,100
1959 23,750 17,040 5,400 1,770 2,060 1,210 1,020 5,130 1,430 526 171 434 59,940
1960 12,300 1,860 732 1,030 990 1,940 1,620 619 11,970 5,710 8,330 844 50,640

Yearly discharge, in cubic feet per second

Year WSP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Water year ending September 30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Calendar year- - - -
Momentary maximum Minimum Mean Acre-feet Mean Acre-feet
Discharge Date day
1950 –– –– –– –– –– –– 40.1 29,040
1951 1212 6,060 Sep 14, 1951 0.2 75.5 54,630 79.7 57,720
1952 1242 4,000 Sep 10, 1952 .6 50.7 36,820 50.2 36,460
1953 1282 6,550 Sep 5, 1953 2.6 118 85,290 122 88.470
1954 1342 1,050 Apr 9, 1954 0 24.8 17,990 21.2 15,380
1955 1392 1,570 Feb 7 1955 .7 41.3 29,870 37.9 27,430
1956 1442 2,960 Sep 3, 1956 0 35.5 25,740 56.8 41,240
1957 1512 8,410 May 29, 1957 1.6 336 243,200 343 248,600
1958 1562 17,500 Feb 23, 1958 1.3 267 193,100 300 217,300
1959 1632 3,830 Oct 31, 1958 1.0 82.8 59,940 39.6 28,640
1960 1712 3,210 Jun 27, 1960 .7 69.7 50,640 –– ––

(210-vi, NEH, September 1997) 5–5

Chapter 5 Streamflow Data Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

When using daily flow records, plot the discharge Example 5–1 Total runoff for annual flood
against time using one of the two ways shown in figure
5–4. In figure 5–4a, the mean daily flows are plotted as Use data in figure 5–2 to determine total runoff
point values at midday using a logarithmic scale for (including baseflow) for the annual flood.
discharge and an arithmetic scale for time. In figure
5–4b, both scales are arithmetic. A plotting like figure Determine:
5–4a is used in studying low flows or recession curves, Annual flood and largest peak rate in the year.
and one like figure 5–4b can be used in studying high
flows, for showing discharges in their true propor- Solution:
tions, or for determining runoff amounts by measure- In figure 5–2 under Extremes, maximum dis-
ment of areas. If a watershed has a rainfall to runoff charge is 349 ft3/s (9.88 cms) on December 31.
response of about 20 hours or more, mean daily Find the low point of mean daily discharge
amounts are suitable for plotting flood hydrographs occurring before the rise of the annual flood.
because there is little chance that more than one peak This point occurs on December 28 (table 5–1).
occurs in any one day. Watersheds that have shorter
response times have flows that vary more widely Find the date on the receding side of the flood
during a day, so a hydrograph of mean daily records when the flow is about equal to the low point of
may conceal important fluctuations. A continuous December 28. This occurs on January 9. The
record of flow should be used instead. flows between January 9 and January 14 are
considered part of the normal river flow, not
An important use of mean daily flows is in computing part of the flood flow.
storm runoff amounts including baseflow (example
5–1) or excluding it (example 5–2). Add the mean daily discharges for the flood
period from December 29 through January 9
(the starred discharges in table 5–1). The sum,
which is the total runoff, is 1,941 ft3/s–day.

Figure 5–4 Two methods of plotting daily flow records

(a) Discharge scale is logarithmic (b) Discharge scale is arithmetic

10,000 5,000

Peak
Peak 4,000
Peak 4360 ft3/s
2330 ft3/s Peak
2330 ft3/s
Discharge in ft3/s

Discharge in ft3/s

3,000

1,000
Peak Peak
2,000

1,000

100 0
10 20 1 10 20 30 1 10 20 1 10 20 30
February March February March

5–6 (210-vi, NEH, September 1997)

Chapter 5 Streamflow Data Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

Runoff in cubic feet per second per day (ft3/s/d) can be If only the direct runoff (chapter 10) is needed, the
converted to other units using appropriate conversion baseflow can be removed by any one of several meth-
factors (a table of factors follows chapter 22). For ods. A simple method assuming continuing constant
instance, to convert the result in example 5–1 to baseflow may be accurate enough for many situations.
inches, use the conversion factor 0.03719, the sum of This method is used in example 5–2.
step 4, and the watershed drainage area in square
miles (from fig. 5–2):
( )
0.03719 1941 ft 3 / s − days
= 2.0625 in
35 mi 2
Round to 2.1 inches.

If the flow on the receding side does not come down Example 5–2 Simple method to determine the direct
far enough, the usual practice is to determine a stan- runoff in inches for the annual flood of
dard recession curve using well-defined recessions of example 5–1
several floods, fit this standard curve to the appropri-
ate part of the plotted record, and estimate the mean Determine:
daily flows as far down as necessary. Total runoff in cubic feet per second–day
(ft3/s–day) (excluding baseflow) from
example 5–1 data.

Solution:
Table 5–1 Mean daily discharges, annual flood period Step 1—Determine the average baseflow for
(excerpt from fig. 5–2) the flood period. This is an average of the
flows on December 28 and January 9:
Date Mean daily
discharge (ft3/s)
Remarks
(47 + 49) = 48.0 ft /s
3

2
Dec. 26 59 Flow from previous rise
Step 2—Compute the volume of baseflow.
27 51 Flow from previous rise
Table 5–1 shows the flood period (starred
28 47 Low point of flow
discharges) to be 12 days; the volume of
29 *63 Rise of annual flow begins
baseflow is:
30 *235 Rise of annual flood continues
31 *343 Date of peak rate ( )
12 48 = 576 ft 3 /s - day

Jan. 1 *292 Flood receding Step 3—Subtract total baseflow from total
2 *210 Flood receding runoff to get total direct runoff:
3 *153 Flood receding 1941 − 576 = 1365 ft 3 /s - day
4 *209 Flood receding
5 *146 Flood receding
Step 4—Convert to inches. Use the conver-
6 *99 Flood receding
sion factor 0.03719 (from conversion table
7 *79 Flood receding
following chapter 22), the total direct runoff
8 *63 Flood receding
in cubic feet per second per day from step 3,
9 *49 Flood receding
and the watershed drainage area in square
10 40 End of flood period
miles (from the source of data, table 5–2):
11 35 Normal streamflow
12 30 Normal streamflow ( )
0.03719 1365 ft 3 / s − day
= 1.4504 in
13 28 Normal streamflow 35 mi 2
14 29 New rise begins
Round to 1.45 inches.
* Data used in example 5–1

(210-vi, NEH, September 1997) 5–7

Chapter 5 Streamflow Data Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

(b) Transposition of streamflow Example 5–3 Determining runoff of gaged and ungaged
watersheds that are alike in all respects
records
Transposition of streamflow records is the use of
Given:
records from a gaged watershed to represent the
A gaged watershed with CN = 74 had a direct
records of an ungaged watershed in the same climatic
runoff of 1.6 inches.
and physiographic region. Table 5–2 lists some of the
data generally transposed and the factors affecting the
Determine:
correlations between data for the gaged and ungaged
The comparable runoff for a nearby ungaged
watersheds. The A means that a considerable amount
watershed with CN = 83.
of analysis may be required before a transposition is
justified. Bulletin 17B, Guidelines for Determining
Solution:
Flood Flow Frequency, contains information and
Enter figure 5–5 at runoff of 1.60 inches. Go
references on such topics as comparing similar water-
across to CN 74 and then upward to CN 83.
sheds and how to handle flooding caused by different
At the runoff scale read a runoff of 2.29
type of events.
inches.
Data may be transposed with or without changes in
magnitude depending on the kind and the parameters
influencing them. Runoff volumes from individual
storms, for instance, may be transposed without
change in magnitude if the gaged and ungaged water-
sheds are alike in all respects. If the hydrologic soil-
cover complexes (CN) differ though, it is necessary to
use figure 5–5 as shown in example 5–3.

Transposition of flood dates and number of floods per

year is described in chapter 18, and transposition of
total and average annual runoff is described in chapter
20.

Table 5–2 Factors affecting the correlation of data: A guide to the transposition of streamflow

Data - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Factors * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Large distance Large difference Runoff from Large difference Difference in
between in sizes of small-area in sizes of hydrologic
watersheds watershed thunderstorm drainage area soil cover
response lag complexes

Flood dates A A A A A
Number of floods per year A A A A A
Individual flood, peak rate A A A A
Individual flood, volume A A A
Total annual runoff A A A
Average annual runoff A A
* A indicates adverse effect on the correlations. If no A the adverse effect is minor.

5–8 (210-vi, NEH, September 1997)

 Figure 5–5 Solution of runoff equation
Chapter 5

(P-0.2 S)2 P=0 to 12 inches

Hydrology: Solution of Runoff Equation Q=
P+0.8 S Q=0 to 8 inches
9
Rainfall (P) (P-Ia)2
Q= With P≥ Ia; S≥Ia+F;
Runoff (Q) P-Ia+S and F+P-Ia-Q
8

Rate
Curves on this sheet are for the

,
,
case Ia=0.2 S, so that
F (P-0.2 S)2
Q=
7 P+0.8 S
Initial Time

,,,,
abstraction Ia
Infiltration 0
curve 10
95
5 00
10 +S 90
= 10 85
r
be 80
m
Streamflow Data

nu 75
4 ve
r
Cu 70
65
60
3

Direct runoff (Q) in inches

55

(210-vi, NEH, September 1997)

50
45
2
40

35

1 30

25

20
Part 630 Hydrology

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Rainfall (P) in inches
REFERENCE Standard Dwg. No.
U.S. Department of Agricultural
Mockus, Victor; Estimating direct runoff amount from storm rainfall:
National Engineering Handbook

Soil Conservation Service ES- 1001

1 2
Sheet_____of_____
Central Technical Unit, October 1955
Engineering Division – Hydrology Branch 6-29-56
Date______________
Revised 10-1-64

5–9
Chapter 5 Streamflow Data Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

(c) Volume-duration-probability (e) Determination of runoff curve

analysis numbers
Daily flow records are also used for volume-duration Use of storm rainfall and associated streamflow data
probability [VDP] analysis (USDA 1966 and HEC 1975). for annual floods is the best means of establishing
A probability distribution analysis of the annual series runoff curve numbers, CN. Such curve numbers are
of maximum runoff volume for 1, 3, 7, 15, 30, 60, and superior to those established by other means, such as
90 days is made (chapter 18). These values are then through the methods described in chapter 9. Two
used for reservoir storage and spillway design (chap- examples are given. The first describes the classical
ter 21). Low flow VDP analysis is made on minimum graphical approach, and the second describes a statis-
volumes over selected durations. These values are tical approach.
useful in water quality evaluations, e.g., for determin-
ing the probability that the concentration of a sub-
stance will be exceeded. They are also used to de-
scribe minimum flow for fisheries (USFWS 1976). Example 5–4 Classical graphical approach to establish
runoff curve numbers

(d) Flow duration curves

Given:
Daily flow records are also used to construct flow Rainfall and runoff data of table 5–3.
duration curves. These curves show the percentage of
time during which specified flow rates are exceeded Determine:
(HEC 1975). The flow duration curve is one method Curve number (CN) using the classic
used to determine total sediment load from periodic graphical method.
samples (USDA 1983). It can also be used for deter-
mining loading of other impurities, such as total salts, Solution:
and can be related to fishery values (USFWS 1976). Step 1—Make an electrostatic copy of figure
Flow duration curves are sometimes plotted on prob- 5–5.
ability paper. It should be noted that the value plotted
is the percentage of time exceeded, and this should Step 2—Plot the runoff against the rainfall
not be confused with probability of occurrence. on the graph as shown in figure 5–6.

Step 3—Determine the curve of figure 5–5

that divides the plotted points into two equal
groups. That is the median curve number. It
may be necessary to interpolate between
curves, as was done in figure 5–6. The curve
number for this watershed is 88.

Figure 5–6 also shows bounding curves for

the data. The curves were determined using
the relationship given in table 5–3. Note that
these curves generally mark the extremes of
the data except for a few outliers.

5–10 (210-vi, NEH, September 1997)

Chapter 5 Streamflow Data Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

Table 5–3 Curve numbers for events with annual peak discharge for Watershed 2 near Treynor, Iowa

Watershed data: 82.8 acres of corn, using conventional tillage on contour, on Ida and Monona soils

Year Month Day Rain Runoff Peak S Log(s) CN Rounded

amount amount discharge CN
(inch) (inch) (ft3/s) (inch)

1964 Jun 22 1.18 0.58 216.8 0.7826 -0.1065 92.7 93

1965 Jun 29 1.30 0.64 157.0 0.8601 -0.0665 92.1 92
1966 Jun 26 1.04 0.40 153.0 0.9538 -0.0205 91.3 91
1967 Jun 20 5.71 3.76 406.0 2.1386 0.3301 82.4 82
1968 Jun 13 0.97 0.28 94.0 1.1855 0.0739 89.4 89
1969 Aug 20 2.23 0.17 36.9 5.7593 0.7604 63.5 63
1970 Aug 2 1.92 0.70 282.4 1.8691 0.2716 84.3 84
1971 May 18 1.10 0.73 214.0 0.4038 -0.3938 96.1 96
1972 May 5 0.62 0.29 121.0 0.4426 -0.3540 95.8 96
1973 Sep 26 1.25 0.28 43.7 1.8674 0.2712 84.3 84
1974 Aug 17 1.12 0.10 23.5 2.7270 0.4357 78.6 79
1975 Aug 29 1.66 0.30 54.2 2.8590 0.4562 77.8 78
1976 Jul 17 0.57 0.02 4.2 1.8396 0.2647 84.5 84
1977 May 8 1.06 0.43 145.4 0.9129 -0.0396 91.6 92
1978 May 19 1.12 0.20 84.1 1.9431 0.2885 83.7 84
1979 Mar 18 0.93 0.54 17.2 0.4617 -0.3356 95.6 96
1980 Jun 15 0.83 0.34 207.0 0.7064 -0.1501 93.4 93
1981 Aug 1 1.63 0.33 104.0 2.6110 0.4168 79.3 79
1982 Jun 14 1.35 0.50 151.0 1.2917 0.1112 88.6 89
1983 Jun 13 1.78 0.41 104.0 2.6060 0.4160 79.3 79
1984 Jun 12 0.76 0.45 104.0 0.3627 -0.4405 96.5 97
1985 May 14 1.26 0.22 35.6 2.2159 0.3456 81.9 82
1986 Apr 27 1.94 0.75 191.0 1.7687 0.2477 85.0 85
1987 May 26 0.86 0.38 55.0 0.6643 -0.1776 93.8 94
1988 Jul 15 1.96 0.03 2.8 7.3724 0.8676 57.6 58

(210-vi, NEH, September 1997) 5–11

Chapter 5 Streamflow Data Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

Figure 5–6 Rainfall versus direct runoff plotted from an experimental ARS watershed in Treynor, Iowa

5 CN=95 88 73
Direct runoff (Q), inches

2 Watershed 2
Treynor, Iowa

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Rainfall (P), inches

5–12 (210-vi, NEH, September 1997)

Chapter 5 Streamflow Data Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

Example 5–5 Statistical approach to establish runoff curve numbers

Given: Rainfall and runoff data of table 5–3.

Determine: CN by statistical methods.

Solution:
In this approach, the scatter in the data apparent in figure 5–6 is assumed to be described by a lognormal
distribution about the median. This approach has been explored by Hjelmfelt, et al. (1982), Hjelmfelt
(1991), and Hauser and Jones (1991).

The curve number determined in example 5–4 was the curve number that divided the points into two
equal groups. That is, it is the median curve number. This median value can also be determined using the
following computations:

Step 1—Compute the potential maximum retention (S) for each of the annual storms of table 5–3 using:
 1

(
S = 5 P + 2Q − ∆Q 2 + 5PQ 2 
 
)
This equation is an algebraic rearrangement of the runoff equation of chapter 10.

Step 2—The logarithm of each S is taken. Base 10 was used for table 5–3; however, natural logarithms
can also be used.

Step 3—The mean and standard deviation of the logarithms of S are determined. The mean of the
transformed values, that is mean of log (S), is equivalent to the median of the raw values (Yuan 1933).
(
∑ log S )
(
log S = mean log S = ) N

[ ( )]
2
∑ log S − mean log S
(
Std. Dev. log S = ) N −1

For the data of table 5–3, the values computed are:

mean log(S) = 0.1389
standard deviation log(S) = 0.3452

Step 4—The mean of the logarithms of a lognormally distributed variable is the median of the original
variable. Thus, the antilogarithm of the result of the standard deviation equation gives a statistical
estimation of the median S. If base 10 logarithms are used:
median S = 10log
= 100.1389
= 1.3769

(210-vi, NEH, September 1997) 5–13

Chapter 5 Streamflow Data Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

Example 5–5 Statistical approach to establish runoff curve numbers—Continued

Step 5—The curve number is then given by:

1000
CN =
10 + S
1000
=
1 + 1.3769
= 87.9

Step 6—Curve numbers for 10% and 90% extremes of the distribution are given by
log (S10) = mean (logS) + 1.282 std. dev. (log S)
log (S90) = mean (logS) – 1.282 std. dev. (log S)

in which 1.282 and –1.282 are the appropriate percentiles of the normal distribution. For the data of table
5–3, the results are 73 and 95.

Note: These results are in good agreement with the extremes that were determined using the graphical
method. Additional conformation that the 10 percent and 90 percent extremes agree with figure 5–5 is
given by Hjelmfelt, et al. (1982) and Hjelmfelt (1991).

5–14 (210-vi, NEH, September 1997)

Chapter 5 Streamflow Data Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conser-

630.0504 References vation Service. 1983. Transmission of sediment
by water. National Engineering Handbook,
Section 3, Sedimentation, Chapter 4, Natural
Hauser, V.L., O.R. Jones. 1991. Runoff curve numbers Resources Conservation Service, Washington,
for the southern high plains. Trans. Amer. Soc. DC.
Agricul. Engrs., vol. 3, no. 1. pp 142-148.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 1976. Method-
Hjelmfelt, A.T. 1991. An investigation of the curve ologies for the determination of stream resource
number procedure. J. Hydraulic Eng., Amer. Soc. flow requirements: an assessment. C.B. Stalker
Civil Engrs., vol. 117, no. 6, pp 725-737. and J.L. Arnette (ed.), Office of Biological Ser-
vices, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.
Hjelmfelt, A.T., L.A. Kramer, and R.E. Burwell. 1982.
Curve numbers as random variables, Rainfall- United States Geological Survey. 1964. Compilation of
runoff relationship. V.P. Singh, ed., Resources records of surface waters of the United States,
Publications, Littleton, CO, pp. 365-370. October 1950 to September 1960, 11 Part 8.
Water Supply Paper 1732, Western Gulf of
United States Army Corps of Engineers. 1975. Hydro- Mexico Basin.
logic engineering methods for water resource
development, volume 3. Hydrologic Frequency United States Geological Survey. 1968. Techniques of
Analysis, HEC, Davis, CA. water-resources investigations of the U.S. Geo-
logical Survey, chapter A7, stage measurement at
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural gaging stations. In Book 3, Application of Hy-
Research Service. 1979. Field manual for re- draulics, T.J. Buchanan and W.P. Somers, U.S.
search in agricultural hydrology. Agricultural Gov. Print. Of., Washington, DC.
Handbook No. 224.
United States Geological Survey. 1979. Flow duration
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural curves. USGS Water Supply Paper 1542-A, J.K.
Research Service. 1989. Hydrologic data for Searcy, Washington, DC.
experimental agricultural watersheds in the
United States, 1978-79. Misc. Pub. 1469. United States Geological Survey. 1981. WATSTORE
users guide. USGS Open File Report 79-1336,
United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Ser- Washington, DC.
vice. Stream-gaging stations for research on
small watersheds. K.G. Reinhart and R.S. Pierce, United States Geological Survey. 1982. Guidelines for
Agric. Handb. 268. determining flood flow frequecy. Office of Water
Data Coordination. Bulletin 17B.
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conser-
vation Service. 1966. Hydrology study—A multi- United States Geological Survey. 1982. Measurement
purpose program for selected cumulative prob- and computation of streamflow, vol. 1: Measure-
ability, distribution analysis. W.H. Sammons, ment of stage and discharge, and vol. 2: Compu-
Natural Resources Conservation Service, SCS- tation of discharge. S.E. Rantz and others, USGS
TP-148, Washington, DC. Water Supply Paper 2175.

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conser- United States Geological Survey. 1994. Water re-
vation Service. 1980. National engineering sources data for Indiana, 1973. USGS Surface
manual, part 630—Hydrology. Natural Resources Water-Supply Papers, prepared in cooperation
Conservation Services, Washington, DC. with the state of Indiana and other agencies.

(210-vi, NEH, September 1997) 5–15

United States
Chapter 6
Department of Part 630 Hydrology Part 630 Hydrology
Stream Reaches and Hydrologic Units
National Engineering Handbook
Agriculture

Natural
National Engineering Handbook
Resources
Conservation
Service

Chapter 6 Stream Reaches and

Hydrologic Units

Rain clouds
Cloud formation

Precipitation

n
iratio
Evaporation
n

ean
tio

Transp
soil
ta

from oc
ge
ve

fr o m
m

n
fr o

ti o

s
am
n

ir a
ti o

tr e
sp
ra
po

an

ms
va

Tr

Surfa E
fr o

ce ru
noff

Infiltration

Soil
Percolation

Rock Ocean
Ground water
Deep percolation

(210-vi-NEH, November 1998) 6–1

Chapter 6 Stream Reaches and Hydrologic Units Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

Issued November 1998

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimina-

tion in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national
origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation,
and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all pro-
grams.) Persons with disabilities who require alternate means for communi-
cation of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should
contact the USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil

Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW,
Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call (202) 720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is
an equal opportunity employer.

6–2 (210-vi-NEH, November 1998)

Chapter 6 Stream Reaches and Hydrologic Units Part 630 Hydrology
Acknowledgments National Engineering Handbook

Chapter 6 was originally prepared by Victor Mockus (retired) and was

reprinted with minor revisions in 1969. This version was prepared by the
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) under guidance of Donald
E. Woodward, national hydraulic engineer, Washington, DC.

(210-vi-NEH, November 1998) 6–3

6–i
Chapter 6 Stream Reaches and Hydrologic Units Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

6–4
6–ii (210-vi-NEH, November 1998)
Chapter 6 Stream Reaches and Hydrologic Units Part 630 Hydrology
Chapter 6 Stream Reaches and National Engineering Handbook

Hydrologic Units

Contents: 630.0600 Introduction 6–1

630.0601 Reaches 6–1

(a) Location ......................................................................................................... 6–4
(b) Measurement ................................................................................................. 6–4
(c) Length ............................................................................................................. 6–4
(d) Profile ............................................................................................................. 6–4
(e) Hydraulic roughness ..................................................................................... 6–5
(f) Reach data for a computer program .......................................................... 6–5

630.0602 Alluvial fans 6–5

630.0603 Hydrologic units 6–6

630.0604 References 6–7

Table Table 6–1 Reach and cross-section data 6–2

Figure Figure 6–1 Hydrologic unit having detail for use as a 6–3
sample watershed

(210-vi-NEH, November 1998) 6–iii

6–5
7–i
Chapter 6 Stream Reaches and Hydrologic Units Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

6–6
7–ii (210-vi-NEH, November 1998)
Chapter 6
Chapter 6 Stream Reaches andPart
Stream Reaches and Hydrologic Units 630 Hydrology
Hydrologic
National Engineering HandbookUnits

630.0600 Introduction 630.0601 Reaches

The stream system of a watershed is divided into A reach is a length of stream or valley used as a unit of
reaches, and the watershed into hydrologic units, for study. It contains a specified feature that is either
the convenience of work during study. This chapter fairly uniform throughout, such as hydraulic character-
gives some details on the selection of reaches for istics or flood damages, or that requires special atten-
hydrologic or economic studies, presents alternative tion in the study, such as a bridge. Reaches are shorter
means for studies of alluvial fans, and briefly describes for hydraulic studies than for economic ones, so it is
a hydrologic unit and its use in a study. best to consider hydraulic needs first when selecting
reaches and then combine the hydraulic reaches into
longer ones for the economic study.

Reaches are physically defined at each end by cross

sections that usually extend across the valley and
include the channel section as well as a significant
portion of the flood plain. The section should include
enough of the flood plain to extend beyond whatever
flood limits the engineer expects to occur in the study.
A cross section is either straight and at a right angle to
the major path of flow in the valley, or it is a con-
nected series of segments that are at right angles to
flows in their vicinity. The head and foot of a reach are
the upstream and downstream ends respectively.
Right bank and left bank are designated looking down-
stream. For reference, reaches and cross sections are
numbered in any simple and consistent way, such as
the ones in figure 6–1 and table 6–1. However, if a
computer program is used, the numbering must follow
the system specified in the program.

The purpose of a reach determines which relation-

ships of the reach must be developed from field sur-
veys. For a hydrologic study the required relationships
include those of stage and discharge (NEH, part 630,
chapter 14), stage and end-area (NEH, part 630, chap-
ters 14 and 17), and, if manual flood routings will be
made, discharge and velocity (NEH, part 630, chapter
14). For an economic study the relationships are stage
and discharge (NEH, part 630, chapter 14), stage and
area-inundated (NEH, part 630, chapter 13), and stage
and damage (National Resource Economics Hand-
book, Part 611, Water Resources (Floodwater)).

(210-vi-NEH, November 1998) 6–1

Chapter 6 Stream Reaches and Hydrologic Units Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

Table 6–1 Reach and cross-section data

Reach Cross section Cross section Length of Travel Accumulated Runoff curve number 4/
number 1/ number stationing reach 2/ time 3/ drainage area present future
(feet) (hours) (square miles)

4 7,500 0.60 80 78
FR–1 2231+00 3.6 5/
HH 2192+00 4.0 6/
GG 2160+00 4.4 7/

6 15,600 1.50 80 78
FF 2138+00 7.5 5/
EE 2100+00 8.0
DD 2054+00 8.4
CC 2016+00 8.8
BB 2014+00 8.8
AA 2012+00 8.9 7/
1/ Reach number is same as subwatershed number.
2/ Channel length of reach.
3/ Travel time of a 2-year frequency flow through the reach.
4/ Runoff curve numbers for the total area above the foot of the reach. They were obtained by weighting (NEH, part 630, chapter 10).
5/ Drainage area at the head of the reach.
6/ The drainage area at this cross section was estimated.
7/ Use drainage area at the foot of the reach if the cross section is located at or near the lower boundary crossing of the stream.

6–2 (210-vi-NEH, November 1998)

Chapter 6 Stream Reaches and Hydrologic Units Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

Figure 6–1 Hydrologic unit having detail for use as a sample watershed

GS-1

5
2
-2
R

FR-1

FR-2
H
4 H
R-
T.13 N. T.12 N.
G T.12 N.
4
G

F R.50 W.
F
E Location of Hydrologic Unit

Legend
E
GS-1 Grade stabilization structures
6
R-6

D Floodwater retarding structures

FR-2
A A Cross section
D
R-6 Reach designation (number same as subwatershed)

C C
B B 1 Subwatershed designation
A A
Hydrologic unit boundary

Subwatershed boundary

Stream

Range line

(210-vi-NEH, November 1998) 6–3

Chapter 6 Stream Reaches and Hydrologic Units Part 630 Hydrology
National Engineering Handbook

(a) Location selects the locations of cross sections and determines

the intensities of work to be done by the field survey
The head or foot of a reach is at or near one of the crew.
following places on a stream:
• Boundary of an agricultural area having flood
damages. (b) Measurement
• Boundary where agricultural damages change
significantly. The measurements made during a field survey gener-
• Boundary of an urban area or any other area of ally are those necessary to define the changes in
high potential flood damage for which levees or ground elevation in the line of a cross section and the
other local protective works may be proposed. horizontal distances between sections. These include
• Junction of a major tributary and the main definition of the flood plain and channel cross section
stream. shape with distance and elevation measurements
• Station where streamflow is gaged. along a line perpendicular to the channel flow paths.
• Installation controlling streamflow, such as a Manning’s n must be estimated for hydraulic computa-
weir or a culvert in a high road fill. tions (NEH, part 630, chapter 14) for each reach. The
• Installation restricting streamflow, such as a value of n must represent roughness conditions for the
bridge. full length of the reach. If a cross section is divided
• Site proposed for a floodwater-retarding or other into segments, the n for each segment applies to a
structure. strip through the reach between adjacent cross sec-
• Section where shape or hydraulic characteristics tions.
of the channel or valley change greatly.
• Section where channel control creates large
storage upstream. (c) Length
• Major political boundaries.
• Point of diversion. The length of a reach is the distance between cross
sections at the head and foot, measured along the
In selecting reaches the method of computing water- sinuous path of flow in the channel or valley. The
surface profiles may specify a maximum permissible channel is nearly always longer than the valley so that
length of reach. Some hydraulic models have a built-in two lengths may be applied in a study:
routine for transposing or interspersing auxiliary cross • The channel length when the flow is low (within
sections to avoid stopping the program when an exces- banks of the channel).
sive length of reach is encountered in the data. Even • The valley length when the flow is over the flood
these programs have limitations that must be ob- plain.
served.
This means that as a flood rises the reach becomes
Locations for reaches are selected by the hydrologist shorter, a change that may be taken into account when
and others in the evaluation or planning team. Tenta- computing water-surface profiles (NEH, part 630,
tive locations are made during the preliminary investi- chapter 14) and flood damages (NEH, part 630, chap-
gation of a watershed (NEH, part 630, chapter 3) and ter 13). Reach lengths are generally determined using
shown on a base map or aerial photograph. Low- an aerial photograph or a detailed topographic map
altitude aerial reconnaissance may be necessary for because the paths of flow are often complex and not
locating reaches in watersheds without access roads easy to determine in the field.
or where timber, brush, or cultivated crops obstruct
vision at the ground level. If flood damage studies will
be made, flood plain areas with potentially high dam- (d) Profile
age are also located and shown. The map or photo-
graph is later used for identifying the reaches that Elevations of cross sections are related to a common
need most attention in the studies. Once the relative datum if profiles of the valley or channel are needed
importance of the reaches is known, the hydrologist for computation of water-surface profiles by the
standard step method.

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National Engineering Handbook

(e) Hydraulic roughness

630.0602 Alluvial fans
Estimates of hydraulic roughness (Manning’s n) are
made by the procedure given in NEH-5, Supplement B,
or an equivalent procedure. Publications such as Alluvial fans, also called debris slopes or debris fans,
Barnes, Jr., H.H., Roughness characteristics of natural are sediment deposits formed where the grade of a
channels, U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper mountain stream is abruptly reduced as the stream
1849, 1967; Arcement, G.J., and Schneider, V.R., Guide enters an area of gentler slope, such as the valley of
for selecting Manning's roughness coefficients for another stream. Large fans may be inhabited or have
natural channels and flood plains, U.S. Geological agricultural use. The paths of flood flows shift from
Survey Water Supply Paper 2339, 1989; and Fasken, G., one side to another of a fan so that reaches are useless
Guide for selecting roughness coefficient "n" values for and a special method for project evaluation must be
channels, 1963, give more information on Manning’s n adopted. In this method the floodwater damages on
and its variations in natural channels. alluvial fans are related to actual or estimated runoff
volumes that are referenced to an upstream cross
section above the fan, such as a stream gage or other
(f) Reach data for a computer control section. The evaluation of flood damages
program follows this order:
1. Information about the monetary value of dam-
If water-surface profile or similar computations will be ages for each known flood on the fan is ob-
made by an electronic computer, the computer pro- tained by interviews or from historical sources.
gram description should be examined for limitations 2. The volume of flood runoff for each flood is
on the input data, such as length of reach and number determined from streamflow records or esti-
of elements in a cross section. These limitations must mated by use of rainfall and watershed data and
be kept in mind when working instructions are given the methods shown in NEH, part 630, chapter
to the survey crew. Typical limitations are given in 10.
NEH part 630, chapter 31. 3. The relation between flood runoffs and dam-
ages is developed (National Resource Econom-
ics Handbook, Part 611, Water Resources
(Floodwater)).
4. The frequencies of flood-runoff amounts are
estimated (NEH, part 630, chapter 18).
5. A damage-frequency curve is developed (Na-
tional Resource Economics Handbook, Part
611, Water Resources (Floodwater)).
6. The average annual damage is determined
(National Resource Economics Handbook, Part
611, Water Resources (Floodwater)).
7. The effects of a proposed upstream project on
the amounts of runoff are determined. The
amounts (and therefore the flood damages)
decrease when changes in land use and treat-
ment decrease the runoff curve number (NEH,
part 630, chapter 10) or when storage structures
or upstream channel storage increases reduce
flood flows (NEH, part 630, chapter 17).
8. The runoff-damage relation of step 3 is used
with the reduced runoffs of step 7 to estimate
damages still remaining.
9. A modified damage-frequency curve is devel-
oped and plotted on the graph used in step 5.

(210-vi-NEH, November 1998) 6–5

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National Engineering Handbook

10. The difference between present and future

damage-frequency curves is obtained as shown 630.0603 Hydrologic units
in National Resource Economics Handbook,
Part 611, Water Resources (Floodwater) to
estimate the project benefits. When a large watershed or a river basin is studied, the
watershed or basin should be divided into subareas or
subwatersheds, called hydrologic units (HU), and the
study made in terms of these units.

An HU may also be used as a sample watershed; that

is, project costs and benefits within a selected HU are
evaluated in detail and afterward applied to other
similar HU’s for which no internal evaluation is made.
The data in the sample evaluation reach or HU can be
expressed as units per mile of reach or per square mile
of HU. Transfer of evaluation to another similar reach
or HU can then be accomplished by simply multiplying
the unit values by stream miles or square miles for the
HU of interest. The small watershed in figure 6–1 has
enough detail for a sample watershed.

Each HU is the drainage area of a minor tributary

flowing into the main stream or a major tributary.
Areas between minor tributaries are combined and
also used as HU’s. Cross sections and reaches are
needed only when an HU is a sample watershed.
Storms in the historical or frequency series (NEH, part
630, chapter 18) are developed on an HU basis, as are
runoff curve numbers and hydrographs. Hydrographs
for present, and with future land use and treatment
conditions, are developed for an entire HU with refer-
ence to its outlet (NEH, part 630, chapter 16).

If an HU contains structural measures that affect the

peak flow rate and/or timing of a hydrograph, the
changes are determined by methods of routing (NEH,
part 630, chapter 17) and the modified hydrograph,
like the others, is referenced to the HU outlet. The
watershed or basin flood routing is carried out on the
major tributaries and main stream, with the HU’s
supplying the starting and local inflow hydrographs.

6–6 (210-vi-NEH, November 1998)

Chapter 6 Stream Reaches and Hydrologic Units Part 630 Hydrology
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630.0604 References

Arcement, G.J., and V.R. Schneider, 1989. Guide for

selecting Manning's roughness coefficients for
natural channels and flood plains. United States
Geological Survey. Water supply paper 2339.
Barnes, Jr., H.H. 1969. Roughness characteristics of
natural channels. United States Geological Sur-
vey. Water supply paper 1849.
Cowen, W.L. 1956. National Engineering Handbook 5
(Hydraulics), Supplement B. United States De-
partment of Agriculture, Soil Conservation
Service.
Fasken, G. 1963. Guide for selecting roughness
coefficient "n" values for channels. United States
Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation
Service.

(210-vi-NEH, November 1998) 6–7

United States
Department of Part 630 Hydrology
Agriculture

Natural
National Engineering Handbook
Resources
Conservation
Service

Chapter 7 Hydrologic Soil Groups

Rain clouds
Cloud formation

Precipitation

n
iratio
Evaporation
n

ean
tio

Transp
oil
ta

from oc
ge

s
ve

from
m

on
fro

ms
ati
n
tio

ir

a
tre
sp
ra
po

an

ms
va

Tr

Surfa E
fro

ce ru
noff

Infiltration

Soil
Percolation

Rock Ocean
Ground water
Deep percolation

(210–VI–NEH, January 2009)

Chapter 7 Hydrologic Soil Groups Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Issued January 2009

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all

its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age,
disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental
status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, re-
prisal, or because all or a part of an individual’s income is derived from any
public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.)
Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communica-
tion of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should
contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a
complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights,
1400 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20250–9410, or call (800)
795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity
provider and employer.

(210–VI–NEH, January 2009)

 Acknowledgments

Chapter 7 was originally prepared by Victor Mockus (retired) and re-

printed with minor revisions in 1972. This version was prepared by the
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service
(NRCS) under guidance of Jon Werner (retired), NRCS; with assistance
from Donald E. Woodward (retired), NRCS; Robert Nielsen (retired),
NRCS; Robert Dobos, soil scientist, NRCS; and Allen Hjelmfelt (re-
tired), Agricultural Research Service. It was finalized under the guidance
of Claudia C. Hoeft, national hydraulic engineer.

(210–VI–NEH, January 2009) 7–i

Chapter 7 Hydrologic Soil Groups Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

7–ii (210–VI–NEH, January 2009)

 Preface

This chapter of the National Engineering Handbook (NEH) Part 630,

Hydrology, represents a multi-year collaboration between soil scientists at
the National Soil Survey Center (NSSC) and engineers in the Conservation
Engineering Division (CED) at National Headquarters to develop an agreed
upon model for classifying hydrologic soil groups.

This chapter contains the official definitions of the various hydrologic soil
groups. The National Soil Survey Handbook (NSSH) references and refers
users to NEH630.07 as the official hydrologic soil group (HSG) reference.
Updating the hydrologic soil groups was originally planned and developed
based on this perspective.

Listing HSGs by soil map unit component and not by soil series is a new
concept for the engineers. Past engineering references contained lists of
HSGs by soil series. Soil series are continually being defined and re-
defined, and the list of soil series names changes so frequently as to make
the task of maintaining a single national list virtually impossible. There-
fore, no such lists will be maintained. All such references are obsolete and
their use should be discontinued.

Instructions for obtaining HSG information can be found in the introduc-

tion of this chapter.

(210–VI–NEH, January 2009) 7–iii

Chapter 7 Hydrologic Soil Groups Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

7–iv (210–VI–NEH, January 2009)

Chapter 7 Hydrologic Soil Groups

Contents: 630.0700 Introduction 7–1

630.0701 Hydrologic soil groups 7–1

630.0702 Disturbed soils 7–5

630.0703 References 7–5

Tables Table 7–1 Criteria for assignment of hydrologic soil group 7–4
(HSG)

(210–VI–NEH, January 2009) 7–v

Chapter 7 Hydrologic Soil Groups

630.0700 Introduction 630.0701 Hydrologic soil

groups
This chapter defines four hydrologic soil groups, or
HSGs, that, along with land use, management prac- Soils were originally assigned to hydrologic soil
tices, and hydrologic conditions, determine a soil's groups based on measured rainfall, runoff, and infil-
associated runoff curve number (NEH630.09). Runoff trometer data (Musgrave 1955). Since the initial work
curve numbers are used to estimate direct runoff from was done to establish these groupings, assignment
rainfall (NEH630.10). of soils to hydrologic soil groups has been based on
the judgment of soil scientists. Assignments are made
A map unit is a collection of areas defined and named based on comparison of the characteristics of unclas-
the same in terms of their soil components or miscel- sified soil profiles with profiles of soils already placed
laneous areas or both (NSSH 627.03). Soil scientists into hydrologic soil groups. Most of the groupings are
assign map unit components to hydrologic soil groups. based on the premise that soils found within a climatic
Map unit components assigned to a specific hydrologic region that are similar in depth to a restrictive layer or
soil group have similar physical and runoff charac- water table, transmission rate of water, texture, struc-
teristics. Soils in the United States, its territories, and ture, and degree of swelling when saturated, will have
Puerto Rico have been assigned to hydrologic soil similar runoff responses. The classes are based on the
groups. The assigned groups can be found by consult- following factors:
ing the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s
(NRCS) Field Office Technical Guide; published soil • intake and transmission of water under the con-
survey data bases; the NRCS Soil Data Mart Web site ditions of maximum yearly wetness (thoroughly
([Link] and/or the Web wet)
Soil Survey Web site ([Link] • soil not frozen
gov/).
• bare soil surface
The NRCS State soil scientist should be contacted if • maximum swelling of expansive clays
a soil survey does not exist for a given area or where
the soils within a watershed have not been assigned to The slope of the soil surface is not considered when
hydrologic groups. assigning hydrologic soil groups.

In its simplest form, hydrologic soil group is deter-

mined by the water transmitting soil layer with the
lowest saturated hydraulic conductivity and depth to
any layer that is more or less water impermeable (such
as a fragipan or duripan) or depth to a water table (if
present). The least transmissive layer can be any soil
horizon that transmits water at a slower rate relative
to those horizons above or below it. For example, a
layer having a saturated hydraulic conductivity of 9.0
micrometers per second (1.3 inches per hour) is the
least transmissive layer in a soil if the layers above and
below it have a saturated hydraulic conductivity of 23
micrometers per second (3.3 inches per hour).

Water impermeable soil layers are among those types

of layers recorded in the component restriction table
of the National Soil Information System (NASIS)
database. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of an
impermeable or nearly impermeable layer may range

(210–VI–NEH, January 2009) 7–1

Chapter 7 Hydrologic Soil Groups Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

from essentially 0 micrometers per second (0 inches conductivity in the least transmissive layer between
per hour) to 0.9 micrometers per second (0.1 inches the surface and 50 centimeters [20 inches] ranges
per hour). For simplicity, either case is considered im- from 10.0 micrometers per second (1.42 inches per
permeable for hydrologic soil group purposes. In some hour) to 40.0 micrometers per second (5.67 inches
cases, saturated hydraulic conductivity (a quantitative- per hour). The depth to any water impermeable layer
ly measured characteristic) data are not always readily is greater than 50 centimeters [20 inches]. The depth
available or obtainable. In these situations, other soil to the water table is greater than 60 centimeters [24
properties such as texture, compaction (bulk density), inches]. Soils that are deeper than 100 centimeters [40
strength of soil structure, clay mineralogy, and organic inches] to a water impermeable layer and a water table
matter are used to estimate water movement. Table are in group B if the saturated hydraulic conductivity
7–1 relates saturated hydraulic conductivity to hydro- of all soil layers within 100 centimeters [40 inches] of
logic soil group. the surface exceeds 4.0 micrometers per second (0.57
inches per hour) but is less than 10.0 micrometers per
The four hydrologic soil groups (HSGs) are second (1.42 inches per hour).
described as:
Group A—Soils in this group have low runoff poten- Group C—Soils in this group have moderately high
tial when thoroughly wet. Water is transmitted freely runoff potential when thoroughly wet. Water transmis-
through the soil. Group A soils typically have less sion through the soil is somewhat restricted. Group C
than 10 percent clay and more than 90 percent sand soils typically have between 20 percent and 40 percent
or gravel and have gravel or sand textures. Some soils clay and less than 50 percent sand and have loam, silt
having loamy sand, sandy loam, loam or silt loam loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, and silty clay loam
textures may be placed in this group if they are well textures. Some soils having clay, silty clay, or sandy
aggregated, of low bulk density, or contain greater clay textures may be placed in this group if they are
than 35 percent rock fragments. well aggregated, of low bulk density, or contain greater
than 35 percent rock fragments.
The limits on the diagnostic physical characteristics of
group A are as follows. The saturated hydraulic con- The limits on the diagnostic physical characteristics
ductivity of all soil layers exceeds 40.0 micrometers of group C are as follows. The saturated hydraulic
per second (5.67 inches per hour). The depth to any conductivity in the least transmissive layer between
water impermeable layer is greater than 50 centime- the surface and 50 centimeters [20 inches] is between
ters [20 inches]. The depth to the water table is greater 1.0 micrometers per second (0.14 inches per hour)
than 60 centimeters [24 inches]. Soils that are deeper and 10.0 micrometers per second (1.42 inches per
than 100 centimeters [40 inches] to a water imperme- hour). The depth to any water impermeable layer is
able layer and a water table are in group A if the satu- greater than 50 centimeters [20 inches]. The depth
rated hydraulic conductivity of all soil layers within to the water table is greater than 60 centimeters [24
100 centimeters [40 inches] of the surface exceeds 10 inches]. Soils that are deeper than 100 centimeters [40
micrometers per second (1.42 inches per hour). inches] to a restriction and a water table are in group
C if the saturated hydraulic conductivity of all soil lay-
Group B—Soils in this group have moderately low ers within 100 centimeters [40 inches] of the surface
runoff potential when thoroughly wet. Water transmis- exceeds 0.40 micrometers per second (0.06 inches per
sion through the soil is unimpeded. Group B soils typi- hour) but is less than 4.0 micrometers per second (0.57
cally have between 10 percent and 20 percent clay and inches per hour).
50 percent to 90 percent sand and have loamy sand
or sandy loam textures. Some soils having loam, silt Group D—Soils in this group have high runoff poten-
loam, silt, or sandy clay loam textures may be placed tial when thoroughly wet. Water movement through
in this group if they are well aggregated, of low bulk the soil is restricted or very restricted. Group D soils
density, or contain greater than 35 percent rock frag- typically have greater than 40 percent clay, less than 50
ments. percent sand, and have clayey textures. In some areas,
they also have high shrink-swell potential. All soils
The limits on the diagnostic physical characteristics with a depth to a water impermeable layer less than 50
of group B are as follows. The saturated hydraulic centimeters [20 inches] and all soils with a water table

7–2 (210–VI–NEH, January 2009)

Chapter 7 Hydrologic Soil Groups Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

within 60 centimeters [24 inches] of the surface are in movement generally determines the soil’s hydrologic
this group, although some may have a dual classifica- group. In anomalous situations, when adjustments to
tion, as described in the next section, if they can be hydrologic soil group become necessary, they shall be
adequately drained. made by the NRCS State soil scientist in consultation
with the State conservation engineer.
The limits on the physical diagnostic characteristics
of group D are as follows. For soils with a water im-
permeable layer at a depth between 50 centimeters
and 100 centimeters [20 and 40 inches], the saturated
hydraulic conductivity in the least transmissive soil
layer is less than or equal to 1.0 micrometers per sec-
ond (0.14 inches per hour). For soils that are deeper
than 100 centimeters [40 inches] to a restriction or
water table, the saturated hydraulic conductivity of all
soil layers within 100 centimeters [40 inches] of the
surface is less than or equal to 0.40 micrometers per
second (0.06 inches per hour).

Dual hydrologic soil groups—Certain wet soils are

placed in group D based solely on the presence of a
water table within 60 centimeters [24 inches] of the
surface even though the saturated hydraulic conduc-
tivity may be favorable for water transmission. If these
soils can be adequately drained, then they are assigned
to dual hydrologic soil groups (A/D, B/D, and C/D)
based on their saturated hydraulic conductivity and
the water table depth when drained. The first letter
applies to the drained condition and the second to the
undrained condition. For the purpose of hydrologic
soil group, adequately drained means that the seasonal
high water table is kept at least 60 centimeters [24
inches] below the surface in a soil where it would be
higher in a natural state.

Matrix of hydrologic soil group assignment

criteria—The decision matrix in table 7–1 can be used
to determine a soil’s hydrologic soil group. If saturated
hydraulic conductivity data are available and deemed
to be reliable, then these data, along with water table
depth information, should be used to place the soil
into the appropriate hydrologic soil group. If these
data are not available, the hydrologic soil group is
determined by observing the properties of the soil in
the field. Factors such as texture, compaction (bulk
density), strength of soil structure, clay mineralogy,
and organic matter are considered in estimating the
hydraulic conductivity of each layer in the soil profile.
The depth and hydraulic conductivity of any water im-
permeable layer and the depth to any high water table
are used to determine correct hydrologic soil group
for the soil. The property that is most limiting to water

(210–VI–NEH, January 2009) 7–3

Chapter 7 Hydrologic Soil Groups Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Table 7–1 Criteria for assignment of hydrologic soil group (HSG)

Depth to water Depth to high Ksat of least transmissive Ksat depth HSG 3/
impermeable layer 1/ water table 2/ layer in depth range range
<50 cm
— — — D
[<20 in]
>40.0 µm/s 0 to 60 cm
A/D
(>5.67 in/h) [0 to 24 in]
>10.0 to ≤40.0 µm/s 0 to 60 cm
B/D
<60 cm (>1.42 to ≤5.67 in/h) [0 to 24 in]
[<24 in] >1.0 to ≤10.0 µm/s 0 to 60 cm
C/D
(>0.14 to ≤1.42 in/h) [0 to 24 in]
≤1.0 µm/s 0 to 60 cm
D
50 to 100 cm (≤0.14 in/h) [0 to 24 in]
[20 to 40 in] >40.0 µm/s 0 to 50 cm
A
(>5.67 in/h) [0 to 20 in]
>10.0 to ≤40.0 µm/s 0 to 50 cm
B
≥60 cm (>1.42 to ≤5.67 in/h) [0 to 20 in]
[≥24 in] >1.0 to ≤10.0 µm/s 0 to 50 cm
C
(>0.14 to ≤1.42 in/h) [0 to 20 in]
≤1.0 µm/s 0 to 50 cm
D
(≤0.14 in/h) [0 to 20 in]
>10.0 µm/s 0 to 100 cm
A/D
(>1.42 in/h) [0 to 40 in]
>4.0 to ≤10.0 µm/s 0 to 100 cm
B/D
<60 cm (>0.57 to ≤1.42 in/h) [0 to 40 in]
[<24 in] >0.40 to ≤4.0 µm/s 0 to 100 cm
C/D
(>0.06 to ≤0.57 in/h) [0 to 40 in]
≤0.40 µm/s 0 to 100 cm
D
>100 cm (≤0.06 in/h) [0 to 40 in]
[>40 in] >40.0 µm/s 0 to 50 cm
A
(>5.67 in/h) [0 to 20 in]
>10.0 to ≤40.0 µm/s 0 to 50 cm
B
60 to 100 cm (>1.42 to ≤5.67 in/h) [0 to 20 in]
[24 to 40 in] >1.0 to ≤10.0 µm/s 0 to 50 cm
C
(>0.14 to ≤1.42 in/h) [0 to 20 in]
≤1.0 µm/s 0 to 50 cm
D
(≤0.14 in/h) [0 to 20 in]
>10.0 µm/s 0 to 100 cm
A
(>1.42 in/h) [0 to 40 in]
>4.0 to ≤ 10.0 µm/s 0 to 100 cm
B
>100 cm (>0.57 to ≤1.42 in/h) [0 to 40 in]
[>40 in] >0.40 to ≤4.0 µm/s 0 to 100 cm
C
(>0.06 to ≤0.57 in/h) [0 to 40 in]
≤0.40 µm/s 0 to 100 cm
D
(≤0.06 in/h) [0 to 40 in]
1/ An impermeable layer has a Ksat less than 0.01 µm/s [0.0014 in/h] or a component restriction of fragipan;
duripan; petrocalcic; orstein; petrogypsic; cemented horizon; densic material; placic; bedrock, paralithic;
bedrock, lithic; bedrock, densic; or permafrost.
2/ High water table during any month during the year.
3/ Dual HSG classes are applied only for wet soils (water table less than 60 cm [24 in]). If these soils can be
drained, a less restrictive HSG can be assigned, depending on the Ksat.

7–4 (210–VI–NEH, January 2009)

Chapter 7 Hydrologic Soil Groups Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

630.0702 Disturbed soils 630.0703 References

As a result of construction and other disturbances, Musgrave, G.W. 1955. How much of the rain enters the
the soil profile can be altered from its natural state soil? In Water: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
and the listed group assignments generally no longer Yearbook. Washington, DC. pp. 151–159.
apply, nor can any supposition based on the natural
soil be made that will accurately describe the hydro- Nielsen, R.D., and A.T. Hjelmfelt. 1998. Hydrologic soil
logic properties of the disturbed soil. In these circum- group assessment. Water Resources Engineering
stances, an onsite investigation should be made to 98. In Abt, Young-Pezeshk, and Watson (eds.),
determine the hydrologic soil group. A general set of Proc. of Internat. Water Resources Eng. Conf.,
guidelines for estimating saturated hydraulic conduc- Am. Soc. Civil Engr: pp. 1297–1302.
tivity from field observable characteristics is presented
in the Soil Survey Manual (Soil Survey Staff 1993). Rawls, W.J., and D.L. Brakensiek. 1983. A procedure
to predict Green-Ampt infiltration parameters. In
Advances in infiltration. Proc. of the National Con-
ference on Advances in Infiltration. Chicago, IL.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources

Conservation Service. 1993. Soil Survey Manual.
Agricultural Handbook No. 18, chapter 3. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources

Conservation Service. 1993. National Engineering
Handbook, title 210–VI. Part 630, chapters 9 and
10. Washington, DC. Available online at [Link]
[Link]/.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources

Conservation Service. 2005. National Soil Sur-
vey Handbook, title 430–VI. Washington, DC.
Available online at [Link]
cal/handbook/.

(210–VI–NEH, January 2009) 7–5

United States
Department of Part 630 Hydrology
Agriculture

Natural
National Engineering Handbook
Resources
Conservation
Service

Chapter 8 Land Use and Treatment

Classes

Rain clouds
Cloud formation

Precipitation

n
iratio
Evaporation
n

ean
tio

Transp
soil
ta

from oc
ge
ve

fr o m
m

n
fr o

ti o

s
am
n

ir a
ti o

tr e
sp
ra
po

an

ms
va

Tr

Surfa E
fr o

ce ru
noff

Infiltration

Soil
Percolation

Rock Ocean
Ground water
Deep percolation

(210-VI-NEH, June 2002)

Chapter 8 Land Use and Treatment Classes Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Issued June 2002

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all

its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex,
religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or
family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with
disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program
information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s
TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil

Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW,
Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA
is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

(210-VI-NEH, June 2002)

Acknowledgments

Chapter 8 was originally prepared by Victor Mockus, retired hydraulic

engineer, USDA Soil Conservation Service, and was published in 1964. It
was reprinted with minor revisions in 1969. This version was prepared by
the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)/Agricultural Research
Service (ARS) Curve Number Work Group. Members of this group are:

Natural Resources Conservation Service

Donald E. Woodward, national hydraulic engineer, Washington, DC
R.D. Neilsen, soil scientist, Lincoln, Nebraska
R. Kluth (retired)
A. Plummer
J. Van Mullem (retired)
G. Conaway (retired)

Agricultural Research Service

B. Gburek
K. Cooley (retired)

University of Arizona
R.H. Hawkins

(210-VI-NEH, June 2002) 8–i

8–ii (210-VI-NEH, June 2002)
Chapter 8 Land Use and Treatment
Classes

Contents: 630.0800 General 8–1

630.0801 Classification of land use and treatment 8–1

630.0802 Classes 8–2

(a) Cultivated land .............................................................................................. 8–2
(b) Grassland ....................................................................................................... 8–3
(c) Woods and forest .......................................................................................... 8–4

630.0803 Determinations of classes 8–4

630.0804 References 8–5

Tables Table 8–1 Classification of native pasture or range 8–3

Table 8–2 Air-dry weight classification of native pasture or range 8–3

Table 8–3 Classification of woods 8–4

(210-VI-NEH, June 2002) 8–iii

Chapter 8 Land Use and Treatment Classes

630.0800 General 630.0801 Classification of

land use and treatment
The land use and treatment classes ordinarily evalu-
ated in watershed studies are briefly described. These In the Natural Resources Conservation Service
classes are used in determining hydrologic soil-cover (NRCS) method of runoff estimation, the effects of the
complexes which are used in a method for estimating surface conditions of a watershed are evaluated by
runoff from rainfall. See National Engineering Hand- means of land use and treatment classes. Land use is
book, section 630 (NEH 630), chapter 9 for more the watershed cover and includes every kind of vegeta-
information on hydrologic soil-cover complexes and tion, litter and mulch, fallow, and bare soil as well as
chapter 10 for methods for estimating runoff from nonagricultural uses, such as water surface (lakes,
rainfall. swamps) and impervious surfaces (roads, roofs). Land
treatment applies mainly to agricultural land uses and
includes mechanical practices, such as contouring or
terracing, and management practices, such as grazing
control or rotation of crops. The classes consist of use
and treatment combinations that actually occur on
watersheds.

Land use and treatment classes are readily obtained

either by observation or by measurement of plant and
litter density and extent on sample areas.

(210-VI-NEH, June 2002) 8–1

Chapter 8 Land Use and Treatment Classes Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

contouring and should be so considered when using

630.0802 Classes table 9–1.

Rotations are planned sequences of crops, and their

The land uses and treatments described here are listed purpose is to maintain soil fertility or reduce erosion
in NEH 630, chapter 9, table 9–1. This table also shows or provide an annual supply of a particular crop.
the runoff curve numbers (CN) for hydrologic soil- Hydrologically, rotations range from poor to good in
cover complexes for which the hydrologic conditions proportion to the amount of dense vegetation in the
are listed. rotation, and they are evaluated in terms of hydrologic
effects. Poor rotations are generally one-crop land
uses, such as continuous corn (maize) or continuous
(a) Cultivated land wheat or combinations of row crops, small grains, and
fallow. Good rotations generally include alfalfa or
Fallow listed in table 9–1 is the agricultural land use another close-seeded legume or grass to improve tilth
and treatment with the highest potential for runoff and increase infiltration. Their hydrologic effects may
because the land is kept as bare as possible to con- carry over into succeeding years after the crop is
serve moisture for use by a succeeding crop. The loss removed though normally the effects are minor after
by runoff is offset by the gain because of reduced the second year. The carryover effect is not consid-
transpiration. Other kinds of fallow, such as stubble ered in table 9–1.
mulch, are not listed, but they can be evaluated by
comparing their field condition with those for classes Contoured fields are those farmed as nearly as
that are listed. possible on the contour. The hydrologic effect of
contouring results from the surface storage provided
Row crop is any field crop (maize, sorghum, soy- by the furrows because the storage prolongs the time
beans, sugarbeets, tomatoes, tulips) planted in rows during which infiltration can take place. The magni-
far enough apart that most of the soil surface is ex- tude of storage depends not only on the dimensions of
posed to rainfall impact throughout the growing sea- the furrows, but also on the land slope, crop, and
son. At planting time the crop is equivalent to fallow manner of planting and cultivation. Planting small
and may be so again after harvest. In most evaluations grains or legumes on the contour makes small furrows
the average condition when runoff occurs is assumed. that disappear because of climatic action during the
Row crops are planted either in straight rows or on the growing season. The contour furrows used with row
contour, and they are in either a poor or a good rota- crops are either large when the crop is planted and
tion. These land treatments are described later in this made smaller by cultivation or small after planting and
chapter. made larger by cultivation, depending on the type of
farming. Average conditions for the growing season
Small grain (wheat, oats, barley, flax) is planted in are used in table 9–1. The relative effects of contouring
rows close enough that the soil surface is not exposed for all croplands shown in the table are based on data
except during planting and shortly thereafter. Land from experimental watersheds having slopes from 3 to
treatments are those used with row crops. 8 percent. Stripcropping is a land use and treatment
not specifically shown in table 9–1 because it is a
Close-seeded or broadcast legumes or rotation composite of uses and treatments. It is evaluated by
meadows (alfalfa, sweetclover, timothy, and combina- the method of example 10–4 in chapter 10. The ter-
tions of these) are either planted in close rows or raced entries in table 9–1 refer to systems that have
broadcast. This cover may be allowed to remain for open-end level or graded terraces, grassed waterway
more than a year so that year-round protection is given outlets, and contour furrows between the terraces.
to the soil. The hydrologic effects are due to the replacement of a
low-infiltration land use by grassed waterways and to
Straight-row fields are those farmed in straight rows the increased opportunity for infiltration in the fur-
either up and down the hill or across the slope. Where rows and terraces. Closed-end level terraces, not
land slopes are less than about 2 percent, farming shown in table 9–1, are evaluated by the methods in
across the slope in straight rows is equivalent to NEH 630, chapter 12.

8–2 (210-VI-NEH, June 2002)

Chapter 8 Land Use and Treatment Classes Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Conservation tillage is an umbrella term used to (b) Grassland

represent specific residue management practices, such
as no-till/strip-till, mulch-till, or ridge-till. These prac- Grassland in watersheds can be evaluated by means of
tices leave all or a portion of the previous crop’s the three hydrologic conditions of native pasture or
residue on the soil surface to: range shown in table 8–1, which are based on cover
• reduce soil erosion caused by the forces of wind effectiveness, not forage production. The percent of
and water, area covered (or density) and the intensity of grazing
• reduce surface runoff, are visually estimated. In making the estimates, con-
• increase infiltration, and sider that grazing on any but dry soils results in lower-
• reduce evaporation. ing of infiltration rates because of compaction of the
soil by hooves, an effect that may carry over for a year
No-till is defined as managing the amount, orientation, or more even without further grazing.
and distribution of crop and other plant residue on the
soil surface year-round while growing crops in narrow An alternative system of evaluation is shown in table
slots or tilled or residue-free strips in soil previously 8–2. In this system, density and air-dry weights of
untilled by full-width inversion implements. grasses and litter are used. The air-dry weights are
determined by sampling. The field work can be kept to
Mulch-till is defined as managing the amount, orienta- a minimum by sampling a small number of representa-
tion, and distribution of crop and other plant residue tive sites rather than a large number of random sites.
on the soil surface year-round while growing crops In the table the classes with plus signs are midway
where the entire field surface is tilled prior to planting. between adjacent classes so that the CN for these
classes must be obtained by interpolation in table 9–1.
Ridge-till is defined as managing the amount, orienta-
tion, and distribution of crop and other plant residue Contour furrows on native pasture or range are longer
on the soil surface year-round while growing crops on lasting than those on cultivated land, their length of
preformed ridges alternated with furrows protected by life being dependent on the soil, intensity of grazing,
crop residue (NRCS 1999). and on the density of cover. The dimensions and
spacings of furrows vary with climate and topography.
The CN in table 9–1 are based on data from contoured
grassland watersheds in the central and southern
Great Plains. Terraces are seldom used on grassland.
When they are, the construction methods expose bare
soils, and for 2 or 3 years the terraced grassland is
more like terraced cropland in its effect on surface
runoff.

Table 8–1 Classification of native pasture or range Table 8–2 Air-dry weight classification of native pasture
or range

Vegetative condition Hydrologic condition Cover density (%) Plant and litter air-dry weight (tons/ac) 1/
< 0.5 0.5 to 1.5 > 1.5

Heavily grazed—No mulch or has Poor

plant cover on < 0.5 of area < 50 Poor Poor + Fair

Not heavily grazed—Plant cover on Fair 50 to 75 Poor + Fair Fair +

0.5 to 0.75 of the area
> 75 Fair Fair + Good
Lightly grazed—Plant cover on Good
1/ Classes with plus signs are midway between adjacent classes so
> 0.75 of the area CN must be obtained by interpolation in table 9–1.

(210-VI-NEH, June 2002) 8–3

Chapter 8 Land Use and Treatment Classes Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Meadow is a field on which grass is continuously

grown, protected from grazing, and generally mowed 630.0803 Determinations
for hay. Drained meadows (those having a low water
table) have little or no surface runoff except during
of classes
storms that have a high rainfall intensity. Undrained
meadows (those having a high water table) may be so
wet that they are the equivalent of water surfaces in The land use and treatment classes on a watershed
the runoff computations of chapter 10. If a wet can be determined at the same time the soils are
meadow is drained, its soil-group classification as well classified (NEH 630, ch. 7). As with soils, the classes
as its land use and treatment class may change (see are determined for hydrologic unit (NEH 630, ch. 6).
chapter 7 regarding the change in soil classification Locations of the classes within the units are ignored. A
and/or dual hydrologic soil groups). worksheet with classes shown in the order given in
table 9–1 is convenient for tabulating percentages or
acreages and is useful later in computing weighted CN.
Classifying the cover on a 400 square mile watershed
(c) Woods and forest
should take less than a day. The data may be available
Woods are usually small isolated groves of trees being as digital overlays in a Geographic Information System
raised for farm or ranch use. The woods can be evalu- (GIS) format.
ated as shown in table 8–3, which is based on cover
effectiveness, not on timber production. The hydro- For an analytical study of the effects of cover location
logic condition is visually estimated. In areas where in a watershed on the shapes of outflow hydrographs,
national or commercial forest covers a large part of a see the chapter by Merrill Bernard in Headwaters
watershed, the NRCS hydrologist is guided by the Control and Use (USDA 1937). Bernard's study shows
letter between the Forest Service and the Soil Conser- that the percentage of area in high runoff producing
vation Service dated November 8, 1954 (USDA 1954). crops has more influence on the hydrographs than
does the location of these crops within the watershed.
The effect of location is significant, however, when
corn and grass are concentrated in equal-sized areas.
Table 8–3 Classification of woods

Vegetative condition Hydrologic condition

Heavily grazed or regularly burned. Poor

Litter, small trees, and brush are
destroyed.

Grazed, but not burned. Some litter, Fair

but woods are not protected.

Protected from grazing. Litter and Good

shrubs cover the soil.

8–4 (210-VI-NEH, June 2002)

Chapter 8 Land Use and Treatment Classes Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

630.0804 References

Bernard, Merrill. 1937. Headwaters control and use.

U.S. Dep. Agric., Washington, DC.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1954. Letter

between U.S. Forest Service and the Soil Conser-
vation Service, November 8, 1954, on classifying
hydrologic condition of woods and forests.

United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Ser-

vice. 1959. Forest and range hydrology hand-
book. Washington, DC.

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural

Resources Conservation Service. 1999. Introduc-
tion to crop residue management and conserva-
tion tillage. In CORE4 Conservation Practices,
part 1, chapter 1.

(210-VI-NEH, June 2002) 8–5

United States
Department of Part 630 Hydrology
Agriculture
Natural
National Engineering Handbook
Resources
Conservation
Service

Chapter 9 Hydrologic Soil-Cover

Complexes

Rain clouds
Cloud formation

Precipitation

n
iratio
Evaporation
n

ean
tio

Transp
s o il
ta

from oc
ge
ve

fr o m
m

n
fro

ti o

s
am
n

ir a
ti o

tr e
sp
ra
po

an

ms
va

Tr

Surfa E
fr o

ce ru
noff

Infiltration

Soil
Percolation

Rock Ocean
Ground water
Deep percolation

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 9 Hydrologic Soil-Cover Complexes Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Issued July 2004

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all

its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex,
religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or
family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with
disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program
information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s
TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil

Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW,
Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA
is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Acknowledgments

Chapter 9 was originally prepared by Victor Mockus, retired hydraulic

engineer, USDA Soil Conservation Service, and was published in 1964. It
was reprinted with minor revisions in 1969. This version was prepared by
the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)/Agricultural Research
Service (ARS) Curve Number Work Group and Helen Fox Moody, hy-
draulic engineer, NRCS, Beltsville, Maryland. Members of the NRCS/ARS
Curve Number Work Group are:

Natural Resources Conservation Service

Donald E. Woodward (retired)
Robert D. Nielsen, soil scientist, Lincoln, Nebraska
Robert Kluth (retired)
Arlis Plummer, hydraulic engineer, Lincoln, Nebraska
Joe Van Mullem (retired)
Gary Conaway (retired)

Agricultural Research Service

William J. Gburek, hydrologist, University Park, Pennsylvania
Keith Cooley (retired)
Allen T. Hjelmfelt, Jr. (retired)
Virginia A. Ferreira (retired)

University of Arizona
Richard H. Hawkins, Ph.D., professor, Tucson, Arizona

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Chapter 9 Hydrologic Soil-Cover Complexes Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

9–ii (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 9 Hydrologic Soil-Cover
Complexes

Contents: 630.0900 General 9–1

630.0901 Determinations of complexes and curve numbers 9–1

(a) Agricultural land ........................................................................................... 9–1
(b) National and commercial forest: forest-range ........................................... 9–4
(c) Urban and residential land .......................................................................... 9–8

630.0902 References 9–14

Tables Table 9–1 Runoff curve numbers for agricultural lands 9–2

Table 9–2 Runoff curve numbers for arid and semiarid rangelands 9–5

Table 9–3 Runoff curve numbers for hydrologic soil-cover 9–6

complexes in Puerto Rico

Table 9–4 Runoff curve numbers; tentative estimates for 9–7

sugarcane hydrologic soil-cover complexes in Hawaii

Table 9–5 Runoff curve numbers for urban areas 9–9

Figures Figure 9–1 Estimating runoff curve numbers of forest-range 9–4

complexes in Western United States: herbaceous and
oak-aspen complexes

Figure 9–2 Estimating runoff curve numbers of forest-range 9–4

complexes in Western United States: juniper-grass and
sage-grass complexes

Figure 9–3 Composite CN with connected impervious area 9–8

Figure 9–4 Composite CN with unconnected impervious areas 9–12

and total impervious area less than 30%

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Chapter 9 Hydrologic Soil-Cover Complexes Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Examples Example 9–1 Calculation of composite urban residential CN 9–10

with different percentage of impervious area than
that assumed in table 9–5

Example 9–2 Calculation of a composite urban residential CN 9–11

with different CN for the pervious area than that
assumed in table 9–5

Example 9–3 Determine the composite CN with unconnected 9–13

impervious areas and total impervious area less than 30%

9–iv (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 9 Hydrologic Soil-Cover Complexes

630.0900 General 630.0901 Determinations

of complexes and curve
A combination of a hydrologic soil group (soil) and a
numbers
land use and treatment class (cover) is a hydrologic
soil-cover complex. This chapter gives tables and
graphs of runoff curve numbers (CNs) assigned to (a) Agricultural land
such complexes. This CN indicates the runoff potential
Complexes and assigned CNs for combinations of soil
of a complex during periods when the soil is not
frozen. A higher CN indicates a higher runoff potential groups of NEH 630, chapter 7 and land use and treat-
and specifies which runoff curve of appendix A or ment classes of NEH 630, chapter 8 are given in table
figure 10–2 in National Engineering Handbook, part 9–1. Also given are some complexes that make appli-
630 (NEH 630), chapter 10, is to be used in estimat- cations of the table more direct. Impervious and water
ing runoff for the complex. Applications and further surfaces, which are not listed, are always assigned a
description of CNs are given in NEH 630, chapters 10 CN of 98.
and 12.
(1) Assignment of CNs to complexes
Table 9–1 was developed as follows:
• The data literature was searched for watersheds
in single complexes (one soil group and one
cover); watersheds were found for most of the
listed complexes.
• An average CN for each watershed was obtained
using rainfall-runoff data for storms producing
the annual floods. The watersheds were gener-
ally less than 1 square mile in size, the number of
watersheds for a complex varied, and the storms
were of 1 day or less duration.
• The CNs of watersheds in the same complex
were averaged and all CNs for a cover were
plotted. A curve for each cover was drawn with
greater weight given to CNs based on data from
more than one watershed, and each curve was
extended as far as necessary to provide CNs for
ungaged complexes. All but the last three lines of
CN entries in table 9–1 are taken from these
curves.
• For the complexes in the last three lines of table
9–1, the proportions of different covers were
estimated and the weighted CNs computed from
previously derived CNs.

Table 9–1 has not been significantly changed since its

construction in 1954 although CNs for crop residue
cover treatment has been added. Supplementary tables
for special regions have been developed and are
shown later in this chapter.

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Chapter 9 Hydrologic Soil-Cover Complexes Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

(2) Use of table 9–1 in chapter 10. Because the principal use of CNs is for
Chapters 7 and 8 of NEH 630 describe how soils and estimating runoff from rainfall, the examples of
covers of watersheds or other land areas are classi- applications are given in chapter 10.
fied in the field. After the classification is completed,
CNs are read from table 9–1 and applied as described

Table 9–1 Runoff curve numbers for agricultural lands 1/

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cover description - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - CN for hydrologic soil group - -

cover type treatment 2/ hydrologic condition 3/ A B C D

Fallow Bare Soil --- 77 86 91 94

Crop residue cover (CR) Poor 76 85 90 93
Good 74 83 88 90

Row crops Straight row (SR) Poor 72 81 88 91

Good 67 78 85 89
SR + CR Poor 71 80 87 90
Good 64 75 82 85
Contoured (C) Poor 70 79 84 88
Good 65 75 82 86
C + CR Poor 69 78 83 87
Good 64 74 81 85
Contoured & terraced (C & T) Poor 66 74 80 82
Good 62 71 78 81
C & T + CR Poor 65 73 79 81
Good 61 70 77 80

Small grain SR Poor 65 76 84 88

Good 63 75 83 87
SR + CR Poor 64 75 83 86
Good 60 72 80 84
C Poor 63 74 82 85
Good 61 73 81 84
C + CR Poor 62 73 81 84
Good 60 72 80 83
C&T Poor 61 72 79 82
Good 59 70 78 81
C & T + CR Poor 60 71 78 81
Good 58 69 77 80

Close-seeded or broadcast SR Poor 66 77 85 89

legumes or rotation Good 58 72 81 85
meadow C Poor 64 75 83 85
Good 55 69 78 83
C&T Poor 63 73 80 83
Good 51 67 76 80

See footnotes at end of table.

9–2 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 9 Hydrologic Soil-Cover Complexes Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Table 9–1 Runoff curve numbers for agricultural lands 1/ — Continued

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cover description - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - CN for hydrologic soil group - -

cover type treatment 2/ hydrologic condition 3/ A B C D

Pasture, grassland, or range- Poor 68 79 86 89

continuous forage for Fair 49 69 79 84
grazing 4/ Good 39 61 74 80

Meadow-continuous grass, Good 30 58 71 78

protected from grazing and
generally mowed for hay

Brush-brush-forbs-grass Poor 48 67 77 83
mixture with brush the Fair 35 56 70 77
major element 5/ Good 30 6/ 48 65 73

Woods-grass combination Poor 57 73 82 86

(orchard or tree farm) 7/ Fair 43 65 76 82
Good 32 58 72 79

Woods 8/ Poor 45 66 77 83
Fair 36 60 73 79
Good 30 55 70 77

Farmstead--buildings, lanes, --- 59 74 82 86

driveways, and surrounding lots

Roads (including right-of-way):

Dirt --- 72 82 87 89
Gravel --- 76 85 89 91
1/ Average runoff condition, and Ia=0.2s.
2/ Crop residue cover applies only if residue is on at least 5 percent of the surface throughout the year.
3/ Hydrologic condition is based on combinations of factors that affect infiltration and runoff, including (a) density and canopy of vegetative
areas, (b) amount of year-round cover, (c) amount of grass or close-seeded legumes, (d) percent of residue cover on the land surface (good
>20%), and (e) degree of surface toughness.
Poor: Factors impair infiltration and tend to increase runoff.
Good: Factors encourage average and better then average infiltration and tend to decrease runoff.
For conservation tillage poor hydrologic condition, 5 to 20 percent of the surface is covered with residue (less than 750 pounds per acre for
row crops or 300 pounds per acre for small grain).
For conservation tillage good hydrologic condition, more than 20 percent of the surface is covered with residue (greater than 750 pounds
per acre for row crops or 300 pounds per acre for small grain).
4/ Poor: < 50% ground cover or heavily grazed with no mulch.
Fair: 50 to 75% ground cover and not heavily grazed.
Good: > 75% ground cover and lightly or only occasionally grazed.
5/ Poor: < 50% ground cover.
Fair: 50 to 75% ground cover.
Good: > 75% ground cover.
6/ If actual curve number is less than 30, use CN = 30 for runoff computation.
7/ CNs shown were computed for areas with 50 percent woods and 50 percent grass (pasture) cover. Other combinations of conditions may
be computed from the CNs for woods and pasture.
8/ Poor: Forest litter, small trees, and brush are destroyed by heavy grazing or regular burning.
Fair: Woods are grazed, but not burned, and some forest litter covers the soil.
Good: Woods are protected from grazing, and litter and brush adequately cover the soil.

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Chapter 9 Hydrologic Soil-Cover Complexes Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

(b) National and commercial Figure 9–1 Estimating runoff curve numbers of forest-
range complexes in Western United States:
forest: forest-range herbaceous and oak-aspen complexes

(1) Forest-range in Western United States 100

In the forest-range regions of the Western United
Soil group
States, soil group, cover type, and cover density are D
the principal factors used in estimating CNs. Figures
80
9–1 and 9–2 show the relationships between these C
factors and CNs for soil-cover complexes used to
date. The figures are based on information in table B

Curve number
2–1, part 2, of the USDA Forest Service's Handbook 60
on Methods of Hydrologic Analysis (USDA 1959b).
The amount of litter is taken into account when C
estimating the density of cover. 40
B
Present hydrologic conditions are determined from AMC II
existing surveys or by reconnaissance, and future 20 Herbaceous
conditions from the estimate of cover and density Oak-Aspen
changes resulting from proper use and treatment.
Table 9–2 lists CNs for arid and semiarid rangelands.
0
It is used like table 9–1. 0 20 40 60 80 100
Ground cover density in percent

Figure 9–2 Estimating runoff curve numbers of forest-

range complexes in Western United States:
juniper-grass and sage-grass complexes

100

80
Soil
group

C
Curve number

60

C
B
40
B

AMC II
20 Juniper-grass
Sage-grass

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Ground cover density in percent

9–4 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 9 Hydrologic Soil-Cover Complexes Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Table 9–2 Runoff curve numbers for arid and semiarid rangelands 1/

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cover description - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hydrologic soil group - - - - -

cover type hydrologic condition 2/ A 3/ B C D

Herbaceous—mixture of grass, weeds and low-growing Poor 80 87 93

brush, with brush the minor element Fair 71 81 89
Good 62 74 85

Oak-aspen—mountain brush mixture of oak brush, aspen, Poor 66 74 79

mountain mahogany, bitter brush, maple, and other brush Fair 48 57 63
Good 30 41 48

Pinyon-juniper—pinyon, juniper, or both; grass understory Poor 75 85 89

Fair 58 73 80
Good 41 61 71

Sage-grass—sage with an understory of grass Poor 67 80 85

Fair 51 63 70
Good 35 47 55

Desert shrub—major plants include saltbush, greasewood, Poor 63 77 85 88

creosotebush, blackbrush, bursage, paloverde, mesquite, Fair 55 72 81 86
and cactus Good 49 68 79 84
1/ Average runoff condition, and Ia = 0.2s. For range in humid regions, use table 9–1.
2/ Poor: <30% ground cover (litter, grass, and brush overstory).
Fair: 30 to 70% ground cover.
Good: >70% ground cover.
3/ Curve numbers for group A have been developed only for desert shrub.

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Chapter 9 Hydrologic Soil-Cover Complexes Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

(2) Supplementary tables of CNs Table 9–4 gives CNs for sugarcane complexes in
Tables 9–3 and 9–4 are supplements to table 9–1 and Hawaii. The CNs are tentative estimates now under-
are used in the same way. Table 9–3 gives CNs for going study.
selected covers in Puerto Rico. The CNs were ob-
tained using a relation between storm and annual
data and the annual rainfall-runoff data for experi-
mental plots at Mayaguez, Puerto Rico.

Table 9–3 Runoff curve numbers for hydrologic soil-cover complexes in Puerto Rico 1/

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cover description - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - CN for hydrologic soil group - -

cover type and hydrologic condition A B C D

Fallow 77 86 91 93

Grass (bunchgrass or poor stand of sod) 51 70 80 84

Coffee (no ground cover, no terraces) 48 68 79 83

(with ground cover and terraces) 22 52 68 75

Minor crops (garden or truck crops) 45 66 77 83

Tropical kudzu 19 50 67 74

Sugarcane: (trash burned, straight-row) 43 65 77 82

(trash mulch, straight-row) 45 66 77 83
(in holes, on contour) 24 53 69 76
(in furrows, on contour) 32 58 72 79
1/ Average runoff condition, and Ia = 0.2S.

9–6 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

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Table 9–4 Runoff curve numbers; tentative estimates for sugarcane hydrologic soil-cover complexes in Hawaii 1/

Cover and treatment 2/ - - - - - - - Hydrologic soil group - - - - - - -

A B C D

Sugarcane:
Limited cover, straight row 67 78 85 89
Partial cover, straight row 49 69 79 84
Complete cover, straight row 39 61 74 80
Limited cover, contoured 65 75 82 86
Partial cover, contoured 25 59 75 83
Complete cover, contoured 6 35 70 79
1/ Average runoff condition and Ia = 0.2S.
2/ Degrees of cover:
Limited cover—Cane newly planted, or ratooned cane with a limited root system; canopy over less than half the field area.
Partial cover—Cane in the transition period between limited and complete cover; canopy over half to nearly the entire field area.
Complete cover—Cane from the stage of growth when full canopy is provided to the stage at harvest.
Straight-row planting is up and down hill or cross-slope on slopes greater than 2 percent.
Contoured planting is the usual contouring or cross-slope planting on slopes less than 2 percent.

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Chapter 9 Hydrologic Soil-Cover Complexes Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

(c) Urban and residential land (1) Connected impervious areas

An impervious area is considered connected if runoff
Several factors, such as the percentage of impervi- from it flows directly into the drainage system. It is
ous area and the means of conveying runoff from also considered connected if runoff from it occurs as
impervious areas to the drainage system, should be shallow concentrated flow that runs over a pervious
considered in computing CNs for urban areas (Rawls area and then into a drainage system.
et al., 1981). For example, do the impervious areas
connect directly to the drainage system, or do they If all of the impervious area is directly connected to
outlet onto lawns or other pervious areas where the drainage system, but the impervious area per-
infiltration can occur? centages in table 9–5 or the pervious land use as-
sumptions are not applicable, use equation 9–1 or
The urban and residential CNs given in table 9–5 figure 9–3 to compute a composite CN.
were developed for typical land use relationships
based on specific assumed percentages of impervi-
P 
ous area. These CN values were developed on the
assumptions that  100 
(
CNc = CN p +  imp  98 − CN p ) [9–1]

• pervious urban areas are equivalent to pasture

in good hydrologic condition, where:
• impervious areas have a CN of 98 and are CNc = composite runoff curve number
directly connected to the drainage system, and CNp = pervious runoff curve number
• the cover types listed have assumed percent- Pimp = percent imperviousness.
ages of impervious area as shown in table 9–5.

Sheet flow is flow over plane surfaces that usually

occurs in the headwater of streams immediately
after the rainfall’s impact. Sheet flow has very shal-
low flow depths of 0.05 to 0.1 foot,
Figure 9–3 Composite CN with connected impervious area
with laminar flow characteristics of
parallel or nearly parallel flowlines
and a maximum flow length of 100 100
feet.
Pervious CN = 90

Shallow concentrated flow occurs 90 80

downstream from sheet flow and
Composite CN

70
upstream from flow in a defined 80
channel. In shallow concentrated 60
flow, the water flows in nonparallel 50
70
flow paths, and flow depths range
from 0.1 foot to as much as 0.5 foot. 40

60
In concentrated flow the water
follows definite channels that are a
50
discernable feature on the ground
surface. See NEH 630, Chapter 15,
Time of Concentration, for more 40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
information on these flow types.
Connected impervious area (percent)

9–8 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 9 Hydrologic Soil-Cover Complexes Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Table 9–5 Runoff curve numbers for urban areas 1/

Cover description Average percent - - CN for hydrologic soil group - -

cover type and hydrologic condition impervious area 2/ A B C D

Fully developed urban areas (vegetation established)

Open space (lawns, parks, golf courses, cemeteries, etc.) 3/

Poor condition (grass cover < 50%) 68 79 86 89
Fair condition (grass cover 50% to 75%) 49 69 79 84
Good condition (grass cover > 75%) 39 61 74 80

Impervious areas:
Paved parking lots, roofs, driveways, etc.
(excluding right-of-way) 98 98 98 98
Streets and roads:
Paved; curbs and storm sewers (excluding right-of-way) 98 98 98 98
Paved; open ditches (including right-of-way) 83 89 92 93
Gravel (including right-of-way) 76 85 89 91
Dirt (including right-of-way) 72 82 87 89

Western desert urban areas:

Natural desert landscaping (pervious areas only) 4/ 63 77 85 88
Artificial desert landscaping (impervious weed barrier,
desert shrub with 1- to 2-inch sand or gravel mulch
and basin borders) 96 96 96 96

Urban districts:
Commercial and business 85 89 92 94 95
Industrial 72 81 88 91 93

Residential districts by average lot size:

1/8 acre or less (town houses) 65 77 85 90 92
1/4 acre 38 61 75 83 87
1/3 acre 30 57 72 81 86
1/2 acre 25 54 70 80 85
1 acre 20 51 68 79 84
2 acres 12 46 65 77 82

Developing urban areas

Newly graded areas (pervious areas only, no vegetation) 77 86 91 94
1/ Average runoff condition, and Ia = 0.2S.
2/ The average percent impervious area shown was used to develop the composite CNs. Other assumptions are as follows: impervious areas are
directly connected to the drainage system, impervious areas have a CN of 98, and pervious areas are considered equivalent to open space in
good hydrologic condition.
3/ CNs shown are equivalent to those of pasture. Composite CNs may be computed for other combinations of open space type.
4/ Composite CNs for natural desert landscaping should be computed using figures 9–3 or 9–4 based on the impervious area percentage
(CN=98) and the pervious area CN. The pervious area CNs are assumed equivalent to desert shrub in poor hydrologic condition.

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Chapter 9 Hydrologic Soil-Cover Complexes Part 630
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Example 9–1 Calculation of composite urban residential CN with different percentage of impervious area than that
assumed in table 9–5

Given: Table 9–5 gives a CN of 70 for a ½-acre lot in HSG B with an assumed impervious area of 25
percent. The pervious area CN is 61.

Problem: Find the CN to be used if the lot has 20 percent impervious area.

Solution: Method 1—Solve equation 9–1 with CNp, the pervious runoff curve number, equal to 61 and
Pimp, the percent imperviousness, equal to 20:

 20 
CNc = 61 + 
 100 
( 98 − 61)
CNc = 61 + (.20 )( 37 )
CNc = 61 + 7.4
CNc = 68.4
4 round to 68

The CN difference between 70 in table 9–5 and 68 reflects the difference in percent
impervious area.

Method 2—Enter figure 9–3 with the percentage of impervious area equal to 20 and move up
to a point a little above the curve representing a pervious curve number of 60 to find the point
for a pervious CN of 61. Read the Composite CN of 68 on the left axis.

The CN difference between 70 in table 9–5 and 68 reflects the difference in percent
impervious area.

9–10 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 9 Hydrologic Soil-Cover Complexes Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Example 9–2 Calculation of a composite urban residential CN with different CN for the pervious area than that assumed in
table 9–5

Given: Table 9–5 gives a CN of 70 for a ½-acre lot in HSG B with an assumed impervious area of 25
percent. The pervious area CN is 61.

Problem: Find the CN to be used if the lot’s pervious area has a CN of 69, indicating fair condition
instead of good condition.

Solution: Method 1—Solve equation 9–1 with CNp, the pervious runoff curve number, equal to 69 and
Pimp, the percent imperviousness, equal to 25:

 25 
CNc = 69 + 
 100 
( 98 − 69)
CNc = 69 + (.25 )( 29 )
CNc = 69 + 7.25
CNc = 76.25 round to 76

The CN difference between 70 in table 9–5 and 76 reflects the difference in the pervious area
CN.

Method 2—Enter figure 9–3 with the percentage of impervious area equal to 25 and move up
to a point a little below the curve representing a pervious curve number of 70 to find the point
for a pervious CN of 69. Read the Composite CN of 76 on the left axis.

The CN difference between 70 in table 9–5 and 76 reflects the difference in the pervious area
CN.

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 9–11

Chapter 9 Hydrologic Soil-Cover Complexes Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

(2) Unconnected impervious areas where:

If runoff from impervious areas occurs over a pervi- CNc = composite runoff curve number
ous area as sheet flow prior to entering the drainage CNp = pervious runoff curve number
system, the impervious area is unconnected. To Pimp = percent imperviousness
determine CN when all or part of the impervious area R = ratio of unconnected impervious area
is not directly connected to the drainage system: to total impervious area
• use equation 9–2 or figure 9–4 if the total im-
pervious area is less than 30 percent of the When impervious area is less than 30 percent, obtain
total area or the composite CN by entering the right half of figure
• use equation 9–1 or figure 9–3 if the total im- 9–4 with the percentage of total impervious area and
pervious area is equal to or greater than 30 the ratio of total unconnected impervious area to
percent of the total area, because the absorp- total impervious area. Then move left to the appro-
tive capacity of the remaining pervious areas priate pervious CN and read down to find the com-
will not significantly affect runoff. posite CN.
P 
(
CNc = CN p +  imp  98 − CN p (1 − .05R ) [9–2]
 100 
)

Figure 9–4 Composite CN with unconnected impervious areas and

total impervious area less than 30%
0.0
Per
viou

0.5
sC
N=
40

90 80 70 60 50 1.0

90 80 70 60 50 40 0 10 20 30
Composite CN Total impervious
area (percent)

9–12 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 9 Hydrologic Soil-Cover Complexes Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Example 9–3 Determine the composite CN with unconnected impervious areas and total impervious area less than 30%

Given: A ½-acre lot in HSG B has an assumed impervious area of 20 percent, 75 percent of which is
unconnected. The pervious area CN is 61.

Problem: Find the CN to be used for the lot.

Solution: Method 1—Solve equation 9–2 with CNp, the pervious runoff curve number, equal to 61; Pimp,
the percent impervious area, equal to 20; and R, the ratio of unconnected impervious area to
total impervious area, equal to 0.75:

 20 
CNc = 61 + 
 100 
(98 − 61) (1 − 0.5 (0.75 ))
CNc = 61 + (.20 )( 37 ) (1 − 0.3375 )
CNc = 61 + (.20 )( 37 )( 0.625 )
CNc = 61 + 4.62
CNc = 65.62 round to 66

Method 2—Enter the right half of figure 9–4 with the percentage of impervious area equal to
20 and move up to the 0.75 line for the ratio of unconnected impervious area to total impervi-
ous area. Then move to the left part of the figure, left to the appropriate pervious CN 61, and
read down to find the composite CN 66.

The CN considering all the impervious areas to be connected as in example 9–1 is 68. Ex-
ample 9–3 shows that if 75 percent of the impervious area is unconnected, the CN is reduced
to 66.

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 9–13

Chapter 9 Hydrologic Soil-Cover Complexes Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

630.0902 References

Rawls, W.J., A. Shalaby, and R.H. McCuen. 1981.

Evaluation of methods for determining urban
runoff curve numbers. Trans. Amer. Soc.
Agricul. Eng. 24(6):1562-1566.

United States Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service. 1959a. Forest and range hydrology
handbook. Washington, DC.

United States Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service. 1959b. Section 1 of Handbook on meth-
ods of hydrologic analysis, Section 1. Washing-
ton, DC.

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Con-

servation Service. 1986. Technical Release 55,
Urban hydrology for small watersheds. http://
[Link]/hydro//hydro-tools-
[Link].

9–14 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

United States
Department of Part 630 Hydrology
Agriculture
Natural
National Engineering Handbook
Resources
Conservation
Service

Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff

from Storm Rainfall

Rain clouds
Cloud formation

Precipitation

n
iratio
Evaporation
n

ean
tio

Transp
s o il
ta

from oc
ge
ve

fr o m
m

n
fro

ti o

s
am
n

ir a
ti o

tr e
sp
ra
po

an

ms
va

Tr

Surfa E
fr o

ce ru
noff

Infiltration

Soil
Percolation

Rock Ocean
Ground water
Deep percolation

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
from Storm Rainfall National Engineering Handbook

July 2004

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all

its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex,
religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or
family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with
disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program
information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s
TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil

Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW,
Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA
is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Acknowledgments

Chapter 10 was originally prepared in 1964 by Victor Mockus (retired

hydraulic engineer) and revised in 1998 by Allen T. Hjelmfelt, Agricul-
tural Research Service, with assistance of the NRCS/ARS Curve Number
Work Group and Helen Fox Moody (NRCS). Members of this group are:

Natural Resources Conservation Service

Jon Werner, national hydraulic engineer, Washington, DC
Donald E. Woodward (retired)
Quan D. Quan, hydraulic engineer, Beltsville, Maryland
Robert D. Nielsen, soil scientist, Lincoln, Nebraska
Robert Kluth (retired)
Arlis Plummer, hydraulic engineer, Lincoln, Nebraska
Joseph Van Mullem (retired)
Gary Conaway (retired)

Agricultural Research Service

William J. Gburek, hydrologist, University Park, Pennsylvania
Keith Cooley (retired)
Allen T. Hjelmfelt, Jr. (retired)
Virginia A. Ferreira (retired)

University of Arizona
Richard H. Hawkins, Ph.D., professor, Tucson, Arizona

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10–i

Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
from Storm Rainfall National Engineering Handbook

10–ii (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff
from Storm Rainfall

Contents: 630.1000 Introduction 10–1

630.1001 Rainfall-runoff relationship 10–2

(a) Development ............................................................................................... 10–2
(b) Use of S and CN ......................................................................................... 10–4
(c) Retention parameters ................................................................................. 10–5
(d) Curve number variability ........................................................................... 10–5

630.1002 Applications 10–9

(a) Single storms ............................................................................................... 10–9
(b) Alternate methods of estimation for multiple complexes .................... 10–11
(c) Runoff during a storm .............................................................................. 10–17
(d) Applications to watersheds ..................................................................... 10–17
(e) Indexes for multiple regression analyses ............................................... 10–18

630.1003 Accuracy 10–19

630.1004 References 10–21

Appendix Appendix 10A Rainfall-Runoff Tables for Selected Runoff 10A–1

Curve Numbers

Tables Table 10–1 Curve numbers (CN) and constants for the case 10–6
I = 0.2S
a

Table 10–2 Incremental runoffs for a storm of long duration, 10–18

watershed CN = 80

Figures Figure 10–1 Relationship between Ia and S 10–3

Figure 10–2 ES–1001 graphical solution of the equation 10–4

( P − 0.2S )
2

Q=
P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10–iii

Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
from Storm Rainfall National Engineering Handbook

Figure 10–3 Influence of 5-day antecedent precipitation on S 10–7

in Watershed 2, Treynor, Iowa

Figure 10–4 Comparison of 10 and 90 percent extremes with 10–8

ARC I and ARC III values from table 10–1

Figure 10–5 Comparisons of computed with actual runoff on a 10–20

frequency basis

Examples Example 10–1 Routine application of estimation method for a 10–9

single storm

Example 10–2 Direct runoff 10–10

Example 10–3 Estimation of direct runoff for watershed using 10–11

runoff estimates for each complex

Example 10–4 Estimation of direct runoff for watershed using a 10–12

weighted CN

Example 10–5 Comparison of runoff estimation methods 10–13

Example 10–6 Using the runoff equation to determine variation 10–17

of runoff during a storm

10–iv (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff
from Storm Rainfall

Mockus' goal was to develop a procedure for use on

630.1000 Introduction small, ungaged agricultural watersheds. No evidence
indicates that he had the coaxial graphical correlation
diagrams in mind when he started the work that led to
The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) curve numbers. It does seem appropriate, however, to
method of estimating direct runoff from storm rainfall consider the procedures to be related with curve
is described in this chapter. The rainfall-runoff rela- number tables taking the place of some graphs used
tionship is developed, parameters in the relationship for coaxial correlation work. Rallison (1980) and
are described, and applications of the method are Rallison and Miller (1982), in describing the origin and
illustrated by examples. evolution of the runoff equation, point to this heritage.

The NRCS method of estimating direct runoff from The principal application of the method is in estimat-
storm rainfall was the end product of a major field ing quantities of runoff in flood hydrographs or in
investigation and the work of numerous early investi- relation to flood peak rates (National Engineering
gators (Mockus 1949, Sherman 1942, Andrews 1954, Handbook 630 (NEH-630), chapter 16). An understand-
and Ogrosky 1956). A major catalyst for getting this ing of runoff types is necessary to apply the method
procedure to the field was the passage of the Water- properly in different climatic regions. Four types are
shed Protection and Flood Prevention Act (Public Law distinguished: channel, surface, lateral subsurface
83-566) in August 1954. As a result, studies associated flow, and baseflow.
with small watershed planning requiring solutions of
hydrologic problems were expected to produce a Channel runoff occurs when rain falls on a flowing
quantum jump in hydrologic computations within stream. It appears in the hydrograph at the start of the
NRCS (Rallison 1980, Rallison and Miller 1982). Most storm and continues throughout the storm, varying
NRCS work is with small, ungaged, agricultural water- with the rainfall intensity. This type of runoff is gener-
sheds, so the method was developed for rainfall and ally a negligible quantity in flood hydrographs and is
watershed data that are available or easily obtainable. ignored except in special studies.

The method is a direct descendent of the hydrologic Surface runoff or overland flow occurs when the
heritage developed in the United States in the first half rainfall rate is greater than the infiltration rate. The
of the 20th century. In the early 1900's investigators runoff equation was developed for this condition. The
commonly plotted total runoff versus total rainfall to runoff flows on the surface of the watershed and
describe river hydrology. Mead (1919) showed several through channels to the point of reference. This type
of these plots, which were reasonably useful on an of runoff appears in the hydrograph after the initial
annual basis. However, for shorter periods, such as demands of interception, infiltration, and surface
seasons or months, the scatter became excessive. storage have been satisfied. It varies during the storm
More than just rainfall depth alone was involved in and ends during or soon after the storm. The volume
determining the amount of runoff. Sherman (1942) of surface runoff flowing down dry channels of water-
attempted to include additional information by plotting sheds in arid, semiarid, or subhumid climates may be
runoff versus rainfall with separate curves for each reduced by transmission losses (NEH, part 630, chap-
month and a tabular adjustment for antecedent rain- ter 19), which could be large enough to eliminate the
fall. This was an attempt to deal with event situations; runoff.
however, the scatter of the data was still significant.
Kohler and Linsley (1951) expanded upon the ap- Subsurface flow occurs when infiltrated rainfall
proach of Sherman with the multiple correlation meets a subsurface horizon of lower hydraulic con-
diagram. This incorporated such items as antecedent ductivity, travels laterally above the interface, and
precipitation, week of the year, and storm duration reappears as a seep or spring. This type runoff is
along with the basic rainfall and runoff values. Coaxial often called quick return flow because it contributes
correlation diagrams must be generated for each to the hydrograph during or soon after the storm.
basin, so this approach cannot be used in an ungaged
situation.

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10–1

Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
from Storm Rainfall National Engineering Handbook

Baseflow occurs when there is a fairly steady flow

from natural storage. The flow comes from an aqui- 630.1001 Rainfall-runoff
fer that is replenished by infiltrated rainfall or sur-
face runoff. Changes in this type of runoff seldom relationship
appear soon enough after a storm to have an influ-
ence on the hydrograph for that storm, but an in-
crease in baseflow from a previous storm increases The NRCS runoff equation was developed to estimate
the streamflow rate. Baseflow must be considered in total storm runoff from total storm rainfall. That is,
the design of the principal spillway of a floodwater- the relationship excludes time as a variable. Rainfall
retarding structure (NEH, part 630, chapter 21). The intensity is ignored. An early version of the relation-
runoff equation does not include baseflow. ship was described by Mockus (1949). The material
that follows evolved from that 1949 report.
All types of runoff do not regularly appear on all wa-
tersheds. Climate is one indicator of the probability of
the types of runoff that will occur in a given water- (a) Development
shed. In arid regions the flow on smaller watersheds
is nearly always surface runoff. Subsurface flow is The curve number runoff equation is:
more likely in humid regions. A long succession of
storms, however, may produce subsurface flow or
Q=
( P − Ia )
2

P > Ia
changes in baseflow even in arid climates, although
the probability of this occurring is less in arid than in
( P − Ia ) + S [10–1]
humid climates. Q=0 P ≤ Ia

In flood hydrology baseflow is generally dealt with where:

separately, and all other types are combined into Q = depth of runoff, in inches
direct runoff, which consists of channel runoff, sur- P = depth of rainfall, in inches
face runoff, and subsurface flow in unknown propor- I a = initial abstraction, in inches
tions. The curve number method estimates this S = maximum potential retention, in inches
combined direct runoff.
The derivation that follows is from Mockus. It should
be viewed as an effort to get a curve of the proper
shape. This derivation is not physically based, but it
does satisfy conservation of mass.

A curve drawn through a plot of total storm runoff

versus total storm rainfall for many storms on a water-
shed is concave upward and shows that no runoff
occurs for small storms. The trend as storm size in-
creases is for the curve to become asymptotic to a line
parallel to a line of equality. The goal of Mockus was
to determine an equation for a curve that describes
that pattern. First he considered the condition in
which no initial abstraction occurs; i.e., Ia = 0.
Mockus found that an appropriate curve resulted
from using the relationship among rainfall, runoff,
and retention (the rain not converted into runoff)
given by
F Q
= [10–2]
S P

10–2 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
from Storm Rainfall National Engineering Handbook

where: This is the rainfall-runoff relationship with the initial

F = actual retention after runoff begins, in inches abstraction explicitly taken into account.
S = potential maximum retention after runoff
begins (S > F), in inches The initial abstraction consists mainly of intercep-
Q = actual runoff, in inches tion, infiltration during early parts of the storm, and
P = actual rainfall (P > Q), in inches surface depression storage. It can be determined
from observed rainfall-runoff events for small water-
To satisfy the conservation of mass: sheds, where lag is minimal, as the rainfall that
F = P−Q [10–3] occurs before runoff begins. Interception and surface
depression storage may be estimated from cover and
Substituting the equation 10–3 definition of F into surface conditions, but infiltration during the early
equation 10–2 yields part of the storm is highly variable and dependent on
such factors as rainfall intensity, soil crusting, and
P−Q Q
= [10–4] soil moisture. Establishing a relationship for estimat-
S P ing Ia is not easy. Thus, Ia was assumed to be a func-
tion of the maximum potential retention, S. An em-
and solving for Q produces pirical relationship between Ia and S was expressed
P2 as
Q= [10–5]
P+S Ia = 0.2S [10–10]

This is the rainfall-runoff relationship in which the Figure 10–1 illustrates the variability for this rela-
initial abstraction Ia is zero. tionship. The points plotted in the figure are derived
from experimental watershed data.
When the initial abstraction is not zero, the amount of
rainfall available for runoff is (P – Ia) instead of P.
Substituting (P – Ia) for P in equation 10–2 results in Figure 10–1 Relationship between Ia and S
F Q
= [10–6]
S P − Ia 10

where: 50 percent of points

are within the dashed lines 2S
F<S = 0.
Q < (P – Ia) Ia
Values of Ia in inches

The total retention for a storm consists of both Ia and 1

F, so the conservation of mass equation can be ex-
pressed
(
F = P − Ia − Q ) [10–7]

Substituting equation 10–7 for F in equation 10–6 0.1

results in

( P − Ia ) − Q = Q
S ( P − Ia ) [10–8]

0.01
Solving for the total storm runoff, Q, results in the 0.1 1 10 100
Value of S in inches
runoff equation

Q=
( P − Ia )
2

( P − Ia ) + S [10–9]

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10–3

Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
from Storm Rainfall National Engineering Handbook

The rainfall-runoff relationship is obtained by substi- (b) Use of S and CN

tuting equation 10–10 for initial abstraction into
equation 10–9 Figure 10–2 shows the solution of the runoff equation
(eq. 10–11). The parameter CN (curve number) is a
Q=
( P − 0.2S )2 P > Ia [10–11] transformation of S.
P + 0.8S
1000
CN = [10–12]
Equation 10–11, using Ia = 0.2S, was used to determine 10 + S
the curve numbers in NEH, part 630, chapter 9. Thus, if
a relationship different from Ia = 0.2S is used, a new for potential maximum retention (S) in inches. If S is in
set of curve numbers must be developed. millimeters:
1000
CN =
S [10–13]
10 +
25.4

( P − 0.2S )
2

Figure 10–2 ES–1001 graphical solution of the equation Q =

P + 0.8S

8
Rainfall (P) (P-Ia)2
Q= With P> Ia; S> Ia+F;
Runoff (Q) P-Ia+S and F=P-Ia-Q
Rate

7
Curves on this sheet are for the
case Ia=0.2S, so that
F (P-0.2S)2
Q=
6 P+0.8S
Initial Time
abstraction Ia Infiltration 0
curve 10
Direct runoff (Q) in inches

95
5 00 90
10 +S
10 85
r=
be 80
m
4 nu 75
e
rv 70
Cu
65
60
3
55
50
45
2
40

35
1 30

25
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Rainfall (P) in inches

Note: Appendix A gives the tabular solution to this equation for P and Q up to 40 inches. In most cases use of this appendix
gives a more exact solution than reading from the figure.

10–4 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
from Storm Rainfall National Engineering Handbook

Figure 10–2 and appendix 10A are convenient ways The preceding material, which shows that the S does
to estimate runoff from rainfall directly without not include Ia, has little significance in the normal
having to calculate S. S is generally needed for other application of the runoff equation. It is significant if
applications, such as the analysis of runoff data or an attempt is made to demonstrate a physical basis
the development of supplementary runoff relation- for the potential maximum retention. It is tempting to
ships. assume that S stands for storage, so that one can
determine pore space and initial soil moisture to
determine S in the same sense that Holtan and Lopez
(c) Retention parameters (1971) determined S in their infiltration relation. One
of the difficulties in using this approach for an
Several retention parameters were used in the deriva- ungaged watershed is establishing an appropriate
tion of the runoff relationship, equation 10–11. The hydrologically active depth, a problem shared with the
initial abstraction, Ia, can be considered the boundary application of Holtan's equation. Chen (1976) and
between the storm size that produces runoff and the Hjelmfelt (1980a) showed that the Holtan and Lopez
storm size that produces no runoff. The potential (1971) equation and the curve number runoff equation
maximum retention, S, is dependent upon the soil- are identical for the special case of constant rainfall
cover complex and, in principle, should not vary from intensity and for zero asymptotic infiltration rate.
storm to storm. It is in excess of the initial abstraction
so that the maximum possible loss is given by Ia + S.
This can be demonstrated noting that the loss is given (d) Curve number variability
by the difference between the rainfall and runoff
(P – Q). Substituting equation 10–9 for Q results in Rainfall-runoff data do not fit the curve number runoff
concept precisely. This is exhibited in the data used in
Loss = P − Q = P −
( P − Ia ) 2 NEH, part 630, chapter 5, examples 5–4 and 5–5, and
( P − Ia ) + S [10–14] is expressed by the bounding curves in figure 5–6.
The curve numbers for the enveloping curves were
empirically related to the curve numbers of NEH,
After multiplying both terms on the right hand side by: part 630, chapter 9, table 9–1. The results of the

1=
( P − Ia ) + S empirical relation are shown in columns 1, 2, and 3 of
table 10–1, which also gives values of S, given Ia = 0.2
( P − Ia ) + S S for the curve number in column 1.
with some manipulation this becomes:
The variability in the CN results from rainfall intensity
Ia2 and duration, total rainfall, soil moisture conditions,
(S + Ia ) − P cover density, stage of growth, and temperature.
Loss = These causes of variability are collectively called
Ia S [10–15]
1− + the Antecedent Runoff Condition (ARC). ARC is
P P divided into three classses: II for average conditions,
I for dry conditions, and III for wetter conditions.
As P becomes large, where large is defined as P Past attempts to explain the scatter quantitatively
being much greater than the maximum potential have focused on the antecedent soil moisture, usu-
retention (S), the terms with P in the denominator ally as indicated by 5-day antecedent precipitation.
approach zero, with the result This was used in early editions of National Engineer-
Loss = S + Ia [10–16] ing Handbook Section 4 (now Part 630, Hydrology).

The parameter F is the actual retention for a storm and A graph of the maximum potential retention versus the
is more than the initial abstraction. That is, the total 5-day antecedent precipitation for Watershed 2 at
actual retention is given by the sum of the initial Treynor, Iowa, is shown in figure 10–3. Data plotted
abstraction and the actual retention (Ia + F). are from the same events used in NEH, part 630,

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10–5

Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
from Storm Rainfall National Engineering Handbook

Table 10–1 Curve numbers (CN) and constants for the case Ia = 0.2S

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
CN for - - CN for ARC - - S values* Curve* starts CN for - - CN for ARC - - S values* Curve* starts
ARC II I III where P = ARC II I III where P =
(in) (in) (in) (in)

100 100 100 0 0 60 40 78 6.67 1.33

99 97 100 .101 .02 59 39 77 6.95 1.39
98 94 99 .204 .04 58 38 76 7.24 1.45
97 91 99 .309 .06 57 37 75 7.54 1.51
96 89 99 .417 .08 56 36 75 7.86 1.57
95 87 98 .526 .11 55 35 74 8.18 1.64
94 85 98 .638 .13 54 34 73 8.52 1.70
93 83 98 .753 .15 53 33 72 8.87 1.77
92 81 97 .870 .17 52 32 71 9.23 1.85
91 80 97 .989 .20 51 31 70 9.61 1.92
90 78 96 1.11 .22 50 31 70 10.0 2.00
89 76 96 1.24 .25 49 30 69 10.4 2.08
88 75 95 1.36 .27 48 29 68 10.8 2.16
87 73 95 1.49 .30 47 28 67 11.3 2.26
86 72 94 1.63 .33 46 27 66 11.7 2.34
85 70 94 1.76 .35 45 26 65 12.2 2.44
84 68 93 1.90 .38 44 25 64 12.7 2.54
83 67 93 2.05 .41 43 25 63 13.2 2.64
82 66 92 2.20 .44 42 24 62 13.8 2.76
81 64 92 2.34 .47 41 23 61 14.4 2.88
80 63 91 2.50 .50 40 22 60 15.0 3.00
79 62 91 2.66 .53 39 21 59 15.6 3.12
78 60 90 2.82 .56 38 21 58 16.3 3.26
77 59 89 2.99 .60 37 20 57 17.0 3.40
76 58 89 3.16 .63 36 19 56 17.8 3.56
75 57 88 3.33 .67 35 18 55 18.6 3.72
74 55 88 3.51 .70 34 18 54 19.4 3.88
73 54 87 3.70 .74 33 17 53 20.3 4.06
72 53 86 3.89 .78 32 16 52 21.2 4.24
71 52 86 4.08 .82 31 16 51 22.2 4.44
70 51 85 4.28 .86 30 15 50 23.3 4.66
69 50 84 4.49 .90 25 12 43 30.0 6.00
68 48 84 4.70 .94 20 9 37 40.0 8.00
67 47 83 4.92 .98 15 6 30 56.7 11.34
66 46 82 5.15 1.03 10 4 22 90.0 18.00
65 45 82 5.38 1.08 5 2 13 190.0 38.00
64 44 81 5.62 1.12 0 0 0 infinity infinity
63 43 80 5.87 1.17
62 42 79 6.13 1.23
61 41 78 6.39 1.28
* For CN in column 1.

10–6 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
from Storm Rainfall National Engineering Handbook

chapter 5. Figure 10–3 illustrates that no apparent An alternate approach is to state that the CN is a
relationship between antecedent precipitation and S random variable and treat it as such (Hjelmfelt, et al.
exists for this watershed. These results are typical 1982; Hjelmfelt 1991). The lognormal probability
for watersheds where surface runoff is prevalent. distribution for S is computed in NEH, part 630, chap-
Similar studies have been presented by Cronshey ter 5, example 5–5. The mean of the logarithms corre-
(1983); Hjelmfelt, et al (1982); Hjelmfelt (1987, sponds to the median of the untransformed values
1991); and Van Mullem (1992), all of which lead to (Yuan 1933), so the mean of the logarithms corre-
the same conclusion: No apparent relationship be- sponds to the antecedent runoff condition II curve
tween antecedent precipitation and curve number number. A normal or lognormal distribution is often
exists. described in terms of a mean and standard deviation.

Figure 10–3 Influence of 5-day antecedent precipitation on S in Watershed 2, Treynor, Iowa (adapted from Hjelmfelt 1991)

7
Maximum potential retention, S (in)

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Five-day antecedent precipitation (in)

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Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
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The distribution can also be described in terms of a

mean and values at particular probabilities. For
example, the curve numbers associated with 10 and
90 percent can be used to express extreme values of
the curve number distribution. One definition for ARC
conditions I and III is based on enveloping curves.
Values determined from fitted probability distributions
are compared to values from table 10–1 in figure 10–
4 (Hjelmfelt 1991). The agreement is reasonably
good, although there is an expected amount of scat-
ter. The lowest 50 percent curve number is for a
forested watershed at Coweeta, North Carolina,
which is also the data set that deviates most from the
relationship between ARC II and ARC I and ARC III.

Figure 10–4 Comparison of 10 and 90 percent extremes with ARC I and ARC III values from table 10–1 (adapted from
Hjelmfelt 1991)

100

90
90%
Curve number for 10% and 90% or ARC-I and ARC-III

10%
80
ARC-I
70 ARC-III

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Curve number for condition II CN

10–8 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
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630.1002 Applications

(a) Single storms

Example 10–1 is a typical routine application of the
estimation method used when there is no question
regarding the accuracy of rainfall, land use and
treatment, and soil group determinations.

In example 10–2 the information for the watershed of

example 10–1 is used to estimate the direct runoff for
ARC I and ARC III and compare with the estimate for
ARC II.

Example 10–1 Routine application of estimation method for a single storm

Given: During a storm event an average depth of 4.3 inches of rain fell over a watershed with a land
use of pasture in good condition and soils from hydrologic soil group C.

Determine: Estimate the direct runoff.

Solution:
Step 1. Determine the CN. In table 9–1 at "Pasture, good" and under hydrologic soils group C
read CN = 74. This corresponds to S = 3.51 inches according to table 10–1 or equation 10–12.

Step 2. Estimate the runoff. Enter appendix A or figure 10–2 with the rainfall of 4.3 inches and
interpolate (with fig. 10–2) to get CN = 74 to find Q = 1.82 inches. Alternatively, the rainfall
amount and the value for S can be substituted into equation 10–11 to determine Q = 1.82
inches.

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Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
from Storm Rainfall National Engineering Handbook

Example 10–2 Direct runoff

Given: Information on watershed in example 10–1

Determine: Direct runoff for ARC I and ARC III and compare with estimate for ARC II

Solution:
Step 1. Determine the CN for ARC II. This is done in step 1 of example 10–1. The CN is 74.

Step 2. Determine CN for other ARC's. Enter table 10–1 at CN = 74 in column 1. In columns 2
and 3, read CN = 55 for ARC I and CN = 88 for ARC III.

Step 3. Estimate the runoffs. Enter appendix A or figure 10–2 with the rainfall of 4.3 inches
(from example 10–1) and at CN = 55, 74, and 88 read Q = 0.65, 1.82, and 3.01 inches, respec-
tively. The comparison in terms of ARC II runoff is as follows:

ARC CN Inches - - - Direct runoff, Q - - -

As % of As % of Q for
rainfall ARC II

I 55 0.65 15.1 35.7

II 74 1.82 42.3 100
III 88 3.01 70.0 165

Note that the runoff in inches or percentage is not simply proportional to the CN so that the
procedure does not allow for such shortcuts.

10–10 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
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(b) Alternate methods of estima- Therefore, no reason exists for choosing one method
tion for multiple complexes over the other. Each method has advantages and
disadvantages. The method of weighted Q always
The direct runoff for watersheds having more than gives the correct result (in terms of the given data),
one hydrologic soil-cover complex can be estimated but it requires more work than the weighted-CN
in either of two ways. Example 10–3 illustrates how method especially when a watershed has many
runoff is estimated for each complex and weighted complexes. The method of weighted CN is easier to
to get the watershed average. Example 10–4 illus- use with many complexes or with a series of storms.
trates the method where CN is weighted to get a However, where differences in CN for a watershed
watershed CN, and the runoff is estimated using that are large, this method either under- or over-esti-
CN. mates Q, depending on the size of the storm. This is
demonstrated in example 10–5.
If the CNs for the various hydrologic soil-cover
complexes are similar or close in value, both meth- Both WinTR–55 (USDA NRCS 2003) and WinTR–20
ods of weighting give close results for runoff (Q). (USDA NRCS 2004 draft) use the weighted CN
method.

Example 10–3 Estimation of direct runoff for watershed using runoff estimates for each complex

Given: A watershed of 630 acres has 400 acres in row crop, contoured, good rotation and 230 acres in
rotation meadow, contoured, good rotation. All soils are in the Hydrologic Soil Group B.

Determine: Find the direct runoff for a rain of 5.1 inches where the watershed is in ARC II.

Solution:
Step 1. Determine the CN. Table 9–1 in NEH-630, chapter 9, shows that the CN is 75 for the
row crop and 69 for the meadow.

Step 2. Estimate runoff for each complex. Enter appendix A or figure 10–2 with the rain of 5.1
inches and at CN's of 75 and 69 read Q's of 2.53 and 2.03 inches, respectively.

Step 3. Compute the weighted runoff:

Cover Area Q
(acres) (inches) (acres x Q)

Row crop, etc. 400 2.53 1,012

Meadow, etc. 230 2.03 467
Totals 630 1,479

1, 479
The weighted Q is = 2.35 in
630

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Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
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Example 10–4 Estimation of direct runoff for watershed using a weighted CN

Given: Watershed and rain data of example 10–3.

Determine: Use the watershed and rain data of example 10–3 and make the runoff estimate using a
weighted CN.

Solution:
Step 1. Determine the CN. Table 9–1 in NEH-630, chapter 9, shows that the CN is 75 for the
row crop and 69 for the meadow.

Step 2. Compute the weighted CN:

Cover Area CN Acres × CN

(acres)

Row crop, etc. 400 75 30,000

Meadow, etc. 230 69 15,870
Totals 630 45,870

45, 870
The weighted CN is = 72.8 . Use 73.
630

Step 3. Estimate the runoff. Enter appendix A or figure 10–2 with the rain of 5.1 inches and at
CN = 73. Read Q = 2.36 inches. (Note: Q is 2.34 inches if the unrounded CN 72.8 is used.)

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Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
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Example 10–5 Comparison of runoff estimation methods

Given: A watershed has 25.7 acres in woods in good condition on A soils and 379.6 acres of or-
chards and 440 acres of contoured row crops, both in good condition and on B soils. An
additional 56 acres is bare on B soils.

Determine: Runoff estimates using both the weighted CN and the weighted Q methods for storm rain-
falls of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 inches.

Solution: Step 1. Determine the CNs for the individual land uses and calculate the area's weighted
CN. Use table 9–1 to determine the CNs for the various land uses and soils and then calcu-
late the weighted curve number.

Cover Area CN Acres × CN

(acres)

Woods 25.7 30 771.0

Orchard 379.6 58 22,016.8
Row crop 440.0 75 33,000.0
Bare soil 56.0 86 4,816.0
Totals 901.3 60,603.8
60, 603.8
Weighted CN =
901.3
Weighted CN = 67.2 use 67

Step 2. Determine the storm runoffs for the rainfall amounts specified from figure 10–2 or
appendix 10A for the weighted curve number 67.

Storm rainfall: 1 inch 2 inches 4 inches 6 inches 8 inches 10 inches

Q (weighted CN) 0.0 0.17 1.15 2.53 4.12 5.83

Step 3. Determine the runoff values for the individual land uses and calculate the area's
weighted Q for each storm rainfall. Values for CN = 30 were calculated using the runoff
equation 10–11 with S = 23.3 as given in table 10–1.

Cover Area CN Q Q × area

acres 1" rain 1" rain

Woods 25.7 30 0.0 0.0

Orchard 379.6 58 0.0 0.0
Row crop 440.0 75 0.03 13.2
Bare soil 56.0 86 0.2 11.2
Totals 901.3 24.4

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Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
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Example 10–5 Comparison of runoff estimation methods—Continued

Total Q × area
Weighted Q =
total area
24.4
Weighted Q =
901.3
Weighted Q = 0.027 inch for 1-inch rain

Cover Area CN Q Q × area

acres 2" rain 2" rain

Woods 25.7 30 0.0 0.0

Orchard 379.6 58 0.4 15.18
Row crop 440.0 75 0.38 167.2
Bare soil 56.0 86 0.85 47.6
Totals 901.3 229.98

Total Q × area
Weighted Q =
total area
229.98
Weighted Q =
901.3
Weighted Q = 0.255 inch for 2-inch rain

Cover Area CN Q Q × area

acres 4" rain 4" rain

Woods 25.7 30 0.0 0.0

Orchard 379.6 58 0.67 254.33
Row crop 440.0 75 1.67 734.8
Bare soil 56.0 86 2.54 142.24
Totals 901.3 1,131.37

Total Q × area
Weighted Q =
total area
1,131.37
Weighted Q =
901.3
3
Weighted Q = 1.255 inch for 4-inch rain

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Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
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Example 10–5 Comparison of runoff estimation methods—Continued

Cover Area CN Q Q × area

acres 6" rain 6" rain

Woods 25.7 30 0.07 1.80

Orchard 379.6 58 1.76 668.10
Row crop 440.0 75 3.28 1,443.2
Bare soil 56.0 86 4.41 246.96
Totals 901.3 2,360.06

Total Q × area
Weighted Q =
total area
2, 360.06
Weighted Q =
901.33
Weighted Q = 2.62 inch for 6-inch rain

Cover Area CN Q Q × area

acres 8" rain 8" rain

Woods 25.7 30 0.42 10.79

Orchard 379.6 58 3.11 1,180.56
Row crop 440.0 75 5.04 2,217.6
Bare soil 56.0 86 6.33 354.48
Totals 901.3 3,763.43

Total Q × area
Weighted Q =
total area
3, 763.43
Weighted Q =
901.33
Weighted Q = 4.18 inch for 8-inch rain

Cover Area CN Q Q × area

acres 10" rain 10" rain

Woods 25.7 30 1.00 25.70

Orchard 379.6 58 4.63 1,757.55
Row crop 440.0 75 6.88 3,027.20
Bare soil 56.0 86 8.28 463.68
Totals 901.3 5,274.13

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10–15

Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
from Storm Rainfall National Engineering Handbook

Example 10–5 Comparison of runoff estimation methods—Continued

Total Q × area
Weighted Q =
total area
5, 274.13
Weighted Q =
901.33
Weighted Q = 5.85 inch for 10-inch rain

Step 4. Compare the storm runoffs for the rainfall amounts obtained by both methods.

Storm rainfall: 1 inch 2 inches 4 inches 6 inches 8 inches 10 inches

Q (weighted CN) 0.0 0.17 1.15 2.53 4.12 5.83

Q (weighted Q) 0.03 0.26 1.26 2.62 4.18 5.85

As pointed out in the text, although the weighted-Q method gives the correct result in terms
of the given data, it takes more work to develop. The differences between the two methods
are greatest in watersheds that have widely differing curve number values and lower rain-
fall amounts.

10–16 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
from Storm Rainfall National Engineering Handbook

(c) Runoff during a storm (d) Applications to watersheds

An infiltration approach should be used to determine The runoff estimation method is not restricted to use
the variation of runoff during a storm. The curve for small watersheds. It applies equally well to other
number runoff equation is not an infiltration equation large areas if the geographical variations of storm
(Smith 1976, Chen 1982, and Hjelmfelt 1980a). The rainfall and soil-cover complex are taken into ac-
runoff equation can, however, be used as a surrogate count. This is best accomplished by working with
(example 10–6). This approach is quite similar to an subareas or hydrologic units (NEH, part 630, chapter
approach suggested by Linsley, Kohler, and Paulhus 6) of the basin. After runoff is estimated for each
(1982) for use with coaxial correlation diagrams. unit, the average runoff at any river location may be
determined by the area-runoff weighting method of
example 10–3. For normal applications the runoff
hydrographs are developed separately for hydrologic
units and then routed and combined. Computer pro-
grams, such as WinTR–55 and WinTR–20 (USDA
2003), are useful for such applications.

Example 10–6 Using the runoff equation to determine variation of runoff during a storm

Given: A watershed has a CN of 80 and condition ARC II before a storm of 20 hours duration.

Determine: Estimate the pattern of hourly runoff for the watershed using rainfall amounts recorded at a
rain gage.

Solution: Step 1. Tabulate the accumulated rainfalls at the corresponding accumulated times
(table 10–2).

Step 2. Estimate the accumulated runoff at each corresponding accumulated time. Use the
CN and the rainfalls of column 2 in table 10–2 to estimate the runoffs using equation 10–11,
appendix A, or figure 10–2. The runoffs are given in column 3 of the table.

Step 3. Compute the increments of runoff. The increments are the differences given in
column 4.

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Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
from Storm Rainfall National Engineering Handbook

Table 10–2 Incremental runoffs for a storm of long (e) Indexes for multiple
duration, watershed CN = 80 regression analyses
Time Accumulated Accumulated ∆Q The parameter CN is not a desirable index of water-
rainfall runoff
(inches) (inches) (inches)
shed characteristics in a multiple regression analy-
sis (NEH, part 630, chapter 18) because the variation
in the CN is generally insufficient to provide a statis-
1:00 a.m. 0 0 tically significant result. The parameter S is the
0 preferred index. It is used without change if it is an
2:00 .15 0 independent variable in a regression equation of the
0 form:
3:00 .30 0 Y = a + bX1 + cX2 + … [10–17]
0
4:00 .62 0 where:
.08 Y = dependent variable
5:0 1.01 .08 a, b, c, etc. = constants
.10 subscripted X's = independent variables
6:00 1.27 .18
.04 If, however, the form is
7:00 1.36 .22
0 Y = aX1b X c2 [10–18]
8:00 1.36 .22
.01 it is necessary to use (S + l) instead of S to avoid the
9:00 1.38 .23 possibility of division or multiplication by zero.
0
10:00 1.38 .23
.09
11:00 1.55 .32
.16
12:00 noon 1.87 .48
.24
1:00 p.m. 2.25 .72
.25
2:00 2.61 .97
.03
3:00 2.66 1.00
.02
4:00 2.68 1.02
.40
5:00 3.22 1.42
.76
6:00 4.17 2.18
.56
7:00 4.82 2.74
.09
8:00 4.93 2.83
.06
9:00 5.00 2.89

10–18 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
from Storm Rainfall National Engineering Handbook

events was converted to a runoff distribution using

630.1003 Accuracy the runoff equation with a curve number of 88. The
correspondence of the computed runoff curve with
the plotted runoff points, as shown in figure 10–5, is
Major sources of error in the runoff-estimation method quite good.
include the determinations of rainfall and CN. Chapter
4 provides graphs for estimating the errors in rain- Hjelmfelt (1991) showed that the runoff equation
fall. No comparable means exists for estimating the served reasonably well as a frequency transformer for
errors in CN of ungaged watersheds; only compari- the watersheds tested in the Central and Southeastern
sons of estimated and actual runoffs indicate how United States. However, for the one watershed tested
well estimates of CN are being made. Comparisons in the semiarid Southwest, the agreement was poor.
for gaged watersheds, though not directly applicable Hjelmfelt (1987) also applied this approach to an
to ungaged watersheds, are useful as guides to judg- urban watershed, Boneyard Creek, Champaign-Ur-
ment in estimating CN and as sources of methodol- bana, Illinois, with good results. The runoff equation
ogy for reducing estimation errors. generally did reasonably well where the runoff was a
substantial fraction of the rainfall, but poorly in cases
Comparisons of actual and computed runoff are only where the runoff was a small fraction of the rainfall;
valid if the role of the runoff equation is carefully i.e., the CNs are low or rainfall values are small.
defined. When the equation was developed, the most Curve numbers were originally developed from
common use was to determine a design discharge annual flood flows from experimental watersheds,
(25-year, 100-year, probable maximum flood) based on and their application to low flows or small flood peak
a synthetic rainstorm. The object was to take a rain- flows is not recommended. (See Hawkins, et al. 1985,
storm that was in some sense representative of the for a precise measure of small.) Thus, within limits,
frequency selected for the design flood and transform the runoff equation performs appropriately as a
that into the runoff volume for that same frequency. transformation vehicle between rainfall and runoff
Thus, the runoff equation can be tested for its ability to frequency distributions.
transform a rainfall frequency distribution into a
runoff frequency distribution. This approach was used In the years following the development of the runoff
by Schaake, et al. (1967) to test the validity of the equation, it has been adopted for use in applications
rational formula. Hjelmfelt (1980b, 1991) applied this that were not envisioned by the originator. Some of
approach to test the runoff equation for several water- these applications are as an infiltration method for
sheds. individual storm runoff events and as a loss function
for continuous simulation. Such applications are not
Use of the runoff equation as a frequency transformer within the intended usage of curve number proce-
is shown in figure 10–5. The rainfall and runoff obser- dures.
vations for an 80-acre watershed located near Treynor,
Iowa, were used. This experimental watershed, known
as WS-2, is operated by the USDA Agricultural Re-
search Service. It is cropped to corn using conven-
tional tillage. Only the events that produced the annual
maximum discharge were used as in the example 5–4
in NEH, part 630, chapter 5.

The rainfall values were plotted on figure 10–5 using

the Weibull plotting position formula. A lognormal
distribution was fit to these data and plotted as the
straight line. The runoff data were treated separately
from the rainfall data, and the Weibull formula was
used to determine plotting positions. To test the runoff
equation, the fitted lognormal distribution of rainfall

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10–19

Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
from Storm Rainfall National Engineering Handbook

Figure 10–5 Comparisons of computed with actual runoff on a frequency basis

200

Actual rainfall

Actual runoff

100 Computed log-normal frequency distribution for rainfall

Computed distribution for runoff with CN=88
Rainfall and Runoff (mm)

10

WS-2 Treynor, Iowa

1964-1986

Curve number=88

2
2 5 10 20 30 50 70 80 90 95 98
Exceedence probability (%)

10–20 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
from Storm Rainfall National Engineering Handbook

Holtan, H.N., and N.C. Lopez. 1971. USDAHL-70 model

630.1004 References of watershed hydrology. USDA, Agricultural
Research Serv., Tech. Bul. No. 1435.

Andrews, R.G. 1954. The use of relative infiltration Kent, K.M. 1966. Estimating runoff from rainfall in
indices in computing runoff (unpublished). Soil small watersheds. Paper H9, 6th Western Na-
Conservation Service, Fort Worth, Texas, 6pp. tional Meeting, AGU, Los Angeles, CA, pp. 1–19.

Chen, C.L. 1976. Urban storm inlet study, soil-cover- Kohler, M.A., and R.K. Linsley. 1951. Predicting runoff
moisture complex: analysis of parametric infiltra- from storm rainfall. U.S. Weather Bureau, Res.
tion models for highway sideslopes. Federal Paper No. 34.
Highway Administration Report FHWA-RD-76-
120, Vol. 5, Federal Highway Administration, Linsley, R.K., M.A. Kohler, and J.L.H. Paulhus. 1982.
Washington, DC. Hydrology for engineers. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill,
NY.
Chen, C.L. 1982. Infiltration formulas by curve number
procedure. [Link]. Div., ASCE, Vol. 108, No. HY7, Mead, D.W. 1919. Hydrology. McGraw-Hill, NY.
pp. 823–829.
Mockus, V. 1949. Estimation of total (and peak rates
Cronshey, R.G. 1983. Discussion—Antecedent mois- of) surface runoff for individual storms. Exhibit
ture condition probabilities. D.D. Gray, et al., J. A of Appendix B, Interim Survey Report, Grand
Irr. and Drain. Engr., Vol. 109, No. 2, pp. 296–298. (Neosho) River Watershed, USDA Soil Conserva-
tion Service.
Hawkins, R.H., A.T. Hjelmfelt, and A.W. Zevenbergen.
1985. Runoff probability, storm depth and curve Ogrosky, H.O. 1956. Service objectives in the field of
numbers. J. Irr. and Drain. ASCE, Vol. 111, No. 4, hydrology, (unpublished). Soil Conservation
pp. 330–340. Service, Lincoln, NE, 5 pp.

Hjelmfelt, A.T. 1980a. Curve-number procedure as Public Law 83-566, 68 Stat. 666, 16 USC. 1001 et seq.,
infiltration method. J. Hydr. Div. ASCE, Vol. 106, the Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention
No. HY6, pp. 1107–1110. Act.

Hjelmfelt, A.T. 1980b. An empirical investigation of the Rallison, R.E. 1980. Origin and evolution of the SCS
curve number technique. J. Hydr. Div. ASCE, Vol. runoff equation. Proc. Symposium on Watershed
106, No. HY9, pp. 1471-1476. Management. ASCE, NY, pp. 912–924.

Hjelmfelt, A.T. 1987. Curve numbers in urban hydrol- Rallison, R.E., and N. Miller. 1982. Past, present and
ogy. Topics in Urban Hydraulics and Hydrology, future SCS runoff procedure. In Rainfall-Runoff
Proc. XXII Cong., Intr. Assoc. for Hydr. Re- Relationships, V.P. Singh, ed., Water Resources
search, pp. 73–78. Publ., Littleton, CO, pp. 353–364.

Hjelmfelt, A.T. 1991. Investigation of curve number Schaake, J.C., J.C. Geyer, and J.W. Knap. 1967. Experi-
procedure. J. Hydr. Engr. ASCE. Vol. 117, No. 6, mental investigation of the rational method. J.
pp. 725–737. Hydr. Div., ASCE, Vol. 93, No. HY6, pp. 353–370.

Hjelmfelt, A.T., L.A. Kramer, and R.E. Burwell. 1982. Sherman, L.K. 1942. The unit hydrograph method. In
Curve numbers as random variables. Rainfall- Physics of the Earth, IX, Hydrology, O.E.
Runoff Relationship Resources Publ., Littleton, Meinzer, ed., National Research Council,
CO, pp. 365–370. McGraw-Hill, NY.

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10–21

Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
from Storm Rainfall National Engineering Handbook

Smith, R.E. 1976. Approximations for vertical infiltra-

tion. Trans. ASAE., Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 505–509.

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural

Resources Conservation Service. 2003. Small
Watershed Hydrology (WinTR–55), November
2003.

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural

Resources Conservation Service. 2004. Water-
shed Hydrology (WinTR–20), draft, March 2004.

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Con-

servation Service. 1992. Computer program for
project formulation—hydrology. Technical
Release No. 20 (TR–20), draft, March 1992.

Van Mullem, J. 1992. Soil moisture and runoff—

another look. In Irrigation and Drainage, Proc.
Water Forum, E.T. Engman, ed, ASCE, NY, pp.
372–377.

Yuan, P.T. 1933. Logarithmic frequency distribution.

Annals of Mathematical Statistics, Vol. 5, pp.
30–74.

10–22 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Appendix 10A Rainfall-Runoff Tables for Selected
Runoff Curve Numbers

Introduction

The Natural Resources Conservation Service's National Engineering Hand-

book, Part 630, Hydrology, chapter 10, publishes figure 10–2 for estimat-
ing direct runoff from rainfall for selected runoff curve numbers. Many
users find it more convenient to work with the following tables in this
appendix, which were published in 1960 and revised in 1976 under the
direction of F.P. Erichsen, hydrologist, as Technical Release 16. This
appendix was developed using MS Excel spreadsheets. The tables show
runoff amounts from rainfall quantities up to 40 inches and for runoff
curve numbers 50 to 98, inclusive.

Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 50 .............................................. 10A–3

Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 51 .............................................. 10A–4
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 52 .............................................. 10A–5
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 53 .............................................. 10A–6
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 54 .............................................. 10A–7
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 55 .............................................. 10A–8
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 56 .............................................. 10A–9
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 57 ............................................ 10A–10
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 58 ............................................ 10A–11
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 59 ............................................ 10A–12
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 60 ............................................ 10A–13
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 61 ............................................ 10A–14
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 62 ............................................ 10A–15
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 63 ............................................ 10A–16
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 64 ............................................ 10A–17
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 65 ............................................ 10A–18
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 66 ............................................ 10A–19
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 67 ............................................ 10A–20
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 68 ............................................ 10A–21
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 69 ............................................ 10A–22
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 70 ............................................ 10A–23
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 71 ............................................ 10A–24
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 72 ............................................ 10A–25
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 73 ............................................ 10A–26
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 74 ............................................ 10A–27
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 75 ............................................ 10A–28
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 76 ............................................ 10A–29
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 77 ............................................ 10A–30
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 78 ............................................ 10A–31
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 79 ............................................ 10A–32
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 80 ............................................ 10A–33
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 81 ............................................ 10A–34
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 82 ............................................ 10A–35

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–1

Chapter 10 Estimation of Direct Runoff Part 630
from Storm Rainfall National Engineering Handbook

Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 83 ............................................ 10A–36

Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 84 ............................................ 10A–37
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 85 ............................................ 10A–38
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 86 ............................................ 10A–39
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 87 ............................................ 10A–40
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 88 ............................................ 10A–41
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 89 ............................................ 10A–42
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 90 ............................................ 10A–43
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 91 ............................................ 10A–44
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 92 ............................................ 10A–45
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 93 ............................................ 10A–46
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 94 ............................................ 10A–47
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 95 ............................................ 10A–48
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 96 ............................................ 10A–49
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 97 ............................................ 10A–50
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 98 ............................................ 10A–51

10A–2 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

50
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 50
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0
1
2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.07
3 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.17 0.20 0.22 0.25 0.27 0.30
4 0.33 0.36 0.40 0.43 0.46 0.50 0.54 0.57 0.61 0.65
5 0.69 0.73 0.78 0.82 0.86 0.91 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.09
6 1.14 1.19 1.24 1.29 1.34 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.56 1.61
7 1.67 1.72 1.78 1.84 1.89 1.95 2.01 2.07 2.13 2.19
8 2.25 2.31 2.37 2.43 2.50 2.56 2.62 2.69 2.75 2.82
9 2.88 2.95 3.01 3.08 3.15 3.21 3.28 3.35 3.42 3.49
10 3.56 3.62 3.69 3.76 3.83 3.91 3.98 4.05 4.12 4.19
11 4.26 4.34 4.41 4.48 4.55 4.63 4.70 4.78 4.85 4.93
12 5.00 5.08 5.15 5.23 5.30 5.38 5.45 5.53 5.61 5.68
13 5.76 5.84 5.92 5.99 6.07 6.15 6.23 6.31 6.39 6.47
14 6.55 6.62 6.70 6.78 6.86 6.94 7.02 7.11 7.19 7.27
15 7.35 7.43 7.51 7.59 7.67 7.76 7.84 7.92 8.00 8.08
16 8.17 8.25 8.33 8.42 8.50 8.58 8.67 8.75 8.83 8.92
17 9.00 9.08 9.17 9.25 9.34 9.42 9.51 9.59 9.68 9.76
18 9.85 9.93 10.02 10.10 10.19 10.27 10.36 10.45 10.53 10.62
19 10.70 10.79 10.88 10.96 11.05 11.14 11.22 11.31 11.40 11.48
20 11.57 11.66 11.75 11.83 11.92 12.01 12.10 12.18 12.27 12.36
21 12.45 12.54 12.62 12.71 12.80 12.89 12.98 13.07 13.16 13.24
22 13.33 13.42 13.51 13.60 13.69 13.78 13.87 13.96 14.05 14.14
23 14.23 14.32 14.41 14.49 14.58 14.67 14.76 14.85 14.94 15.03
24 15.13 15.22 15.31 15.40 15.49 15.58 15.67 15.76 15.85 15.94
25 16.03 16.12 16.21 16.30 16.39 16.49 16.58 16.67 16.76 16.85
26 16.94 17.03 17.12 17.22 17.31 17.40 17.49 17.58 17.67 17.77
27 17.86 17.95 18.04 18.13 18.22 18.32 18.41 18.50 18.59 18.69
28 18.78 18.87 18.96 19.05 19.15 19.24 19.33 19.42 19.52 19.61
29 19.70 19.80 19.89 19.98 20.07 20.17 20.26 20.35 20.45 20.54
30 20.63 20.72 20.82 20.91 21.00 21.10 21.19 21.28 21.38 21.47
31 21.56 21.66 21.75 21.84 21.94 22.03 22.13 22.22 22.31 22.41
32 22.50 22.59 22.69 22.78 22.88 22.97 23.06 23.16 23.25 23.34
33 23.44 23.53 23.63 23.72 23.82 23.91 24.00 24.10 24.19 24.29
34 24.38 24.48 24.57 24.66 24.76 24.85 24.95 25.04 25.14 25.23
35 25.33 25.42 25.51 25.61 25.70 25.80 25.89 25.99 26.08 26.18
36 26.27 26.37 26.46 26.56 26.65 26.75 26.84 26.94 27.03 27.13
37 27.22 27.32 27.41 27.51 27.60 27.70 27.79 27.89 27.98 28.08
38 28.17 28.27 28.36 28.46 28.56 28.65 28.75 28.84 28.94 29.03
39 29.13 29.22 29.32 29.41 29.51 29.61 29.70 29.80 29.89 29.99
40 30.08 30.18 30.27 30.37 30.47 30.56 30.66 30.75 30.85 30.94
( P − 0.2S )
2

Example: 4.50 inches rainfall = 0.50 inches runoff Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =
P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–3

 Curve

51
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 51
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0
1
2 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.09
3 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.17 0.20 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.34
4 0.37 0.40 0.44 0.47 0.51 0.55 0.58 0.62 0.66 0.70
5 0.75 0.79 0.83 0.88 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.16
6 1.21 1.27 1.32 1.37 1.42 1.48 1.53 1.59 1.64 1.70
7 1.76 1.81 1.87 1.93 1.99 2.05 2.11 2.17 2.23 2.29
8 2.35 2.42 2.48 2.54 2.61 2.67 2.74 2.80 2.87 2.94
9 3.00 3.07 3.14 3.20 3.27 3.34 3.41 3.48 3.55 3.62
10 3.69 3.76 3.83 3.90 3.97 4.05 4.12 4.19 4.26 4.34
11 4.41 4.48 4.56 4.63 4.71 4.78 4.86 4.93 5.01 5.08
12 5.16 5.24 5.31 5.39 5.47 5.54 5.62 5.70 5.78 5.85
13 5.93 6.01 6.09 6.17 6.25 6.33 6.41 6.49 6.57 6.65
14 6.73 6.81 6.89 6.97 7.05 7.13 7.21 7.29 7.37 7.46
15 7.54 7.62 7.70 7.79 7.87 7.95 8.03 8.12 8.20 8.28
16 8.37 8.45 8.53 8.62 8.70 8.79 8.87 8.95 9.04 9.12
17 9.21 9.29 9.38 9.46 9.55 9.63 9.72 9.81 9.89 9.98
18 10.06 10.15 10.24 10.32 10.41 10.49 10.58 10.67 10.75 10.84
19 10.93 11.02 11.10 11.19 11.28 11.36 11.45 11.54 11.63 11.72
20 11.80 11.89 11.98 12.07 12.16 12.24 12.33 12.42 12.51 12.60
21 12.69 12.78 12.86 12.95 13.04 13.13 13.22 13.31 13.40 13.49
22 13.58 13.67 13.76 13.85 13.94 14.03 14.12 14.21 14.30 14.39
23 14.48 14.57 14.66 14.75 14.84 14.93 15.02 15.11 15.20 15.29
24 15.38 15.47 15.56 15.66 15.75 15.84 15.93 16.02 16.11 16.20
25 16.29 16.38 16.48 16.57 16.66 16.75 16.84 16.93 17.03 17.12
26 17.21 17.30 17.39 17.49 17.58 17.67 17.76 17.85 17.95 18.04
27 18.13 18.22 18.32 18.41 18.50 18.59 18.69 18.78 18.87 18.96
28 19.06 19.15 19.24 19.33 19.43 19.52 19.61 19.71 19.80 19.89
29 19.99 20.08 20.17 20.26 20.36 20.45 20.54 20.64 20.73 20.82
30 20.92 21.01 21.11 21.20 21.29 21.39 21.48 21.57 21.67 21.76
31 21.86 21.95 22.04 22.14 22.23 22.32 22.42 22.51 22.61 22.70
32 22.79 22.89 22.98 23.08 23.17 23.27 23.36 23.45 23.55 23.64
33 23.74 23.83 23.93 24.02 24.12 24.21 24.30 24.40 24.49 24.59
34 24.68 24.78 24.87 24.97 25.06 25.16 25.25 25.35 25.44 25.54
35 25.63 25.73 25.82 25.92 26.01 26.11 26.20 26.30 26.39 26.49
36 26.58 26.68 26.77 26.87 26.96 27.06 27.15 27.25 27.34 27.44
37 27.53 27.63 27.73 27.82 27.92 28.01 28.11 28.20 28.30 28.39
38 28.49 28.58 28.68 28.78 28.87 28.97 29.06 29.16 29.25 29.35
39 29.45 29.54 29.64 29.73 29.83 29.93 30.02 30.12 30.21 30.31
40 30.40 30.50 30.60 30.69 30.79 30.88 30.98 31.08 31.17 31.27
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–4 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

52
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 52
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0
1
2 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.11
3 0.13 0.15 0.17 0.20 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.37
4 0.41 0.44 0.48 0.52 0.55 0.59 0.63 0.67 0.72 0.76
5 0.80 0.85 0.89 0.94 0.99 1.04 1.09 1.14 1.19 1.24
6 1.29 1.34 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.56 1.62 1.67 1.73 1.79
7 1.85 1.91 1.97 2.03 2.09 2.15 2.21 2.27 2.33 2.40
8 2.46 2.53 2.59 2.66 2.72 2.79 2.85 2.92 2.99 3.06
9 3.12 3.19 3.26 3.33 3.40 3.47 3.54 3.61 3.68 3.75
10 3.82 3.90 3.97 4.04 4.11 4.19 4.26 4.33 4.41 4.48
11 4.56 4.63 4.71 4.78 4.86 4.94 5.01 5.09 5.16 5.24
12 5.32 5.40 5.47 5.55 5.63 5.71 5.79 5.87 5.94 6.02
13 6.10 6.18 6.26 6.34 6.42 6.50 6.58 6.66 6.75 6.83
14 6.91 6.99 7.07 7.15 7.23 7.32 7.40 7.48 7.56 7.65
15 7.73 7.81 7.90 7.98 8.06 8.15 8.23 8.31 8.40 8.48
16 8.57 8.65 8.74 8.82 8.91 8.99 9.08 9.16 9.25 9.33
17 9.42 9.50 9.59 9.68 9.76 9.85 9.93 10.02 10.11 10.19
18 10.28 10.37 10.45 10.54 10.63 10.72 10.80 10.89 10.98 11.07
19 11.15 11.24 11.33 11.42 11.50 11.59 11.68 11.77 11.86 11.95
20 12.04 12.12 12.21 12.30 12.39 12.48 12.57 12.66 12.75 12.84
21 12.93 13.01 13.10 13.19 13.28 13.37 13.46 13.55 13.64 13.73
22 13.82 13.91 14.00 14.09 14.18 14.27 14.37 14.46 14.55 14.64
23 14.73 14.82 14.91 15.00 15.09 15.18 15.27 15.36 15.46 15.55
24 15.64 15.73 15.82 15.91 16.00 16.10 16.19 16.28 16.37 16.46
25 16.55 16.65 16.74 16.83 16.92 17.01 17.11 17.20 17.29 17.38
26 17.48 17.57 17.66 17.75 17.85 17.94 18.03 18.12 18.22 18.31
27 18.40 18.49 18.59 18.68 18.77 18.87 18.96 19.05 19.15 19.24
28 19.33 19.42 19.52 19.61 19.70 19.80 19.89 19.98 20.08 20.17
29 20.27 20.36 20.45 20.55 20.64 20.73 20.83 20.92 21.02 21.11
30 21.20 21.30 21.39 21.48 21.58 21.67 21.77 21.86 21.96 22.05
31 22.14 22.24 22.33 22.43 22.52 22.61 22.71 22.80 22.90 22.99
32 23.09 23.18 23.28 23.37 23.47 23.56 23.65 23.75 23.84 23.94
33 24.03 24.13 24.22 24.32 24.41 24.51 24.60 24.70 24.79 24.89
34 24.98 25.08 25.17 25.27 25.36 25.46 25.55 25.65 25.74 25.84
35 25.93 26.03 26.12 26.22 26.32 26.41 26.51 26.60 26.70 26.79
36 26.89 26.98 27.08 27.17 27.27 27.37 27.46 27.56 27.65 27.75
37 27.84 27.94 28.03 28.13 28.23 28.32 28.42 28.51 28.61 28.71
38 28.80 28.90 28.99 29.09 29.18 29.28 29.38 29.47 29.57 29.66
39 29.76 29.86 29.95 30.05 30.14 30.24 30.34 30.43 30.53 30.63
40 30.72 30.82 30.91 31.01 31.11 31.20 31.30 31.40 31.49 31.59
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–5

 Curve

53
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 53
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0
1
2 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.13
3 0.15 0.17 0.20 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.38 0.41
4 0.45 0.48 0.52 0.56 0.60 0.64 0.68 0.73 0.77 0.81
5 0.86 0.91 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.26 1.31
6 1.36 1.42 1.47 1.53 1.59 1.64 1.70 1.76 1.82 1.88
7 1.94 2.00 2.06 2.12 2.18 2.25 2.31 2.37 2.44 2.50
8 2.57 2.63 2.70 2.77 2.83 2.90 2.97 3.04 3.11 3.17
9 3.24 3.31 3.38 3.45 3.53 3.60 3.67 3.74 3.81 3.89
10 3.96 4.03 4.10 4.18 4.25 4.33 4.40 4.48 4.55 4.63
11 4.70 4.78 4.86 4.93 5.01 5.09 5.16 5.24 5.32 5.40
12 5.48 5.55 5.63 5.71 5.79 5.87 5.95 6.03 6.11 6.19
13 6.27 6.35 6.43 6.51 6.59 6.68 6.76 6.84 6.92 7.00
14 7.09 7.17 7.25 7.33 7.42 7.50 7.58 7.67 7.75 7.83
15 7.92 8.00 8.08 8.17 8.25 8.34 8.42 8.51 8.59 8.68
16 8.76 8.85 8.93 9.02 9.10 9.19 9.28 9.36 9.45 9.53
17 9.62 9.71 9.79 9.88 9.97 10.05 10.14 10.23 10.32 10.40
18 10.49 10.58 10.67 10.75 10.84 10.93 11.02 11.11 11.19 11.28
19 11.37 11.46 11.55 11.64 11.73 11.81 11.90 11.99 12.08 12.17
20 12.26 12.35 12.44 12.53 12.62 12.71 12.80 12.89 12.98 13.07
21 13.16 13.25 13.34 13.43 13.52 13.61 13.70 13.79 13.88 13.97
22 14.06 14.15 14.24 14.33 14.42 14.51 14.61 14.70 14.79 14.88
23 14.97 15.06 15.15 15.24 15.34 15.43 15.52 15.61 15.70 15.79
24 15.89 15.98 16.07 16.16 16.25 16.35 16.44 16.53 16.62 16.71
25 16.81 16.90 16.99 17.08 17.18 17.27 17.36 17.45 17.55 17.64
26 17.73 17.83 17.92 18.01 18.10 18.20 18.29 18.38 18.48 18.57
27 18.66 18.76 18.85 18.94 19.04 19.13 19.22 19.32 19.41 19.50
28 19.60 19.69 19.79 19.88 19.97 20.07 20.16 20.25 20.35 20.44
29 20.54 20.63 20.72 20.82 20.91 21.01 21.10 21.19 21.29 21.38
30 21.48 21.57 21.67 21.76 21.85 21.95 22.04 22.14 22.23 22.33
31 22.42 22.52 22.61 22.71 22.80 22.89 22.99 23.08 23.18 23.27
32 23.37 23.46 23.56 23.65 23.75 23.84 23.94 24.03 24.13 24.22
33 24.32 24.41 24.51 24.60 24.70 24.79 24.89 24.98 25.08 25.18
34 25.27 25.37 25.46 25.56 25.65 25.75 25.84 25.94 26.03 26.13
35 26.22 26.32 26.42 26.51 26.61 26.70 26.80 26.89 26.99 27.09
36 27.18 27.28 27.37 27.47 27.56 27.66 27.76 27.85 27.95 28.04
37 28.14 28.24 28.33 28.43 28.52 28.62 28.72 28.81 28.91 29.00
38 29.10 29.20 29.29 29.39 29.49 29.58 29.68 29.77 29.87 29.97
39 30.06 30.16 30.26 30.35 30.45 30.54 30.64 30.74 30.83 30.93
40 31.03 31.12 31.22 31.32 31.41 31.51 31.61 31.70 31.80 31.90
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–6 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

54
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 54
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0
1
2 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.15
3 0.17 0.20 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.35 0.38 0.41 0.45
4 0.49 0.53 0.57 0.61 0.65 0.69 0.73 0.78 0.83 0.87
5 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.12 1.17 1.22 1.28 1.33 1.38
6 1.44 1.50 1.55 1.61 1.67 1.73 1.79 1.85 1.91 1.97
7 2.03 2.09 2.16 2.22 2.28 2.35 2.41 2.48 2.54 2.61
8 2.68 2.74 2.81 2.88 2.95 3.02 3.08 3.15 3.22 3.29
9 3.37 3.44 3.51 3.58 3.65 3.73 3.80 3.87 3.94 4.02
10 4.09 4.17 4.24 4.32 4.39 4.47 4.54 4.62 4.70 4.77
11 4.85 4.93 5.01 5.08 5.16 5.24 5.32 5.40 5.48 5.55
12 5.63 5.71 5.79 5.87 5.95 6.03 6.11 6.20 6.28 6.36
13 6.44 6.52 6.60 6.68 6.77 6.85 6.93 7.01 7.10 7.18
14 7.26 7.35 7.43 7.51 7.60 7.68 7.77 7.85 7.93 8.02
15 8.10 8.19 8.27 8.36 8.44 8.53 8.61 8.70 8.79 8.87
16 8.96 9.04 9.13 9.22 9.30 9.39 9.48 9.56 9.65 9.74
17 9.82 9.91 10.00 10.09 10.17 10.26 10.35 10.44 10.52 10.61
18 10.70 10.79 10.88 10.97 11.05 11.14 11.23 11.32 11.41 11.50
19 11.59 11.68 11.77 11.86 11.94 12.03 12.12 12.21 12.30 12.39
20 12.48 12.57 12.66 12.75 12.84 12.93 13.02 13.11 13.20 13.30
21 13.39 13.48 13.57 13.66 13.75 13.84 13.93 14.02 14.11 14.20
22 14.30 14.39 14.48 14.57 14.66 14.75 14.84 14.94 15.03 15.12
23 15.21 15.30 15.39 15.49 15.58 15.67 15.76 15.85 15.95 16.04
24 16.13 16.22 16.32 16.41 16.50 16.59 16.69 16.78 16.87 16.96
25 17.06 17.15 17.24 17.34 17.43 17.52 17.62 17.71 17.80 17.89
26 17.99 18.08 18.17 18.27 18.36 18.45 18.55 18.64 18.74 18.83
27 18.92 19.02 19.11 19.20 19.30 19.39 19.49 19.58 19.67 19.77
28 19.86 19.96 20.05 20.14 20.24 20.33 20.43 20.52 20.61 20.71
29 20.80 20.90 20.99 21.09 21.18 21.27 21.37 21.46 21.56 21.65
30 21.75 21.84 21.94 22.03 22.13 22.22 22.32 22.41 22.51 22.60
31 22.70 22.79 22.89 22.98 23.08 23.17 23.27 23.36 23.46 23.55
32 23.65 23.74 23.84 23.93 24.03 24.12 24.22 24.31 24.41 24.50
33 24.60 24.69 24.79 24.89 24.98 25.08 25.17 25.27 25.36 25.46
34 25.55 25.65 25.75 25.84 25.94 26.03 26.13 26.22 26.32 26.42
35 26.51 26.61 26.70 26.80 26.90 26.99 27.09 27.18 27.28 27.38
36 27.47 27.57 27.66 27.76 27.86 27.95 28.05 28.14 28.24 28.34
37 28.43 28.53 28.63 28.72 28.82 28.91 29.01 29.11 29.20 29.30
38 29.40 29.49 29.59 29.68 29.78 29.88 29.97 30.07 30.17 30.26
39 30.36 30.46 30.55 30.65 30.75 30.84 30.94 31.04 31.13 31.23
40 31.33 31.42 31.52 31.62 31.71 31.81 31.91 32.00 32.10 32.20
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–7

 Curve

55
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 55
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
2 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.17
3 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.35 0.38 0.42 0.45 0.49
4 0.53 0.57 0.61 0.65 0.70 0.74 0.79 0.83 0.88 0.93
5 0.98 1.03 1.08 1.13 1.19 1.24 1.29 1.35 1.40 1.46
6 1.52 1.58 1.63 1.69 1.75 1.81 1.87 1.94 2.00 2.06
7 2.12 2.19 2.25 2.32 2.38 2.45 2.51 2.58 2.65 2.72
8 2.78 2.85 2.92 2.99 3.06 3.13 3.20 3.27 3.34 3.42
9 3.49 3.56 3.63 3.71 3.78 3.85 3.93 4.00 4.08 4.15
10 4.23 4.30 4.38 4.46 4.53 4.61 4.69 4.76 4.84 4.92
11 5.00 5.08 5.15 5.23 5.31 5.39 5.47 5.55 5.63 5.71
12 5.79 5.87 5.95 6.03 6.12 6.20 6.28 6.36 6.44 6.53
13 6.61 6.69 6.77 6.86 6.94 7.02 7.11 7.19 7.27 7.36
14 7.44 7.53 7.61 7.69 7.78 7.86 7.95 8.03 8.12 8.20
15 8.29 8.38 8.46 8.55 8.63 8.72 8.81 8.89 8.98 9.07
16 9.15 9.24 9.33 9.41 9.50 9.59 9.68 9.76 9.85 9.94
17 10.03 10.11 10.20 10.29 10.38 10.47 10.56 10.64 10.73 10.82
18 10.91 11.00 11.09 11.18 11.27 11.36 11.45 11.53 11.62 11.71
19 11.80 11.89 11.98 12.07 12.16 12.25 12.34 12.43 12.52 12.61
20 12.70 12.80 12.89 12.98 13.07 13.16 13.25 13.34 13.43 13.52
21 13.61 13.70 13.80 13.89 13.98 14.07 14.16 14.25 14.34 14.44
22 14.53 14.62 14.71 14.80 14.90 14.99 15.08 15.17 15.26 15.36
23 15.45 15.54 15.63 15.73 15.82 15.91 16.00 16.10 16.19 16.28
24 16.37 16.47 16.56 16.65 16.75 16.84 16.93 17.03 17.12 17.21
25 17.31 17.40 17.49 17.59 17.68 17.77 17.87 17.96 18.05 18.15
26 18.24 18.33 18.43 18.52 18.62 18.71 18.80 18.90 18.99 19.08
27 19.18 19.27 19.37 19.46 19.56 19.65 19.74 19.84 19.93 20.03
28 20.12 20.22 20.31 20.40 20.50 20.59 20.69 20.78 20.88 20.97
29 21.07 21.16 21.26 21.35 21.45 21.54 21.64 21.73 21.83 21.92
30 22.02 22.11 22.21 22.30 22.40 22.49 22.59 22.68 22.78 22.87
31 22.97 23.06 23.16 23.25 23.35 23.44 23.54 23.63 23.73 23.82
32 23.92 24.02 24.11 24.21 24.30 24.40 24.49 24.59 24.68 24.78
33 24.88 24.97 25.07 25.16 25.26 25.35 25.45 25.55 25.64 25.74
34 25.83 25.93 26.03 26.12 26.22 26.31 26.41 26.51 26.60 26.70
35 26.79 26.89 26.99 27.08 27.18 27.28 27.37 27.47 27.56 27.66
36 27.76 27.85 27.95 28.05 28.14 28.24 28.33 28.43 28.53 28.62
37 28.72 28.82 28.91 29.01 29.11 29.20 29.30 29.40 29.49 29.59
38 29.69 29.78 29.88 29.98 30.07 30.17 30.27 30.36 30.46 30.56
39 30.65 30.75 30.85 30.94 31.04 31.14 31.23 31.33 31.43 31.52
40 31.62 31.72 31.82 31.91 32.01 32.11 32.20 32.30 32.40 32.49
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–8 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

56
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 56
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01
2 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.17 0.19
3 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.45 0.49 0.53
4 0.57 0.62 0.66 0.70 0.75 0.79 0.84 0.89 0.94 0.99
5 1.04 1.09 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.31 1.36 1.42 1.48 1.54
6 1.60 1.66 1.72 1.78 1.84 1.90 1.96 2.02 2.09 2.15
7 2.22 2.28 2.35 2.41 2.48 2.55 2.62 2.68 2.75 2.82
8 2.89 2.96 3.03 3.10 3.17 3.25 3.32 3.39 3.46 3.54
9 3.61 3.68 3.76 3.83 3.91 3.98 4.06 4.13 4.21 4.28
10 4.36 4.44 4.51 4.59 4.67 4.75 4.83 4.90 4.98 5.06
11 5.14 5.22 5.30 5.38 5.46 5.54 5.62 5.70 5.78 5.86
12 5.95 6.03 6.11 6.19 6.27 6.36 6.44 6.52 6.60 6.69
13 6.77 6.85 6.94 7.02 7.11 7.19 7.27 7.36 7.44 7.53
14 7.61 7.70 7.78 7.87 7.95 8.04 8.13 8.21 8.30 8.38
15 8.47 8.56 8.64 8.73 8.82 8.90 8.99 9.08 9.16 9.25
16 9.34 9.43 9.52 9.60 9.69 9.78 9.87 9.96 10.04 10.13
17 10.22 10.31 10.40 10.49 10.58 10.67 10.75 10.84 10.93 11.02
18 11.11 11.20 11.29 11.38 11.47 11.56 11.65 11.74 11.83 11.92
19 12.01 12.10 12.19 12.28 12.37 12.46 12.55 12.65 12.74 12.83
20 12.92 13.01 13.10 13.19 13.28 13.37 13.47 13.56 13.65 13.74
21 13.83 13.92 14.02 14.11 14.20 14.29 14.38 14.48 14.57 14.66
22 14.75 14.84 14.94 15.03 15.12 15.21 15.31 15.40 15.49 15.58
23 15.68 15.77 15.86 15.96 16.05 16.14 16.24 16.33 16.42 16.51
24 16.61 16.70 16.79 16.89 16.98 17.07 17.17 17.26 17.36 17.45
25 17.54 17.64 17.73 17.82 17.92 18.01 18.11 18.20 18.29 18.39
26 18.48 18.58 18.67 18.76 18.86 18.95 19.05 19.14 19.24 19.33
27 19.42 19.52 19.61 19.71 19.80 19.90 19.99 20.09 20.18 20.28
28 20.37 20.46 20.56 20.65 20.75 20.84 20.94 21.03 21.13 21.22
29 21.32 21.41 21.51 21.60 21.70 21.79 21.89 21.98 22.08 22.18
30 22.27 22.37 22.46 22.56 22.65 22.75 22.84 22.94 23.03 23.13
31 23.22 23.32 23.42 23.51 23.61 23.70 23.80 23.89 23.99 24.09
32 24.18 24.28 24.37 24.47 24.56 24.66 24.76 24.85 24.95 25.04
33 25.14 25.24 25.33 25.43 25.52 25.62 25.72 25.81 25.91 26.01
34 26.10 26.20 26.29 26.39 26.49 26.58 26.68 26.78 26.87 26.97
35 27.06 27.16 27.26 27.35 27.45 27.55 27.64 27.74 27.84 27.93
36 28.03 28.13 28.22 28.32 28.42 28.51 28.61 28.71 28.80 28.90
37 29.00 29.09 29.19 29.29 29.38 29.48 29.58 29.67 29.77 29.87
38 29.96 30.06 30.16 30.25 30.35 30.45 30.54 30.64 30.74 30.84
39 30.93 31.03 31.13 31.22 31.32 31.42 31.51 31.61 31.71 31.81
40 31.90 32.00 32.10 32.19 32.29 32.39 32.49 32.58 32.68 32.78
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–9

 Curve

57
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 57
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02
2 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.19 0.22
3 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.45 0.49 0.53 0.58
4 0.62 0.66 0.71 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05
5 1.11 1.16 1.21 1.27 1.33 1.38 1.44 1.50 1.56 1.62
6 1.68 1.74 1.80 1.86 1.93 1.99 2.05 2.12 2.18 2.25
7 2.31 2.38 2.45 2.52 2.58 2.65 2.72 2.79 2.86 2.93
8 3.00 3.07 3.15 3.22 3.29 3.36 3.44 3.51 3.59 3.66
9 3.73 3.81 3.88 3.96 4.04 4.11 4.19 4.27 4.34 4.42
10 4.50 4.58 4.65 4.73 4.81 4.89 4.97 5.05 5.13 5.21
11 5.29 5.37 5.45 5.53 5.61 5.69 5.78 5.86 5.94 6.02
12 6.10 6.19 6.27 6.35 6.44 6.52 6.60 6.69 6.77 6.85
13 6.94 7.02 7.11 7.19 7.28 7.36 7.45 7.53 7.62 7.70
14 7.79 7.88 7.96 8.05 8.13 8.22 8.31 8.39 8.48 8.57
15 8.66 8.74 8.83 8.92 9.00 9.09 9.18 9.27 9.36 9.44
16 9.53 9.62 9.71 9.80 9.89 9.98 10.06 10.15 10.24 10.33
17 10.42 10.51 10.60 10.69 10.78 10.87 10.96 11.05 11.14 11.23
18 11.32 11.41 11.50 11.59 11.68 11.77 11.86 11.95 12.04 12.13
19 12.22 12.31 12.41 12.50 12.59 12.68 12.77 12.86 12.95 13.04
20 13.14 13.23 13.32 13.41 13.50 13.59 13.69 13.78 13.87 13.96
21 14.06 14.15 14.24 14.33 14.42 14.52 14.61 14.70 14.79 14.89
22 14.98 15.07 15.17 15.26 15.35 15.44 15.54 15.63 15.72 15.82
23 15.91 16.00 16.10 16.19 16.28 16.38 16.47 16.56 16.66 16.75
24 16.85 16.94 17.03 17.13 17.22 17.31 17.41 17.50 17.60 17.69
25 17.78 17.88 17.97 18.07 18.16 18.25 18.35 18.44 18.54 18.63
26 18.73 18.82 18.92 19.01 19.10 19.20 19.29 19.39 19.48 19.58
27 19.67 19.77 19.86 19.96 20.05 20.15 20.24 20.34 20.43 20.53
28 20.62 20.72 20.81 20.91 21.00 21.10 21.19 21.29 21.38 21.48
29 21.57 21.67 21.77 21.86 21.96 22.05 22.15 22.24 22.34 22.43
30 22.53 22.63 22.72 22.82 22.91 23.01 23.10 23.20 23.30 23.39
31 23.49 23.58 23.68 23.77 23.87 23.97 24.06 24.16 24.25 24.35
32 24.45 24.54 24.64 24.74 24.83 24.93 25.02 25.12 25.22 25.31
33 25.41 25.50 25.60 25.70 25.79 25.89 25.99 26.08 26.18 26.28
34 26.37 26.47 26.57 26.66 26.76 26.85 26.95 27.05 27.14 27.24
35 27.34 27.43 27.53 27.63 27.72 27.82 27.92 28.01 28.11 28.21
36 28.30 28.40 28.50 28.59 28.69 28.79 28.89 28.98 29.08 29.18
37 29.27 29.37 29.47 29.56 29.66 29.76 29.85 29.95 30.05 30.15
38 30.24 30.34 30.44 30.53 30.63 30.73 30.83 30.92 31.02 31.12
39 31.21 31.31 31.41 31.51 31.60 31.70 31.80 31.90 31.99 32.09
40 32.19 32.28 32.38 32.48 32.58 32.67 32.77 32.87 32.97 33.06
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–10 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

58
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 58
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03
2 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.16 0.18 0.21 0.24
3 0.27 0.31 0.34 0.38 0.41 0.45 0.49 0.53 0.58 0.62
4 0.67 0.71 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.91 0.96 1.01 1.06 1.11
5 1.17 1.22 1.28 1.34 1.40 1.45 1.51 1.57 1.63 1.70
6 1.76 1.82 1.88 1.95 2.01 2.08 2.14 2.21 2.27 2.34
7 2.41 2.48 2.55 2.62 2.69 2.76 2.83 2.90 2.97 3.04
8 3.11 3.19 3.26 3.33 3.41 3.48 3.55 3.63 3.70 3.78
9 3.86 3.93 4.01 4.09 4.16 4.24 4.32 4.40 4.47 4.55
10 4.63 4.71 4.79 4.87 4.95 5.03 5.11 5.19 5.27 5.35
11 5.43 5.52 5.60 5.68 5.76 5.84 5.93 6.01 6.09 6.17
12 6.26 6.34 6.43 6.51 6.59 6.68 6.76 6.85 6.93 7.02
13 7.10 7.19 7.27 7.36 7.44 7.53 7.62 7.70 7.79 7.87
14 7.96 8.05 8.13 8.22 8.31 8.40 8.48 8.57 8.66 8.75
15 8.83 8.92 9.01 9.10 9.19 9.27 9.36 9.45 9.54 9.63
16 9.72 9.81 9.90 9.98 10.07 10.16 10.25 10.34 10.43 10.52
17 10.61 10.70 10.79 10.88 10.97 11.06 11.15 11.24 11.33 11.42
18 11.52 11.61 11.70 11.79 11.88 11.97 12.06 12.15 12.24 12.33
19 12.43 12.52 12.61 12.70 12.79 12.88 12.98 13.07 13.16 13.25
20 13.34 13.44 13.53 13.62 13.71 13.81 13.90 13.99 14.08 14.18
21 14.27 14.36 14.45 14.55 14.64 14.73 14.83 14.92 15.01 15.10
22 15.20 15.29 15.38 15.48 15.57 15.66 15.76 15.85 15.95 16.04
23 16.13 16.23 16.32 16.41 16.51 16.60 16.70 16.79 16.88 16.98
24 17.07 17.17 17.26 17.35 17.45 17.54 17.64 17.73 17.83 17.92
25 18.01 18.11 18.20 18.30 18.39 18.49 18.58 18.68 18.77 18.87
26 18.96 19.06 19.15 19.25 19.34 19.44 19.53 19.63 19.72 19.82
27 19.91 20.01 20.10 20.20 20.29 20.39 20.48 20.58 20.67 20.77
28 20.86 20.96 21.05 21.15 21.25 21.34 21.44 21.53 21.63 21.72
29 21.82 21.91 22.01 22.11 22.20 22.30 22.39 22.49 22.58 22.68
30 22.78 22.87 22.97 23.06 23.16 23.26 23.35 23.45 23.54 23.64
31 23.74 23.83 23.93 24.03 24.12 24.22 24.31 24.41 24.51 24.60
32 24.70 24.80 24.89 24.99 25.08 25.18 25.28 25.37 25.47 25.57
33 25.66 25.76 25.86 25.95 26.05 26.15 26.24 26.34 26.44 26.53
34 26.63 26.73 26.82 26.92 27.02 27.11 27.21 27.31 27.40 27.50
35 27.60 27.69 27.79 27.89 27.98 28.08 28.18 28.28 28.37 28.47
36 28.57 28.66 28.76 28.86 28.95 29.05 29.15 29.25 29.34 29.44
37 29.54 29.63 29.73 29.83 29.93 30.02 30.12 30.22 30.31 30.41
38 30.51 30.61 30.70 30.80 30.90 31.00 31.09 31.19 31.29 31.38
39 31.48 31.58 31.68 31.77 31.87 31.97 32.07 32.16 32.26 32.36
40 32.46 32.55 32.65 32.75 32.85 32.94 33.04 33.14 33.24 33.33
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–11

 Curve

59
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 59
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03
2 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.24 0.27
3 0.30 0.34 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.49 0.53 0.58 0.62 0.67
4 0.71 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.91 0.96 1.01 1.07 1.12 1.18
5 1.23 1.29 1.35 1.41 1.47 1.53 1.59 1.65 1.71 1.77
6 1.84 1.90 1.97 2.03 2.10 2.17 2.23 2.30 2.37 2.44
7 2.51 2.58 2.65 2.72 2.79 2.86 2.93 3.00 3.08 3.15
8 3.22 3.30 3.37 3.45 3.52 3.60 3.67 3.75 3.82 3.90
9 3.98 4.05 4.13 4.21 4.29 4.37 4.45 4.53 4.60 4.68
10 4.76 4.84 4.92 5.01 5.09 5.17 5.25 5.33 5.41 5.49
11 5.58 5.66 5.74 5.82 5.91 5.99 6.07 6.16 6.24 6.33
12 6.41 6.50 6.58 6.66 6.75 6.83 6.92 7.01 7.09 7.18
13 7.26 7.35 7.43 7.52 7.61 7.69 7.78 7.87 7.95 8.04
14 8.13 8.22 8.30 8.39 8.48 8.57 8.66 8.74 8.83 8.92
15 9.01 9.10 9.19 9.28 9.36 9.45 9.54 9.63 9.72 9.81
16 9.90 9.99 10.08 10.17 10.26 10.35 10.44 10.53 10.62 10.71
17 10.80 10.89 10.98 11.07 11.16 11.25 11.35 11.44 11.53 11.62
18 11.71 11.80 11.89 11.98 12.08 12.17 12.26 12.35 12.44 12.53
19 12.63 12.72 12.81 12.90 13.00 13.09 13.18 13.27 13.36 13.46
20 13.55 13.64 13.74 13.83 13.92 14.01 14.11 14.20 14.29 14.39
21 14.48 14.57 14.67 14.76 14.85 14.95 15.04 15.13 15.23 15.32
22 15.41 15.51 15.60 15.69 15.79 15.88 15.98 16.07 16.16 16.26
23 16.35 16.45 16.54 16.63 16.73 16.82 16.92 17.01 17.11 17.20
24 17.29 17.39 17.48 17.58 17.67 17.77 17.86 17.96 18.05 18.15
25 18.24 18.34 18.43 18.53 18.62 18.72 18.81 18.91 19.00 19.10
26 19.19 19.29 19.38 19.48 19.57 19.67 19.76 19.86 19.95 20.05
27 20.14 20.24 20.33 20.43 20.53 20.62 20.72 20.81 20.91 21.00
28 21.10 21.20 21.29 21.39 21.48 21.58 21.67 21.77 21.87 21.96
29 22.06 22.15 22.25 22.35 22.44 22.54 22.63 22.73 22.83 22.92
30 23.02 23.11 23.21 23.31 23.40 23.50 23.60 23.69 23.79 23.88
31 23.98 24.08 24.17 24.27 24.37 24.46 24.56 24.66 24.75 24.85
32 24.95 25.04 25.14 25.24 25.33 25.43 25.53 25.62 25.72 25.82
33 25.91 26.01 26.11 26.20 26.30 26.40 26.49 26.59 26.69 26.78
34 26.88 26.98 27.07 27.17 27.27 27.37 27.46 27.56 27.66 27.75
35 27.85 27.95 28.05 28.14 28.24 28.34 28.43 28.53 28.63 28.73
36 28.82 28.92 29.02 29.11 29.21 29.31 29.41 29.50 29.60 29.70
37 29.79 29.89 29.99 30.09 30.18 30.28 30.38 30.48 30.57 30.67
38 30.77 30.87 30.96 31.06 31.16 31.26 31.35 31.45 31.55 31.65
39 31.74 31.84 31.94 32.04 32.13 32.23 32.33 32.43 32.52 32.62
40 32.72 32.82 32.92 33.01 33.11 33.21 33.31 33.40 33.50 33.60
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–12 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

60
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 60
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
2 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.17 0.20 0.23 0.26 0.30
3 0.33 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.49 0.53 0.57 0.62 0.67 0.71
4 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.13 1.19 1.24
5 1.30 1.36 1.42 1.48 1.54 1.60 1.66 1.73 1.79 1.86
6 1.92 1.99 2.05 2.12 2.19 2.25 2.32 2.39 2.46 2.53
7 2.60 2.67 2.74 2.82 2.89 2.96 3.04 3.11 3.18 3.26
8 3.33 3.41 3.48 3.56 3.63 3.71 3.79 3.87 3.94 4.02
9 4.10 4.18 4.26 4.34 4.42 4.49 4.57 4.65 4.74 4.82
10 4.90 4.98 5.06 5.14 5.22 5.31 5.39 5.47 5.55 5.64
11 5.72 5.80 5.89 5.97 6.05 6.14 6.22 6.31 6.39 6.48
12 6.56 6.65 6.73 6.82 6.90 6.99 7.08 7.16 7.25 7.34
13 7.42 7.51 7.60 7.68 7.77 7.86 7.95 8.03 8.12 8.21
14 8.30 8.38 8.47 8.56 8.65 8.74 8.83 8.92 9.01 9.09
15 9.18 9.27 9.36 9.45 9.54 9.63 9.72 9.81 9.90 9.99
16 10.08 10.17 10.26 10.35 10.44 10.53 10.62 10.71 10.81 10.90
17 10.99 11.08 11.17 11.26 11.35 11.44 11.54 11.63 11.72 11.81
18 11.90 11.99 12.09 12.18 12.27 12.36 12.45 12.55 12.64 12.73
19 12.82 12.92 13.01 13.10 13.19 13.29 13.38 13.47 13.57 13.66
20 13.75 13.85 13.94 14.03 14.12 14.22 14.31 14.40 14.50 14.59
21 14.69 14.78 14.87 14.97 15.06 15.15 15.25 15.34 15.44 15.53
22 15.62 15.72 15.81 15.91 16.00 16.09 16.19 16.28 16.38 16.47
23 16.57 16.66 16.76 16.85 16.94 17.04 17.13 17.23 17.32 17.42
24 17.51 17.61 17.70 17.80 17.89 17.99 18.08 18.18 18.27 18.37
25 18.46 18.56 18.65 18.75 18.84 18.94 19.03 19.13 19.22 19.32
26 19.42 19.51 19.61 19.70 19.80 19.89 19.99 20.08 20.18 20.28
27 20.37 20.47 20.56 20.66 20.76 20.85 20.95 21.04 21.14 21.23
28 21.33 21.43 21.52 21.62 21.71 21.81 21.91 22.00 22.10 22.20
29 22.29 22.39 22.48 22.58 22.68 22.77 22.87 22.97 23.06 23.16
30 23.26 23.35 23.45 23.54 23.64 23.74 23.83 23.93 24.03 24.12
31 24.22 24.32 24.41 24.51 24.61 24.70 24.80 24.90 24.99 25.09
32 25.19 25.28 25.38 25.48 25.57 25.67 25.77 25.87 25.96 26.06
33 26.16 26.25 26.35 26.45 26.54 26.64 26.74 26.84 26.93 27.03
34 27.13 27.22 27.32 27.42 27.52 27.61 27.71 27.81 27.90 28.00
35 28.10 28.20 28.29 28.39 28.49 28.59 28.68 28.78 28.88 28.97
36 29.07 29.17 29.27 29.36 29.46 29.56 29.66 29.75 29.85 29.95
37 30.05 30.14 30.24 30.34 30.44 30.53 30.63 30.73 30.83 30.92
38 31.02 31.12 31.22 31.32 31.41 31.51 31.61 31.71 31.80 31.90
39 32.00 32.10 32.19 32.29 32.39 32.49 32.59 32.68 32.78 32.88
40 32.98 33.08 33.17 33.27 33.37 33.47 33.56 33.66 33.76 33.86
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–13

 Curve

61
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 61
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

0
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06
2 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.14 0.17 0.20 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.33
3 0.37 0.40 0.44 0.49 0.53 0.57 0.62 0.67 0.71 0.76
4 0.81 0.86 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.08 1.14 1.19 1.25 1.31
5 1.37 1.43 1.49 1.55 1.62 1.68 1.74 1.81 1.87 1.94
6 2.01 2.07 2.14 2.21 2.28 2.35 2.42 2.49 2.56 2.63
7 2.70 2.78 2.85 2.92 3.00 3.07 3.14 3.22 3.29 3.37
8 3.45 3.52 3.60 3.68 3.75 3.83 3.91 3.99 4.07 4.15
9 4.23 4.31 4.38 4.47 4.55 4.63 4.71 4.79 4.87 4.95
10 5.03 5.12 5.20 5.28 5.36 5.45 5.53 5.61 5.70 5.78
11 5.87 5.95 6.04 6.12 6.20 6.29 6.38 6.46 6.55 6.63
12 6.72 6.80 6.89 6.98 7.06 7.15 7.24 7.32 7.41 7.50
13 7.59 7.67 7.76 7.85 7.94 8.03 8.11 8.20 8.29 8.38
14 8.47 8.56 8.65 8.74 8.82 8.91 9.00 9.09 9.18 9.27
15 9.36 9.45 9.54 9.63 9.72 9.81 9.90 9.99 10.08 10.18
16 10.27 10.36 10.45 10.54 10.63 10.72 10.81 10.90 11.00 11.09
17 11.18 11.27 11.36 11.45 11.55 11.64 11.73 11.82 11.91 12.01
18 12.10 12.19 12.28 12.38 12.47 12.56 12.65 12.75 12.84 12.93
19 13.03 13.12 13.21 13.30 13.40 13.49 13.58 13.68 13.77 13.86
20 13.96 14.05 14.15 14.24 14.33 14.43 14.52 14.61 14.71 14.80
21 14.90 14.99 15.08 15.18 15.27 15.37 15.46 15.55 15.65 15.74
22 15.84 15.93 16.03 16.12 16.22 16.31 16.41 16.50 16.59 16.69
23 16.78 16.88 16.97 17.07 17.16 17.26 17.35 17.45 17.54 17.64
24 17.73 17.83 17.93 18.02 18.12 18.21 18.31 18.40 18.50 18.59
25 18.69 18.78 18.88 18.97 19.07 19.17 19.26 19.36 19.45 19.55
26 19.64 19.74 19.84 19.93 20.03 20.12 20.22 20.32 20.41 20.51
27 20.60 20.70 20.80 20.89 20.99 21.08 21.18 21.28 21.37 21.47
28 21.57 21.66 21.76 21.85 21.95 22.05 22.14 22.24 22.34 22.43
29 22.53 22.63 22.72 22.82 22.92 23.01 23.11 23.20 23.30 23.40
30 23.49 23.59 23.69 23.79 23.88 23.98 24.08 24.17 24.27 24.37
31 24.46 24.56 24.66 24.75 24.85 24.95 25.04 25.14 25.24 25.34
32 25.43 25.53 25.63 25.72 25.82 25.92 26.01 26.11 26.21 26.31
33 26.40 26.50 26.60 26.70 26.79 26.89 26.99 27.08 27.18 27.28
34 27.38 27.47 27.57 27.67 27.77 27.86 27.96 28.06 28.16 28.25
35 28.35 28.45 28.54 28.64 28.74 28.84 28.93 29.03 29.13 29.23
36 29.33 29.42 29.52 29.62 29.72 29.81 29.91 30.01 30.11 30.20
37 30.30 30.40 30.50 30.59 30.69 30.79 30.89 30.99 31.08 31.18
38 31.28 31.38 31.47 31.57 31.67 31.77 31.87 31.96 32.06 32.16
39 32.26 32.36 32.45 32.55 32.65 32.75 32.85 32.94 33.04 33.14
40 33.24 33.34 33.43 33.53 33.63 33.73 33.83 33.92 34.02 34.12
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–14 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

62
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 62
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

0
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07
2 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.29 0.32 0.36
3 0.40 0.44 0.48 0.52 0.57 0.62 0.66 0.71 0.76 0.81
4 0.86 0.92 0.97 1.03 1.08 1.14 1.20 1.26 1.32 1.38
5 1.44 1.50 1.56 1.63 1.69 1.76 1.82 1.89 1.95 2.02
6 2.09 2.16 2.23 2.30 2.37 2.44 2.51 2.58 2.65 2.73
7 2.80 2.87 2.95 3.02 3.10 3.17 3.25 3.33 3.40 3.48
8 3.56 3.63 3.71 3.79 3.87 3.95 4.03 4.11 4.19 4.27
9 4.35 4.43 4.51 4.59 4.67 4.75 4.83 4.92 5.00 5.08
10 5.17 5.25 5.33 5.42 5.50 5.58 5.67 5.75 5.84 5.92
11 6.01 6.09 6.18 6.26 6.35 6.43 6.52 6.61 6.69 6.78
12 6.87 6.95 7.04 7.13 7.22 7.30 7.39 7.48 7.57 7.65
13 7.74 7.83 7.92 8.01 8.10 8.19 8.27 8.36 8.45 8.54
14 8.63 8.72 8.81 8.90 8.99 9.08 9.17 9.26 9.35 9.44
15 9.53 9.62 9.71 9.80 9.89 9.99 10.08 10.17 10.26 10.35
16 10.44 10.53 10.62 10.72 10.81 10.90 10.99 11.08 11.18 11.27
17 11.36 11.45 11.54 11.64 11.73 11.82 11.91 12.01 12.10 12.19
18 12.28 12.38 12.47 12.56 12.66 12.75 12.84 12.94 13.03 13.12
19 13.22 13.31 13.40 13.50 13.59 13.68 13.78 13.87 13.97 14.06
20 14.15 14.25 14.34 14.43 14.53 14.62 14.72 14.81 14.91 15.00
21 15.09 15.19 15.28 15.38 15.47 15.57 15.66 15.76 15.85 15.95
22 16.04 16.14 16.23 16.33 16.42 16.52 16.61 16.71 16.80 16.90
23 16.99 17.09 17.18 17.28 17.37 17.47 17.56 17.66 17.75 17.85
24 17.94 18.04 18.14 18.23 18.33 18.42 18.52 18.61 18.71 18.80
25 18.90 19.00 19.09 19.19 19.28 19.38 19.48 19.57 19.67 19.76
26 19.86 19.96 20.05 20.15 20.24 20.34 20.44 20.53 20.63 20.73
27 20.82 20.92 21.01 21.11 21.21 21.30 21.40 21.50 21.59 21.69
28 21.79 21.88 21.98 22.08 22.17 22.27 22.37 22.46 22.56 22.66
29 22.75 22.85 22.95 23.04 23.14 23.24 23.33 23.43 23.53 23.62
30 23.72 23.82 23.91 24.01 24.11 24.21 24.30 24.40 24.50 24.59
31 24.69 24.79 24.88 24.98 25.08 25.18 25.27 25.37 25.47 25.57
32 25.66 25.76 25.86 25.95 26.05 26.15 26.25 26.34 26.44 26.54
33 26.64 26.73 26.83 26.93 27.03 27.12 27.22 27.32 27.41 27.51
34 27.61 27.71 27.80 27.90 28.00 28.10 28.20 28.29 28.39 28.49
35 28.59 28.68 28.78 28.88 28.98 29.07 29.17 29.27 29.37 29.46
36 29.56 29.66 29.76 29.86 29.95 30.05 30.15 30.25 30.35 30.44
37 30.54 30.64 30.74 30.83 30.93 31.03 31.13 31.23 31.32 31.42
38 31.52 31.62 31.72 31.81 31.91 32.01 32.11 32.21 32.30 32.40
39 32.50 32.60 32.70 32.79 32.89 32.99 33.09 33.19 33.28 33.38
40 33.48 33.58 33.68 33.78 33.87 33.97 34.07 34.17 34.27 34.36
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–15

 Curve

63
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 63
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08
2 0.10 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.24 0.28 0.31 0.35 0.39
3 0.43 0.48 0.52 0.57 0.61 0.66 0.71 0.76 0.81 0.86
4 0.92 0.97 1.03 1.09 1.14 1.20 1.26 1.32 1.38 1.45
5 1.51 1.57 1.64 1.70 1.77 1.84 1.90 1.97 2.04 2.11
6 2.18 2.25 2.32 2.39 2.46 2.53 2.61 2.68 2.75 2.83
7 2.90 2.98 3.05 3.13 3.20 3.28 3.36 3.44 3.51 3.59
8 3.67 3.75 3.83 3.91 3.99 4.07 4.15 4.23 4.31 4.39
9 4.47 4.55 4.64 4.72 4.80 4.88 4.97 5.05 5.13 5.22
10 5.30 5.38 5.47 5.55 5.64 5.72 5.81 5.89 5.98 6.07
11 6.15 6.24 6.32 6.41 6.50 6.58 6.67 6.76 6.84 6.93
12 7.02 7.11 7.20 7.28 7.37 7.46 7.55 7.64 7.73 7.81
13 7.90 7.99 8.08 8.17 8.26 8.35 8.44 8.53 8.62 8.71
14 8.80 8.89 8.98 9.07 9.16 9.25 9.34 9.43 9.52 9.61
15 9.71 9.80 9.89 9.98 10.07 10.16 10.25 10.35 10.44 10.53
16 10.62 10.71 10.80 10.90 10.99 11.08 11.17 11.27 11.36 11.45
17 11.54 11.64 11.73 11.82 11.92 12.01 12.10 12.19 12.29 12.38
18 12.47 12.57 12.66 12.75 12.85 12.94 13.04 13.13 13.22 13.32
19 13.41 13.50 13.60 13.69 13.79 13.88 13.97 14.07 14.16 14.26
20 14.35 14.45 14.54 14.63 14.73 14.82 14.92 15.01 15.11 15.20
21 15.30 15.39 15.49 15.58 15.68 15.77 15.87 15.96 16.06 16.15
22 16.25 16.34 16.44 16.53 16.63 16.72 16.82 16.91 17.01 17.10
23 17.20 17.30 17.39 17.49 17.58 17.68 17.77 17.87 17.97 18.06
24 18.16 18.25 18.35 18.44 18.54 18.64 18.73 18.83 18.92 19.02
25 19.12 19.21 19.31 19.40 19.50 19.60 19.69 19.79 19.89 19.98
26 20.08 20.17 20.27 20.37 20.46 20.56 20.66 20.75 20.85 20.95
27 21.04 21.14 21.24 21.33 21.43 21.53 21.62 21.72 21.82 21.91
28 22.01 22.11 22.20 22.30 22.40 22.49 22.59 22.69 22.78 22.88
29 22.98 23.08 23.17 23.27 23.37 23.46 23.56 23.66 23.75 23.85
30 23.95 24.05 24.14 24.24 24.34 24.44 24.53 24.63 24.73 24.82
31 24.92 25.02 25.12 25.21 25.31 25.41 25.51 25.60 25.70 25.80
32 25.89 25.99 26.09 26.19 26.28 26.38 26.48 26.58 26.67 26.77
33 26.87 26.97 27.07 27.16 27.26 27.36 27.46 27.55 27.65 27.75
34 27.85 27.94 28.04 28.14 28.24 28.34 28.43 28.53 28.63 28.73
35 28.82 28.92 29.02 29.12 29.22 29.31 29.41 29.51 29.61 29.70
36 29.80 29.90 30.00 30.10 30.19 30.29 30.39 30.49 30.59 30.68
37 30.78 30.88 30.98 31.08 31.17 31.27 31.37 31.47 31.57 31.66
38 31.76 31.86 31.96 32.06 32.16 32.25 32.35 32.45 32.55 32.65
39 32.74 32.84 32.94 33.04 33.14 33.24 33.33 33.43 33.53 33.63
40 33.73 33.83 33.92 34.02 34.12 34.22 34.32 34.42 34.51 34.61
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–16 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

64
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 64
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.09
2 0.12 0.14 0.17 0.20 0.24 0.27 0.31 0.35 0.39 0.43
3 0.47 0.51 0.56 0.61 0.66 0.71 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.92
4 0.97 1.03 1.09 1.15 1.21 1.27 1.33 1.39 1.45 1.52
5 1.58 1.65 1.71 1.78 1.85 1.92 1.98 2.05 2.12 2.19
6 2.27 2.34 2.41 2.48 2.55 2.63 2.70 2.78 2.85 2.93
7 3.00 3.08 3.16 3.23 3.31 3.39 3.47 3.55 3.62 3.70
8 3.78 3.86 3.94 4.02 4.11 4.19 4.27 4.35 4.43 4.51
9 4.60 4.68 4.76 4.85 4.93 5.01 5.10 5.18 5.27 5.35
10 5.43 5.52 5.61 5.69 5.78 5.86 5.95 6.03 6.12 6.21
11 6.29 6.38 6.47 6.56 6.64 6.73 6.82 6.91 6.99 7.08
12 7.17 7.26 7.35 7.44 7.53 7.61 7.70 7.79 7.88 7.97
13 8.06 8.15 8.24 8.33 8.42 8.51 8.60 8.69 8.78 8.87
14 8.96 9.05 9.15 9.24 9.33 9.42 9.51 9.60 9.69 9.78
15 9.88 9.97 10.06 10.15 10.24 10.34 10.43 10.52 10.61 10.70
16 10.80 10.89 10.98 11.07 11.17 11.26 11.35 11.45 11.54 11.63
17 11.73 11.82 11.91 12.01 12.10 12.19 12.29 12.38 12.47 12.57
18 12.66 12.75 12.85 12.94 13.04 13.13 13.22 13.32 13.41 13.51
19 13.60 13.69 13.79 13.88 13.98 14.07 14.17 14.26 14.36 14.45
20 14.55 14.64 14.73 14.83 14.92 15.02 15.11 15.21 15.30 15.40
21 15.49 15.59 15.69 15.78 15.88 15.97 16.07 16.16 16.26 16.35
22 16.45 16.54 16.64 16.73 16.83 16.93 17.02 17.12 17.21 17.31
23 17.40 17.50 17.60 17.69 17.79 17.88 17.98 18.08 18.17 18.27
24 18.36 18.46 18.56 18.65 18.75 18.85 18.94 19.04 19.13 19.23
25 19.33 19.42 19.52 19.62 19.71 19.81 19.91 20.00 20.10 20.20
26 20.29 20.39 20.48 20.58 20.68 20.77 20.87 20.97 21.07 21.16
27 21.26 21.36 21.45 21.55 21.65 21.74 21.84 21.94 22.03 22.13
28 22.23 22.32 22.42 22.52 22.62 22.71 22.81 22.91 23.00 23.10
29 23.20 23.30 23.39 23.49 23.59 23.69 23.78 23.88 23.98 24.07
30 24.17 24.27 24.37 24.46 24.56 24.66 24.76 24.85 24.95 25.05
31 25.15 25.24 25.34 25.44 25.54 25.63 25.73 25.83 25.93 26.02
32 26.12 26.22 26.32 26.41 26.51 26.61 26.71 26.81 26.90 27.00
33 27.10 27.20 27.29 27.39 27.49 27.59 27.69 27.78 27.88 27.98
34 28.08 28.17 28.27 28.37 28.47 28.57 28.66 28.76 28.86 28.96
35 29.06 29.15 29.25 29.35 29.45 29.55 29.64 29.74 29.84 29.94
36 30.04 30.13 30.23 30.33 30.43 30.53 30.62 30.72 30.82 30.92
37 31.02 31.12 31.21 31.31 31.41 31.51 31.61 31.70 31.80 31.90
38 32.00 32.10 32.20 32.29 32.39 32.49 32.59 32.69 32.79 32.88
39 32.98 33.08 33.18 33.28 33.38 33.47 33.57 33.67 33.77 33.87
40 33.97 34.06 34.16 34.26 34.36 34.46 34.56 34.65 34.75 34.85
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–17

 Curve

65
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 65
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.09 0.11
2 0.14 0.16 0.19 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.46
3 0.51 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.81 0.86 0.92 0.97
4 1.03 1.09 1.15 1.21 1.27 1.33 1.39 1.46 1.52 1.59
5 1.65 1.72 1.79 1.86 1.93 2.00 2.07 2.14 2.21 2.28
6 2.35 2.43 2.50 2.57 2.65 2.72 2.80 2.87 2.95 3.03
7 3.10 3.18 3.26 3.34 3.42 3.50 3.58 3.66 3.74 3.82
8 3.90 3.98 4.06 4.14 4.22 4.30 4.39 4.47 4.55 4.64
9 4.72 4.80 4.89 4.97 5.06 5.14 5.23 5.31 5.40 5.48
10 5.57 5.65 5.74 5.83 5.91 6.00 6.09 6.17 6.26 6.35
11 6.44 6.52 6.61 6.70 6.79 6.88 6.96 7.05 7.14 7.23
12 7.32 7.41 7.50 7.59 7.68 7.77 7.86 7.95 8.04 8.13
13 8.22 8.31 8.40 8.49 8.58 8.67 8.76 8.85 8.94 9.03
14 9.13 9.22 9.31 9.40 9.49 9.58 9.68 9.77 9.86 9.95
15 10.04 10.14 10.23 10.32 10.41 10.51 10.60 10.69 10.78 10.88
16 10.97 11.06 11.16 11.25 11.34 11.44 11.53 11.62 11.72 11.81
17 11.90 12.00 12.09 12.18 12.28 12.37 12.47 12.56 12.65 12.75
18 12.84 12.94 13.03 13.12 13.22 13.31 13.41 13.50 13.60 13.69
19 13.79 13.88 13.98 14.07 14.17 14.26 14.35 14.45 14.54 14.64
20 14.73 14.83 14.93 15.02 15.12 15.21 15.31 15.40 15.50 15.59
21 15.69 15.78 15.88 15.97 16.07 16.17 16.26 16.36 16.45 16.55
22 16.64 16.74 16.84 16.93 17.03 17.12 17.22 17.32 17.41 17.51
23 17.60 17.70 17.80 17.89 17.99 18.09 18.18 18.28 18.37 18.47
24 18.57 18.66 18.76 18.86 18.95 19.05 19.15 19.24 19.34 19.44
25 19.53 19.63 19.73 19.82 19.92 20.02 20.11 20.21 20.31 20.40
26 20.50 20.60 20.69 20.79 20.89 20.98 21.08 21.18 21.27 21.37
27 21.47 21.57 21.66 21.76 21.86 21.95 22.05 22.15 22.25 22.34
28 22.44 22.54 22.63 22.73 22.83 22.93 23.02 23.12 23.22 23.32
29 23.41 23.51 23.61 23.71 23.80 23.90 24.00 24.10 24.19 24.29
30 24.39 24.49 24.58 24.68 24.78 24.88 24.97 25.07 25.17 25.27
31 25.36 25.46 25.56 25.66 25.75 25.85 25.95 26.05 26.15 26.24
32 26.34 26.44 26.54 26.63 26.73 26.83 26.93 27.03 27.12 27.22
33 27.32 27.42 27.52 27.61 27.71 27.81 27.91 28.01 28.10 28.20
34 28.30 28.40 28.50 28.59 28.69 28.79 28.89 28.99 29.08 29.18
35 29.28 29.38 29.48 29.57 29.67 29.77 29.87 29.97 30.07 30.16
36 30.26 30.36 30.46 30.56 30.66 30.75 30.85 30.95 31.05 31.15
37 31.24 31.34 31.44 31.54 31.64 31.74 31.83 31.93 32.03 32.13
38 32.23 32.33 32.42 32.52 32.62 32.72 32.82 32.92 33.02 33.11
39 33.21 33.31 33.41 33.51 33.61 33.70 33.80 33.90 34.00 34.10
40 34.20 34.30 34.39 34.49 34.59 34.69 34.79 34.89 34.99 35.08
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–18 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

66
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 66
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0
1 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.13
2 0.15 0.18 0.22 0.25 0.29 0.33 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.50
3 0.55 0.59 0.64 0.69 0.75 0.80 0.86 0.91 0.97 1.03
4 1.09 1.15 1.21 1.27 1.33 1.40 1.46 1.53 1.59 1.66
5 1.73 1.80 1.87 1.94 2.01 2.08 2.15 2.22 2.29 2.37
6 2.44 2.52 2.59 2.67 2.74 2.82 2.89 2.97 3.05 3.13
7 3.21 3.28 3.36 3.44 3.52 3.60 3.68 3.76 3.85 3.93
8 4.01 4.09 4.17 4.26 4.34 4.42 4.51 4.59 4.67 4.76
9 4.84 4.93 5.01 5.10 5.18 5.27 5.35 5.44 5.53 5.61
10 5.70 5.79 5.87 5.96 6.05 6.13 6.22 6.31 6.40 6.49
11 6.57 6.66 6.75 6.84 6.93 7.02 7.11 7.20 7.29 7.38
12 7.47 7.56 7.65 7.74 7.83 7.92 8.01 8.10 8.19 8.28
13 8.37 8.46 8.55 8.64 8.73 8.83 8.92 9.01 9.10 9.19
14 9.28 9.38 9.47 9.56 9.65 9.74 9.84 9.93 10.02 10.11
15 10.21 10.30 10.39 10.49 10.58 10.67 10.76 10.86 10.95 11.04
16 11.14 11.23 11.33 11.42 11.51 11.61 11.70 11.79 11.89 11.98
17 12.08 12.17 12.26 12.36 12.45 12.55 12.64 12.74 12.83 12.92
18 13.02 13.11 13.21 13.30 13.40 13.49 13.59 13.68 13.78 13.87
19 13.97 14.06 14.16 14.25 14.35 14.44 14.54 14.63 14.73 14.82
20 14.92 15.02 15.11 15.21 15.30 15.40 15.49 15.59 15.68 15.78
21 15.88 15.97 16.07 16.16 16.26 16.36 16.45 16.55 16.64 16.74
22 16.84 16.93 17.03 17.12 17.22 17.32 17.41 17.51 17.61 17.70
23 17.80 17.89 17.99 18.09 18.18 18.28 18.38 18.47 18.57 18.67
24 18.76 18.86 18.96 19.05 19.15 19.25 19.34 19.44 19.54 19.63
25 19.73 19.83 19.92 20.02 20.12 20.22 20.31 20.41 20.51 20.60
26 20.70 20.80 20.89 20.99 21.09 21.19 21.28 21.38 21.48 21.58
27 21.67 21.77 21.87 21.96 22.06 22.16 22.26 22.35 22.45 22.55
28 22.65 22.74 22.84 22.94 23.04 23.13 23.23 23.33 23.43 23.52
29 23.62 23.72 23.82 23.91 24.01 24.11 24.21 24.30 24.40 24.50
30 24.60 24.70 24.79 24.89 24.99 25.09 25.18 25.28 25.38 25.48
31 25.58 25.67 25.77 25.87 25.97 26.06 26.16 26.26 26.36 26.46
32 26.55 26.65 26.75 26.85 26.95 27.04 27.14 27.24 27.34 27.44
33 27.53 27.63 27.73 27.83 27.93 28.03 28.12 28.22 28.32 28.42
34 28.52 28.61 28.71 28.81 28.91 29.01 29.10 29.20 29.30 29.40
35 29.50 29.60 29.69 29.79 29.89 29.99 30.09 30.19 30.28 30.38
36 30.48 30.58 30.68 30.78 30.87 30.97 31.07 31.17 31.27 31.37
37 31.47 31.56 31.66 31.76 31.86 31.96 32.06 32.15 32.25 32.35
38 32.45 32.55 32.65 32.75 32.84 32.94 33.04 33.14 33.24 33.34
39 33.44 33.53 33.63 33.73 33.83 33.93 34.03 34.13 34.22 34.32
40 34.42 34.52 34.62 34.72 34.82 34.91 35.01 35.11 35.21 35.31
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–19

 Curve

67
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 67
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

0
1 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.14
2 0.17 0.21 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.49 0.54
3 0.59 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.80 0.85 0.91 0.97 1.03 1.09
4 1.15 1.21 1.27 1.34 1.40 1.47 1.53 1.60 1.67 1.74
5 1.80 1.87 1.95 2.02 2.09 2.16 2.23 2.31 2.38 2.46
6 2.53 2.61 2.68 2.76 2.84 2.92 2.99 3.07 3.15 3.23
7 3.31 3.39 3.47 3.55 3.63 3.71 3.79 3.88 3.96 4.04
8 4.12 4.21 4.29 4.37 4.46 4.54 4.63 4.71 4.80 4.88
9 4.97 5.05 5.14 5.22 5.31 5.40 5.48 5.57 5.66 5.75
10 5.83 5.92 6.01 6.10 6.18 6.27 6.36 6.45 6.54 6.63
11 6.72 6.81 6.90 6.98 7.07 7.16 7.25 7.34 7.43 7.52
12 7.61 7.71 7.80 7.89 7.98 8.07 8.16 8.25 8.34 8.43
13 8.53 8.62 8.71 8.80 8.89 8.98 9.08 9.17 9.26 9.35
14 9.45 9.54 9.63 9.72 9.82 9.91 10.00 10.09 10.19 10.28
15 10.37 10.47 10.56 10.65 10.75 10.84 10.94 11.03 11.12 11.22
16 11.31 11.40 11.50 11.59 11.69 11.78 11.87 11.97 12.06 12.16
17 12.25 12.35 12.44 12.54 12.63 12.73 12.82 12.91 13.01 13.10
18 13.20 13.29 13.39 13.48 13.58 13.67 13.77 13.87 13.96 14.06
19 14.15 14.25 14.34 14.44 14.53 14.63 14.72 14.82 14.92 15.01
20 15.11 15.20 15.30 15.39 15.49 15.59 15.68 15.78 15.87 15.97
21 16.07 16.16 16.26 16.36 16.45 16.55 16.64 16.74 16.84 16.93
22 17.03 17.13 17.22 17.32 17.42 17.51 17.61 17.70 17.80 17.90
23 17.99 18.09 18.19 18.28 18.38 18.48 18.58 18.67 18.77 18.87
24 18.96 19.06 19.16 19.25 19.35 19.45 19.54 19.64 19.74 19.84
25 19.93 20.03 20.13 20.22 20.32 20.42 20.52 20.61 20.71 20.81
26 20.90 21.00 21.10 21.20 21.29 21.39 21.49 21.59 21.68 21.78
27 21.88 21.98 22.07 22.17 22.27 22.37 22.46 22.56 22.66 22.76
28 22.85 22.95 23.05 23.15 23.24 23.34 23.44 23.54 23.64 23.73
29 23.83 23.93 24.03 24.12 24.22 24.32 24.42 24.52 24.61 24.71
30 24.81 24.91 25.01 25.10 25.20 25.30 25.40 25.49 25.59 25.69
31 25.79 25.89 25.98 26.08 26.18 26.28 26.38 26.48 26.57 26.67
32 26.77 26.87 26.97 27.06 27.16 27.26 27.36 27.46 27.55 27.65
33 27.75 27.85 27.95 28.05 28.14 28.24 28.34 28.44 28.54 28.64
34 28.73 28.83 28.93 29.03 29.13 29.23 29.32 29.42 29.52 29.62
35 29.72 29.82 29.91 30.01 30.11 30.21 30.31 30.41 30.51 30.60
36 30.70 30.80 30.90 31.00 31.10 31.19 31.29 31.39 31.49 31.59
37 31.69 31.79 31.88 31.98 32.08 32.18 32.28 32.38 32.48 32.57
38 32.67 32.77 32.87 32.97 33.07 33.17 33.27 33.36 33.46 33.56
39 33.66 33.76 33.86 33.96 34.05 34.15 34.25 34.35 34.45 34.55
40 34.65 34.75 34.84 34.94 35.04 35.14 35.24 35.34 35.44 35.54
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–20 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

68
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 68
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

0
1 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.13 0.16
2 0.20 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.35 0.39 0.43 0.48 0.53 0.58
3 0.63 0.68 0.73 0.79 0.85 0.90 0.96 1.02 1.08 1.14
4 1.21 1.27 1.34 1.40 1.47 1.53 1.60 1.67 1.74 1.81
5 1.88 1.95 2.03 2.10 2.17 2.25 2.32 2.40 2.47 2.55
6 2.62 2.70 2.78 2.86 2.93 3.01 3.09 3.17 3.25 3.33
7 3.41 3.49 3.58 3.66 3.74 3.82 3.90 3.99 4.07 4.15
8 4.24 4.32 4.41 4.49 4.58 4.66 4.75 4.83 4.92 5.00
9 5.09 5.18 5.26 5.35 5.44 5.53 5.61 5.70 5.79 5.88
10 5.97 6.05 6.14 6.23 6.32 6.41 6.50 6.59 6.68 6.77
11 6.86 6.95 7.04 7.13 7.22 7.31 7.40 7.49 7.58 7.67
12 7.76 7.85 7.94 8.04 8.13 8.22 8.31 8.40 8.49 8.59
13 8.68 8.77 8.86 8.95 9.05 9.14 9.23 9.33 9.42 9.51
14 9.60 9.70 9.79 9.88 9.98 10.07 10.16 10.26 10.35 10.44
15 10.54 10.63 10.73 10.82 10.91 11.01 11.10 11.20 11.29 11.38
16 11.48 11.57 11.67 11.76 11.86 11.95 12.04 12.14 12.23 12.33
17 12.42 12.52 12.61 12.71 12.80 12.90 12.99 13.09 13.18 13.28
18 13.38 13.47 13.57 13.66 13.76 13.85 13.95 14.04 14.14 14.23
19 14.33 14.43 14.52 14.62 14.71 14.81 14.91 15.00 15.10 15.19
20 15.29 15.39 15.48 15.58 15.67 15.77 15.87 15.96 16.06 16.16
21 16.25 16.35 16.45 16.54 16.64 16.73 16.83 16.93 17.02 17.12
22 17.22 17.31 17.41 17.51 17.60 17.70 17.80 17.89 17.99 18.09
23 18.19 18.28 18.38 18.48 18.57 18.67 18.77 18.86 18.96 19.06
24 19.16 19.25 19.35 19.45 19.54 19.64 19.74 19.84 19.93 20.03
25 20.13 20.23 20.32 20.42 20.52 20.61 20.71 20.81 20.91 21.00
26 21.10 21.20 21.30 21.39 21.49 21.59 21.69 21.79 21.88 21.98
27 22.08 22.18 22.27 22.37 22.47 22.57 22.66 22.76 22.86 22.96
28 23.06 23.15 23.25 23.35 23.45 23.54 23.64 23.74 23.84 23.94
29 24.03 24.13 24.23 24.33 24.43 24.52 24.62 24.72 24.82 24.92
30 25.01 25.11 25.21 25.31 25.41 25.50 25.60 25.70 25.80 25.90
31 26.00 26.09 26.19 26.29 26.39 26.49 26.58 26.68 26.78 26.88
32 26.98 27.08 27.17 27.27 27.37 27.47 27.57 27.67 27.76 27.86
33 27.96 28.06 28.16 28.26 28.35 28.45 28.55 28.65 28.75 28.85
34 28.95 29.04 29.14 29.24 29.34 29.44 29.54 29.63 29.73 29.83
35 29.93 30.03 30.13 30.23 30.32 30.42 30.52 30.62 30.72 30.82
36 30.92 31.01 31.11 31.21 31.31 31.41 31.51 31.61 31.70 31.80
37 31.90 32.00 32.10 32.20 32.30 32.40 32.49 32.59 32.69 32.79
38 32.89 32.99 33.09 33.19 33.28 33.38 33.48 33.58 33.68 33.78
39 33.88 33.98 34.07 34.17 34.27 34.37 34.47 34.57 34.67 34.77
40 34.86 34.96 35.06 35.16 35.26 35.36 35.46 35.56 35.66 35.75
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–21

 Curve

69
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 69
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0
1 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.18
2 0.22 0.25 0.29 0.33 0.38 0.42 0.47 0.52 0.57 0.62
3 0.67 0.72 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95 1.02 1.08 1.14 1.20
4 1.27 1.33 1.40 1.47 1.53 1.60 1.67 1.74 1.81 1.89
5 1.96 2.03 2.11 2.18 2.25 2.33 2.41 2.48 2.56 2.64
6 2.71 2.79 2.87 2.95 3.03 3.11 3.19 3.27 3.35 3.43
7 3.52 3.60 3.68 3.76 3.85 3.93 4.01 4.10 4.18 4.27
8 4.35 4.44 4.52 4.61 4.69 4.78 4.87 4.95 5.04 5.13
9 5.21 5.30 5.39 5.48 5.56 5.65 5.74 5.83 5.92 6.01
10 6.10 6.18 6.27 6.36 6.45 6.54 6.63 6.72 6.81 6.90
11 6.99 7.08 7.17 7.27 7.36 7.45 7.54 7.63 7.72 7.81
12 7.90 8.00 8.09 8.18 8.27 8.36 8.46 8.55 8.64 8.73
13 8.83 8.92 9.01 9.11 9.20 9.29 9.38 9.48 9.57 9.66
14 9.76 9.85 9.95 10.04 10.13 10.23 10.32 10.41 10.51 10.60
15 10.70 10.79 10.88 10.98 11.07 11.17 11.26 11.36 11.45 11.55
16 11.64 11.74 11.83 11.93 12.02 12.12 12.21 12.31 12.40 12.50
17 12.59 12.69 12.78 12.88 12.97 13.07 13.16 13.26 13.35 13.45
18 13.55 13.64 13.74 13.83 13.93 14.02 14.12 14.22 14.31 14.41
19 14.50 14.60 14.70 14.79 14.89 14.99 15.08 15.18 15.27 15.37
20 15.47 15.56 15.66 15.76 15.85 15.95 16.05 16.14 16.24 16.34
21 16.43 16.53 16.63 16.72 16.82 16.92 17.01 17.11 17.21 17.30
22 17.40 17.50 17.59 17.69 17.79 17.88 17.98 18.08 18.18 18.27
23 18.37 18.47 18.56 18.66 18.76 18.86 18.95 19.05 19.15 19.25
24 19.34 19.44 19.54 19.63 19.73 19.83 19.93 20.02 20.12 20.22
25 20.32 20.41 20.51 20.61 20.71 20.80 20.90 21.00 21.10 21.20
26 21.29 21.39 21.49 21.59 21.68 21.78 21.88 21.98 22.08 22.17
27 22.27 22.37 22.47 22.56 22.66 22.76 22.86 22.96 23.05 23.15
28 23.25 23.35 23.45 23.54 23.64 23.74 23.84 23.94 24.03 24.13
29 24.23 24.33 24.43 24.52 24.62 24.72 24.82 24.92 25.02 25.11
30 25.21 25.31 25.41 25.51 25.61 25.70 25.80 25.90 26.00 26.10
31 26.19 26.29 26.39 26.49 26.59 26.69 26.78 26.88 26.98 27.08
32 27.18 27.28 27.38 27.47 27.57 27.67 27.77 27.87 27.97 28.06
33 28.16 28.26 28.36 28.46 28.56 28.66 28.75 28.85 28.95 29.05
34 29.15 29.25 29.35 29.44 29.54 29.64 29.74 29.84 29.94 30.04
35 30.13 30.23 30.33 30.43 30.53 30.63 30.73 30.83 30.92 31.02
36 31.12 31.22 31.32 31.42 31.52 31.61 31.71 31.81 31.91 32.01
37 32.11 32.21 32.31 32.41 32.50 32.60 32.70 32.80 32.90 33.00
38 33.10 33.20 33.29 33.39 33.49 33.59 33.69 33.79 33.89 33.99
39 34.09 34.18 34.28 34.38 34.48 34.58 34.68 34.78 34.88 34.98
40 35.07 35.17 35.27 35.37 35.47 35.57 35.67 35.77 35.87 35.97
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–22 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

70
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 70
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0
1 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.20
2 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.41 0.46 0.50 0.56 0.61 0.66
3 0.72 0.77 0.83 0.89 0.95 1.01 1.07 1.14 1.20 1.27
4 1.33 1.40 1.47 1.54 1.61 1.68 1.75 1.82 1.89 1.96
5 2.04 2.11 2.19 2.26 2.34 2.42 2.49 2.57 2.65 2.73
6 2.81 2.89 2.97 3.05 3.13 3.21 3.29 3.37 3.46 3.54
7 3.62 3.70 3.79 3.87 3.96 4.04 4.13 4.21 4.30 4.38
8 4.47 4.55 4.64 4.73 4.81 4.90 4.99 5.07 5.16 5.25
9 5.34 5.43 5.52 5.60 5.69 5.78 5.87 5.96 6.05 6.14
10 6.23 6.32 6.41 6.50 6.59 6.68 6.77 6.86 6.95 7.04
11 7.13 7.23 7.32 7.41 7.50 7.59 7.68 7.78 7.87 7.96
12 8.05 8.14 8.24 8.33 8.42 8.51 8.61 8.70 8.79 8.89
13 8.98 9.07 9.17 9.26 9.35 9.45 9.54 9.63 9.73 9.82
14 9.92 10.01 10.10 10.20 10.29 10.39 10.48 10.57 10.67 10.76
15 10.86 10.95 11.05 11.14 11.24 11.33 11.43 11.52 11.62 11.71
16 11.81 11.90 12.00 12.09 12.19 12.28 12.38 12.47 12.57 12.67
17 12.76 12.86 12.95 13.05 13.14 13.24 13.34 13.43 13.53 13.62
18 13.72 13.82 13.91 14.01 14.10 14.20 14.30 14.39 14.49 14.58
19 14.68 14.78 14.87 14.97 15.07 15.16 15.26 15.36 15.45 15.55
20 15.65 15.74 15.84 15.94 16.03 16.13 16.23 16.32 16.42 16.52
21 16.61 16.71 16.81 16.90 17.00 17.10 17.20 17.29 17.39 17.49
22 17.58 17.68 17.78 17.88 17.97 18.07 18.17 18.27 18.36 18.46
23 18.56 18.65 18.75 18.85 18.95 19.04 19.14 19.24 19.34 19.43
24 19.53 19.63 19.73 19.82 19.92 20.02 20.12 20.22 20.31 20.41
25 20.51 20.61 20.70 20.80 20.90 21.00 21.10 21.19 21.29 21.39
26 21.49 21.58 21.68 21.78 21.88 21.98 22.07 22.17 22.27 22.37
27 22.47 22.56 22.66 22.76 22.86 22.96 23.05 23.15 23.25 23.35
28 23.45 23.55 23.64 23.74 23.84 23.94 24.04 24.13 24.23 24.33
29 24.43 24.53 24.63 24.72 24.82 24.92 25.02 25.12 25.22 25.31
30 25.41 25.51 25.61 25.71 25.81 25.90 26.00 26.10 26.20 26.30
31 26.40 26.49 26.59 26.69 26.79 26.89 26.99 27.09 27.18 27.28
32 27.38 27.48 27.58 27.68 27.78 27.87 27.97 28.07 28.17 28.27
33 28.37 28.47 28.56 28.66 28.76 28.86 28.96 29.06 29.16 29.25
34 29.35 29.45 29.55 29.65 29.75 29.85 29.95 30.04 30.14 30.24
35 30.34 30.44 30.54 30.64 30.74 30.83 30.93 31.03 31.13 31.23
36 31.33 31.43 31.53 31.63 31.72 31.82 31.92 32.02 32.12 32.22
37 32.32 32.42 32.51 32.61 32.71 32.81 32.91 33.01 33.11 33.21
38 33.31 33.41 33.50 33.60 33.70 33.80 33.90 34.00 34.10 34.20
39 34.30 34.39 34.49 34.59 34.69 34.79 34.89 34.99 35.09 35.19
40 35.29 35.38 35.48 35.58 35.68 35.78 35.88 35.98 36.08 36.18
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–23

 Curve

71
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 71
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.00
1 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.23
2 0.27 0.31 0.35 0.40 0.44 0.49 0.54 0.60 0.65 0.70
3 0.76 0.82 0.88 0.94 1.00 1.07 1.13 1.19 1.26 1.33
4 1.40 1.46 1.53 1.60 1.68 1.75 1.82 1.89 1.97 2.04
5 2.12 2.19 2.27 2.35 2.43 2.50 2.58 2.66 2.74 2.82
6 2.90 2.98 3.06 3.14 3.23 3.31 3.39 3.47 3.56 3.64
7 3.73 3.81 3.89 3.98 4.06 4.15 4.24 4.32 4.41 4.50
8 4.58 4.67 4.76 4.84 4.93 5.02 5.11 5.20 5.28 5.37
9 5.46 5.55 5.64 5.73 5.82 5.91 6.00 6.09 6.18 6.27
10 6.36 6.45 6.54 6.63 6.72 6.81 6.90 7.00 7.09 7.18
11 7.27 7.36 7.45 7.55 7.64 7.73 7.82 7.92 8.01 8.10
12 8.19 8.29 8.38 8.47 8.57 8.66 8.75 8.85 8.94 9.03
13 9.13 9.22 9.32 9.41 9.50 9.60 9.69 9.79 9.88 9.97
14 10.07 10.16 10.26 10.35 10.45 10.54 10.64 10.73 10.83 10.92
15 11.02 11.11 11.21 11.30 11.40 11.49 11.59 11.68 11.78 11.87
16 11.97 12.06 12.16 12.25 12.35 12.45 12.54 12.64 12.73 12.83
17 12.93 13.02 13.12 13.21 13.31 13.41 13.50 13.60 13.69 13.79
18 13.89 13.98 14.08 14.18 14.27 14.37 14.47 14.56 14.66 14.76
19 14.85 14.95 15.05 15.14 15.24 15.34 15.43 15.53 15.63 15.72
20 15.82 15.92 16.01 16.11 16.21 16.30 16.40 16.50 16.60 16.69
21 16.79 16.89 16.98 17.08 17.18 17.28 17.37 17.47 17.57 17.67
22 17.76 17.86 17.96 18.06 18.15 18.25 18.35 18.45 18.54 18.64
23 18.74 18.84 18.93 19.03 19.13 19.23 19.32 19.42 19.52 19.62
24 19.71 19.81 19.91 20.01 20.11 20.20 20.30 20.40 20.50 20.60
25 20.69 20.79 20.89 20.99 21.08 21.18 21.28 21.38 21.48 21.57
26 21.67 21.77 21.87 21.97 22.07 22.16 22.26 22.36 22.46 22.56
27 22.65 22.75 22.85 22.95 23.05 23.15 23.24 23.34 23.44 23.54
28 23.64 23.73 23.83 23.93 24.03 24.13 24.23 24.32 24.42 24.52
29 24.62 24.72 24.82 24.92 25.01 25.11 25.21 25.31 25.41 25.51
30 25.60 25.70 25.80 25.90 26.00 26.10 26.20 26.29 26.39 26.49
31 26.59 26.69 26.79 26.89 26.98 27.08 27.18 27.28 27.38 27.48
32 27.58 27.67 27.77 27.87 27.97 28.07 28.17 28.27 28.37 28.46
33 28.56 28.66 28.76 28.86 28.96 29.06 29.16 29.25 29.35 29.45
34 29.55 29.65 29.75 29.85 29.95 30.04 30.14 30.24 30.34 30.44
35 30.54 30.64 30.74 30.84 30.93 31.03 31.13 31.23 31.33 31.43
36 31.53 31.63 31.73 31.82 31.92 32.02 32.12 32.22 32.32 32.42
37 32.52 32.62 32.72 32.81 32.91 33.01 33.11 33.21 33.31 33.41
38 33.51 33.61 33.71 33.80 33.90 34.00 34.10 34.20 34.30 34.40
39 34.50 34.60 34.70 34.80 34.89 34.99 35.09 35.19 35.29 35.39
40 35.49 35.59 35.69 35.79 35.89 35.98 36.08 36.18 36.28 36.38
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–24 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

72
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 72
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00
1 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.11 0.14 0.18 0.21 0.25
2 0.29 0.34 0.38 0.43 0.48 0.53 0.58 0.64 0.69 0.75
3 0.81 0.87 0.93 0.99 1.06 1.12 1.19 1.25 1.32 1.39
4 1.46 1.53 1.60 1.67 1.75 1.82 1.89 1.97 2.04 2.12
5 2.20 2.27 2.35 2.43 2.51 2.59 2.67 2.75 2.83 2.91
6 2.99 3.07 3.16 3.24 3.32 3.41 3.49 3.57 3.66 3.74
7 3.83 3.91 4.00 4.09 4.17 4.26 4.34 4.43 4.52 4.61
8 4.69 4.78 4.87 4.96 5.05 5.14 5.22 5.31 5.40 5.49
9 5.58 5.67 5.76 5.85 5.94 6.03 6.12 6.21 6.30 6.39
10 6.49 6.58 6.67 6.76 6.85 6.94 7.04 7.13 7.22 7.31
11 7.40 7.50 7.59 7.68 7.77 7.87 7.96 8.05 8.15 8.24
12 8.33 8.43 8.52 8.61 8.71 8.80 8.90 8.99 9.08 9.18
13 9.27 9.37 9.46 9.55 9.65 9.74 9.84 9.93 10.03 10.12
14 10.22 10.31 10.41 10.50 10.60 10.69 10.79 10.88 10.98 11.07
15 11.17 11.26 11.36 11.45 11.55 11.65 11.74 11.84 11.93 12.03
16 12.12 12.22 12.32 12.41 12.51 12.60 12.70 12.80 12.89 12.99
17 13.08 13.18 13.28 13.37 13.47 13.57 13.66 13.76 13.86 13.95
18 14.05 14.15 14.24 14.34 14.44 14.53 14.63 14.73 14.82 14.92
19 15.02 15.11 15.21 15.31 15.40 15.50 15.60 15.70 15.79 15.89
20 15.99 16.08 16.18 16.28 16.38 16.47 16.57 16.67 16.76 16.86
21 16.96 17.06 17.15 17.25 17.35 17.45 17.54 17.64 17.74 17.84
22 17.93 18.03 18.13 18.23 18.33 18.42 18.52 18.62 18.72 18.81
23 18.91 19.01 19.11 19.20 19.30 19.40 19.50 19.60 19.69 19.79
24 19.89 19.99 20.09 20.18 20.28 20.38 20.48 20.58 20.67 20.77
25 20.87 20.97 21.07 21.16 21.26 21.36 21.46 21.56 21.66 21.75
26 21.85 21.95 22.05 22.15 22.24 22.34 22.44 22.54 22.64 22.74
27 22.83 22.93 23.03 23.13 23.23 23.33 23.42 23.52 23.62 23.72
28 23.82 23.92 24.02 24.11 24.21 24.31 24.41 24.51 24.61 24.70
29 24.80 24.90 25.00 25.10 25.20 25.30 25.39 25.49 25.59 25.69
30 25.79 25.89 25.99 26.08 26.18 26.28 26.38 26.48 26.58 26.68
31 26.78 26.87 26.97 27.07 27.17 27.27 27.37 27.47 27.57 27.66
32 27.76 27.86 27.96 28.06 28.16 28.26 28.36 28.45 28.55 28.65
33 28.75 28.85 28.95 29.05 29.15 29.25 29.34 29.44 29.54 29.64
34 29.74 29.84 29.94 30.04 30.14 30.23 30.33 30.43 30.53 30.63
35 30.73 30.83 30.93 31.03 31.12 31.22 31.32 31.42 31.52 31.62
36 31.72 31.82 31.92 32.02 32.11 32.21 32.31 32.41 32.51 32.61
37 32.71 32.81 32.91 33.01 33.11 33.20 33.30 33.40 33.50 33.60
38 33.70 33.80 33.90 34.00 34.10 34.20 34.29 34.39 34.49 34.59
39 34.69 34.79 34.89 34.99 35.09 35.19 35.29 35.39 35.48 35.58
40 35.68 35.78 35.88 35.98 36.08 36.18 36.28 36.38 36.48 36.58
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–25

 Curve

73
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 73
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
1 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28
2 0.32 0.37 0.41 0.46 0.51 0.57 0.62 0.68 0.74 0.80
3 0.86 0.92 0.98 1.05 1.11 1.18 1.25 1.32 1.39 1.46
4 1.53 1.60 1.67 1.75 1.82 1.90 1.97 2.05 2.12 2.20
5 2.28 2.36 2.44 2.52 2.60 2.68 2.76 2.84 2.92 3.01
6 3.09 3.17 3.25 3.34 3.42 3.51 3.59 3.68 3.76 3.85
7 3.93 4.02 4.11 4.19 4.28 4.37 4.46 4.54 4.63 4.72
8 4.81 4.90 4.99 5.08 5.17 5.25 5.34 5.43 5.52 5.61
9 5.70 5.80 5.89 5.98 6.07 6.16 6.25 6.34 6.43 6.52
10 6.62 6.71 6.80 6.89 6.98 7.08 7.17 7.26 7.35 7.45
11 7.54 7.63 7.73 7.82 7.91 8.01 8.10 8.19 8.29 8.38
12 8.48 8.57 8.66 8.76 8.85 8.95 9.04 9.13 9.23 9.32
13 9.42 9.51 9.61 9.70 9.80 9.89 9.99 10.08 10.18 10.27
14 10.37 10.46 10.56 10.65 10.75 10.84 10.94 11.04 11.13 11.23
15 11.32 11.42 11.51 11.61 11.71 11.80 11.90 11.99 12.09 12.19
16 12.28 12.38 12.47 12.57 12.67 12.76 12.86 12.96 13.05 13.15
17 13.25 13.34 13.44 13.54 13.63 13.73 13.83 13.92 14.02 14.12
18 14.21 14.31 14.41 14.50 14.60 14.70 14.79 14.89 14.99 15.09
19 15.18 15.28 15.38 15.48 15.57 15.67 15.77 15.86 15.96 16.06
20 16.16 16.25 16.35 16.45 16.55 16.64 16.74 16.84 16.94 17.03
21 17.13 17.23 17.33 17.42 17.52 17.62 17.72 17.82 17.91 18.01
22 18.11 18.21 18.30 18.40 18.50 18.60 18.70 18.79 18.89 18.99
23 19.09 19.19 19.28 19.38 19.48 19.58 19.68 19.77 19.87 19.97
24 20.07 20.17 20.26 20.36 20.46 20.56 20.66 20.75 20.85 20.95
25 21.05 21.15 21.25 21.34 21.44 21.54 21.64 21.74 21.84 21.93
26 22.03 22.13 22.23 22.33 22.43 22.52 22.62 22.72 22.82 22.92
27 23.02 23.12 23.21 23.31 23.41 23.51 23.61 23.71 23.81 23.90
28 24.00 24.10 24.20 24.30 24.40 24.50 24.59 24.69 24.79 24.89
29 24.99 25.09 25.19 25.28 25.38 25.48 25.58 25.68 25.78 25.88
30 25.98 26.07 26.17 26.27 26.37 26.47 26.57 26.67 26.77 26.86
31 26.96 27.06 27.16 27.26 27.36 27.46 27.56 27.65 27.75 27.85
32 27.95 28.05 28.15 28.25 28.35 28.45 28.54 28.64 28.74 28.84
33 28.94 29.04 29.14 29.24 29.34 29.44 29.53 29.63 29.73 29.83
34 29.93 30.03 30.13 30.23 30.33 30.43 30.52 30.62 30.72 30.82
35 30.92 31.02 31.12 31.22 31.32 31.42 31.52 31.61 31.71 31.81
36 31.91 32.01 32.11 32.21 32.31 32.41 32.51 32.61 32.70 32.80
37 32.90 33.00 33.10 33.20 33.30 33.40 33.50 33.60 33.70 33.80
38 33.89 33.99 34.09 34.19 34.29 34.39 34.49 34.59 34.69 34.79
39 34.89 34.99 35.08 35.18 35.28 35.38 35.48 35.58 35.68 35.78
40 35.88 35.98 36.08 36.18 36.28 36.38 36.47 36.57 36.67 36.77
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–26 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

74
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 74
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
1 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.22 0.26 0.30
2 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.61 0.67 0.72 0.78 0.85
3 0.91 0.97 1.04 1.11 1.17 1.24 1.31 1.38 1.45 1.52
4 1.60 1.67 1.75 1.82 1.90 1.97 2.05 2.13 2.21 2.29
5 2.37 2.45 2.53 2.61 2.69 2.77 2.85 2.94 3.02 3.10
6 3.19 3.27 3.36 3.44 3.53 3.61 3.70 3.78 3.87 3.96
7 4.04 4.13 4.22 4.31 4.39 4.48 4.57 4.66 4.75 4.84
8 4.93 5.02 5.11 5.20 5.29 5.38 5.47 5.56 5.65 5.74
9 5.83 5.92 6.01 6.11 6.20 6.29 6.38 6.47 6.57 6.66
10 6.75 6.84 6.94 7.03 7.12 7.21 7.31 7.40 7.49 7.59
11 7.68 7.77 7.87 7.96 8.06 8.15 8.24 8.34 8.43 8.53
12 8.62 8.71 8.81 8.90 9.00 9.09 9.19 9.28 9.38 9.47
13 9.57 9.66 9.76 9.85 9.95 10.04 10.14 10.23 10.33 10.43
14 10.52 10.62 10.71 10.81 10.90 11.00 11.10 11.19 11.29 11.38
15 11.48 11.58 11.67 11.77 11.86 11.96 12.06 12.15 12.25 12.35
16 12.44 12.54 12.64 12.73 12.83 12.93 13.02 13.12 13.22 13.31
17 13.41 13.51 13.60 13.70 13.80 13.89 13.99 14.09 14.19 14.28
18 14.38 14.48 14.57 14.67 14.77 14.87 14.96 15.06 15.16 15.26
19 15.35 15.45 15.55 15.65 15.74 15.84 15.94 16.04 16.13 16.23
20 16.33 16.43 16.52 16.62 16.72 16.82 16.91 17.01 17.11 17.21
21 17.31 17.40 17.50 17.60 17.70 17.79 17.89 17.99 18.09 18.19
22 18.28 18.38 18.48 18.58 18.68 18.77 18.87 18.97 19.07 19.17
23 19.27 19.36 19.46 19.56 19.66 19.76 19.85 19.95 20.05 20.15
24 20.25 20.35 20.44 20.54 20.64 20.74 20.84 20.94 21.03 21.13
25 21.23 21.33 21.43 21.53 21.62 21.72 21.82 21.92 22.02 22.12
26 22.22 22.31 22.41 22.51 22.61 22.71 22.81 22.91 23.00 23.10
27 23.20 23.30 23.40 23.50 23.60 23.69 23.79 23.89 23.99 24.09
28 24.19 24.29 24.39 24.48 24.58 24.68 24.78 24.88 24.98 25.08
29 25.18 25.27 25.37 25.47 25.57 25.67 25.77 25.87 25.97 26.06
30 26.16 26.26 26.36 26.46 26.56 26.66 26.76 26.86 26.95 27.05
31 27.15 27.25 27.35 27.45 27.55 27.65 27.75 27.85 27.94 28.04
32 28.14 28.24 28.34 28.44 28.54 28.64 28.74 28.83 28.93 29.03
33 29.13 29.23 29.33 29.43 29.53 29.63 29.73 29.83 29.92 30.02
34 30.12 30.22 30.32 30.42 30.52 30.62 30.72 30.82 30.92 31.01
35 31.11 31.21 31.31 31.41 31.51 31.61 31.71 31.81 31.91 32.01
36 32.11 32.20 32.30 32.40 32.50 32.60 32.70 32.80 32.90 33.00
37 33.10 33.20 33.30 33.40 33.49 33.59 33.69 33.79 33.89 33.99
38 34.09 34.19 34.29 34.39 34.49 34.59 34.69 34.78 34.88 34.98
39 35.08 35.18 35.28 35.38 35.48 35.58 35.68 35.78 35.88 35.98
40 36.08 36.18 36.27 36.37 36.47 36.57 36.67 36.77 36.87 36.97
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–27

 Curve

75
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 75
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02
1 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.17 0.20 0.24 0.29 0.33
2 0.38 0.43 0.48 0.54 0.59 0.65 0.71 0.77 0.83 0.90
3 0.96 1.03 1.10 1.16 1.23 1.30 1.37 1.45 1.52 1.59
4 1.67 1.74 1.82 1.90 1.97 2.05 2.13 2.21 2.29 2.37
5 2.45 2.53 2.61 2.70 2.78 2.86 2.95 3.03 3.11 3.20
6 3.28 3.37 3.46 3.54 3.63 3.71 3.80 3.89 3.98 4.06
7 4.15 4.24 4.33 4.42 4.51 4.59 4.68 4.77 4.86 4.95
8 5.04 5.13 5.22 5.32 5.41 5.50 5.59 5.68 5.77 5.86
9 5.95 6.05 6.14 6.23 6.32 6.42 6.51 6.60 6.69 6.79
10 6.88 6.97 7.07 7.16 7.25 7.35 7.44 7.53 7.63 7.72
11 7.82 7.91 8.00 8.10 8.19 8.29 8.38 8.48 8.57 8.67
12 8.76 8.86 8.95 9.05 9.14 9.24 9.33 9.43 9.52 9.62
13 9.71 9.81 9.90 10.00 10.09 10.19 10.29 10.38 10.48 10.57
14 10.67 10.77 10.86 10.96 11.05 11.15 11.25 11.34 11.44 11.54
15 11.63 11.73 11.82 11.92 12.02 12.11 12.21 12.31 12.40 12.50
16 12.60 12.69 12.79 12.89 12.99 13.08 13.18 13.28 13.37 13.47
17 13.57 13.67 13.76 13.86 13.96 14.05 14.15 14.25 14.35 14.44
18 14.54 14.64 14.74 14.83 14.93 15.03 15.13 15.22 15.32 15.42
19 15.52 15.61 15.71 15.81 15.91 16.00 16.10 16.20 16.30 16.40
20 16.49 16.59 16.69 16.79 16.88 16.98 17.08 17.18 17.28 17.37
21 17.47 17.57 17.67 17.77 17.86 17.96 18.06 18.16 18.26 18.36
22 18.45 18.55 18.65 18.75 18.85 18.94 19.04 19.14 19.24 19.34
23 19.44 19.53 19.63 19.73 19.83 19.93 20.03 20.12 20.22 20.32
24 20.42 20.52 20.62 20.72 20.81 20.91 21.01 21.11 21.21 21.31
25 21.40 21.50 21.60 21.70 21.80 21.90 22.00 22.09 22.19 22.29
26 22.39 22.49 22.59 22.69 22.79 22.88 22.98 23.08 23.18 23.28
27 23.38 23.48 23.58 23.67 23.77 23.87 23.97 24.07 24.17 24.27
28 24.37 24.46 24.56 24.66 24.76 24.86 24.96 25.06 25.16 25.26
29 25.35 25.45 25.55 25.65 25.75 25.85 25.95 26.05 26.15 26.24
30 26.34 26.44 26.54 26.64 26.74 26.84 26.94 27.04 27.14 27.23
31 27.33 27.43 27.53 27.63 27.73 27.83 27.93 28.03 28.13 28.22
32 28.32 28.42 28.52 28.62 28.72 28.82 28.92 29.02 29.12 29.22
33 29.31 29.41 29.51 29.61 29.71 29.81 29.91 30.01 30.11 30.21
34 30.31 30.41 30.50 30.60 30.70 30.80 30.90 31.00 31.10 31.20
35 31.30 31.40 31.50 31.60 31.70 31.79 31.89 31.99 32.09 32.19
36 32.29 32.39 32.49 32.59 32.69 32.79 32.89 32.99 33.08 33.18
37 33.28 33.38 33.48 33.58 33.68 33.78 33.88 33.98 34.08 34.18
38 34.28 34.38 34.48 34.57 34.67 34.77 34.87 34.97 35.07 35.17
39 35.27 35.37 35.47 35.57 35.67 35.77 35.87 35.97 36.07 36.16
40 36.26 36.36 36.46 36.56 36.66 36.76 36.86 36.96 37.06 37.16
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–28 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

76
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 76
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02
1 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.19 0.23 0.27 0.32 0.36
2 0.41 0.47 0.52 0.58 0.63 0.69 0.76 0.82 0.88 0.95
3 1.01 1.08 1.15 1.22 1.29 1.36 1.44 1.51 1.59 1.66
4 1.74 1.81 1.89 1.97 2.05 2.13 2.21 2.29 2.37 2.45
5 2.53 2.62 2.70 2.78 2.87 2.95 3.04 3.12 3.21 3.29
6 3.38 3.47 3.55 3.64 3.73 3.81 3.90 3.99 4.08 4.17
7 4.26 4.35 4.43 4.52 4.61 4.70 4.79 4.88 4.97 5.07
8 5.16 5.25 5.34 5.43 5.52 5.61 5.71 5.80 5.89 5.98
9 6.07 6.17 6.26 6.35 6.45 6.54 6.63 6.72 6.82 6.91
10 7.01 7.10 7.19 7.29 7.38 7.47 7.57 7.66 7.76 7.85
11 7.95 8.04 8.14 8.23 8.32 8.42 8.51 8.61 8.70 8.80
12 8.90 8.99 9.09 9.18 9.28 9.37 9.47 9.56 9.66 9.76
13 9.85 9.95 10.04 10.14 10.23 10.33 10.43 10.52 10.62 10.72
14 10.81 10.91 11.00 11.10 11.20 11.29 11.39 11.49 11.58 11.68
15 11.78 11.87 11.97 12.07 12.16 12.26 12.36 12.46 12.55 12.65
16 12.75 12.84 12.94 13.04 13.14 13.23 13.33 13.43 13.52 13.62
17 13.72 13.82 13.91 14.01 14.11 14.21 14.30 14.40 14.50 14.60
18 14.69 14.79 14.89 14.99 15.09 15.18 15.28 15.38 15.48 15.57
19 15.67 15.77 15.87 15.97 16.06 16.16 16.26 16.36 16.46 16.55
20 16.65 16.75 16.85 16.95 17.04 17.14 17.24 17.34 17.44 17.53
21 17.63 17.73 17.83 17.93 18.03 18.12 18.22 18.32 18.42 18.52
22 18.62 18.71 18.81 18.91 19.01 19.11 19.21 19.30 19.40 19.50
23 19.60 19.70 19.80 19.89 19.99 20.09 20.19 20.29 20.39 20.49
24 20.58 20.68 20.78 20.88 20.98 21.08 21.18 21.27 21.37 21.47
25 21.57 21.67 21.77 21.87 21.97 22.06 22.16 22.26 22.36 22.46
26 22.56 22.66 22.76 22.85 22.95 23.05 23.15 23.25 23.35 23.45
27 23.55 23.65 23.74 23.84 23.94 24.04 24.14 24.24 24.34 24.44
28 24.54 24.63 24.73 24.83 24.93 25.03 25.13 25.23 25.33 25.43
29 25.52 25.62 25.72 25.82 25.92 26.02 26.12 26.22 26.32 26.42
30 26.51 26.61 26.71 26.81 26.91 27.01 27.11 27.21 27.31 27.41
31 27.51 27.60 27.70 27.80 27.90 28.00 28.10 28.20 28.30 28.40
32 28.50 28.60 28.70 28.79 28.89 28.99 29.09 29.19 29.29 29.39
33 29.49 29.59 29.69 29.79 29.89 29.99 30.08 30.18 30.28 30.38
34 30.48 30.58 30.68 30.78 30.88 30.98 31.08 31.18 31.28 31.37
35 31.47 31.57 31.67 31.77 31.87 31.97 32.07 32.17 32.27 32.37
36 32.47 32.57 32.67 32.77 32.86 32.96 33.06 33.16 33.26 33.36
37 33.46 33.56 33.66 33.76 33.86 33.96 34.06 34.16 34.26 34.35
38 34.45 34.55 34.65 34.75 34.85 34.95 35.05 35.15 35.25 35.35
39 35.45 35.55 35.65 35.75 35.85 35.95 36.05 36.14 36.24 36.34
40 36.44 36.54 36.64 36.74 36.84 36.94 37.04 37.14 37.24 37.34
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–29

 Curve

77
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 77
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03
1 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.25 0.30 0.34 0.39
2 0.45 0.50 0.56 0.62 0.68 0.74 0.80 0.87 0.93 1.00
3 1.07 1.14 1.21 1.28 1.36 1.43 1.50 1.58 1.66 1.73
4 1.81 1.89 1.97 2.05 2.13 2.21 2.29 2.37 2.46 2.54
5 2.62 2.71 2.79 2.87 2.96 3.04 3.13 3.22 3.30 3.39
6 3.48 3.56 3.65 3.74 3.83 3.92 4.01 4.10 4.18 4.27
7 4.36 4.45 4.54 4.63 4.73 4.82 4.91 5.00 5.09 5.18
8 5.27 5.36 5.46 5.55 5.64 5.73 5.83 5.92 6.01 6.10
9 6.20 6.29 6.38 6.48 6.57 6.66 6.76 6.85 6.95 7.04
10 7.13 7.23 7.32 7.42 7.51 7.61 7.70 7.79 7.89 7.98
11 8.08 8.17 8.27 8.36 8.46 8.56 8.65 8.75 8.84 8.94
12 9.03 9.13 9.22 9.32 9.42 9.51 9.61 9.70 9.80 9.90
13 9.99 10.09 10.19 10.28 10.38 10.47 10.57 10.67 10.76 10.86
14 10.96 11.05 11.15 11.25 11.34 11.44 11.54 11.64 11.73 11.83
15 11.93 12.02 12.12 12.22 12.31 12.41 12.51 12.61 12.70 12.80
16 12.90 13.00 13.09 13.19 13.29 13.39 13.48 13.58 13.68 13.78
17 13.87 13.97 14.07 14.17 14.26 14.36 14.46 14.56 14.65 14.75
18 14.85 14.95 15.05 15.14 15.24 15.34 15.44 15.54 15.63 15.73
19 15.83 15.93 16.03 16.12 16.22 16.32 16.42 16.52 16.61 16.71
20 16.81 16.91 17.01 17.11 17.20 17.30 17.40 17.50 17.60 17.70
21 17.79 17.89 17.99 18.09 18.19 18.29 18.38 18.48 18.58 18.68
22 18.78 18.88 18.98 19.07 19.17 19.27 19.37 19.47 19.57 19.67
23 19.76 19.86 19.96 20.06 20.16 20.26 20.36 20.45 20.55 20.65
24 20.75 20.85 20.95 21.05 21.15 21.24 21.34 21.44 21.54 21.64
25 21.74 21.84 21.94 22.03 22.13 22.23 22.33 22.43 22.53 22.63
26 22.73 22.83 22.92 23.02 23.12 23.22 23.32 23.42 23.52 23.62
27 23.72 23.82 23.91 24.01 24.11 24.21 24.31 24.41 24.51 24.61
28 24.71 24.81 24.90 25.00 25.10 25.20 25.30 25.40 25.50 25.60
29 25.70 25.80 25.89 25.99 26.09 26.19 26.29 26.39 26.49 26.59
30 26.69 26.79 26.89 26.99 27.08 27.18 27.28 27.38 27.48 27.58
31 27.68 27.78 27.88 27.98 28.08 28.18 28.28 28.37 28.47 28.57
32 28.67 28.77 28.87 28.97 29.07 29.17 29.27 29.37 29.47 29.57
33 29.66 29.76 29.86 29.96 30.06 30.16 30.26 30.36 30.46 30.56
34 30.66 30.76 30.86 30.96 31.05 31.15 31.25 31.35 31.45 31.55
35 31.65 31.75 31.85 31.95 32.05 32.15 32.25 32.35 32.45 32.55
36 32.64 32.74 32.84 32.94 33.04 33.14 33.24 33.34 33.44 33.54
37 33.64 33.74 33.84 33.94 34.04 34.14 34.24 34.33 34.43 34.53
38 34.63 34.73 34.83 34.93 35.03 35.13 35.23 35.33 35.43 35.53
39 35.63 35.73 35.83 35.93 36.03 36.13 36.22 36.32 36.42 36.52
40 36.62 36.72 36.82 36.92 37.02 37.12 37.22 37.32 37.42 37.52
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–30 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

78
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 78
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.04
1 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.19 0.23 0.28 0.33 0.38 0.43
2 0.48 0.54 0.60 0.66 0.72 0.79 0.85 0.92 0.99 1.06
3 1.13 1.20 1.27 1.35 1.42 1.50 1.57 1.65 1.73 1.81
4 1.89 1.97 2.05 2.13 2.21 2.29 2.38 2.46 2.54 2.63
5 2.71 2.80 2.88 2.97 3.05 3.14 3.23 3.32 3.40 3.49
6 3.58 3.67 3.76 3.85 3.93 4.02 4.11 4.20 4.29 4.38
7 4.48 4.57 4.66 4.75 4.84 4.93 5.02 5.11 5.21 5.30
8 5.39 5.48 5.58 5.67 5.76 5.86 5.95 6.04 6.14 6.23
9 6.32 6.42 6.51 6.60 6.70 6.79 6.89 6.98 7.08 7.17
10 7.26 7.36 7.45 7.55 7.64 7.74 7.83 7.93 8.03 8.12
11 8.22 8.31 8.41 8.50 8.60 8.69 8.79 8.89 8.98 9.08
12 9.17 9.27 9.37 9.46 9.56 9.65 9.75 9.85 9.94 10.04
13 10.14 10.23 10.33 10.43 10.52 10.62 10.72 10.81 10.91 11.01
14 11.11 11.20 11.30 11.40 11.49 11.59 11.69 11.79 11.88 11.98
15 12.08 12.17 12.27 12.37 12.47 12.56 12.66 12.76 12.86 12.95
16 13.05 13.15 13.25 13.34 13.44 13.54 13.64 13.74 13.83 13.93
17 14.03 14.13 14.22 14.32 14.42 14.52 14.62 14.71 14.81 14.91
18 15.01 15.11 15.20 15.30 15.40 15.50 15.60 15.70 15.79 15.89
19 15.99 16.09 16.19 16.28 16.38 16.48 16.58 16.68 16.78 16.87
20 16.97 17.07 17.17 17.27 17.37 17.47 17.56 17.66 17.76 17.86
21 17.96 18.06 18.16 18.25 18.35 18.45 18.55 18.65 18.75 18.85
22 18.94 19.04 19.14 19.24 19.34 19.44 19.54 19.63 19.73 19.83
23 19.93 20.03 20.13 20.23 20.33 20.42 20.52 20.62 20.72 20.82
24 20.92 21.02 21.12 21.22 21.31 21.41 21.51 21.61 21.71 21.81
25 21.91 22.01 22.11 22.20 22.30 22.40 22.50 22.60 22.70 22.80
26 22.90 23.00 23.10 23.19 23.29 23.39 23.49 23.59 23.69 23.79
27 23.89 23.99 24.09 24.19 24.28 24.38 24.48 24.58 24.68 24.78
28 24.88 24.98 25.08 25.18 25.28 25.37 25.47 25.57 25.67 25.77
29 25.87 25.97 26.07 26.17 26.27 26.37 26.47 26.56 26.66 26.76
30 26.86 26.96 27.06 27.16 27.26 27.36 27.46 27.56 27.66 27.76
31 27.86 27.95 28.05 28.15 28.25 28.35 28.45 28.55 28.65 28.75
32 28.85 28.95 29.05 29.15 29.25 29.34 29.44 29.54 29.64 29.74
33 29.84 29.94 30.04 30.14 30.24 30.34 30.44 30.54 30.64 30.74
34 30.84 30.93 31.03 31.13 31.23 31.33 31.43 31.53 31.63 31.73
35 31.83 31.93 32.03 32.13 32.23 32.33 32.43 32.53 32.62 32.72
36 32.82 32.92 33.02 33.12 33.22 33.32 33.42 33.52 33.62 33.72
37 33.82 33.92 34.02 34.12 34.22 34.32 34.42 34.52 34.61 34.71
38 34.81 34.91 35.01 35.11 35.21 35.31 35.41 35.51 35.61 35.71
39 35.81 35.91 36.01 36.11 36.21 36.31 36.41 36.51 36.61 36.70
40 36.80 36.90 37.00 37.10 37.20 37.30 37.40 37.50 37.60 37.70
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–31

 Curve

79
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 79
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.04
1 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.26 0.31 0.36 0.41 0.46
2 0.52 0.58 0.64 0.71 0.77 0.84 0.90 0.97 1.04 1.12
3 1.19 1.26 1.34 1.41 1.49 1.57 1.64 1.72 1.80 1.88
4 1.96 2.04 2.13 2.21 2.29 2.38 2.46 2.54 2.63 2.71
5 2.80 2.89 2.97 3.06 3.15 3.24 3.32 3.41 3.50 3.59
6 3.68 3.77 3.86 3.95 4.04 4.13 4.22 4.31 4.40 4.49
7 4.58 4.67 4.77 4.86 4.95 5.04 5.14 5.23 5.32 5.41
8 5.51 5.60 5.69 5.79 5.88 5.97 6.07 6.16 6.26 6.35
9 6.44 6.54 6.63 6.73 6.82 6.92 7.01 7.11 7.20 7.30
10 7.39 7.49 7.58 7.68 7.77 7.87 7.96 8.06 8.16 8.25
11 8.35 8.44 8.54 8.63 8.73 8.83 8.92 9.02 9.12 9.21
12 9.31 9.41 9.50 9.60 9.70 9.79 9.89 9.99 10.08 10.18
13 10.28 10.37 10.47 10.57 10.66 10.76 10.86 10.96 11.05 11.15
14 11.25 11.34 11.44 11.54 11.64 11.73 11.83 11.93 12.03 12.12
15 12.22 12.32 12.42 12.51 12.61 12.71 12.81 12.90 13.00 13.10
16 13.20 13.30 13.39 13.49 13.59 13.69 13.79 13.88 13.98 14.08
17 14.18 14.28 14.37 14.47 14.57 14.67 14.77 14.86 14.96 15.06
18 15.16 15.26 15.36 15.45 15.55 15.65 15.75 15.85 15.95 16.04
19 16.14 16.24 16.34 16.44 16.54 16.64 16.73 16.83 16.93 17.03
20 17.13 17.23 17.32 17.42 17.52 17.62 17.72 17.82 17.92 18.02
21 18.11 18.21 18.31 18.41 18.51 18.61 18.71 18.80 18.90 19.00
22 19.10 19.20 19.30 19.40 19.50 19.60 19.69 19.79 19.89 19.99
23 20.09 20.19 20.29 20.39 20.49 20.58 20.68 20.78 20.88 20.98
24 21.08 21.18 21.28 21.38 21.47 21.57 21.67 21.77 21.87 21.97
25 22.07 22.17 22.27 22.37 22.47 22.56 22.66 22.76 22.86 22.96
26 23.06 23.16 23.26 23.36 23.46 23.56 23.65 23.75 23.85 23.95
27 24.05 24.15 24.25 24.35 24.45 24.55 24.65 24.75 24.84 24.94
28 25.04 25.14 25.24 25.34 25.44 25.54 25.64 25.74 25.84 25.94
29 26.04 26.13 26.23 26.33 26.43 26.53 26.63 26.73 26.83 26.93
30 27.03 27.13 27.23 27.33 27.43 27.52 27.62 27.72 27.82 27.92
31 28.02 28.12 28.22 28.32 28.42 28.52 28.62 28.72 28.82 28.92
32 29.02 29.11 29.21 29.31 29.41 29.51 29.61 29.71 29.81 29.91
33 30.01 30.11 30.21 30.31 30.41 30.51 30.61 30.71 30.80 30.90
34 31.00 31.10 31.20 31.30 31.40 31.50 31.60 31.70 31.80 31.90
35 32.00 32.10 32.20 32.30 32.40 32.50 32.60 32.70 32.79 32.89
36 32.99 33.09 33.19 33.29 33.39 33.49 33.59 33.69 33.79 33.89
37 33.99 34.09 34.19 34.29 34.39 34.49 34.59 34.69 34.79 34.88
38 34.98 35.08 35.18 35.28 35.38 35.48 35.58 35.68 35.78 35.88
39 35.98 36.08 36.18 36.28 36.38 36.48 36.58 36.68 36.78 36.88
40 36.98 37.08 37.18 37.27 37.37 37.47 37.57 37.67 37.77 37.87
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–32 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

80
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 80
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.06
1 0.08 0.12 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.29 0.34 0.39 0.44 0.50
2 0.56 0.62 0.69 0.75 0.82 0.89 0.96 1.03 1.10 1.18
3 1.25 1.33 1.40 1.48 1.56 1.64 1.72 1.80 1.88 1.96
4 2.04 2.12 2.21 2.29 2.38 2.46 2.55 2.63 2.72 2.81
5 2.89 2.98 3.07 3.16 3.24 3.33 3.42 3.51 3.60 3.69
6 3.78 3.87 3.96 4.05 4.14 4.24 4.33 4.42 4.51 4.60
7 4.69 4.79 4.88 4.97 5.06 5.16 5.25 5.34 5.44 5.53
8 5.63 5.72 5.81 5.91 6.00 6.10 6.19 6.28 6.38 6.47
9 6.57 6.66 6.76 6.85 6.95 7.04 7.14 7.23 7.33 7.43
10 7.52 7.62 7.71 7.81 7.90 8.00 8.10 8.19 8.29 8.38
11 8.48 8.58 8.67 8.77 8.87 8.96 9.06 9.16 9.25 9.35
12 9.45 9.54 9.64 9.74 9.83 9.93 10.03 10.13 10.22 10.32
13 10.42 10.51 10.61 10.71 10.81 10.90 11.00 11.10 11.20 11.29
14 11.39 11.49 11.59 11.68 11.78 11.88 11.98 12.07 12.17 12.27
15 12.37 12.47 12.56 12.66 12.76 12.86 12.96 13.05 13.15 13.25
16 13.35 13.45 13.54 13.64 13.74 13.84 13.94 14.03 14.13 14.23
17 14.33 14.43 14.53 14.62 14.72 14.82 14.92 15.02 15.12 15.21
18 15.31 15.41 15.51 15.61 15.71 15.80 15.90 16.00 16.10 16.20
19 16.30 16.40 16.49 16.59 16.69 16.79 16.89 16.99 17.09 17.19
20 17.28 17.38 17.48 17.58 17.68 17.78 17.88 17.98 18.07 18.17
21 18.27 18.37 18.47 18.57 18.67 18.77 18.86 18.96 19.06 19.16
22 19.26 19.36 19.46 19.56 19.66 19.76 19.85 19.95 20.05 20.15
23 20.25 20.35 20.45 20.55 20.65 20.75 20.84 20.94 21.04 21.14
24 21.24 21.34 21.44 21.54 21.64 21.74 21.83 21.93 22.03 22.13
25 22.23 22.33 22.43 22.53 22.63 22.73 22.83 22.93 23.02 23.12
26 23.22 23.32 23.42 23.52 23.62 23.72 23.82 23.92 24.02 24.12
27 24.22 24.31 24.41 24.51 24.61 24.71 24.81 24.91 25.01 25.11
28 25.21 25.31 25.41 25.51 25.61 25.70 25.80 25.90 26.00 26.10
29 26.20 26.30 26.40 26.50 26.60 26.70 26.80 26.90 27.00 27.10
30 27.20 27.29 27.39 27.49 27.59 27.69 27.79 27.89 27.99 28.09
31 28.19 28.29 28.39 28.49 28.59 28.69 28.79 28.89 28.98 29.08
32 29.18 29.28 29.38 29.48 29.58 29.68 29.78 29.88 29.98 30.08
33 30.18 30.28 30.38 30.48 30.58 30.68 30.78 30.88 30.97 31.07
34 31.17 31.27 31.37 31.47 31.57 31.67 31.77 31.87 31.97 32.07
35 32.17 32.27 32.37 32.47 32.57 32.67 32.77 32.87 32.97 33.06
36 33.16 33.26 33.36 33.46 33.56 33.66 33.76 33.86 33.96 34.06
37 34.16 34.26 34.36 34.46 34.56 34.66 34.76 34.86 34.96 35.06
38 35.16 35.26 35.36 35.46 35.55 35.65 35.75 35.85 35.95 36.05
39 36.15 36.25 36.35 36.45 36.55 36.65 36.75 36.85 36.95 37.05
40 37.15 37.25 37.35 37.45 37.55 37.65 37.75 37.85 37.95 38.05
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–33

 Curve

81
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 81
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.07
1 0.10 0.13 0.17 0.22 0.27 0.32 0.37 0.42 0.48 0.54
2 0.61 0.67 0.74 0.80 0.87 0.94 1.02 1.09 1.16 1.24
3 1.32 1.39 1.47 1.55 1.63 1.71 1.79 1.87 1.96 2.04
4 2.12 2.21 2.29 2.38 2.47 2.55 2.64 2.73 2.81 2.90
5 2.99 3.08 3.17 3.26 3.34 3.43 3.52 3.62 3.71 3.80
6 3.89 3.98 4.07 4.16 4.25 4.35 4.44 4.53 4.62 4.72
7 4.81 4.90 5.00 5.09 5.18 5.28 5.37 5.46 5.56 5.65
8 5.75 5.84 5.94 6.03 6.13 6.22 6.31 6.41 6.51 6.60
9 6.70 6.79 6.89 6.98 7.08 7.17 7.27 7.37 7.46 7.56
10 7.65 7.75 7.85 7.94 8.04 8.13 8.23 8.33 8.42 8.52
11 8.62 8.71 8.81 8.91 9.00 9.10 9.20 9.30 9.39 9.49
12 9.59 9.68 9.78 9.88 9.98 10.07 10.17 10.27 10.37 10.46
13 10.56 10.66 10.76 10.85 10.95 11.05 11.15 11.24 11.34 11.44
14 11.54 11.63 11.73 11.83 11.93 12.03 12.12 12.22 12.32 12.42
15 12.52 12.61 12.71 12.81 12.91 13.01 13.11 13.20 13.30 13.40
16 13.50 13.60 13.69 13.79 13.89 13.99 14.09 14.19 14.29 14.38
17 14.48 14.58 14.68 14.78 14.88 14.97 15.07 15.17 15.27 15.37
18 15.47 15.57 15.66 15.76 15.86 15.96 16.06 16.16 16.26 16.36
19 16.45 16.55 16.65 16.75 16.85 16.95 17.05 17.15 17.24 17.34
20 17.44 17.54 17.64 17.74 17.84 17.94 18.04 18.13 18.23 18.33
21 18.43 18.53 18.63 18.73 18.83 18.93 19.03 19.12 19.22 19.32
22 19.42 19.52 19.62 19.72 19.82 19.92 20.02 20.11 20.21 20.31
23 20.41 20.51 20.61 20.71 20.81 20.91 21.01 21.11 21.21 21.30
24 21.40 21.50 21.60 21.70 21.80 21.90 22.00 22.10 22.20 22.30
25 22.40 22.50 22.59 22.69 22.79 22.89 22.99 23.09 23.19 23.29
26 23.39 23.49 23.59 23.69 23.79 23.88 23.98 24.08 24.18 24.28
27 24.38 24.48 24.58 24.68 24.78 24.88 24.98 25.08 25.18 25.28
28 25.38 25.47 25.57 25.67 25.77 25.87 25.97 26.07 26.17 26.27
29 26.37 26.47 26.57 26.67 26.77 26.87 26.97 27.07 27.16 27.26
30 27.36 27.46 27.56 27.66 27.76 27.86 27.96 28.06 28.16 28.26
31 28.36 28.46 28.56 28.66 28.76 28.86 28.96 29.06 29.15 29.25
32 29.35 29.45 29.55 29.65 29.75 29.85 29.95 30.05 30.15 30.25
33 30.35 30.45 30.55 30.65 30.75 30.85 30.95 31.05 31.15 31.25
34 31.34 31.44 31.54 31.64 31.74 31.84 31.94 32.04 32.14 32.24
35 32.34 32.44 32.54 32.64 32.74 32.84 32.94 33.04 33.14 33.24
36 33.34 33.44 33.54 33.64 33.74 33.83 33.93 34.03 34.13 34.23
37 34.33 34.43 34.53 34.63 34.73 34.83 34.93 35.03 35.13 35.23
38 35.33 35.43 35.53 35.63 35.73 35.83 35.93 36.03 36.13 36.23
39 36.33 36.43 36.53 36.62 36.72 36.82 36.92 37.02 37.12 37.22
40 37.32 37.42 37.52 37.62 37.72 37.82 37.92 38.02 38.12 38.22
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–34 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

82
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 82
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.08
1 0.11 0.15 0.20 0.24 0.29 0.34 0.40 0.46 0.52 0.58
2 0.65 0.71 0.78 0.85 0.92 1.00 1.07 1.15 1.22 1.30
3 1.38 1.46 1.54 1.62 1.70 1.78 1.86 1.95 2.03 2.12
4 2.20 2.29 2.37 2.46 2.55 2.63 2.72 2.81 2.90 2.99
5 3.08 3.17 3.26 3.35 3.44 3.53 3.62 3.71 3.80 3.89
6 3.98 4.08 4.17 4.26 4.35 4.45 4.54 4.63 4.73 4.82
7 4.91 5.01 5.10 5.19 5.29 5.38 5.48 5.57 5.67 5.76
8 5.86 5.95 6.05 6.14 6.24 6.33 6.43 6.52 6.62 6.71
9 6.81 6.91 7.00 7.10 7.19 7.29 7.39 7.48 7.58 7.68
10 7.77 7.87 7.96 8.06 8.16 8.25 8.35 8.45 8.55 8.64
11 8.74 8.84 8.93 9.03 9.13 9.23 9.32 9.42 9.52 9.61
12 9.71 9.81 9.91 10.00 10.10 10.20 10.30 10.39 10.49 10.59
13 10.69 10.79 10.88 10.98 11.08 11.18 11.28 11.37 11.47 11.57
14 11.67 11.77 11.86 11.96 12.06 12.16 12.26 12.35 12.45 12.55
15 12.65 12.75 12.85 12.94 13.04 13.14 13.24 13.34 13.44 13.53
16 13.63 13.73 13.83 13.93 14.03 14.13 14.22 14.32 14.42 14.52
17 14.62 14.72 14.82 14.91 15.01 15.11 15.21 15.31 15.41 15.51
18 15.60 15.70 15.80 15.90 16.00 16.10 16.20 16.30 16.40 16.49
19 16.59 16.69 16.79 16.89 16.99 17.09 17.19 17.29 17.38 17.48
20 17.58 17.68 17.78 17.88 17.98 18.08 18.18 18.28 18.37 18.47
21 18.57 18.67 18.77 18.87 18.97 19.07 19.17 19.27 19.37 19.46
22 19.56 19.66 19.76 19.86 19.96 20.06 20.16 20.26 20.36 20.46
23 20.56 20.65 20.75 20.85 20.95 21.05 21.15 21.25 21.35 21.45
24 21.55 21.65 21.75 21.85 21.95 22.04 22.14 22.24 22.34 22.44
25 22.54 22.64 22.74 22.84 22.94 23.04 23.14 23.24 23.34 23.43
26 23.53 23.63 23.73 23.83 23.93 24.03 24.13 24.23 24.33 24.43
27 24.53 24.63 24.73 24.83 24.93 25.03 25.12 25.22 25.32 25.42
28 25.52 25.62 25.72 25.82 25.92 26.02 26.12 26.22 26.32 26.42
29 26.52 26.62 26.72 26.82 26.92 27.01 27.11 27.21 27.31 27.41
30 27.51 27.61 27.71 27.81 27.91 28.01 28.11 28.21 28.31 28.41
31 28.51 28.61 28.71 28.81 28.91 29.01 29.11 29.20 29.30 29.40
32 29.50 29.60 29.70 29.80 29.90 30.00 30.10 30.20 30.30 30.40
33 30.50 30.60 30.70 30.80 30.90 31.00 31.10 31.20 31.30 31.40
34 31.50 31.59 31.69 31.79 31.89 31.99 32.09 32.19 32.29 32.39
35 32.49 32.59 32.69 32.79 32.89 32.99 33.09 33.19 33.29 33.39
36 33.49 33.59 33.69 33.79 33.89 33.99 34.09 34.19 34.29 34.39
37 34.48 34.58 34.68 34.78 34.88 34.98 35.08 35.18 35.28 35.38
38 35.48 35.58 35.68 35.78 35.88 35.98 36.08 36.18 36.28 36.38
39 36.48 36.58 36.68 36.78 36.88 36.98 37.08 37.18 37.28 37.38
40 37.48 37.58 37.68 37.78 37.87 37.97 38.07 38.17 38.27 38.37
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–35

 Curve

83
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 83
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.09
1 0.13 0.17 0.22 0.27 0.32 0.38 0.44 0.50 0.56 0.63
2 0.69 0.76 0.83 0.91 0.98 1.06 1.13 1.21 1.29 1.37
3 1.45 1.53 1.61 1.69 1.77 1.86 1.94 2.03 2.11 2.20
4 2.29 2.37 2.46 2.55 2.64 2.72 2.81 2.90 2.99 3.08
5 3.17 3.26 3.35 3.45 3.54 3.63 3.72 3.81 3.90 4.00
6 4.09 4.18 4.28 4.37 4.46 4.56 4.65 4.74 4.84 4.93
7 5.03 5.12 5.22 5.31 5.40 5.50 5.59 5.69 5.79 5.88
8 5.98 6.07 6.17 6.26 6.36 6.45 6.55 6.65 6.74 6.84
9 6.93 7.03 7.13 7.22 7.32 7.42 7.51 7.61 7.71 7.80
10 7.90 8.00 8.09 8.19 8.29 8.39 8.48 8.58 8.68 8.78
11 8.87 8.97 9.07 9.16 9.26 9.36 9.46 9.56 9.65 9.75
12 9.85 9.95 10.04 10.14 10.24 10.34 10.44 10.53 10.63 10.73
13 10.83 10.93 11.02 11.12 11.22 11.32 11.42 11.51 11.61 11.71
14 11.81 11.91 12.01 12.10 12.20 12.30 12.40 12.50 12.60 12.69
15 12.79 12.89 12.99 13.09 13.19 13.29 13.38 13.48 13.58 13.68
16 13.78 13.88 13.98 14.07 14.17 14.27 14.37 14.47 14.57 14.67
17 14.77 14.86 14.96 15.06 15.16 15.26 15.36 15.46 15.56 15.66
18 15.75 15.85 15.95 16.05 16.15 16.25 16.35 16.45 16.55 16.64
19 16.74 16.84 16.94 17.04 17.14 17.24 17.34 17.44 17.54 17.64
20 17.73 17.83 17.93 18.03 18.13 18.23 18.33 18.43 18.53 18.63
21 18.73 18.82 18.92 19.02 19.12 19.22 19.32 19.42 19.52 19.62
22 19.72 19.82 19.92 20.02 20.11 20.21 20.31 20.41 20.51 20.61
23 20.71 20.81 20.91 21.01 21.11 21.21 21.31 21.41 21.51 21.60
24 21.70 21.80 21.90 22.00 22.10 22.20 22.30 22.40 22.50 22.60
25 22.70 22.80 22.90 23.00 23.10 23.19 23.29 23.39 23.49 23.59
26 23.69 23.79 23.89 23.99 24.09 24.19 24.29 24.39 24.49 24.59
27 24.69 24.79 24.89 24.99 25.08 25.18 25.28 25.38 25.48 25.58
28 25.68 25.78 25.88 25.98 26.08 26.18 26.28 26.38 26.48 26.58
29 26.68 26.78 26.88 26.98 27.08 27.17 27.27 27.37 27.47 27.57
30 27.67 27.77 27.87 27.97 28.07 28.17 28.27 28.37 28.47 28.57
31 28.67 28.77 28.87 28.97 29.07 29.17 29.27 29.37 29.47 29.57
32 29.66 29.76 29.86 29.96 30.06 30.16 30.26 30.36 30.46 30.56
33 30.66 30.76 30.86 30.96 31.06 31.16 31.26 31.36 31.46 31.56
34 31.66 31.76 31.86 31.96 32.06 32.16 32.26 32.36 32.46 32.56
35 32.65 32.75 32.85 32.95 33.05 33.15 33.25 33.35 33.45 33.55
36 33.65 33.75 33.85 33.95 34.05 34.15 34.25 34.35 34.45 34.55
37 34.65 34.75 34.85 34.95 35.05 35.15 35.25 35.35 35.45 35.55
38 35.65 35.75 35.85 35.95 36.04 36.14 36.24 36.34 36.44 36.54
39 36.64 36.74 36.84 36.94 37.04 37.14 37.24 37.34 37.44 37.54
40 37.64 37.74 37.84 37.94 38.04 38.14 38.24 38.34 38.44 38.54
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–36 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

84
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 84
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.11
1 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.36 0.42 0.48 0.54 0.61 0.68
2 0.75 0.82 0.89 0.97 1.04 1.12 1.20 1.28 1.36 1.44
3 1.52 1.60 1.68 1.77 1.85 1.94 2.03 2.11 2.20 2.29
4 2.37 2.46 2.55 2.64 2.73 2.82 2.91 3.00 3.09 3.18
5 3.27 3.37 3.46 3.55 3.64 3.73 3.83 3.92 4.01 4.11
6 4.20 4.29 4.39 4.48 4.58 4.67 4.76 4.86 4.95 5.05
7 5.14 5.24 5.33 5.43 5.52 5.62 5.72 5.81 5.91 6.00
8 6.10 6.20 6.29 6.39 6.48 6.58 6.68 6.77 6.87 6.97
9 7.06 7.16 7.26 7.35 7.45 7.55 7.64 7.74 7.84 7.94
10 8.03 8.13 8.23 8.33 8.42 8.52 8.62 8.72 8.81 8.91
11 9.01 9.11 9.20 9.30 9.40 9.50 9.60 9.69 9.79 9.89
12 9.99 10.09 10.18 10.28 10.38 10.48 10.58 10.67 10.77 10.87
13 10.97 11.07 11.17 11.26 11.36 11.46 11.56 11.66 11.76 11.85
14 11.95 12.05 12.15 12.25 12.35 12.45 12.54 12.64 12.74 12.84
15 12.94 13.04 13.14 13.23 13.33 13.43 13.53 13.63 13.73 13.83
16 13.93 14.02 14.12 14.22 14.32 14.42 14.52 14.62 14.72 14.82
17 14.91 15.01 15.11 15.21 15.31 15.41 15.51 15.61 15.71 15.81
18 15.90 16.00 16.10 16.20 16.30 16.40 16.50 16.60 16.70 16.80
19 16.90 17.00 17.09 17.19 17.29 17.39 17.49 17.59 17.69 17.79
20 17.89 17.99 18.09 18.19 18.28 18.38 18.48 18.58 18.68 18.78
21 18.88 18.98 19.08 19.18 19.28 19.38 19.48 19.58 19.67 19.77
22 19.87 19.97 20.07 20.17 20.27 20.37 20.47 20.57 20.67 20.77
23 20.87 20.97 21.07 21.17 21.26 21.36 21.46 21.56 21.66 21.76
24 21.86 21.96 22.06 22.16 22.26 22.36 22.46 22.56 22.66 22.76
25 22.86 22.96 23.06 23.15 23.25 23.35 23.45 23.55 23.65 23.75
26 23.85 23.95 24.05 24.15 24.25 24.35 24.45 24.55 24.65 24.75
27 24.85 24.95 25.05 25.15 25.24 25.34 25.44 25.54 25.64 25.74
28 25.84 25.94 26.04 26.14 26.24 26.34 26.44 26.54 26.64 26.74
29 26.84 26.94 27.04 27.14 27.24 27.34 27.44 27.54 27.64 27.73
30 27.83 27.93 28.03 28.13 28.23 28.33 28.43 28.53 28.63 28.73
31 28.83 28.93 29.03 29.13 29.23 29.33 29.43 29.53 29.63 29.73
32 29.83 29.93 30.03 30.13 30.23 30.33 30.43 30.53 30.63 30.72
33 30.82 30.92 31.02 31.12 31.22 31.32 31.42 31.52 31.62 31.72
34 31.82 31.92 32.02 32.12 32.22 32.32 32.42 32.52 32.62 32.72
35 32.82 32.92 33.02 33.12 33.22 33.32 33.42 33.52 33.62 33.72
36 33.82 33.92 34.02 34.12 34.22 34.31 34.41 34.51 34.61 34.71
37 34.81 34.91 35.01 35.11 35.21 35.31 35.41 35.51 35.61 35.71
38 35.81 35.91 36.01 36.11 36.21 36.31 36.41 36.51 36.61 36.71
39 36.81 36.91 37.01 37.11 37.21 37.31 37.41 37.51 37.61 37.71
40 37.81 37.91 38.01 38.11 38.21 38.31 38.41 38.51 38.61 38.71
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–37

 Curve

85
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 85
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.13
1 0.17 0.22 0.28 0.33 0.39 0.45 0.52 0.58 0.65 0.72
2 0.80 0.87 0.95 1.02 1.10 1.18 1.26 1.34 1.42 1.51
3 1.59 1.68 1.76 1.85 1.93 2.02 2.11 2.19 2.28 2.37
4 2.46 2.55 2.64 2.73 2.82 2.91 3.00 3.10 3.19 3.28
5 3.37 3.46 3.56 3.65 3.74 3.84 3.93 4.02 4.12 4.21
6 4.31 4.40 4.50 4.59 4.68 4.78 4.87 4.97 5.07 5.16
7 5.26 5.35 5.45 5.54 5.64 5.74 5.83 5.93 6.02 6.12
8 6.22 6.31 6.41 6.51 6.60 6.70 6.80 6.89 6.99 7.09
9 7.19 7.28 7.38 7.48 7.57 7.67 7.77 7.87 7.96 8.06
10 8.16 8.26 8.35 8.45 8.55 8.65 8.75 8.84 8.94 9.04
11 9.14 9.24 9.33 9.43 9.53 9.63 9.73 9.82 9.92 10.02
12 10.12 10.22 10.32 10.41 10.51 10.61 10.71 10.81 10.91 11.00
13 11.10 11.20 11.30 11.40 11.50 11.60 11.69 11.79 11.89 11.99
14 12.09 12.19 12.29 12.39 12.48 12.58 12.68 12.78 12.88 12.98
15 13.08 13.18 13.27 13.37 13.47 13.57 13.67 13.77 13.87 13.97
16 14.07 14.16 14.26 14.36 14.46 14.56 14.66 14.76 14.86 14.96
17 15.06 15.16 15.25 15.35 15.45 15.55 15.65 15.75 15.85 15.95
18 16.05 16.15 16.25 16.35 16.44 16.54 16.64 16.74 16.84 16.94
19 17.04 17.14 17.24 17.34 17.44 17.54 17.64 17.73 17.83 17.93
20 18.03 18.13 18.23 18.33 18.43 18.53 18.63 18.73 18.83 18.93
21 19.03 19.13 19.23 19.32 19.42 19.52 19.62 19.72 19.82 19.92
22 20.02 20.12 20.22 20.32 20.42 20.52 20.62 20.72 20.82 20.92
23 21.01 21.11 21.21 21.31 21.41 21.51 21.61 21.71 21.81 21.91
24 22.01 22.11 22.21 22.31 22.41 22.51 22.61 22.71 22.81 22.91
25 23.01 23.10 23.20 23.30 23.40 23.50 23.60 23.70 23.80 23.90
26 24.00 24.10 24.20 24.30 24.40 24.50 24.60 24.70 24.80 24.90
27 25.00 25.10 25.20 25.30 25.40 25.50 25.59 25.69 25.79 25.89
28 25.99 26.09 26.19 26.29 26.39 26.49 26.59 26.69 26.79 26.89
29 26.99 27.09 27.19 27.29 27.39 27.49 27.59 27.69 27.79 27.89
30 27.99 28.09 28.19 28.29 28.39 28.49 28.58 28.68 28.78 28.88
31 28.98 29.08 29.18 29.28 29.38 29.48 29.58 29.68 29.78 29.88
32 29.98 30.08 30.18 30.28 30.38 30.48 30.58 30.68 30.78 30.88
33 30.98 31.08 31.18 31.28 31.38 31.48 31.58 31.68 31.78 31.88
34 31.98 32.08 32.17 32.27 32.37 32.47 32.57 32.67 32.77 32.87
35 32.97 33.07 33.17 33.27 33.37 33.47 33.57 33.67 33.77 33.87
36 33.97 34.07 34.17 34.27 34.37 34.47 34.57 34.67 34.77 34.87
37 34.97 35.07 35.17 35.27 35.37 35.47 35.57 35.67 35.77 35.87
38 35.97 36.07 36.17 36.27 36.37 36.47 36.57 36.67 36.77 36.86
39 36.96 37.06 37.16 37.26 37.36 37.46 37.56 37.66 37.76 37.86
40 37.96 38.06 38.16 38.26 38.36 38.46 38.56 38.66 38.76 38.86
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–38 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

86
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 86
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.11 0.15
1 0.20 0.25 0.31 0.36 0.43 0.49 0.56 0.63 0.70 0.77
2 0.85 0.92 1.00 1.08 1.16 1.24 1.32 1.41 1.49 1.58
3 1.66 1.75 1.83 1.92 2.01 2.10 2.19 2.27 2.36 2.45
4 2.54 2.64 2.73 2.82 2.91 3.00 3.09 3.19 3.28 3.37
5 3.47 3.56 3.65 3.75 3.84 3.93 4.03 4.12 4.22 4.31
6 4.41 4.50 4.60 4.69 4.79 4.88 4.98 5.08 5.17 5.27
7 5.36 5.46 5.56 5.65 5.75 5.85 5.94 6.04 6.14 6.23
8 6.33 6.43 6.52 6.62 6.72 6.82 6.91 7.01 7.11 7.20
9 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.59 7.69 7.79 7.89 7.99 8.08 8.18
10 8.28 8.38 8.47 8.57 8.67 8.77 8.87 8.97 9.06 9.16
11 9.26 9.36 9.46 9.55 9.65 9.75 9.85 9.95 10.05 10.15
12 10.24 10.34 10.44 10.54 10.64 10.74 10.84 10.93 11.03 11.13
13 11.23 11.33 11.43 11.53 11.62 11.72 11.82 11.92 12.02 12.12
14 12.22 12.32 12.42 12.51 12.61 12.71 12.81 12.91 13.01 13.11
15 13.21 13.31 13.40 13.50 13.60 13.70 13.80 13.90 14.00 14.10
16 14.20 14.30 14.40 14.49 14.59 14.69 14.79 14.89 14.99 15.09
17 15.19 15.29 15.39 15.49 15.59 15.69 15.78 15.88 15.98 16.08
18 16.18 16.28 16.38 16.48 16.58 16.68 16.78 16.88 16.98 17.08
19 17.17 17.27 17.37 17.47 17.57 17.67 17.77 17.87 17.97 18.07
20 18.17 18.27 18.37 18.47 18.57 18.67 18.77 18.86 18.96 19.06
21 19.16 19.26 19.36 19.46 19.56 19.66 19.76 19.86 19.96 20.06
22 20.16 20.26 20.36 20.46 20.56 20.66 20.76 20.85 20.95 21.05
23 21.15 21.25 21.35 21.45 21.55 21.65 21.75 21.85 21.95 22.05
24 22.15 22.25 22.35 22.45 22.55 22.65 22.75 22.85 22.95 23.05
25 23.15 23.24 23.34 23.44 23.54 23.64 23.74 23.84 23.94 24.04
26 24.14 24.24 24.34 24.44 24.54 24.64 24.74 24.84 24.94 25.04
27 25.14 25.24 25.34 25.44 25.54 25.64 25.74 25.84 25.94 26.03
28 26.13 26.23 26.33 26.43 26.53 26.63 26.73 26.83 26.93 27.03
29 27.13 27.23 27.33 27.43 27.53 27.63 27.73 27.83 27.93 28.03
30 28.13 28.23 28.33 28.43 28.53 28.63 28.73 28.83 28.93 29.03
31 29.13 29.23 29.33 29.43 29.53 29.62 29.72 29.82 29.92 30.02
32 30.12 30.22 30.32 30.42 30.52 30.62 30.72 30.82 30.92 31.02
33 31.12 31.22 31.32 31.42 31.52 31.62 31.72 31.82 31.92 32.02
34 32.12 32.22 32.32 32.42 32.52 32.62 32.72 32.82 32.92 33.02
35 33.12 33.22 33.32 33.42 33.52 33.62 33.72 33.82 33.92 34.02
36 34.12 34.22 34.31 34.41 34.51 34.61 34.71 34.81 34.91 35.01
37 35.11 35.21 35.31 35.41 35.51 35.61 35.71 35.81 35.91 36.01
38 36.11 36.21 36.31 36.41 36.51 36.61 36.71 36.81 36.91 37.01
39 37.11 37.21 37.31 37.41 37.51 37.61 37.71 37.81 37.91 38.01
40 38.11 38.21 38.31 38.41 38.51 38.61 38.71 38.81 38.91 39.01
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–39

 Curve

87
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 87
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.09 0.13 0.17
1 0.22 0.28 0.34 0.40 0.47 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.75 0.83
2 0.91 0.99 1.07 1.15 1.23 1.31 1.40 1.48 1.57 1.65
3 1.74 1.83 1.92 2.01 2.10 2.19 2.28 2.37 2.46 2.55
4 2.64 2.73 2.82 2.92 3.01 3.10 3.20 3.29 3.38 3.48
5 3.57 3.66 3.76 3.85 3.95 4.04 4.14 4.23 4.33 4.43
6 4.52 4.62 4.71 4.81 4.90 5.00 5.10 5.19 5.29 5.39
7 5.48 5.58 5.68 5.77 5.87 5.97 6.06 6.16 6.26 6.36
8 6.45 6.55 6.65 6.75 6.84 6.94 7.04 7.14 7.23 7.33
9 7.43 7.53 7.63 7.72 7.82 7.92 8.02 8.12 8.21 8.31
10 8.41 8.51 8.61 8.71 8.80 8.90 9.00 9.10 9.20 9.30
11 9.39 9.49 9.59 9.69 9.79 9.89 9.99 10.08 10.18 10.28
12 10.38 10.48 10.58 10.68 10.78 10.87 10.97 11.07 11.17 11.27
13 11.37 11.47 11.57 11.67 11.76 11.86 11.96 12.06 12.16 12.26
14 12.36 12.46 12.56 12.66 12.75 12.85 12.95 13.05 13.15 13.25
15 13.35 13.45 13.55 13.65 13.75 13.85 13.94 14.04 14.14 14.24
16 14.34 14.44 14.54 14.64 14.74 14.84 14.94 15.04 15.14 15.23
17 15.33 15.43 15.53 15.63 15.73 15.83 15.93 16.03 16.13 16.23
18 16.33 16.43 16.53 16.63 16.73 16.82 16.92 17.02 17.12 17.22
19 17.32 17.42 17.52 17.62 17.72 17.82 17.92 18.02 18.12 18.22
20 18.32 18.42 18.52 18.62 18.71 18.81 18.91 19.01 19.11 19.21
21 19.31 19.41 19.51 19.61 19.71 19.81 19.91 20.01 20.11 20.21
22 20.31 20.41 20.51 20.61 20.71 20.81 20.91 21.00 21.10 21.20
23 21.30 21.40 21.50 21.60 21.70 21.80 21.90 22.00 22.10 22.20
24 22.30 22.40 22.50 22.60 22.70 22.80 22.90 23.00 23.10 23.20
25 23.30 23.40 23.50 23.60 23.70 23.80 23.89 23.99 24.09 24.19
26 24.29 24.39 24.49 24.59 24.69 24.79 24.89 24.99 25.09 25.19
27 25.29 25.39 25.49 25.59 25.69 25.79 25.89 25.99 26.09 26.19
28 26.29 26.39 26.49 26.59 26.69 26.79 26.89 26.99 27.09 27.19
29 27.29 27.39 27.49 27.58 27.68 27.78 27.88 27.98 28.08 28.18
30 28.28 28.38 28.48 28.58 28.68 28.78 28.88 28.98 29.08 29.18
31 29.28 29.38 29.48 29.58 29.68 29.78 29.88 29.98 30.08 30.18
32 30.28 30.38 30.48 30.58 30.68 30.78 30.88 30.98 31.08 31.18
33 31.28 31.38 31.48 31.58 31.68 31.78 31.88 31.98 32.08 32.18
34 32.28 32.37 32.47 32.57 32.67 32.77 32.87 32.97 33.07 33.17
35 33.27 33.37 33.47 33.57 33.67 33.77 33.87 33.97 34.07 34.17
36 34.27 34.37 34.47 34.57 34.67 34.77 34.87 34.97 35.07 35.17
37 35.27 35.37 35.47 35.57 35.67 35.77 35.87 35.97 36.07 36.17
38 36.27 36.37 36.47 36.57 36.67 36.77 36.87 36.97 37.07 37.17
39 37.27 37.37 37.47 37.57 37.67 37.77 37.87 37.97 38.07 38.17
40 38.27 38.37 38.47 38.57 38.67 38.77 38.87 38.96 39.06 39.16
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–40 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

88
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 88
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.15 0.20
1 0.25 0.31 0.38 0.44 0.51 0.58 0.66 0.73 0.81 0.89
2 0.97 1.05 1.13 1.21 1.30 1.38 1.47 1.56 1.64 1.73
3 1.82 1.91 2.00 2.09 2.18 2.27 2.36 2.45 2.55 2.64
4 2.73 2.82 2.92 3.01 3.11 3.20 3.29 3.39 3.48 3.58
5 3.67 3.77 3.86 3.96 4.05 4.15 4.24 4.34 4.44 4.53
6 4.63 4.73 4.82 4.92 5.02 5.11 5.21 5.31 5.40 5.50
7 5.60 5.69 5.79 5.89 5.99 6.08 6.18 6.28 6.38 6.47
8 6.57 6.67 6.77 6.87 6.96 7.06 7.16 7.26 7.36 7.45
9 7.55 7.65 7.75 7.85 7.94 8.04 8.14 8.24 8.34 8.44
10 8.53 8.63 8.73 8.83 8.93 9.03 9.13 9.22 9.32 9.42
11 9.52 9.62 9.72 9.82 9.92 10.01 10.11 10.21 10.31 10.41
12 10.51 10.61 10.71 10.81 10.91 11.00 11.10 11.20 11.30 11.40
13 11.50 11.60 11.70 11.80 11.90 11.99 12.09 12.19 12.29 12.39
14 12.49 12.59 12.69 12.79 12.89 12.99 13.09 13.19 13.28 13.38
15 13.48 13.58 13.68 13.78 13.88 13.98 14.08 14.18 14.28 14.38
16 14.48 14.58 14.67 14.77 14.87 14.97 15.07 15.17 15.27 15.37
17 15.47 15.57 15.67 15.77 15.87 15.97 16.07 16.17 16.27 16.37
18 16.46 16.56 16.66 16.76 16.86 16.96 17.06 17.16 17.26 17.36
19 17.46 17.56 17.66 17.76 17.86 17.96 18.06 18.16 18.26 18.36
20 18.46 18.56 18.65 18.75 18.85 18.95 19.05 19.15 19.25 19.35
21 19.45 19.55 19.65 19.75 19.85 19.95 20.05 20.15 20.25 20.35
22 20.45 20.55 20.65 20.75 20.85 20.95 21.05 21.15 21.25 21.35
23 21.44 21.54 21.64 21.74 21.84 21.94 22.04 22.14 22.24 22.34
24 22.44 22.54 22.64 22.74 22.84 22.94 23.04 23.14 23.24 23.34
25 23.44 23.54 23.64 23.74 23.84 23.94 24.04 24.14 24.24 24.34
26 24.44 24.54 24.64 24.74 24.84 24.94 25.03 25.13 25.23 25.33
27 25.43 25.53 25.63 25.73 25.83 25.93 26.03 26.13 26.23 26.33
28 26.43 26.53 26.63 26.73 26.83 26.93 27.03 27.13 27.23 27.33
29 27.43 27.53 27.63 27.73 27.83 27.93 28.03 28.13 28.23 28.33
30 28.43 28.53 28.63 28.73 28.83 28.93 29.03 29.13 29.23 29.33
31 29.43 29.53 29.63 29.73 29.82 29.92 30.02 30.12 30.22 30.32
32 30.42 30.52 30.62 30.72 30.82 30.92 31.02 31.12 31.22 31.32
33 31.42 31.52 31.62 31.72 31.82 31.92 32.02 32.12 32.22 32.32
34 32.42 32.52 32.62 32.72 32.82 32.92 33.02 33.12 33.22 33.32
35 33.42 33.52 33.62 33.72 33.82 33.92 34.02 34.12 34.22 34.32
36 34.42 34.52 34.62 34.72 34.82 34.92 35.02 35.12 35.22 35.32
37 35.42 35.52 35.62 35.72 35.82 35.92 36.02 36.12 36.22 36.32
38 36.42 36.52 36.62 36.71 36.81 36.91 37.01 37.11 37.21 37.31
39 37.41 37.51 37.61 37.71 37.81 37.91 38.01 38.11 38.21 38.31
40 38.41 38.51 38.61 38.71 38.81 38.91 39.01 39.11 39.21 39.31
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–41

 Curve

89
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 89
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.17 0.22
1 0.28 0.35 0.41 0.48 0.55 0.63 0.71 0.78 0.86 0.94
2 1.03 1.11 1.19 1.28 1.37 1.45 1.54 1.63 1.72 1.81
3 1.90 1.99 2.08 2.17 2.26 2.35 2.45 2.54 2.63 2.73
4 2.82 2.91 3.01 3.10 3.20 3.29 3.39 3.48 3.58 3.67
5 3.77 3.86 3.96 4.06 4.15 4.25 4.35 4.44 4.54 4.64
6 4.73 4.83 4.93 5.02 5.12 5.22 5.31 5.41 5.51 5.61
7 5.70 5.80 5.90 6.00 6.10 6.19 6.29 6.39 6.49 6.58
8 6.68 6.78 6.88 6.98 7.08 7.17 7.27 7.37 7.47 7.57
9 7.67 7.76 7.86 7.96 8.06 8.16 8.26 8.36 8.45 8.55
10 8.65 8.75 8.85 8.95 9.05 9.15 9.24 9.34 9.44 9.54
11 9.64 9.74 9.84 9.94 10.04 10.14 10.23 10.33 10.43 10.53
12 10.63 10.73 10.83 10.93 11.03 11.13 11.23 11.32 11.42 11.52
13 11.62 11.72 11.82 11.92 12.02 12.12 12.22 12.32 12.42 12.52
14 12.61 12.71 12.81 12.91 13.01 13.11 13.21 13.31 13.41 13.51
15 13.61 13.71 13.81 13.91 14.01 14.11 14.20 14.30 14.40 14.50
16 14.60 14.70 14.80 14.90 15.00 15.10 15.20 15.30 15.40 15.50
17 15.60 15.70 15.80 15.90 16.00 16.10 16.19 16.29 16.39 16.49
18 16.59 16.69 16.79 16.89 16.99 17.09 17.19 17.29 17.39 17.49
19 17.59 17.69 17.79 17.89 17.99 18.09 18.19 18.29 18.39 18.49
20 18.59 18.68 18.78 18.88 18.98 19.08 19.18 19.28 19.38 19.48
21 19.58 19.68 19.78 19.88 19.98 20.08 20.18 20.28 20.38 20.48
22 20.58 20.68 20.78 20.88 20.98 21.08 21.18 21.28 21.38 21.48
23 21.58 21.68 21.78 21.88 21.98 22.07 22.17 22.27 22.37 22.47
24 22.57 22.67 22.77 22.87 22.97 23.07 23.17 23.27 23.37 23.47
25 23.57 23.67 23.77 23.87 23.97 24.07 24.17 24.27 24.37 24.47
26 24.57 24.67 24.77 24.87 24.97 25.07 25.17 25.27 25.37 25.47
27 25.57 25.67 25.77 25.87 25.97 26.07 26.17 26.27 26.37 26.47
28 26.57 26.66 26.76 26.86 26.96 27.06 27.16 27.26 27.36 27.46
29 27.56 27.66 27.76 27.86 27.96 28.06 28.16 28.26 28.36 28.46
30 28.56 28.66 28.76 28.86 28.96 29.06 29.16 29.26 29.36 29.46
31 29.56 29.66 29.76 29.86 29.96 30.06 30.16 30.26 30.36 30.46
32 30.56 30.66 30.76 30.86 30.96 31.06 31.16 31.26 31.36 31.46
33 31.56 31.66 31.76 31.86 31.96 32.06 32.16 32.26 32.36 32.46
34 32.56 32.66 32.76 32.86 32.96 33.06 33.16 33.26 33.35 33.45
35 33.55 33.65 33.75 33.85 33.95 34.05 34.15 34.25 34.35 34.45
36 34.55 34.65 34.75 34.85 34.95 35.05 35.15 35.25 35.35 35.45
37 35.55 35.65 35.75 35.85 35.95 36.05 36.15 36.25 36.35 36.45
38 36.55 36.65 36.75 36.85 36.95 37.05 37.15 37.25 37.35 37.45
39 37.55 37.65 37.75 37.85 37.95 38.05 38.15 38.25 38.35 38.45
40 38.55 38.65 38.75 38.85 38.95 39.05 39.15 39.25 39.35 39.45
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–42 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

90
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 90
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.10 0.14 0.20 0.26
1 0.32 0.39 0.46 0.53 0.61 0.68 0.76 0.84 0.93 1.01
2 1.09 1.18 1.27 1.35 1.44 1.53 1.62 1.71 1.80 1.89
3 1.98 2.08 2.17 2.26 2.36 2.45 2.54 2.64 2.73 2.83
4 2.92 3.02 3.11 3.21 3.30 3.40 3.49 3.59 3.68 3.78
5 3.88 3.97 4.07 4.17 4.26 4.36 4.46 4.56 4.65 4.75
6 4.85 4.94 5.04 5.14 5.24 5.33 5.43 5.53 5.63 5.73
7 5.82 5.92 6.02 6.12 6.22 6.31 6.41 6.51 6.61 6.71
8 6.81 6.91 7.00 7.10 7.20 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.69
9 7.79 7.89 7.99 8.09 8.19 8.29 8.39 8.48 8.58 8.68
10 8.78 8.88 8.98 9.08 9.18 9.28 9.38 9.47 9.57 9.67
11 9.77 9.87 9.97 10.07 10.17 10.27 10.37 10.47 10.57 10.66
12 10.76 10.86 10.96 11.06 11.16 11.26 11.36 11.46 11.56 11.66
13 11.76 11.86 11.96 12.05 12.15 12.25 12.35 12.45 12.55 12.65
14 12.75 12.85 12.95 13.05 13.15 13.25 13.35 13.45 13.55 13.65
15 13.75 13.85 13.94 14.04 14.14 14.24 14.34 14.44 14.54 14.64
16 14.74 14.84 14.94 15.04 15.14 15.24 15.34 15.44 15.54 15.64
17 15.74 15.84 15.94 16.04 16.14 16.24 16.33 16.43 16.53 16.63
18 16.73 16.83 16.93 17.03 17.13 17.23 17.33 17.43 17.53 17.63
19 17.73 17.83 17.93 18.03 18.13 18.23 18.33 18.43 18.53 18.63
20 18.73 18.83 18.93 19.03 19.13 19.23 19.33 19.43 19.52 19.62
21 19.72 19.82 19.92 20.02 20.12 20.22 20.32 20.42 20.52 20.62
22 20.72 20.82 20.92 21.02 21.12 21.22 21.32 21.42 21.52 21.62
23 21.72 21.82 21.92 22.02 22.12 22.22 22.32 22.42 22.52 22.62
24 22.72 22.82 22.92 23.02 23.12 23.22 23.32 23.42 23.52 23.62
25 23.72 23.82 23.92 24.02 24.11 24.21 24.31 24.41 24.51 24.61
26 24.71 24.81 24.91 25.01 25.11 25.21 25.31 25.41 25.51 25.61
27 25.71 25.81 25.91 26.01 26.11 26.21 26.31 26.41 26.51 26.61
28 26.71 26.81 26.91 27.01 27.11 27.21 27.31 27.41 27.51 27.61
29 27.71 27.81 27.91 28.01 28.11 28.21 28.31 28.41 28.51 28.61
30 28.71 28.81 28.91 29.01 29.11 29.21 29.31 29.41 29.51 29.61
31 29.71 29.81 29.91 30.01 30.11 30.21 30.31 30.41 30.51 30.61
32 30.71 30.81 30.91 31.01 31.11 31.20 31.30 31.40 31.50 31.60
33 31.70 31.80 31.90 32.00 32.10 32.20 32.30 32.40 32.50 32.60
34 32.70 32.80 32.90 33.00 33.10 33.20 33.30 33.40 33.50 33.60
35 33.70 33.80 33.90 34.00 34.10 34.20 34.30 34.40 34.50 34.60
36 34.70 34.80 34.90 35.00 35.10 35.20 35.30 35.40 35.50 35.60
37 35.70 35.80 35.90 36.00 36.10 36.20 36.30 36.40 36.50 36.60
38 36.70 36.80 36.90 37.00 37.10 37.20 37.30 37.40 37.50 37.60
39 37.70 37.80 37.90 38.00 38.10 38.20 38.30 38.40 38.50 38.60
40 38.70 38.80 38.90 39.00 39.10 39.20 39.30 39.40 39.50 39.60
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–43

 Curve

91
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 91
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.12 0.17 0.23 0.29
1 0.36 0.43 0.50 0.58 0.66 0.74 0.82 0.91 0.99 1.08
2 1.16 1.25 1.34 1.43 1.52 1.61 1.70 1.79 1.89 1.98
3 2.07 2.16 2.26 2.35 2.45 2.54 2.64 2.73 2.83 2.92
4 3.02 3.11 3.21 3.31 3.40 3.50 3.59 3.69 3.79 3.89
5 3.98 4.08 4.18 4.27 4.37 4.47 4.57 4.66 4.76 4.86
6 4.96 5.06 5.15 5.25 5.35 5.45 5.55 5.64 5.74 5.84
7 5.94 6.04 6.14 6.23 6.33 6.43 6.53 6.63 6.73 6.83
8 6.92 7.02 7.12 7.22 7.32 7.42 7.52 7.62 7.72 7.81
9 7.91 8.01 8.11 8.21 8.31 8.41 8.51 8.61 8.71 8.80
10 8.90 9.00 9.10 9.20 9.30 9.40 9.50 9.60 9.70 9.80
11 9.90 10.00 10.09 10.19 10.29 10.39 10.49 10.59 10.69 10.79
12 10.89 10.99 11.09 11.19 11.29 11.39 11.49 11.59 11.69 11.78
13 11.88 11.98 12.08 12.18 12.28 12.38 12.48 12.58 12.68 12.78
14 12.88 12.98 13.08 13.18 13.28 13.38 13.48 13.58 13.68 13.78
15 13.88 13.97 14.07 14.17 14.27 14.37 14.47 14.57 14.67 14.77
16 14.87 14.97 15.07 15.17 15.27 15.37 15.47 15.57 15.67 15.77
17 15.87 15.97 16.07 16.17 16.27 16.37 16.47 16.57 16.67 16.77
18 16.87 16.96 17.06 17.16 17.26 17.36 17.46 17.56 17.66 17.76
19 17.86 17.96 18.06 18.16 18.26 18.36 18.46 18.56 18.66 18.76
20 18.86 18.96 19.06 19.16 19.26 19.36 19.46 19.56 19.66 19.76
21 19.86 19.96 20.06 20.16 20.26 20.36 20.46 20.56 20.66 20.76
22 20.86 20.96 21.06 21.16 21.26 21.36 21.46 21.55 21.65 21.75
23 21.85 21.95 22.05 22.15 22.25 22.35 22.45 22.55 22.65 22.75
24 22.85 22.95 23.05 23.15 23.25 23.35 23.45 23.55 23.65 23.75
25 23.85 23.95 24.05 24.15 24.25 24.35 24.45 24.55 24.65 24.75
26 24.85 24.95 25.05 25.15 25.25 25.35 25.45 25.55 25.65 25.75
27 25.85 25.95 26.05 26.15 26.25 26.35 26.45 26.55 26.65 26.75
28 26.85 26.95 27.05 27.15 27.25 27.35 27.45 27.55 27.65 27.75
29 27.85 27.95 28.05 28.15 28.25 28.35 28.45 28.55 28.65 28.75
30 28.84 28.94 29.04 29.14 29.24 29.34 29.44 29.54 29.64 29.74
31 29.84 29.94 30.04 30.14 30.24 30.34 30.44 30.54 30.64 30.74
32 30.84 30.94 31.04 31.14 31.24 31.34 31.44 31.54 31.64 31.74
33 31.84 31.94 32.04 32.14 32.24 32.34 32.44 32.54 32.64 32.74
34 32.84 32.94 33.04 33.14 33.24 33.34 33.44 33.54 33.64 33.74
35 33.84 33.94 34.04 34.14 34.24 34.34 34.44 34.54 34.64 34.74
36 34.84 34.94 35.04 35.14 35.24 35.34 35.44 35.54 35.64 35.74
37 35.84 35.94 36.04 36.14 36.24 36.34 36.44 36.54 36.64 36.74
38 36.84 36.94 37.04 37.14 37.24 37.34 37.44 37.54 37.64 37.74
39 37.84 37.94 38.04 38.14 38.24 38.34 38.44 38.54 38.64 38.74
40 38.84 38.94 39.04 39.14 39.24 39.34 39.44 39.54 39.64 39.74
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–44 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

92
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 92
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.09 0.14 0.20 0.26 0.33
1 0.40 0.48 0.56 0.64 0.72 0.80 0.89 0.97 1.06 1.15
2 1.24 1.33 1.42 1.51 1.60 1.69 1.79 1.88 1.97 2.07
3 2.16 2.26 2.35 2.45 2.54 2.64 2.73 2.83 2.92 3.02
4 3.12 3.21 3.31 3.41 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.89 3.99
5 4.09 4.19 4.28 4.38 4.48 4.58 4.68 4.77 4.87 4.97
6 5.07 5.17 5.27 5.36 5.46 5.56 5.66 5.76 5.86 5.96
7 6.05 6.15 6.25 6.35 6.45 6.55 6.65 6.75 6.85 6.94
8 7.04 7.14 7.24 7.34 7.44 7.54 7.64 7.74 7.84 7.93
9 8.03 8.13 8.23 8.33 8.43 8.53 8.63 8.73 8.83 8.93
10 9.03 9.13 9.23 9.32 9.42 9.52 9.62 9.72 9.82 9.92
11 10.02 10.12 10.22 10.32 10.42 10.52 10.62 10.72 10.82 10.92
12 11.02 11.12 11.21 11.31 11.41 11.51 11.61 11.71 11.81 11.91
13 12.01 12.11 12.21 12.31 12.41 12.51 12.61 12.71 12.81 12.91
14 13.01 13.11 13.21 13.31 13.41 13.51 13.61 13.71 13.80 13.90
15 14.00 14.10 14.20 14.30 14.40 14.50 14.60 14.70 14.80 14.90
16 15.00 15.10 15.20 15.30 15.40 15.50 15.60 15.70 15.80 15.90
17 16.00 16.10 16.20 16.30 16.40 16.50 16.60 16.70 16.80 16.90
18 17.00 17.10 17.20 17.30 17.40 17.50 17.60 17.70 17.79 17.89
19 17.99 18.09 18.19 18.29 18.39 18.49 18.59 18.69 18.79 18.89
20 18.99 19.09 19.19 19.29 19.39 19.49 19.59 19.69 19.79 19.89
21 19.99 20.09 20.19 20.29 20.39 20.49 20.59 20.69 20.79 20.89
22 20.99 21.09 21.19 21.29 21.39 21.49 21.59 21.69 21.79 21.89
23 21.99 22.09 22.19 22.29 22.39 22.49 22.59 22.69 22.79 22.89
24 22.99 23.09 23.19 23.29 23.39 23.49 23.59 23.69 23.79 23.89
25 23.99 24.09 24.19 24.29 24.39 24.48 24.58 24.68 24.78 24.88
26 24.98 25.08 25.18 25.28 25.38 25.48 25.58 25.68 25.78 25.88
27 25.98 26.08 26.18 26.28 26.38 26.48 26.58 26.68 26.78 26.88
28 26.98 27.08 27.18 27.28 27.38 27.48 27.58 27.68 27.78 27.88
29 27.98 28.08 28.18 28.28 28.38 28.48 28.58 28.68 28.78 28.88
30 28.98 29.08 29.18 29.28 29.38 29.48 29.58 29.68 29.78 29.88
31 29.98 30.08 30.18 30.28 30.38 30.48 30.58 30.68 30.78 30.88
32 30.98 31.08 31.18 31.28 31.38 31.48 31.58 31.68 31.78 31.88
33 31.98 32.08 32.18 32.28 32.38 32.48 32.58 32.68 32.78 32.88
34 32.98 33.08 33.18 33.28 33.38 33.48 33.58 33.68 33.78 33.88
35 33.98 34.08 34.18 34.28 34.38 34.48 34.58 34.68 34.78 34.88
36 34.98 35.08 35.18 35.28 35.38 35.48 35.58 35.68 35.78 35.88
37 35.98 36.08 36.18 36.28 36.38 36.48 36.58 36.68 36.78 36.88
38 36.98 37.08 37.18 37.28 37.38 37.48 37.58 37.68 37.78 37.88
39 37.98 38.08 38.17 38.27 38.37 38.47 38.57 38.67 38.77 38.87
40 38.97 39.07 39.17 39.27 39.37 39.47 39.57 39.67 39.77 39.87
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–45

 Curve

93
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 93
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.30 0.37
1 0.45 0.53 0.61 0.69 0.78 0.87 0.95 1.04 1.13 1.22
2 1.31 1.41 1.50 1.59 1.69 1.78 1.87 1.97 2.06 2.16
3 2.25 2.35 2.45 2.54 2.64 2.73 2.83 2.93 3.03 3.12
4 3.22 3.32 3.41 3.51 3.61 3.71 3.81 3.90 4.00 4.10
5 4.20 4.30 4.39 4.49 4.59 4.69 4.79 4.89 4.98 5.08
6 5.18 5.28 5.38 5.48 5.58 5.68 5.78 5.87 5.97 6.07
7 6.17 6.27 6.37 6.47 6.57 6.67 6.77 6.86 6.96 7.06
8 7.16 7.26 7.36 7.46 7.56 7.66 7.76 7.86 7.96 8.06
9 8.16 8.25 8.35 8.45 8.55 8.65 8.75 8.85 8.95 9.05
10 9.15 9.25 9.35 9.45 9.55 9.65 9.75 9.85 9.95 10.05
11 10.15 10.24 10.34 10.44 10.54 10.64 10.74 10.84 10.94 11.04
12 11.14 11.24 11.34 11.44 11.54 11.64 11.74 11.84 11.94 12.04
13 12.14 12.24 12.34 12.44 12.54 12.64 12.74 12.84 12.94 13.04
14 13.14 13.23 13.33 13.43 13.53 13.63 13.73 13.83 13.93 14.03
15 14.13 14.23 14.33 14.43 14.53 14.63 14.73 14.83 14.93 15.03
16 15.13 15.23 15.33 15.43 15.53 15.63 15.73 15.83 15.93 16.03
17 16.13 16.23 16.33 16.43 16.53 16.63 16.73 16.83 16.93 17.03
18 17.13 17.23 17.33 17.43 17.53 17.63 17.73 17.83 17.93 18.03
19 18.13 18.23 18.33 18.42 18.52 18.62 18.72 18.82 18.92 19.02
20 19.12 19.22 19.32 19.42 19.52 19.62 19.72 19.82 19.92 20.02
21 20.12 20.22 20.32 20.42 20.52 20.62 20.72 20.82 20.92 21.02
22 21.12 21.22 21.32 21.42 21.52 21.62 21.72 21.82 21.92 22.02
23 22.12 22.22 22.32 22.42 22.52 22.62 22.72 22.82 22.92 23.02
24 23.12 23.22 23.32 23.42 23.52 23.62 23.72 23.82 23.92 24.02
25 24.12 24.22 24.32 24.42 24.52 24.62 24.72 24.82 24.92 25.02
26 25.12 25.22 25.32 25.42 25.52 25.62 25.72 25.82 25.92 26.02
27 26.12 26.22 26.32 26.42 26.52 26.62 26.72 26.82 26.92 27.02
28 27.12 27.22 27.32 27.42 27.52 27.62 27.72 27.82 27.92 28.02
29 28.12 28.22 28.32 28.42 28.52 28.62 28.72 28.82 28.92 29.01
30 29.11 29.21 29.31 29.41 29.51 29.61 29.71 29.81 29.91 30.01
31 30.11 30.21 30.31 30.41 30.51 30.61 30.71 30.81 30.91 31.01
32 31.11 31.21 31.31 31.41 31.51 31.61 31.71 31.81 31.91 32.01
33 32.11 32.21 32.31 32.41 32.51 32.61 32.71 32.81 32.91 33.01
34 33.11 33.21 33.31 33.41 33.51 33.61 33.71 33.81 33.91 34.01
35 34.11 34.21 34.31 34.41 34.51 34.61 34.71 34.81 34.91 35.01
36 35.11 35.21 35.31 35.41 35.51 35.61 35.71 35.81 35.91 36.01
37 36.11 36.21 36.31 36.41 36.51 36.61 36.71 36.81 36.91 37.01
38 37.11 37.21 37.31 37.41 37.51 37.61 37.71 37.81 37.91 38.01
39 38.11 38.21 38.31 38.41 38.51 38.61 38.71 38.81 38.91 39.01
40 39.11 39.21 39.31 39.41 39.51 39.61 39.71 39.81 39.91 40.01
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–46 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

94
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 94
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.08 0.14 0.20 0.27 0.35 0.42
1 0.50 0.59 0.67 0.76 0.85 0.94 1.03 1.12 1.21 1.30
2 1.40 1.49 1.58 1.68 1.77 1.87 1.97 2.06 2.16 2.25
3 2.35 2.45 2.54 2.64 2.74 2.84 2.93 3.03 3.13 3.23
4 3.32 3.42 3.52 3.62 3.72 3.82 3.91 4.01 4.11 4.21
5 4.31 4.41 4.51 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.10 5.20
6 5.30 5.40 5.50 5.59 5.69 5.79 5.89 5.99 6.09 6.19
7 6.29 6.39 6.49 6.59 6.69 6.79 6.88 6.98 7.08 7.18
8 7.28 7.38 7.48 7.58 7.68 7.78 7.88 7.98 8.08 8.18
9 8.28 8.38 8.48 8.58 8.68 8.78 8.87 8.97 9.07 9.17
10 9.27 9.37 9.47 9.57 9.67 9.77 9.87 9.97 10.07 10.17
11 10.27 10.37 10.47 10.57 10.67 10.77 10.87 10.97 11.07 11.17
12 11.27 11.37 11.47 11.57 11.67 11.77 11.87 11.97 12.06 12.16
13 12.26 12.36 12.46 12.56 12.66 12.76 12.86 12.96 13.06 13.16
14 13.26 13.36 13.46 13.56 13.66 13.76 13.86 13.96 14.06 14.16
15 14.26 14.36 14.46 14.56 14.66 14.76 14.86 14.96 15.06 15.16
16 15.26 15.36 15.46 15.56 15.66 15.76 15.86 15.96 16.06 16.16
17 16.26 16.36 16.46 16.56 16.66 16.76 16.86 16.96 17.06 17.16
18 17.26 17.36 17.46 17.56 17.66 17.76 17.86 17.96 18.06 18.16
19 18.26 18.36 18.46 18.55 18.65 18.75 18.85 18.95 19.05 19.15
20 19.25 19.35 19.45 19.55 19.65 19.75 19.85 19.95 20.05 20.15
21 20.25 20.35 20.45 20.55 20.65 20.75 20.85 20.95 21.05 21.15
22 21.25 21.35 21.45 21.55 21.65 21.75 21.85 21.95 22.05 22.15
23 22.25 22.35 22.45 22.55 22.65 22.75 22.85 22.95 23.05 23.15
24 23.25 23.35 23.45 23.55 23.65 23.75 23.85 23.95 24.05 24.15
25 24.25 24.35 24.45 24.55 24.65 24.75 24.85 24.95 25.05 25.15
26 25.25 25.35 25.45 25.55 25.65 25.75 25.85 25.95 26.05 26.15
27 26.25 26.35 26.45 26.55 26.65 26.75 26.85 26.95 27.05 27.15
28 27.25 27.35 27.45 27.55 27.65 27.75 27.85 27.95 28.05 28.15
29 28.25 28.35 28.45 28.55 28.65 28.75 28.85 28.95 29.05 29.15
30 29.25 29.35 29.45 29.55 29.65 29.75 29.85 29.95 30.05 30.15
31 30.25 30.35 30.45 30.55 30.65 30.75 30.85 30.95 31.05 31.15
32 31.25 31.35 31.45 31.55 31.65 31.75 31.85 31.95 32.05 32.15
33 32.25 32.35 32.45 32.55 32.65 32.75 32.85 32.95 33.05 33.15
34 33.25 33.35 33.45 33.55 33.65 33.75 33.85 33.95 34.05 34.15
35 34.25 34.35 34.45 34.55 34.65 34.75 34.85 34.95 35.05 35.15
36 35.25 35.35 35.45 35.55 35.65 35.75 35.85 35.95 36.05 36.15
37 36.25 36.35 36.45 36.55 36.65 36.75 36.85 36.95 37.05 37.14
38 37.24 37.34 37.44 37.54 37.64 37.74 37.84 37.94 38.04 38.14
39 38.24 38.34 38.44 38.54 38.64 38.74 38.84 38.94 39.04 39.14
40 39.24 39.34 39.44 39.54 39.64 39.74 39.84 39.94 40.04 40.14
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–47

 Curve

95
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 95
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.32 0.40 0.48
1 0.56 0.65 0.74 0.83 0.92 1.01 1.11 1.20 1.29 1.39
2 1.48 1.58 1.67 1.77 1.87 1.96 2.06 2.16 2.25 2.35
3 2.45 2.55 2.65 2.74 2.84 2.94 3.04 3.14 3.23 3.33
4 3.43 3.53 3.63 3.73 3.83 3.93 4.02 4.12 4.22 4.32
5 4.42 4.52 4.62 4.72 4.82 4.92 5.01 5.11 5.21 5.31
6 5.41 5.51 5.61 5.71 5.81 5.91 6.01 6.11 6.21 6.31
7 6.41 6.51 6.61 6.70 6.80 6.90 7.00 7.10 7.20 7.30
8 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.70 7.80 7.90 8.00 8.10 8.20 8.30
9 8.40 8.50 8.60 8.70 8.80 8.90 9.00 9.10 9.20 9.30
10 9.40 9.50 9.59 9.69 9.79 9.89 9.99 10.09 10.19 10.29
11 10.39 10.49 10.59 10.69 10.79 10.89 10.99 11.09 11.19 11.29
12 11.39 11.49 11.59 11.69 11.79 11.89 11.99 12.09 12.19 12.29
13 12.39 12.49 12.59 12.69 12.79 12.89 12.99 13.09 13.19 13.29
14 13.39 13.49 13.59 13.69 13.79 13.89 13.99 14.09 14.19 14.29
15 14.39 14.49 14.59 14.69 14.79 14.89 14.99 15.09 15.19 15.29
16 15.39 15.49 15.59 15.69 15.79 15.89 15.99 16.08 16.18 16.28
17 16.38 16.48 16.58 16.68 16.78 16.88 16.98 17.08 17.18 17.28
18 17.38 17.48 17.58 17.68 17.78 17.88 17.98 18.08 18.18 18.28
19 18.38 18.48 18.58 18.68 18.78 18.88 18.98 19.08 19.18 19.28
20 19.38 19.48 19.58 19.68 19.78 19.88 19.98 20.08 20.18 20.28
21 20.38 20.48 20.58 20.68 20.78 20.88 20.98 21.08 21.18 21.28
22 21.38 21.48 21.58 21.68 21.78 21.88 21.98 22.08 22.18 22.28
23 22.38 22.48 22.58 22.68 22.78 22.88 22.98 23.08 23.18 23.28
24 23.38 23.48 23.58 23.68 23.78 23.88 23.98 24.08 24.18 24.28
25 24.38 24.48 24.58 24.68 24.78 24.88 24.98 25.08 25.18 25.28
26 25.38 25.48 25.58 25.68 25.78 25.88 25.98 26.08 26.18 26.28
27 26.38 26.48 26.58 26.68 26.78 26.88 26.98 27.08 27.18 27.28
28 27.38 27.48 27.58 27.68 27.78 27.88 27.98 28.08 28.18 28.28
29 28.38 28.48 28.58 28.68 28.78 28.88 28.98 29.08 29.18 29.28
30 29.38 29.48 29.58 29.68 29.78 29.88 29.98 30.08 30.18 30.28
31 30.38 30.48 30.58 30.68 30.78 30.88 30.98 31.08 31.18 31.28
32 31.38 31.48 31.58 31.68 31.78 31.88 31.98 32.08 32.18 32.28
33 32.38 32.48 32.58 32.68 32.78 32.88 32.98 33.08 33.18 33.28
34 33.38 33.48 33.58 33.68 33.78 33.88 33.98 34.08 34.18 34.28
35 34.38 34.48 34.58 34.68 34.78 34.88 34.98 35.08 35.18 35.28
36 35.38 35.48 35.58 35.68 35.78 35.88 35.98 36.08 36.18 36.28
37 36.38 36.48 36.58 36.68 36.78 36.88 36.98 37.08 37.18 37.28
38 37.38 37.48 37.58 37.68 37.78 37.88 37.98 38.08 38.18 38.28
39 38.38 38.48 38.58 38.68 38.78 38.88 38.98 39.08 39.18 39.28
40 39.38 39.48 39.58 39.68 39.78 39.88 39.98 40.08 40.18 40.28
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–48 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

96
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 96
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.07 0.14 0.21 0.29 0.37 0.45 0.54
1 0.63 0.72 0.81 0.91 1.00 1.09 1.19 1.29 1.38 1.48
2 1.57 1.67 1.77 1.87 1.96 2.06 2.16 2.26 2.36 2.45
3 2.55 2.65 2.75 2.85 2.95 3.04 3.14 3.24 3.34 3.44
4 3.54 3.64 3.74 3.84 3.94 4.04 4.13 4.23 4.33 4.43
5 4.53 4.63 4.73 4.83 4.93 5.03 5.13 5.23 5.33 5.43
6 5.53 5.63 5.73 5.83 5.93 6.03 6.12 6.22 6.32 6.42
7 6.52 6.62 6.72 6.82 6.92 7.02 7.12 7.22 7.32 7.42
8 7.52 7.62 7.72 7.82 7.92 8.02 8.12 8.22 8.32 8.42
9 8.52 8.62 8.72 8.82 8.92 9.02 9.12 9.22 9.32 9.42
10 9.52 9.62 9.72 9.82 9.92 10.02 10.12 10.22 10.32 10.42
11 10.51 10.61 10.71 10.81 10.91 11.01 11.11 11.21 11.31 11.41
12 11.51 11.61 11.71 11.81 11.91 12.01 12.11 12.21 12.31 12.41
13 12.51 12.61 12.71 12.81 12.91 13.01 13.11 13.21 13.31 13.41
14 13.51 13.61 13.71 13.81 13.91 14.01 14.11 14.21 14.31 14.41
15 14.51 14.61 14.71 14.81 14.91 15.01 15.11 15.21 15.31 15.41
16 15.51 15.61 15.71 15.81 15.91 16.01 16.11 16.21 16.31 16.41
17 16.51 16.61 16.71 16.81 16.91 17.01 17.11 17.21 17.31 17.41
18 17.51 17.61 17.71 17.81 17.91 18.01 18.11 18.21 18.31 18.41
19 18.51 18.61 18.71 18.81 18.91 19.01 19.11 19.21 19.31 19.41
20 19.51 19.61 19.71 19.81 19.91 20.01 20.11 20.21 20.31 20.41
21 20.51 20.61 20.71 20.81 20.91 21.01 21.11 21.21 21.31 21.41
22 21.51 21.61 21.71 21.81 21.91 22.01 22.11 22.21 22.31 22.41
23 22.51 22.61 22.71 22.81 22.91 23.01 23.11 23.21 23.31 23.41
24 23.51 23.61 23.71 23.81 23.91 24.01 24.11 24.21 24.31 24.41
25 24.51 24.61 24.71 24.81 24.91 25.01 25.11 25.21 25.31 25.41
26 25.51 25.61 25.71 25.81 25.91 26.01 26.11 26.21 26.31 26.41
27 26.51 26.61 26.71 26.81 26.91 27.01 27.11 27.21 27.31 27.41
28 27.51 27.61 27.71 27.81 27.91 28.01 28.11 28.21 28.31 28.41
29 28.51 28.61 28.71 28.81 28.91 29.01 29.11 29.21 29.31 29.41
30 29.51 29.61 29.71 29.81 29.91 30.01 30.11 30.21 30.31 30.41
31 30.51 30.61 30.71 30.81 30.91 31.01 31.11 31.21 31.31 31.40
32 31.50 31.60 31.70 31.80 31.90 32.00 32.10 32.20 32.30 32.40
33 32.50 32.60 32.70 32.80 32.90 33.00 33.10 33.20 33.30 33.40
34 33.50 33.60 33.70 33.80 33.90 34.00 34.10 34.20 34.30 34.40
35 34.50 34.60 34.70 34.80 34.90 35.00 35.10 35.20 35.30 35.40
36 35.50 35.60 35.70 35.80 35.90 36.00 36.10 36.20 36.30 36.40
37 36.50 36.60 36.70 36.80 36.90 37.00 37.10 37.20 37.30 37.40
38 37.50 37.60 37.70 37.80 37.90 38.00 38.10 38.20 38.30 38.40
39 38.50 38.60 38.70 38.80 38.90 39.00 39.10 39.20 39.30 39.40
40 39.50 39.60 39.70 39.80 39.90 40.00 40.10 40.20 40.30 40.40
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–49

 Curve

97
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 97
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.10 0.18 0.26 0.34 0.43 0.52 0.61
1 0.71 0.80 0.90 0.99 1.09 1.18 1.28 1.38 1.48 1.57
2 1.67 1.77 1.87 1.97 2.07 2.16 2.26 2.36 2.46 2.56
3 2.66 2.76 2.86 2.96 3.06 3.15 3.25 3.35 3.45 3.55
4 3.65 3.75 3.85 3.95 4.05 4.15 4.25 4.35 4.45 4.55
5 4.65 4.75 4.85 4.95 5.05 5.15 5.25 5.35 5.44 5.54
6 5.64 5.74 5.84 5.94 6.04 6.14 6.24 6.34 6.44 6.54
7 6.64 6.74 6.84 6.94 7.04 7.14 7.24 7.34 7.44 7.54
8 7.64 7.74 7.84 7.94 8.04 8.14 8.24 8.34 8.44 8.54
9 8.64 8.74 8.84 8.94 9.04 9.14 9.24 9.34 9.44 9.54
10 9.64 9.74 9.84 9.94 10.04 10.14 10.24 10.34 10.44 10.54
11 10.64 10.74 10.84 10.94 11.04 11.14 11.24 11.34 11.44 11.54
12 11.64 11.74 11.84 11.94 12.04 12.14 12.24 12.34 12.44 12.54
13 12.64 12.74 12.84 12.94 13.04 13.14 13.24 13.34 13.44 13.54
14 13.64 13.74 13.84 13.94 14.04 14.14 14.24 14.34 14.44 14.54
15 14.64 14.74 14.84 14.94 15.04 15.14 15.24 15.34 15.44 15.54
16 15.64 15.74 15.84 15.93 16.03 16.13 16.23 16.33 16.43 16.53
17 16.63 16.73 16.83 16.93 17.03 17.13 17.23 17.33 17.43 17.53
18 17.63 17.73 17.83 17.93 18.03 18.13 18.23 18.33 18.43 18.53
19 18.63 18.73 18.83 18.93 19.03 19.13 19.23 19.33 19.43 19.53
20 19.63 19.73 19.83 19.93 20.03 20.13 20.23 20.33 20.43 20.53
21 20.63 20.73 20.83 20.93 21.03 21.13 21.23 21.33 21.43 21.53
22 21.63 21.73 21.83 21.93 22.03 22.13 22.23 22.33 22.43 22.53
23 22.63 22.73 22.83 22.93 23.03 23.13 23.23 23.33 23.43 23.53
24 23.63 23.73 23.83 23.93 24.03 24.13 24.23 24.33 24.43 24.53
25 24.63 24.73 24.83 24.93 25.03 25.13 25.23 25.33 25.43 25.53
26 25.63 25.73 25.83 25.93 26.03 26.13 26.23 26.33 26.43 26.53
27 26.63 26.73 26.83 26.93 27.03 27.13 27.23 27.33 27.43 27.53
28 27.63 27.73 27.83 27.93 28.03 28.13 28.23 28.33 28.43 28.53
29 28.63 28.73 28.83 28.93 29.03 29.13 29.23 29.33 29.43 29.53
30 29.63 29.73 29.83 29.93 30.03 30.13 30.23 30.33 30.43 30.53
31 30.63 30.73 30.83 30.93 31.03 31.13 31.23 31.33 31.43 31.53
32 31.63 31.73 31.83 31.93 32.03 32.13 32.23 32.33 32.43 32.53
33 32.63 32.73 32.83 32.93 33.03 33.13 33.23 33.33 33.43 33.53
34 33.63 33.73 33.83 33.93 34.03 34.13 34.23 34.33 34.43 34.53
35 34.63 34.73 34.83 34.93 35.03 35.13 35.23 35.33 35.43 35.53
36 35.63 35.73 35.83 35.93 36.03 36.13 36.23 36.33 36.43 36.53
37 36.63 36.73 36.83 36.93 37.03 37.13 37.23 37.33 37.43 37.53
38 37.63 37.73 37.83 37.93 38.03 38.13 38.23 38.33 38.43 38.53
39 38.63 38.73 38.83 38.93 39.03 39.13 39.23 39.33 39.43 39.53
40 39.63 39.73 39.83 39.93 40.03 40.13 40.23 40.33 40.43 40.53
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

10A–50 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

 Curve

98
Runoff for inches of rainfall—Curve no. 98
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tenths - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.00 0.01 0.07 0.15 0.23 0.32 0.41 0.50 0.60 0.69
1 0.79 0.89 0.99 1.08 1.18 1.28 1.38 1.48 1.58 1.68
2 1.77 1.87 1.97 2.07 2.17 2.27 2.37 2.47 2.57 2.67
3 2.77 2.87 2.97 3.07 3.17 3.27 3.37 3.47 3.57 3.67
4 3.77 3.86 3.96 4.06 4.16 4.26 4.36 4.46 4.56 4.66
5 4.76 4.86 4.96 5.06 5.16 5.26 5.36 5.46 5.56 5.66
6 5.76 5.86 5.96 6.06 6.16 6.26 6.36 6.46 6.56 6.66
7 6.76 6.86 6.96 7.06 7.16 7.26 7.36 7.46 7.56 7.66
8 7.76 7.86 7.96 8.06 8.16 8.26 8.36 8.46 8.56 8.66
9 8.76 8.86 8.96 9.06 9.16 9.26 9.36 9.46 9.56 9.66
10 9.76 9.86 9.96 10.06 10.16 10.26 10.36 10.46 10.56 10.66
11 10.76 10.86 10.96 11.06 11.16 11.26 11.36 11.46 11.56 11.66
12 11.76 11.86 11.96 12.06 12.16 12.26 12.36 12.46 12.56 12.66
13 12.76 12.86 12.96 13.06 13.16 13.26 13.36 13.46 13.56 13.66
14 13.76 13.86 13.96 14.06 14.16 14.26 14.36 14.46 14.56 14.66
15 14.76 14.86 14.96 15.06 15.16 15.26 15.36 15.46 15.56 15.66
16 15.76 15.86 15.96 16.06 16.16 16.26 16.36 16.46 16.56 16.66
17 16.76 16.86 16.96 17.06 17.16 17.26 17.36 17.46 17.56 17.66
18 17.76 17.86 17.96 18.06 18.16 18.26 18.36 18.46 18.56 18.66
19 18.76 18.86 18.96 19.06 19.16 19.26 19.36 19.46 19.56 19.66
20 19.76 19.86 19.96 20.06 20.16 20.26 20.36 20.46 20.56 20.66
21 20.76 20.86 20.96 21.06 21.16 21.26 21.36 21.46 21.56 21.66
22 21.76 21.86 21.96 22.06 22.16 22.26 22.36 22.46 22.56 22.66
23 22.76 22.86 22.96 23.06 23.16 23.26 23.36 23.46 23.56 23.66
24 23.76 23.86 23.96 24.06 24.16 24.26 24.36 24.46 24.56 24.66
25 24.76 24.86 24.96 25.06 25.16 25.26 25.36 25.46 25.56 25.66
26 25.76 25.86 25.96 26.06 26.16 26.26 26.36 26.46 26.56 26.66
27 26.76 26.86 26.96 27.06 27.16 27.26 27.36 27.46 27.56 27.66
28 27.76 27.86 27.96 28.06 28.16 28.26 28.36 28.46 28.56 28.66
29 28.76 28.86 28.96 29.06 29.16 29.26 29.36 29.46 29.56 29.66
30 29.76 29.86 29.96 30.06 30.16 30.26 30.36 30.46 30.56 30.66
31 30.76 30.86 30.96 31.06 31.16 31.26 31.36 31.46 31.56 31.66
32 31.76 31.86 31.96 32.06 32.16 32.26 32.36 32.46 32.56 32.66
33 32.76 32.86 32.96 33.06 33.16 33.26 33.36 33.46 33.56 33.66
34 33.76 33.86 33.96 34.06 34.16 34.26 34.36 34.46 34.56 34.66
35 34.76 34.86 34.96 35.06 35.16 35.26 35.36 35.46 35.56 35.66
36 35.76 35.86 35.96 36.06 36.16 36.26 36.36 36.46 36.56 36.66
37 36.76 36.86 36.96 37.06 37.16 37.26 37.36 37.46 37.56 37.66
38 37.76 37.86 37.96 38.06 38.16 38.26 38.36 38.46 38.56 38.66
39 38.76 38.86 38.96 39.06 39.16 39.26 39.36 39.46 39.56 39.66
40 39.76 39.86 39.96 40.06 40.16 40.26 40.36 40.46 40.56 40.66
( P − 0.2S )
2

Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q =

P + 0.8S

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 10A–51

United States
Department of Part 630 Hydrology
Agriculture

Natural
National Engineering Handbook
Resources
Conservation
Service

Chapter 11 Snowmelt

Rain clouds
Cloud formation

Precipitation

n
iratio
Evaporation
n

ean
tio

Transp
s o il
ta

from oc
ge
ve

fr o m
m

n
fro

ti o

s
am
n

ir a
ti o

tr e
sp
ra
po

an

ms
va

Tr

Surfa E
fr o

ce ru
noff

Infiltration

Soil
Percolation

Rock Ocean
Ground water
Deep percolation

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 11 Snowmelt Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

July 2004

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimina-

tion in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national
origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation,
and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all pro-
grams.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for commu-
nication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should
contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room

326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington,
DC 20250-9410 or call (202)720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal
employment opportunity provider and employer.

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Acknowledgments

Chapter 11 was originally prepared by Victor Mockus (retired) and re-

printed with minor revisions in 1971. This version was prepared by Joseph
A. Van Mullem (retired) and David Garen, Natural Resources Conserva-
tion Service, Portland,Oregon, under guidance of Donald E. Woodward
(retired).

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 11–i

Chapter 11 Snowmelt Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

11–ii (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 11 Snowmelt

Contents: 630.1100 Introduction 11–1

630.1101 Snowmelt theory 11–1

(a) The energy balance ..................................................................................... 11–1
(b) Energy sources and the behavior of snowmelt ....................................... 11–4

630.1102 Data sources 11–4

630.1103 Modeling snowmelt 11–5

(a) Energy balance approach .......................................................................... 11–5
(b) Degree-day method .................................................................................... 11–5

630.1104 Snowmelt runoff 11–6

(a) Regional analysis ........................................................................................ 11–6
(b) Spatial variability of snow cover ............................................................... 11–9
(c) Temperature and precipitation during the melt period ........................ 11–11
(d) Infiltration and losses ............................................................................... 11–12

630.1105 Runoff hydrographs from snowmelt 11–15

(a) Unit hydrograph method ......................................................................... 11–15
(b) Recession curve method .......................................................................... 11–17
(c) Water movement through snow .............................................................. 11–17
(d) Snowmelt runoff by frequency ................................................................ 11–17

630.1106 References 11–19

Table Table 11–1 Relative importance of energy balance terms 11–3

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 11–iii

Chapter 11 Snowmelt Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Figures Figure 11–1 Crest-stage record for a snowmelt runoff stream 11–7
in Montana

Figure 11–2 Spring season snowmelt, 25-year, 7-day runoff volume 11–8

Figure 11–3 Spring season snowmelt, 3-day, 7-day runoff ratio 11–8

Figure 11–4 Snow water equivalent determined by ground survey 11–10

in the West Branch Antelope Creek watershed on
February 27, 1979

Figure 11–5 Snow water equivalent distribution for the data 11–11
shown in figure 11–4

Figure 11–6 Cumulative SWE distribution derived from 11–11

figure 11–5

Figure 11–7 TDP curves for 50-year return period at three 11–11
stations in eastern Montana

Figure 11–8 Hourly temperatures 11–15

Figure 11–9 Snowmelt hydrographs for example 11–4 comparing 11–16

hourly rate with a constant daily rate for 10 mi2
watershed

Figure 11–10 Maximum March 16–31 snow water equivalent 11–18

expected to be equaled or exceeded once in 25 years

Examples Example 11–1 Runoff coefficient method 11–13

Example 11–2 Constant loss rate 11–13

Example 11–3 Exponentially declining loss rate 11–14

Example 11–4 Application of diurnal variation in a hydrograph 11–16

model

11–iv (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 11 Snowmelt

630.1100 Introduction 630.1101 Snowmelt theory

This chapter describes the basic physical processes The thermodynamics of snowmelt are well understood
that drive snowmelt and presents methods and guid- and have been thoroughly described in numerous
ance for estimating snowmelt runoff volumes and places. Among the early descriptions are those given
hydrographs for single events. These methods may by Clyde (1931), Light (1941), and Wilson (1941). One
also be used for short-term forecasts. In addition, a of the most thorough studies ever undertaken was that
method is presented that may be used to derive flood of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) (1956),
frequency curves for snowmelt runoff from snow which is still often cited and regarded as a definitive
depth and temperature frequency data. Seasonal work on the subject of snowmelt dynamics, as well as
volume and long-range streamflow forecasting are not being a source of equations for practical modeling.
described here; the reader is instead referred to other This study was the basis of the snowmelt component
publications for these topics (e.g., USDA SCS 1972b in the hydrologic model SSARR (U.S. Army COE 1991).
and 1990, Garen 1992) as well as the NRCS National The work by Anderson (1968, 1976) has also led to an
Water and Climate Center: operational model in use by the National Weather
([Link] Service (Anderson 1973). More recently, energy bal-
ance snowmelt models have been developed to oper-
Snowmelt runoff is a major component of the hydro- ate on a spatially distributed basis, taking advantage of
logic cycle in many regions and is an important consid- geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial data
eration for water supply and design flood analysis. In sets of elevation, vegetation, soils, and hydrometeoro-
some areas snowmelt event runoff may be more ap- logical variables. These include, for example, the
propriate for the design of water storage facilities and models of Marks et al. (1998, 1999) and Tarboton et al.
hydraulic structures than rainfall storm runoffs de- (1995). Descriptions of the snow energy fluxes appear
scribed in National Engineering Handbook (NEH), in their papers. Other useful sources of information on
section 4 (part 630), chapter 10 (USDA SCS 1972a). In snow thermodynamics and melt include Colbeck and
addition, the annual peak flow in these areas can arise Ray (1978), Gray and Male (1981), and American
from either pure snowmelt or rainfall, or a combina- Society of Civil Engineers (1996). Many engineering
tion of both, leading to a mixed frequency distribution, hydrology textbooks also contain short, but useful,
which is described in NEH, part 630, chapter 18 (USDA descriptions of snowmelt (e.g., Bedient and Huber
NRCS 2000). The modeling methods in this chapter 1992, Linsley et al. 1982).
may be used together with the methods described in
NEH, section 4 (part 630), chapters 10, 16 (USDA SCS
1972a), and 18 to produce a mixed distribution flood (a) The energy balance
frequency curve.
If all the heat fluxes toward the snowpack are consid-
ered positive and those away considered negative, the
sum of these fluxes is equal to the change in heat
content of the snowpack (∆H) for a given time period.
That is,
∆H = H rs + H rt + H s + H l + H g + H p [11–1]
where:
Hrs = net solar radiation
Hrt = net thermal radiation
Hs = sensible heat transfer from air
Hl = latent heat of vaporization from condensation
or evaporation/sublimation
Hg = conducted heat from underlying ground
Hp = advected heat from precipitation

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 11–1

Chapter 11 Snowmelt Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

The solar radiation (Hrs) is the net of incoming minus When the snowpack is in thermal equilibrium, ∆H=0; a
reflected solar radiation. The reflection is because of negative energy balance will cool the snowpack, while
the albedo of the surface, which varies with the age of a positive energy balance will warm it. The snow can-
the snow (decreases with age), the sun angle (lower in not be warmer than zero degrees Celsius, and melt
midday than in the morning and evening), and the cannot occur in significant amounts until the entire
contamination of the snow by dirt and debris (which snowpack has reached this temperature. Once the
reduces the albedo). The albedo is higher in the visible entire snowpack is isothermal at zero degrees Celsius,
parts of the spectrum (0.28–0.7µ) than it is for the near positive values of ∆H will result in melt:
infrared (0.7–2.8µ). For freshly fallen, clean snow, the ∆H
visible albedo is very high (about 0.95–0.98), whereas M= [11–2]
80B
the infrared albedo is somewhat lower (about 0.7–0.8).
The thermal radiation (Hrt) is primarily the net of
incoming radiation from the atmosphere, clouds, and where:
surrounding vegetation minus the outgoing blackbody M = melt (cm)
radiation from the snowpack itself. ∆H = heat flux (cal/cm2)
B = thermal quality of snowpack
Sensible heat transfer occurs when the air tempera-
ture is different from the snowpack temperature. If the The value 80 (cal/cm3) is the latent heat of fusion. The
air is colder, Hs is negative (heat leaves the snow- thermal quality of the snowpack is the fraction of its
pack), and if the air is warmer, Hs is positive (heat water content that is in the solid phase. For a melting
enters the snowpack). Latent heat is the energy re- snowpack, B generally is in the range of 0.95 to 0.97,
leased during a phase change of water from vapor to corresponding to 3 to 5 percent liquid water (U.S.
liquid to solid when condensation onto the snowpack Army COE 1956).
occurs, or conversely, it is the energy extracted from
the snowpack when evaporation or sublimation from Table 11–1 summarizes each of the terms in the energy
the snowpack occurs. Condensation or evaporation/ balance equation and their relative importance.
sublimation depends on the humidity of the air and the
water vapor pressure gradient between the air and the
snow surface. If the humidity is high, such that the
vapor pressure of the air is greater than that at the
snow surface (i.e., at the temperature of the snow), the
vapor pressure gradient is towards the snow, and
condensation will occur, in which case H1 is positive.
If the air is dry, evaporation and/or sublimation will
occur, and H1 will be negative. Sensible and latent heat
transfers are enhanced under windy conditions.

Conduction of heat between the snowpack and the

underlying soil occurs if there is a temperature differ-
ence between the two, Hg being positive if the snow is
colder than the soil, and Hg being negative if the snow
is warmer than the soil. Advected heat from precipita-
tion Hp is positive if the temperature of the precipita-
tion is warmer than the snow and negative if it is
colder.

11–2 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 11 Snowmelt Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Table 11–1 Relative importance of energy balance terms

Term % ∆H Comments

Hrs, Hrt 60 – 90% Controlled by terrain, season, cloud cover, shading, air temperature, humidity.
Hrs and Hrt are generally of about the same magnitude, but different sign.
Hrt is usually negative and dominates in winter.
Hrs is positive and dominates in spring.
During a crossover period in early spring before the onset of melt, Hrs and Hrt
cancel each other, and the net is near zero.

Hs, Hl 5 – 40% Controlled by temperature and humidity gradients and wind speed.
Hs and Hl are usually of opposite sign, so they tend to cancel. That is, it is usually
either warm (Hs +) and dry (Hl -) or cold (Hs -) and humid (Hl +).
Sometimes Hs and Hl are of the same sign, but the magnitude is small (e.g., cold
and dry).
Occasionally both are positive and large (i.e., warm and humid), usually during
high winds, such as during rain-on-snow events.

Hg 2 – 5% Usually small because the temperature of the ground is generally about the same
as the temperature of the snow. During melt, both ground and snow are at 0 °C, so
Hg = 0.

Hp 0 – 1% Heat content of precipitation is relatively small compared to latent heat required

to melt snow, unless precipitation volume is very large and precipitation tempera-
ture is significantly greater than 0 °C.

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 11–3

Chapter 11 Snowmelt Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

(b) Energy sources and the

behavior of snowmelt 630.1102 Data sources
To be able to understand and describe the behavior of
snowmelt in a given situation, such as its amount and
Data for evaluating snowmelt can come from hydrom-
timing during a significant melt event, it is necessary eteorological stations or remote sensing. Station data
to know which energy sources are dominant. The are available primarily from the National Weather
specific combination of temperature, precipitation, Service (NWS) at the National Operational Hydrologic
humidity, wind, and cloudiness during an event deter- Remote Sensing Center ([Link]
mines the streamflow response. It is possible, for and the NRCS at the National Water and Climate
example, for two events to have similar air tempera- Center ([Link] with
tures and perhaps even precipitation amounts, yet smaller networks run by various other agencies, such
have different responses because of the effects of the as the Forest Service. In addition to snow water
other hydrometeorological factors on the energy equivalent, temperature, and precipitation, many sites
fluxes. monitor snow depth, and a few are equipped with
humidity, wind, and solar radiation sensors. Much of
These considerations are particularly important during these data are available in near real-time and are
rain-on-snow events. In this situation, sensible and therefore available for both short- and long-term
latent heat (Hs and Hl) can become substantial, if not forecasting as well as for historical analysis. The NWS
dominant, sources of energy for snowmelt. This was also has data from remote sensing, such as snow
clearly illustrated by Marks et al. (1998) for the Febru- covered area maps from satellite images, and snow
ary 1996 flood on the Willamette River in Oregon. It water equivalent from flight lines obtained by sensing
was the combination of warm temperatures plus high gamma radiation from low-flying aircraft.
humidity and wind that supplied much of the energy
for snowmelt, particularly in open areas. Immediately
after the event, however, the energy balance returned
to a more normal situation, dominated by net radia-
tion.

This illustrates why temperature alone cannot always

adequately represent the energy dynamics involved in
a snowmelt runoff event. It is therefore important to
know for any given event whether it was generated by
clear weather snowmelt or by rain-on-snow. If it is
known that the flows of interest are rarely affected by
rain, then the energy balance is simpler, and tempera-
ture-based methods are likely to be adequate. If, on the
other hand, it is known that the largest flows are
caused by rain-on-snow, then it becomes more com-
plex to model and predict, in that knowledge of not
only temperature, but also of several other hydrom-
eteorological variables is necessary to describe the
snowmelt and runoff behavior of the event.

11–4 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 11 Snowmelt Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

and for melt during rainy periods:

630.1103 Modeling snow- M = C[.09 + (.029 + .00504v + .007P) (Ta – TF)] [11–4]
melt
where:
M = melt (inches/day)
Ii = incident solar radiation on a horizontal surface
Two basic approaches are used to model snowmelt for
(langleys/day)
daily or shorter time steps. The most thorough method
a = albedo of the snow
is to measure or estimate each term in the energy
v = wind speed (miles/hour) 50 feet above the
balance equation and to simulate the energy fluxes
snow surface
within the snowpack. This method is data intensive
Ta = air temperature (°F)
and sometimes cannot be done because of inadequate
TF = freezing temperature (°F, allowed to vary from
data or if this level of detail is unwarranted for the
32 °F for spatial and temporal fluctuations)
purpose at hand. The alternative is a melt index ap-
Td = dewpoint temperature (°F)
proach, the most common of which is the degree-day
P = rainfall (inches/day)
method, in which air temperature is used to index all
C = coefficient to account for variations
of the energy fluxes. While the index approach has
limitations, it is nevertheless commonly used because
of its simplicity.
(b) Degree-day method
The degree-day method is a temperature index ap-
(a) Energy balance approach proach that equates the total daily melt to a coefficient
times the temperature difference between the mean
Because of the large amount of data and the complex-
daily temperature and a base temperature (generally
ity of the processes involved, the energy balance
32 °F or 0 °C).
approach is best implemented with computer models.
Using fast computers with large disk storage capaci- M = CM ( Ta − Tb ) [11–5]
ties, along with geographic information systems (GIS)
and spatial data layers of elevation, soils, vegetation, where:
and hydrometeorological inputs, such models are now M = snowmelt in in/d (mm/d)
feasible for operational use. For example, the model of CM = the degree-day coefficient in in/degree-day F
Marks et al. (1998, 1999) is documented and has been (mm/degree-day C)
applied to several watersheds in the Western United Ta = mean daily air temperature °F (°C)
States. This model can be integrated into a complete Tb = base temperature °F (°C)
hydrologic simulation model (Schumann and Garen
1998, Garen et al. 2001, Garen et al. 2002). This type of The coefficient CM varies seasonally and by location.
modeling, however, requires considerable effort in Typical values are from 0.035 to 0.13 inches per de-
data preparation, hence is warranted only when a very gree-day Fahrenheit (1.6 to 6.0 mm/degree-day C). A
detailed and accurate simulation is needed. value of 0.060 inches per degree-day Fahrenheit (2.74
mm/degree-day C) is often used when other informa-
Equations used by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers tion is lacking. CM has also been related to snow den-
in the HEC-1 model (U.S. Army COE 1998) are index sity and wind speed (Martinec 1960) and to accumu-
equations that include the most important parameters lated degree-days and elevation (Rosa 1956). These
for the rainy and non-rainy periods. Instead of model- variations reflect the different energy dynamics and
ing the energy balance, regression analysis was used changing snowpack conditions over time and space.
to determine the coefficients for the significant mea- The fact that it varies like this demonstrates that this
sured parameters, such as temperature, wind, and single index (temperature) cannot represent all of the
radiation. The resulting equation for non-rainy periods
in partially forested areas is:

M = C .002I i (1 − a ) + ( .0011v + .0145 ) ( Ta − TF ) + .0039 v ( Td − TF ) [11–3]

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 11–5

Chapter 11 Snowmelt Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

relevant processes, so to compensate, the degree-day

coefficient must change with the changing conditions. 630.1104 Snowmelt runoff
During rain-on-snow, the degree-day method must be
used with caution as it most likely is not valid. It is
most applicable to clear weather melt in forested
watersheds.
(a) Regional analysis
Several methods can be used to do a regional analysis
of snowmelt runoff. For seasonal volumes the reader
should refer to NEH, section 22 (USDA SCS 1972b). In
some areas it may not be possible to separate the
snowmelt runoff events from the rain or rain-on-snow
events. In these cases the normal procedure would be
to regionalize the runoff peaks or volumes without
regard to cause. Methods for statistical regionalization
are described in NEH, part 630, chapter 18 (USDA
NRCS 2000).

Where the major flood events are from rainfall during

the snowmelt season, snowmelt is commonly treated
as baseflow or quick return flow and the events are
modeled as rainfall runoff using methods described in
NEH, section 4 (part 630), chapters 10 and 16 (USDA
SCS 1972a). Rain-on-snow events may also be modeled
(Marks et al. 1998, U.S. Army COE 1998, Martinec et al.
1994, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation 1966), but the curve
number method of chapter 10 is not an appropriate
method of determining the losses. Snowmelt baseflow
must not be ignored when modeling for dam design
with such models as TR-20 (USDA SCS 1992),
WinTR-20 (USDA NRCS 2004 draft), or SITES (USDA
NRCS 2001).

In some areas, such as the prairies of eastern Montana,

snowmelt events can be separated quite easily from
rainfall events strictly by season. Snowmelt typically
occurs during February, March, and April when pre-
cipitation amounts are generally quite small. The dates
of individual events are noted and compared with
precipitation and temperature records to verify the
cause. Snow-on-ground records can also be accessed
and checked. The record for a crest-stage gage in
northern Montana is shown in figure 11–1 as an ex-
ample of a primarily snowmelt runoff stream. All of
the runoff events except the one in July of 1970 were
the result of snowmelt.

Frequency analysis can be done for the peak flow and

runoff volumes from the separate causes. Figures 11–2
and 11–3 show results of a regional frequency analysis
for runoff volume in the eastern Montana region (Van
Mullem 1994). These figures may be used to estimate

11–6 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 11 Snowmelt Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

hydrographs directly, similar to the methods in NEH,

section 4 (part 630), chapter 21 (USDA SCS 1972a),
or to calibrate a snowmelt runoff model.

Figure 11–1 Crest-stage record for a snowmelt runoff stream in Montana (from USGS open file report 78-219, 1978)

06138800 Spring Coulee near Havre, MT

Location—Lat 48°25'20", long 109°51'49", in NW1/4 sec. 25, T.31 N., R.14 E., Hill County, Hydrologic Unit
10050005, at culverts on county road, 13 miles (20.9 km) southwest of Havre.
Drainage area—17.8 mi2 (46.1 km2).
Records available—May 1959 to September 1973.
Gage—Crest-stage gage installed May 26, 1959. Altitude of gage is 2,670 ft (814 m), from topographic map.
Annual maximum data—
Water year Date Gage height (ft) Discharge (ft3/s)
1959 eMar. 11, 1959 5.60 257
1960 Mar. 17, 1960 --- a10
1961 --- --- (c)
1962 Mar. 18, 1962 1.32 48
1963 Feb. 3, 1963 1.35 46
1964 --- --- (c)
1965 Apr. 6, 1965 2.01 77
1966 Mar. 9, 1966 6.24 345
1967 Mar. 22, 1967 3.41 146
1968 --- --- (c)
1969 Mar. 26, 1969 5.56 255
1970 July 13, 1970 .73 22
1971 Feb. 12 1971 5.75 263
1972 Mar. 13, 1972 (f) a2
1973 Feb. 28, 1973 (f) a3

a About.
c No evidence of flow during year.
e Prior to installation of gage.
f Peak discharge did not reach bottom of gage.

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Figure 11–2 Spring season snowmelt, 25-year, 7-day runoff volume (inches)

1.
1.0

5
0.5
0.5

1.0
0.5
1.5

0.5 1.0

1.0

Not studied

Figure 11–3 Spring season snowmelt, 3-day, 7-day runoff ratio

.7 .7
.6
.6
.6
.6

.7 .8

.7
.8

.6
.7
.6
1.0

Not studied

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(b) Spatial variability of snow Another way to represent spatial variability of snow
cover cover is with a depth distribution pattern (Donald et
al. 1995). The depth distribution pattern shows the
Snow cover information is an important element in all percentage of the watershed in each range of SWE
hydrologic problems that involve snowmelt. The areal values. Figure 11–5 shows the depth distribution
extent of the snow cover determines the area contrib- pattern for the watershed in figure 11–4. The depth-
uting to runoff at any given time during the melt pe- distribution data, when accumulated, results in a
riod. For mountain basins the areal extent of the cumulative distribution function. Figure 11–6 is the
seasonal snow cover decreases gradually during the resulting cumulative distribution from figure 11–5.
snowmelt season, which may last for several months.
The depletion pattern varies with the terrain. Elevation
is the dominant variable for snow cover depletion
because of the higher accumulation of snow with
elevation (U.S. Army COE 1956). Within an elevation
zone, aspect, slope, and forest cover all are important
variables. For mountain areas, similar patterns of
depletion occur from year to year and can be related
to the snow water equivalent (SWE) at a site, accumu-
lated ablation, accumulated degree-days, or to runoff
from the watershed (Martinec et al. 1994, U.S. Army
COE 1991, Anderson 1973).

Prairie snowpack is not uniform either and varies

because of aspect and wind as well as by cover type.
South facing slopes have less snow, and north facing
slopes have more. Windswept areas and ridges may be
nearly bare, while drifts in draws and coulees may be
deep (Cooley 1988). Depletion patterns in prairie areas
are more variable, so it is more difficult to develop
depletion curves from historical data. Steppuhn and
Dyck (1973) showed that with sampling stratification
(i.e., sampling by cover and landscape type) fewer
measurements of snow depth and density were needed
to determine the SWE over a watershed accurately.
Emerson (1988) applied this sampling technique to a
watershed in North Dakota. The resulting SWE map is
shown in figure 11–4.

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Figure 11–4 Snow water equivalent determined by ground survey in the West Branch Antelope Creek watershed on
February 27, 1979 (Emerson 1988)

R. 89 W. 101 55' R. 88 W. 101 52'

1 6 5 4 3 2

12 9 10 11

47 23'

13 6 15 14

T. 145 N.

24 19 20 22 23

30
25 29

26 31 38 33 34 35

47 20'

Base from U. S. Geological Survey

Beulah NW, 1969; Beulah, 1968;
Beulah NE, 1969; Zap, 1969 0 1 2 Miles
0 1 2 Kilometers

Explanation
Snow Water Equivalent,
in inches
12.0 to 20.0 2.5 to 3.5
8.0 to 12.0 1.5 to 2.5
5.0 to 8.0 0.0 to 1.5
3.5 to 5.0 Watershed boundary

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Figure 11–5 Snow water equivalent distribution for the (c) Temperature and precipitation
data shown in figure 11–4 (mean SWE is 3.6 during the melt period
inches)
40 Current conditions and forecasted weather conditions
can be used for short-term snowmelt runoff forecasts
35 (up to 7 days). For longer or more distant periods,
average conditions are often assumed. Another tech-
30 nique is to use a historical period of about 30 years to
obtain a wide range of possible outcomes that may
then be statistically analyzed.
Percent of area

25

20 To simplify computations for frequency event model-

ing, regionalization of temperatures during the melt
15 period may be done by making Temperature-Duration-
Probability (TDP) studies. TDP is the frequency analy-
sis of maximum temperatures for several durations.
10
The maximum daily mean temperatures, in degree-
days, during the usual melt period are found for each
5
of several durations for each year in the period of
record. A frequency analysis is then made for each
0 duration.
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00
SWE (inches)
Figure 11–7 shows TDP curves when degree-days
accumulated over the entire duration at a particular
frequency are plotted against days. The lines can be
Figure 11–6 Cumulative SWE distribution derived from represented with a power function:
figure 11–5
TD = aDb [11–6]
100
90 where:
80 TD = accumulated degree-days for a duration of D
70 days
Peercent of area

60
a = value of 1-day maximum temperature
D = duration as number of days
50
b = slope of the line
40
30
20
Figure 11–7 TDP curves for 50-year return period at three
10 stations in eastern Montana
0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
1,000
SWE (inches)
Accumulated degree-days

100

Great Falls
Glendive
Cutbank
10
1 10
Duration (days)

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Figure 11–7 shows that TDP curves in a region are Infiltration losses under a snowpack are difficult to
quite uniform. This enables them to be easily region- base on the soil and cover characteristics because of
alized (Van Mullem 1998). varying frozen ground conditions (Guymon 1978).
Instead, the infiltration or loss parameter may be
The sequence of daily temperatures within a given selected based on calibrating the model so that runoff
duration can be determined by estimating an average volumes computed from a known volume of snowmelt
temporal distribution of total accumulated degree agree with measured volumes of runoff from a water-
days. shed.
Runoff = CRM [11–7]
The diurnal variation in temperature may be estimated
by finding the average variation for the time of the The runoff coefficient (CR) is the ratio of runoff to
year and the location and then applying that to the snowmelt (M). It takes care of all the losses between
mean values. A model that uses the diurnal variation the snowmelt and the outflow from the watershed. The
and has a time step less than a day results in a more coefficient varies widely from watershed to watershed
accurate representation of runoff and better prediction from as little as 0.1 to more than 0.9. The ratio may be
of peak discharge than a daily model. Example 11–4 in related to soil and cover types and to total precipita-
630.1105 shows the application of the diurnal varia- tion (Farnes 1971). It also varies seasonally, generally
tion in a hydrograph model. decreasing as evapotranspiration losses increase as
the melt progresses (Martinec et al. 1994).
If precipitation occurs during a runoff period, it must
first be determined whether the precipitation is rain or Infiltration equations generally express the infiltration
snow. Snow is added to the remaining SWE while rate either as a function of time or of cumulative
rainfall on the snowpack either fills available void infiltration amount. Those equations that use time
space within the pack and remains there (as a liquid or (e.g., Horton's equation) are not very suitable for
it may freeze), or it may percolate through the pack modeling. Any of several equations that relate infiltra-
and be available for infiltration and runoff. Rainfall on tion rate to cumulative infiltration amount may be
the snowpack can result in a heat exchange that used with snowmelt. These equations include the
contributes to snowmelt; however, the melt from uniform loss rate, exponentially declining loss rate,
rainfall is relatively small compared to the quantity of and the Green-Ampt equation. The various infiltration
the rainfall itself. methods are described thoroughly in many standard
hydrology textbooks (e.g., Bedient and Huber 1992).
The importance of rainfall during the snowmelt period Note that the curve number equation described in
is a regional factor. It is important in the Pacific North- NEH, section 4 (part 630), chapter 10 (USDA SCS
west, but it may be ignored for the short melt period 1972a), is used as an infiltration model in NEH, section
on the northern Great Plains. 4 (part 630), chapter 16 (USDA SCS 1972a), but is not
recommended to determine losses from snowmelt.

(d) Infiltration and losses Because the moisture and frost conditions of the soil
are not known, the simpler methods are probably
Snowmelt as determined from the degree-day equation adequate. For infiltration loss estimates, the HEC-1
is generally assumed to be the total ablation of the model (U.S. Army COE 1998) uses either the constant
snowpack, and evaporation and condensation are rate or the exponentially declining loss rate methods.
ignored for short-term runoff modeling. The difference The SRM model (Martinec et. al 1994, also at http://
between the melt volume and the runoff volume is [Link]/cgi-bin/srmhome) uses the
considered a loss and is assumed to be infiltration into runoff coefficient method. These methods are illus-
the soil and groundwater storage. These losses are not trated in examples 11–1 to 11–3.
expected to return to the stream during the event, but
may contribute to baseflow.

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Example 11–1 Runoff coefficient method

Given: The daily mean temperatures, a beginning SWE of 2.46 inches, a melt rate coefficient of 0.06 inch
per degree-day, and a runoff coefficient of 0.5.

Find: The estimated daily runoff in watershed inches.

Solution: Date Average Degree -days 1/ Total Estimated Estimated

watershed available melt 3/ runoff 4/
temperature SWE 2/
(°F) (in) (in) (in)

April 5 32 0 2.46 0 0
April 6 35 3 2.46 .18 .09
April 7 34 2 2.28 .12 .06
April 8 36 4 2.16 .24 .12
April 9 48 16 1.92 .96 .48
April 10 43 11 0.96 .66 .33
April 11 42 10 .30 .30 5/ .15
April 12 40 8 0 0 0
Totals 2.46 1.23
1/ Degree-days = T – 32.
2/ Available SWE = previous SWE – preceding days melt.
3/ Using CM = .06 in the equation M = CM(T – 32).
4/ Using CR = 0.50 in the equation Runoff = CRM.
5/ Melt is limited to the available SWE.

Example 11–2 Constant loss rate

Given: The melt rates from example 11–1 and a constant loss rate of 0.23 inches per day.

Find: The estimated runoff in watershed inches.

Solution: Date Snowmelt Infiltration Runoff

(in) (in) (in)

April 5 0 0 0
April 6 .18 .18 0
April 7 .12 .12 0
April 8 .24 .23 .01
April 9 .96 .23 .73
April 10 .66 .23 .43
April 11 .30 .23 .07
April 12 0 0 0
Totals 2.46 1.22 1.24

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Example 11–3 Exponentially declining loss rate

Given: The maximum loss rate declines according to the equation

io
it = ΣI > 0
r ∑
c I

where: io = initial maximum loss rate

it = maximum loss rate at time t
r = rate of decline
c = exponent parameter
t

∑ I = ∑ i = accumulated loss up to time t

j =1
j

Find: The runoff in inches for io = 0.25 inch per day, r = 4, and c = 0.1.

Solution:
Day Snowmelt Accumulated Maximum Actual Runoff
loss loss rate loss
(in) (in) (in/d) (in) (in)

April 5 0 0 0.250 0 0
April 6 0.18 0 0.250 0.18 0
April 7 0.12 0.18 0.244 0.12 0
April 8 0.24 0.30 0.240 0.24 0
April 9 0.96 0.54 0.232 0.23 0.73
April 10 0.66 0.77 0.225 0.23 0.43
April 11 0.30 1.00 0.218 0.22 0.08
April 12 0 1.22 0.211 0 0

Total 2.46 1.22 1.24

Note that for this small amount of melt the loss rate did not decline much.

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where:
630.1105 Runoff hydro- CM = daily melt coefficient
Tb = base temperature
graphs from snowmelt
The hourly runoff values from example 11–4 can then
be entered into a hydrograph model, such as TR–20
(a) Unit hydrograph method (USDA SCS 1992), WinTR-20 (USDA NRCS 2004
draft), or SITES (USDA NRCS 2001) (the runoff is
Snowmelt runoff hydrographs may be developed by entered as a rain table with the CN=100), and the
using the unit hydrograph method as described in snowmelt hydrograph is produced. Although melt and
NEH, section 4 (part 630), chapter 16 (USDA SCS runoff can be computed for shorter time increments,
1972a). To obtain realistic hydrographs with this the hourly values are satisfactory since the TR-20
method, the computational interval needs to be about model interpolates for the shorter computational
0.133 the time of concentration (Tc) (see chapter 16). interval.
For small watersheds this requires intervals much less
than the 24-hour daily melt values. Because the melt Figure 11–9 shows snowmelt hydrographs from a
rate varies over the day, this variation must be used to 10-square-mile watershed with Tc of 3.35 hours. Both
obtain realistic snowmelt hydrographs from small hydrographs have the same volume of runoff. One is
watersheds. The variation in melt rate is approximated computed from the runoff distribution in example
by the variation in temperature. For illustration, a sine 11–4; the other has a uniform rate of melt over the 24
curve will be used here to describe the variation of hours.
temperature within a day. This function is often used
(e.g., Anderson 1973, US Army COE 1998) although it
does not represent nighttime temperatures very realis-
tically (it causes the temperature to increase before Figure 11–8 Hourly temperatures (Tmax = 75 °F and
sunrise); other reasonable functions could also be Tmin = 45 °F)
used. Example 11–4 illustrates the application of the
diurnal variation in a hydrograph model. Hourly Temperature
80
Using the sine curve, the temperature at any time may
be determined from: 75
T = Ta + A {Sin [15° ( t + C )]} [11–8]
70
Temperature (degrees F)

where: A
T = temperature at time t 65
Ta = mean temperature for the day
A = amplitude, (Tmax – Tmin) / 2 60
t = hour of the day
C = time shift in hours 55

Figure 11–8 is an example of the hourly temperature

50
where Tmax is 75 °F, Tmin is 45 °F, and the time shift is
16 hours. This places the minimum temperature at
0200 and the maximum temperature at 1400. In gen- 45
eral, the time shift is computed as 30 – maxhr, where
maxhr is the desired hour (24-hour clock) of the 40
maximum temperature. The melt for any period of ∆t 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
hours is Time

∆t
M= CM ( T − Tb ) [11–9]
24

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Example 11–4 Application of diurnal variation in a hydrograph model

Given: The hourly temperatures shown in figure 11–8.

Find: The hourly melt for CM = 0.06 and the hourly runoff for a constant loss rate of 0.05 in/ hr.

Solution: Hour Temperature Melt Runoff Hour Temperature Melt Runoff

0 47.01 0.038 0.000 13 74.49 0.106 0.056

1 45.51 0.034 0.000 14 75.00 0.108 0.058
2 45.00 0.033 0.000 15 74.49 0.106 0.056
3 45.51 0.034 0.000 16 72.99 0.102 0.052
4 47.01 0.038 0.000 17 70.61 0.097 0.047
5 49.39 0.043 0.000 18 67.50 0.089 0.039
6 52.50 0.051 0.001 19 63.88 0.080 0.030
7 56.12 0.060 0.010 20 60.00 0.070 0.020
8 60.00 0.070 0.020 21 56.12 0.060 0.010
9 63.88 0.080 0.030 22 52.50 0.051 0.001
10 67.50 0.089 0.039 23 49.39 0.043 0.000
11 70.61 0.097 0.047 24 47.01 0.038 0.000
12 72.99 0.102 0.052 _____ _____

Totals 1.719 0.568

Figure 11–9 Snowmelt hydrographs for example 11–4 comparing hourly rate with a constant daily rate for 10 mi2 watershed

Snowmelt hydrographs
400

350
Hourly T
300
Discharge (cfs)

250

200
Constant T
150

100

50

0
4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Time (hours)
Note: This plot was calculated using HEC–1 with the runoff data from example 11–4 above.

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(b) Recession curve method (c) Water movement through snow

This method is especially applicable to deep snowpack Snowmelt occurs in the upper layer of snow and
areas where the melt period extends for more than a generally percolates very slowly to the ground surface.
week or two. It also fits the concept of subsurface The percolation rate is highly variable with a typical
flow, which dominates in forested watersheds, rather range from 3 inches per hour to 3 feet per hour (.08–.9
than overland flow. m/h). The rate is dependent on the internal structure
of the snow, the condition of the snowcover, and the
Runoff during the recession of a hydrograph when amount of water available at the surface. For deep
there is no snowmelt or rainfall may be represented by mountain snowpacks the additional time required for
the equation the meltwater to reach the stream channel can be
Q n = Q0 k n [11–10] significant and will vary during the snowmelt season.

The percolation rate for wet snow is typically 1 to 3

where: feet per hour (Wankiewicz 1978). For the shallow
Qn = discharge after n days depths of 1 to 2 feet on the prairie, the time required
Q0 = initial discharge for percolation is about 1/2 to 1 hour. This additional
k = recession constant time needs to be added to the time of concentration or
lag time of the watershed for hydrograph modeling.
This equation is in standard texts. The runoff on any
day during the melt period may then be represented as After reaching the ground surface, the travel time is
Q n +1 = CR M n +1 (1 − k n +1 ) + Q n k n +1 [11–11] again highly variable and dependent on the snow and
surface conditions. Although additional delays of
where: significant time may occur at a site, overall the flow of
CR = runoff coefficient meltwater after reaching the bottom of the snowpack
Mn+1 = snowmelt for day n+1 is almost as fast as the flow of rainwater on the soil
without snowcover. This is attributed to the creation
This relationship has been modified by Martinec, et al. of channels at the snow-soil interface (Obled and
(1994) to consider the fact that the coefficient k in- Harder 1978). Therefore, no additional time needs to
creases with decreasing discharge so that be added to the time of concentration for overland
flow under snow.
k n +1 = xQ −n y [11–12]

where: (d) Snowmelt runoff by frequency

x and y = constants determined for a given basin by
analysis of the recession curves If the amount of SWE by frequency and the tempera-
ture during the melt period for a watershed is known,
The recession curve method is used by the SRM model the runoff by frequency may be determined. Figure
to predict daily flow values. Peak flow for any day may 11–10 is an example of a snow water equivalent by
be estimated from the daily flow by considering the frequency map. The map is taken from the U.S. Depart-
normal daily fluctuation. ment of Commerce Weather Bureau Technical Paper
50 (USDOC 1964), which includes maps for both the
March 1 to 15 and March 16 to 31 periods with prob-
abilities from 50 percent to 1 percent. Snow depth
frequency maps (Van Mullem 1992) may be converted
to SWE by assuming an average snow density.

Van Mullem (1998) gives a procedure applied in east-

ern Montana to compute runoff for selected frequen-
cies.

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Chapter 11 Snowmelt Part 630
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Figure 11–10 Maximum March 16–31 snow water equivalent (inches) expected to be equaled or exceeded once in 25 years

95°
105° 7
2 2.5 3 100° 4 5 6
8 9
10 90° 85°

10 12
10 11 10 9 8
12 11
9
1.5 8 80°
7 7 6 5
7 6 6 45°
5
45° 6
2 5 4 3
3 4 5
2
4
4 3 1.5
3
2 2 1.5
1.5
3
2.5
40°
2 0°
40° 1 8
1.5 1 85°
105° 100° 1.5 90°
95°

11–18 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

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Garen, D.C., D. Marks, and A.H. Schumann. 2002.

630.1106 References Spatially distributed snowmelt, water balance
and streamflow modelling for water and natural
resources management in a large mountainous
catchment. Proc. Third Int. Conf. on Water
American Society of Civil Engineers. 1996. Hydrology
Resourc. and Environ. Res., Dresden, Germany,
handbook (2nd ed.). ASCE Manuals and reports
Vol. I, 37-41.
on engineering practice No. 28.
Garen, D.C., J. Geyer, A.H. Schumann, and D. Marks.
Anderson, E. 1968. Development and testing of snow
pack energy balance equations. Water Resourc. 2001. Spatially distributed snowmelt, water
Res. 4(1) 19-37. balance and streamflow modelling for a large
mountainous catchment: Boise River, Idaho,
Anderson, E. 1973. National Weather Service river USA. In Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer
forecast system—snow accumulation and abla- Scemes and Large-Scale Hydrological Models.
Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci. Pub. No. 270, 199-207.
tion model. NOAA Tech. Memo. NWS HYDRO-17,
U.S. Dep. Commerce, Silver Springs, MD, 217 pp.
Gray, D., and D. Male, eds. 1981. Handbook of snow.
Pergamon Press, Willowdale, Ontario, 776 pp.
Anderson, E.A. 1976. A point energy and mass balance
model of a snow cover. NOAA Tech. Rep. NWS
29, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD. Guymon, G. 1978. A review of snow-soil interactions.
In S. Colbeck and M. Ray, eds., 1978 proceeding,
Bedient, P.B., and W.C. Huber. 1992. Hydrology and modeling of snow cover runoff, U.S. Army Cold
Reg. Res. and Eng. Lab., Hanover, NH.
floodplain analysis (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley
Publ. Co., Reading, MA.
Light, P. 1941. Analysis of high rates of snow melting.
Clyde, G. 1931. Snow-melting characteristics. Tech. Trans. AGU, 195-205.
Bull. 231, Utah Agric. Exp. Sta., Logan, UT.
Linsley, R.K., M.A. Kohler, and J.L.H. Paulhus. 1982.
Colbeck, S., and M. Ray, eds. 1978. Proceeding, model- Hydrology for engineers (3nd ed.). McGraw-Hill
ing of snow cover runoff. U.S. Army Cold Book Co., NY.
Regions Res. and Eng. Lab., Hanover, NH, 432 pp.
Marks, D., J. Domingo, D. Susong, T. Link, and D.
Cooley, K. 1988. Snowpack variability on western Garen. 1999. A spatially distributed energy bal-
ance snowmelt model for application in
rangelands. Western Snow Conf., Kalispell, MT.
mountain basins. Hydrol. Process. 13:1953-1959.
Donald, J., E. Soulis, N. Kouwen, and A. Pietroniro.
1995. A land cover-based snow cover representa- Marks, D., J. Kimball, D. Tingey, and T. Link. 1998. The
tion for distributed hydrologic models. Water sensitivity of snowmelt processes to climate
Resourc. Res. 31, 995-1009. conditions and forest cover during rain-on-snow:
a case study of the 1996 Pacific Northwest flood.
Emerson, D. 1988. Surface-water hydrology of Hay Hydrol. Process. 12:1569-1587.
Creek watershed. Montana and West Branch
Antelope Creek watershed, North Dakota, U.S. Martinec, J. 1960. The degree-day factor for snowmelt
Geol. Surv., WRI report 88-4038. runoff forecasting. IUGG General Assembly of
Helsinki, IAHS Publ. No. 51, 468-477.
Farnes, P. 1971. Hydrology of mountain watersheds.
USDA, Soil Conserv. Serv., Bozeman, MT. Martinec, J., A. Rango, R. Roberts. 1994. Snowmelt
runoff model (SRM) user's manual. Dep. Geog-
Garen D.C. 1992. Improved techniques in regression- raphy, Univ. Berne, Berne Switzerland.
based streamflow volume forecasting. J. Water
Resourc. Planning and Manag. 118(6), 654-670.

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National Engineering Handbook

Obled, C., and H. Harder. 1978. A review of snowmelt United States Department of Agriculture, Natural
in the mountain environment. In S. Colbeck and Resources Conservation Service. 2001. SITES
M. Ray, eds., Proceedings, Modeling of Snow Version 2000. Water Resource Site Analysis
Cover Runoff, U.S. Army Cold Regions Res. and Computer Program User's Guide.
Eng. Lab., Hanover, NH, 179-204.
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural
Rosa, J. 1956. Forest snowmelt and spring floods. J. Resources Conservation Service. 2003. Small
Forestry 54(4). Watershed Hydrology (WinTR–55), November
2003.
Schumann, A.H., and D.C. Garen. 1998. Spatially dis-
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural
tributed hydrologic modeling for streamflow Resources Conservation Service. 2004. Water-
simulation and forecasting. Proc. First Federal shed Hydrology (WinTR–20), draft, March 2004.
Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conf., Las
Vegas, NV, 7.139-7.146. United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Con-
servation Service. 1972a. National Engineering
Steppuhn, H., and G.E. Dyck. 1973. Estimating true Handbook, section 4 (part 630), chapters 10, 16,
basin snow cover. In H.S. Sanderford and J.L. and 21. Washington, DC (available at http://
Smith, eds., Advanced concepts and techniques [Link]/hydro/hydro-techref-
in the study of snow and ice resources. Washing- [Link]).
ton, D.C., Natl. Academy of Sciences, 314-324.
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conser-
Tarboton, D.G., T.G. Chowdhury, and T.H. Jackson. vation Service. 1972b. Snow survey and water
1995. A spatially distributed energy balance supply forecasting. Natl. Eng. Handb., sec. 22,
snowmelt model. In Biogeochemistry of season- chapters 1–18, Washington, DC.
ally snow-covered catchments (proceedings of
Boulder symposium). Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci. United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conser-
Pub. No. 228, 141-155. vation Service. 1990. Water supply forecasts—a
field office guide for interpreting streamflow
United States Bureau of Reclamation. 1966. Effect of forecasts. Available at NRCS National Water and
snow compaction on runoff from rain on snow. Climate Center, Portland, ORm(http://
Eng. Monog. No. 35, Washington, DC. [Link]/publications/).

United States Army, Corps of Engineers. 1956. Snow United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conser-
hydrology. Portland, OR. vation Service. 1992. Computer program for
project formulation—hydrology. Tech. Release
United States Army, Corps of Engineers. 1998. HEC-1 No. 20 (TR–20), draft, March 1992.
flood hydrograph package. Hydrol. Eng. Ctr.,
Davis, CA, 283 pp. United States Department of Commerce. 1964. Fre-
quency of maximum water equivalent of March
United States Army, Corps of Engineers. 1991. Stream-
snow cover in North Central United States.
flow synthesis and reservoir regulation (SSARR)
Weather Bur. Tech. Pap. No. 50, Washington, DC.
model user manual. N. Pacific Div., Portland, OR.
United States Department of Interior, U.S. Geological
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural
Survey. 1978. Annual peak discharges from small
Resources Conservation Service. 2000. Selected
drainages in Montana. Open file rep. 78-219,
Statistical Methods, Natl. Eng. Handb., part 630,
Helena, MT.
chapter 18, Washington, DC (available at http://
[Link]/hydro/hydro-techref-
Van Mullem, J. 1992. Snow depth frequency in eastern
[Link])
Montana. ASAE Pap. PNW 92104, Bozeman, MT.

11–20 (210-VI-NEH, July 2004)

Chapter 11 Snowmelt Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Van Mullem, J. 1994. Seasonal runoff volumes in

eastern Montana. ASAE Pap. 942130, Kansas
City, MO.

Van Mullem, J. 1998. Modeling prairie snowmelt

runoff. Proc. First Federal Interagency Hydro-
logic Modeling Conf., Las Vegas, NV,
7.155–7.162.

Wankiewicz, A. 1978. A review of water movement in

snow. In S. Colbeck and M. Ray, eds., Proceed-
ings, Modeling of Snow Cover Runoff, U.S. Army
Cold Regions Res. and Eng. Lab., Hanover, NH,
179-204.

Wilson, W. 1941. An outline of the thermodynamics of

snowmelt. Trans. AGU, 182-195.

(210-VI-NEH, July 2004) 11–21

United States
Department of Part 630 Hydrology
Agriculture

Natural
National Engineering Handbook
Resources
Conservation
Service

Chapter 12 Hydrologic Effects of Land

Use and Treatment

Rain clouds
Cloud formation

Precipitation

n
iratio
Evaporation
n

ean
tio

Transp
soil
ta

from oc
ge
ve

fr o m
m

n
fr o

ti o

s
am
n

ir a
ti o

tr e
sp
ra
po

an

ms
va

Tr

Surfa E
fr o

ce ru
noff

Infiltration

Soil
Percolation

Rock Ocean
Ground water
Deep percolation

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Chapter 12 Hydrologic Effects of Land Use Part 630
and Treatment National Engineering Handbook

Issued September 2000

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimina-

tion in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national
origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation,
and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all pro-
grams.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for commu-
nication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should
contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room

326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington,
DC 20250-9410 or call (202)720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal
employment opportunity provider and employer.

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Acknowledgments

Chapter 12 was originally prepared by Victor Mockus (retired) in 1956 and

was reprinted with minor revisions in 1971. This version was prepared by
the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) under guidance of
Donald E. Woodward, national hydraulic engineer, Washington, DC.

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 12–i

Chapter 12 Hydrologic Effects of Land Use Part 630
and Treatment National Engineering Handbook

12–ii (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Chapter 12 Hydrologic Effects of Land
Use and Treatment

Contents: 630.1200 General 12–1

630.1201 Volume effects 12–1

630.1202 Lag effects 12–2

630.1203 Determination of effects 12–3

(a) Determination of effects on volume ......................................................... 12–3
(b) Determination of effects on lag ................................................................. 12–3
(c) Determination of effects on snowmelt runoff ......................................... 12–6
(d) Determination of surface storage effects ................................................ 12–7

630.1204 References 12–8

Tables Table 12–1 Principal effects of land use and treatment measures 12–2
on direct runoff

Table 12–2 Relative effects of land use and treatment measures 12–2
on types of lag

Table 12–3 Sample working table for estimation of effects of future 12–3
land use and treatment on direct runoff volumes

Figures Figure 12–1 Typical peak-volume relationship 12–1

Figure 12–2 Volume effects of land use and treatment 12–4

Figure 12–3 Effects of land use and treatment on lag 12–5

Figure 12–4 Percent peak reduction by increasing lag 0.33 hour 12–6
and the corresponding increase in Tp

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 12–iii

Chapter 12 Hydrologic Effects of Land Use
and Treatment

630.1200 General 630.1201 Volume effects

The hydrologic effects described in chapter 12 are Land use and treatment measures reduce the volume
changes in volumes of direct runoff and changes in lag of direct runoff during individual storms by either
that affect peak rates of direct runoff. increasing infiltration rates or surface storage, or both.
Other factors influencing runoff volume generally are
of minor importance. Interception increases, for
instance, are appreciable only under certain climatic
and vegetative conditions and generally need not be
Figure 12–1 Typical peak-volume relationship
considered in Natural Resources Conservation
Service's (NRCS) watershed studies.

The unit hydrograph principle states that with other

10,000 things constant, the peak rate of flow varies directly
with the volume of flow. This principle is the basis for
proportionate reductions in peaks when volumes are
reduced (see National Engineering Handbook (NEH)
630, chapter 16). Figure 12–1 shows a typical peak
8,000
versus volume relation. The straight line is drawn so
that some points are on the line, if possible, with half
Peak rate, ft3/s

of the remaining points on one side of the line and the

other half on the other side. Drawing a curve is not
6,000 justified because other important relations must be
accounted for (see NEH 630, chapter 16) if greater
accuracy is required. The figure shows that a 30 per-
cent reduction in volume gives a 30 percent reduction
4,000 in the peak rate, and so on.

Table 12–1 shows the principal effects of land use and

treatment measures on direct runoff. The degree of
2,000 effect of any single measure generally depends on the
Annual floods at quantity that can be installed. Contour furrows, how-
Eagle Creek, Indianapolis, Ind.
A=170 square miles
ever, can be made to have a small or a large effect by
changing the dimensions of the furrows. The effect of
a land use change depends on the change in cover. A
0
0 1 2 3 4 change from spring oats to spring wheat would ordi-
Volume of direct runoff, inches narily be hardly noticeable, while a change from oats
to a permanent meadow could have a large effect.
Graded terraces with grass outlets to some extent
increase overall infiltration and overall storage. These
effects are also confused with a lag effect. Lime and
fertilizers, by increasing plant or root density, can
indirectly reduce direct runoff volumes.

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 12–1

Chapter 12 Hydrologic Effects of Land Use Part 630
and Treatment National Engineering Handbook

Table 12–1 Principal effects of land use and treatment

measures on direct runoff
630.1202 Lag effects
Measure Reduction in direct runoff volume because of:
Increasing Increasing
infiltration surface Lag, as used here, means the delay between the pro-
rates 1/ storage duction of direct runoff on upland areas and its ap-
pearance at a given cross section in a stream channel.
Lag is also described in NEH 630, chapter 15.
Land use that increases X
plant or root density 2/
Land use and treatment measures can produce lag
Increasing mulch or litter X effects by
Contouring X • increasing infiltration (reducing surface runoff)
Contour furrowing X and causing the increased infiltration to appear
some time later as subsurface flow, or
Level terracing X
• causing a delay in the arrival of surface runoff by
Graded terracing X increasing the flow length or reducing the veloc-
1/ Assuming soils not frozen. ity of flow.
2/ Example: Row crop to grass for hay; poor pasture to good
pasture. Either effect is best studied by the methods described
in NEH 630, chapters 15 and 16. Table 12–2 shows the
relative effects of land use and treatment measures on
the two types of lag. The subdivisions of small and
large watersheds do not depend solely on size in
square miles. The methods of chapters 15 and 16 are
necessary in quantitative studies of lag.

Table 12–2 Relative effects of land use and treatment measures on types of lag

Measure Effect on subsurface flow 1/ Effect of increasing surface flow

length or decreasing velocity
Small watersheds Large watersheds Small watersheds Large watersheds

Land use changes that increase Can be large Can be large Not usually considered
plant or root density 2/
Increasing mulch or litter Can be large Can be large Not usually considered
Contouring Can be large Usually negligible Can be large Negligible
Contour furrowing Can be large Can be large Not usually considered
Level terracing Can be large Can be large Not usually considered
Graded terracing Usually negligible Usually negligible Can be large Negligible
1/ Assuming soils not frozen.
2/ Examples: Row crop to grass; poor pasture to good pasture.

12–2 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Chapter 12 Hydrologic Effects of Land Use Part 630
and Treatment National Engineering Handbook

Step 4. Plot the corresponding present and future

630.1203 Determination of values as shown on figure 12–2. For example, plot 0.23
versus 0.02, 0.60 versus 0.l8, and 1.10 versus 0.43, and
effects draw in the curve for ARC I. Do the same for the other
conditions.

(a) Determination of effects on Step 5. Enter figure 12–2 with the present volume and
volume condition for a storm or flood in the evaluation series
and find the future volume on the appropriate curve.
The same procedure used in determining the present
hydrologic conditions of a watershed is used to esti-
mate future hydrologic conditions. The future effects
(b) Determination of effects on
of land use and treatment changes can be estimated
lag
with relatively little additional work. Assuming that
present conditions have been studied, the procedure Increased infiltration appearing some time later as
is: subsurface flow is seldom easy to evaluate quantita-
tively. Fortunately, however, in most flood prevention
Step 1. Determine the hydrologic soil-cover complex surveys the changes in the hydrograph because of this
number and antecedent moisture condition (ARC) II lag effect can generally be neglected. Where they
for future land use and treatment conditions. (See cannot, special studies are needed to determine the
NEH 630, chapters 7, 8 and 9.) source areas (which may vary with infiltrated vol-
umes) and watershed retention. The techniques for
Step 2. Obtain complex numbers for ARC I and III. these special studies have not been fully developed,
(See table 10–1 in NEH 630, chapter 10). however, and the results may be controversial.
Step 3. Prepare a working table similar to table 12–3.

Table 12–3 Sample working table for estimation of effects of future land use and treatment on direct runoff volumes

Selected values of P Direct runoff for selected values of P (from fig. 10–1)
- - - - - - ARC* I - - - - - - - - - - - - ARC* II - - - - - - - - - - - - ARC* III - - - - - -
Present Future Present Future Present Future

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - inches - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0.5 0 0 0 0 0.08 0
1 0 0 .02 0 .35 .12
2 0 0 .38 .11 1.15 .70
3 .23 .02 .97 .50 2.05 1.45
4 .60 .18 1.68 1.03 3.00 2.30
5 1.10 .43 2.46 1.65 3.95 3.20

Curve numbers: 57 45 75 65 91 83
* ARC is antecedent runoff condition.

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 12–3

Chapter 12 Hydrologic Effects of Land Use Part 630
and Treatment National Engineering Handbook

Figure 12–2 Volume effects of land use and treatment

8,000
with future land use and treatment in place
Direct runoff in inches

6,000
ct III
fe on
ef iti
no nd
of Co
ne
4,000 Li

II
tion
ndi
Co
2,000

I
ition
nd
Co
0
0 1 2 3 4
Direct runoff in inches
present land use and treatment

12–4 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Chapter 12 Hydrologic Effects of Land Use Part 630
and Treatment National Engineering Handbook

Quite often the first type of lag (producing increased q1 q 2

infiltration) can be assumed to take place in the man- since =
Q1 Q 2
ner of the second type of lag which causes a delay in
surface runoff arrival. The technique that follows can when runoff is uniformly (or nearly so) distributed on
be used to estimate expected changes in hydrograph each watershed, but the actual value for Watershed W-
quantities. 5 is 0.87 inch per hour. The difference is primarily
because of a lag caused by graded terraces and
The effect of causing a delay in the arrival of surface open-end level terraces (which tend to grade).
runoff by increasing the distance of flow is easily
computed when it must be considered. Figure 12–3 Following the methods described in NEH 630, chap-
shows hydrographs for adjacent treated and untreated ters 15 and 16, the additional lag can be computed
watersheds. Additional information is given in J.A. from data in figure 12–3. The time to peak (Tp) for W-3
Allis' article "Runoff from Conservation and Non- is about 0.72 hour, and for W-5, about 1.05 hours. The
Conservation Watersheds" (Allis, 1953). Two effects increase in lag (since storm D is essentially identical
are evident. Some of the reduction in peak rate is a for both hydrographs) is:
result of the lesser amount of runoff from the treated 1.05 – 0.72 = 0.33 hour
watershed. Given the data as shown, the expected
peak for the treated watershed would be:
(1.35) = 1.40 in / hr
(1.68)
1.74

Figure 12–3 Effects of land use and treatment on lag

2.00

1.80
Watershed W-3
Area: 481 acres
1.60
Untreated
Peak rate: 1.74 inches per hour
1.40 Total rainfall: 2.63 inches
Total runoff: 1.68 inches

1.20
Inches per hour

1.00

.80
Watershed W-5
Area: 411 acres
.60 Treated
Peak rate: 0.87 inches per hour
Total rainfall: 2.84 inches
.40 Total runoff: 1.35 inches

.20

0
6:00 am 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00
July 10, 1951

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 12–5

Chapter 12 Hydrologic Effects of Land Use Part 630
and Treatment National Engineering Handbook

Since Tp consists of storm duration and time of con- (c) Determination of effects on
centration (see NEH 630, chapter 16), the changes in snowmelt runoff
either (or both) factors can be studied in a graph
similar to that of figure 12–4. The graph shows that, for The effects of land treatment on snowmelt runoff may
this case, the second type of lag effect becomes rela- vary considerably from the effects on runoff from
tively insignificant at about Tp = 5 hours. rainfall. The principal changes in effects partly result
from the changes in the measures themselves, and
In practice, the second type of lag effect is ordinarily partly because of frost action.
neglected. The technique given above can be used
when the second type must be evaluated and, quite By the time the snow season arrives, cultivation and
often, for evaluations of the first type of lag effect. The weathering generally have eliminated the mechanical
altered hydrographs can be reproduced by the meth- distinction between straight row and contour farming
ods described in NEH 630, chapter 16. on cultivated lands. Other effects of contouring gener-
ally are small enough to be overshadowed by varia-
tions in areal distribution of precipitation and are
usually neglected. Graded terracing effects would be
confined to the second type of lag and are determined
by the method shown. Closed-end level terraces and
contour furrows are usually dependent on storage, not
infiltration, for their effect, which is therefore calcu-
lable. The effect of land use or cover on cultivated
land and pasture is small enough to be obscured by the
effects of topography, fences, roads, and nearby trees

Figure 12–4 Percent peak reduction by increasing lag 0.33 hour and the corresponding increase in Tp

40
Percent reduction in peak

30

20
Reduction resulting from increasing given
Tp by the additional lag of 0.33 hours.

Reduction in percent = 33
Tp + 0.33
10

0
0 10 30 40
Tp in hours

12–6 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Chapter 12 Hydrologic Effects of Land Use Part 630
and Treatment National Engineering Handbook

and shrubs on the distribution of snow on the ground. When Ss exceeds Qo, only the storage equal to Qo is
The effect of crop rotation is similarly obscured. effective. For example, if Ss = 3.0 inches and Qo = 1.2
inches, then 1.8 inches of storage have not been used
For land treatment measures to be effective through and the effective storage is 1.2 inches. For example,
the snow season, they must either maintain high when Ss>Qo, use As (Qo – Ss) = 0.
infiltration rates on soils that have a large water stor-
age potential or maintain surface storage, but seldom Note: Equation 12–1 and subsequent equations 12–2,
both at once. High infiltration rates are maintained by 12–4, 12–5a, and 12–5b are for use when runoff and
vegetation that provides heavy litter or large depths of storage volumes are distributed uniformly (or nearly
humus. Ordinary practices on cultivated land and so) on a watershed. When the distribution is not uni-
pasture seldom provide sufficient residue, and such form, the watershed is divided into subwatersheds on
areas need not be considered. Permanent meadows which the distribution may be considered uniform. See
generally provide enough litter and humus to prevent remarks accompanying equations 12–5a and 12–5b.
mild frost action, but not enough to be effective
against heavy freezes. Commercial forest and wood- Infiltration in the storage area, including that caused
land effectively maintain infiltration and, when located by increased head, is generally assumed to offset
on a soil with sufficient internal storage capacity, storm rainfall on the storage pond area. When this
effectively reduce flood runoff from snowmelt. The infiltration is significantly large or small, it can be
exception of this is areas of swamps and spruce flats. accounted for on a volumetric basis by changing
The Forest Service procedure given in NEH 630, equation 12–1 to read:
chapter 9 (see fig. 9–1) covers the evaluation of com-
mercial forest and woodland. Qs =
( ) ( )( )
A p P − F + A s − A p Qo − S s + A oQo
[12–2]
A s + Ao
Surface storage in closed-end level terraces and in
contour furrows can effectively reduce snowmelt where:
runoff as described in the next section. On field-size Ap = average pond surface area, in square miles
watersheds, the storage generally must be quite large P = storm rainfall, in inches
to control the additional volumes of snowmelt from F = total infiltration on the area occupied by the
snow drifting from adjacent smooth fields and caught pond, in inches.
by the earthwork.
If P is less than F, use (P – F) equal to zero. When
other data are lacking and the average depth of the
(d) Determination of surface pond is less than about 3 feet, F may be approximated
storage effects using the following equation:
F = D fc (1.5h + 1) [12–3]
Storage in closed-end level terraces and contour
furrows can be evaluated on a watershed or
subwatershed basis using the equation: where:
F = total infiltration on the pond area, in inches
Qs =
( )
A s Qo − S s + A oQo
[12–1]
D = storm duration for equation 12–2, or snowmelt
A s + Ao duration for equation 12–4, in hours
fc = minimum infiltration rate, in inches per hour
h = average depth of pond during time D, in feet
where:
Qs = runoff with storage in effect, in inches
Acres or square feet may be used instead of square
As = area draining into storage including storage
miles in equations 12–1 and 12–2, but the unit chosen
pond area, in square miles
must be used for all the areas in a particular computa-
Ss = storage, in inches
tion.
Qo = runoff with no storage, in inches
Ao = area not draining into storage, in square miles

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 12–7

Chapter 12 Hydrologic Effects of Land Use Part 630
and Treatment National Engineering Handbook

The effect of storage on snowmelt runoff is generally

computed using equation 12–1 because the increase in References
infiltration caused by head in the pond area is usually
negligible because of the temperature. When this
infiltration is important, equation 12–2 becomes Allis, J.A. 1953. Runoff from conservation and non-

Qs =
(A s − A p )(Qo − S s ) + A oQo − A p (Qo − F) [12–4]
conservation watersheds. Agricultural
Engineering, Vol. 34, No. 11.
A s + Ao
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural
unless there is rainfall on the pond surface during the Resources Conservation Service. 1999. National
melt period, in which case equation 12–2 is used. The Engineering Handbook, Part 630 Hydrology,
effect of the earthwork in increasing the average depth chapters 9, 10, 15, and 16.
of snow in an area (by catching drifting snow) is
important only in small areas and is generally ignored.

According to unit hydrograph theory, the effect of

surface storage on peak rate of flow is proportional to
the effect on volume of flow when the storage and
runoff are about equally distributed over the water-
shed:
qs Qs
= [12–5a]
q o Qo
or
Qs
q s = qo [12–5b]
Qo

where
qs = reduced peak
qo = original peak

Equation 12–5b is adequate for many watersheds.

However, when the distribution of Qo and Ss is not
sufficiently uniform or when a watershed has a com-
plex drainage pattern, is unusually shaped, or has
channel improvements, qs must be determined by
• determining the storage effects on a
subwatershed basis,
• preparing hydrographs on a subwatershed basis,
and
• routing floods.

This routing procedure is often needed for large water-

sheds because the distribution of Qo and Ss is nearly
always nonuniform on these watersheds.

12–8 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

United States
Department of Part 630 Hydrology
Agriculture

Natural
National Engineering Handbook
Resources
Conservation
Service

Chapter 13 Stage Inundation Relations

Rain clouds
Cloud formation

Precipitation

n
iratio
Evaporation
n

ean
tio

Transp
oil
ta

from oc
ge

s
ve

from
m

on
fro

ms
ati
n
tio

ir

a
tre
sp
ra
po

an

ms
va

Tr

Surfa E
fro

ce ru
noff

Infiltration

Soil
Percolation

Rock Ocean
Ground water
Deep percolation

(210–VI–NEH, July 2007)

Chapter 13 Stage Inundation Relations Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Issued July 2007

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all

its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age,
disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental
status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, re-
prisal, or because all or a part of an individual’s income is derived from any
public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.)
Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication
of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should con-
tact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720–2600 (voice and TDD). To file a
complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights,
1400 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20250–9410, or call (800)
795–3272 (voice) or (202) 720–6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity
provider and employer.

(210–VI–NEH, July 2007)

Acknowledgments

Chapter 13 was originally prepared by Victor Mockus (retired) in 1956 and

was reprinted with minor revisions in 1971. This version was revised by
William Merkel, hydraulic engineer, Natural Resources Conservation
Service (NRCS), Beltsville, Maryland, and Helen Fox Moody, hydraulic
engineer, NRCS, Beltsville, Maryland, under the guidance of Donald E.
Woodward, retired, NRCS, Washington, DC.

(210–VI–NEH, July 2007) 13–i

Chapter 13 Stage Inundation Relations Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

13–ii (210–VI–NEH, July 2007)

Chapter 13 Stage Inundation Relations

Contents 630.1300 Introduction 13–1

630.1301 Stage versus area inundated methods 13–1

(a) Simple cases...................................................................................................13–1
(b) Complex cases...............................................................................................13–4

630.1302 Flood peak or volume versus area inundated method 13–6

630.1303 Frequency versus area inundated method 13–6

630.1304 Computer determination of area inundated 13–7

(a) HEC–RAS program........................................................................................13–7
(b) HEC–GeoRAS................................................................................................13–7
(c) WSP2 program...............................................................................................13–7
(d) Comparison method......................................................................................13–7

630.1305 Combination method of determining area inundated 13–8

630.1306 Stereoscopic and other methods 13–9

630.1307 References 13–10

Tables Table 13–1 Sample computation of stage versus area inundated 13–1
for a simple case using a representative cross section
in the reach

Table 13–2 Sample computation of stage versus area inundated at 13–1

selected depths of flooding

Table 13–3 Sample computation of stage versus area inundated 13–4

with two cross sections in the reach (head and foot)
and drainage areas not significantly different

Table 13–4 Sample computation of stage versus area inundated 13–5

with two cross sections in the reach (head and foot)
and drainage areas at the sections vary significantly

Table 13–5 Sample computation of stage versus area inundated 13–5

with three cross sections in the reach and drainage
areas at the sections not significantly different

(210–VI–NEH, July 2007) 13–iii

Chapter 13 Stage Inundation Relations Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Figures Figure 13–1 Increasing area flooded caused by increasing flooding 13–2
stage

Figure 13–2 Area flooded at given depth of flooding increments 13–3

Figure 13–3 Flood damage reach showing weighting of area between 13–5
cross sections

13–iv (210–VI–NEH, July 2007)

Chapter 13 Stage Inundation Relations

630.1300 Introduction 630.1301 Stage versus area in-

undated methods
Water resources planning often requires tabular or
plotted data showing the relation between the area in-
undated and stream stage, discharge, flood volume, or (a) Simple cases
frequency. These types of data are called stage inunda-
tion relations and are often used in the economic eval- This method relates the acres flooded in a stream
uation of a project’s justification. The information is reach to the stage somewhere along the length of the
developed using data obtained in project field surveys. reach, generally at the downstream end. The stage in-
Different planning efforts require different levels of undation relation shows the number of acres flooded
accuracy and detail in stage inundation relations, and at different depths appropriate for the particular analy-
the expected use of the information should ultimate- sis. The simplest case occurs when one cross section
ly dictate the preferred analysis technique. Section is used to represent conditions in a reach. Table 13–1
611.0201 of the National Water Resources Economics shows a typical computation of a stage versus total
Handbook provides some guidance for flood damage area inundated relation for this case.
analysis.
The acres inundated at selected depths of flooding
are computed as shown in table 13–2 and figure 13–1
(a–e). Figure 13–2 shows how the results are generally
presented.

Table 13–1 Sample computation of stage versus area Table 13–2 Sample computation of stage versus area
inundated for a simple case using a repre- inundated at selected depths of flooding
sentative cross section in the reach

Cross section Width minus Inundated area

Acres inundated at given depths 1/
Stage top width channel width in reach 1/ Total area
(ft) (ft) (ft) (acres) Stage inundated 0–2 2–4 4–6 >6 2/
(1) (2) (3) (4) (ft) (acres) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft)
  4 2/   24    0    0 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
 6   92   68   13.5  4    0  0  0  0  0
 8 367 343   68.0  6   13.5 13.5  0  0  0
10 608 584 115.8  8   68.0 54.5 13.5  0  0
12 786 762 151.1 10 115.8 47.8 54.5 13.5  0
14 872 848 168.2 12 151.1 35.3 47.8 54.5 13.5
1/ Computed using the width minus channel width (col. 3) and the 14 168.2 17.1 35.3 47.8 68.0
valley length of the reach. In this case, the reach is 8,640 feet long. 1/ Values can also be obtained graphically. See figure 13–2.
To get acres, the formula is: 2/ Values are those of the total area inundated (col. 2) shifted down-
ward three lines.
8,640
(col. 3) = 0.1984 (col. 3) = col. 4
43,560

2/ Stage at which flood damages begin is 4 feet.

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Chapter 13 Stage Inundation Relations Part 630
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Figure 13–1 Increasing area flooded caused by increasing flooding stage

(a) 6-ft stage

0–2 ft depth

Area flooded
6 ft 0–2 feet depth 13.5 acres
6 ft
Total 13.5 acres
4 ft: Bankfull

(b) 8-ft stage

0–2 ft 2–4 ft 2–4 ft 0–2 ft
depth depth depth depth

8 ft Area flooded
6 ft 8 ft 0–2 feet depth 54.5 acres
6 ft
4 ft: Bankfull 2–4 feet depth 13.5 acres
Total 68.0 acres

(c) 10-ft stage

0–2 ft 2–4 ft 2–4 ft 0–2 ft

depth depth 4–6 ft depth depth depth

10 ft Area flooded
10 ft
8 ft 6 ft 8 ft 0–2 feet depth 47.8 acres
6 ft
4 ft: Bankfull 2–4 feet depth 54.5 acres
4–6 feet depth 13.5 acres
Total 115.8 acres

(d) 12-ft stage

0–2 ft 2–4 ft 4–6 ft Over 6 ft depth 4–6 ft 2–4 ft 0–2 ft

depth depth depth depth depth depth

12 ft
10 ft 10 ft 12 ft
8 ft 6 ft 6 ft 8 ft
Area flooded
4 ft: Bankfull
0–2 feet depth 35.3 acres
2–4 feet depth 47.8 acres
4–6 feet depth 54.5 acres
Over 6 feet depth 13.5 acres
Total 151.1 acres

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 Chapter 13 Stage Inundation Relations Part 630
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Figure 13–1 Increasing area flooded caused by increasing flooding stage—Continued

(e) 14-ft stage

0–2 ft 2–4 ft 4–6 ft Over 6 ft depth 4–6 ft 2–4 ft 0–2 ft

depth depth depth depth depth depth

14 ft 14 ft
10 ft 8 ft 10 ft 12 ft
12 ft 8 ft
4 ft: Bankfull
Area flooded
0–2 feet depth 17.1 acres
2–4 feet depth 35.3 acres
4–6 feet depth 47.8 acres
Over 6 feet depth 68.0 acres
Total 168.2 acres

Figure 13–2 Area flooded at given depth of flooding increments

16
Depth of flooding
14 over 6 ft

4 ft to 6 ft
12
2 ft to 4 ft
10 0 to 2 ft
Stage in feet

Total for
all depths
8

4 Stage at which
flooding begins
2

0
0 40 80 120 160
Acres inundated

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Chapter 13 Stage Inundation Relations Part 630
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(b) Complex cases od is applicable when the channels are not excessive-
ly eroded or silted and the cross section rating curves
The computation of the stage inundation relation be- are consistent between the two cross sections. The
comes more complex when more than one cross sec- method of expressing the same discharge in cubic feet
tion per reach is used, and also if a variable length of per second per square mile is sometimes used, but this
reach is used. The number of acres flooded at various method ignores the fact that this relation is seldom lin-
depths is sometimes obtained by comparing the areas ear. The upstream bankfull discharge in cubic feet per
between flow lines plotted on a map of the flood plain. second per square mile is normally greater (for natu-
ral channels in noncohesive materials and in an equi-
When two cross sections per reach are used and the librium condition or nearly so) than the downstream
drainage areas at the sections are not significantly dif- bankfull discharge in cubic feet per second per square
ferent in size, the sections may be averaged as shown mile. In these cases, discharges should be used that
in table 13–3. Determination of acres flooded for given are of the same frequency. For example, the top width
depth increments follows the procedure of table 13–2. for the 2-year frequency discharge at the upper section
When the drainage areas of the two cross sections are is averaged with the top width for the 2-year frequency
significantly different in size, the sections may be av- discharge at the lower section, and so on. When this
eraged as shown in table 13–4, with the procedure of frequency method is not used and the channel sections
table 13–2 used to get flooding by depth increments. vary widely, much accuracy in the averaging should
In this case, the inundated acreage has been related to not be expected.
the lower or downstream end, the foot of the reach.
The footnote for table 13–3 tells how the acreage may With more than two cross sections, a system of weight-
be related to the middle of the reach. The method used ing must be used. Figure 13–3 shows a typical reach
in table 13–4 is probably best when acreage is related with seven cross sections. The weight for section A is
to the lower end of the reach, as shown. a/L, for section B it is b/L, and so on. Table 13–5 shows
a computation using three cross sections.
In table 13–4, column 4, the corresponding discharges
at the upstream cross section have been proportioned The method illustrated in table 13–2 is used to com-
using the ratio of the bankfull discharges. This meth- plete the work.

Table 13–3 Sample computation of stage versus area inundated with two cross sections in the reach (head and foot) and
drainage areas not significantly different

–—––Foot of reach–—– –—–Head of reach–—–

–—–—–—Areas related to foot of reach 1/–—–—–—–—
cross section 1 cross section 2
average top width inundated area
stage top width stage top width stage average top width minus channel width in reach 2/
(ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (acres)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
10 3/    41   7 3/   30 10 3/   35.5    0    0
12   168  9 125 12 146.5 111.0 10.8
14   646 11 478 14 562.0 526.5 51.1
16 1,070 13 786 16 928.0 892.5 86.7
1/ If related to middle of reach, the stages (col. 5) are 8.5, 10.5, 12.5, and 14.5
4,230
2/ Length of valley in reach is 4,230 feet, and (col. 7) = (col. 8)
43,560
3/ Bankfull stage

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Table 13–4 Sample computation of stage versus area inundated with two cross sections in the reach (head and foot) and
drainage areas at the sections vary significantly

–—–—Cross section A–—–— –—Cross section B–—

Foot of reach Head of reach –—–—Areas related to foot of reach (cross section A)–—–—
(D.A.=36.0 mi2) (D.A.=24.0 mi2)
average top width inundated area in
stage discharge top width discharge top width average top width minus channel width reach 3/
(ft) (ft3/s) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (acres)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
10 720 1/    41   680 1/   32   36.5    0    0
12 1,510   168 1,426 2/ 141 154.5 118.0 11.1
14 3,060   646 2,890 2/ 362 504.0 467.5 43.8
16 5,030 1,070 4,751 2/
858 964.0 927.5 86.9
1/ Bankfull discharge
2/ Proportioned by the bankfull discharge ratio 680/720. For example,
680
(1, 510) = 1, 426 ft /s 3

720
4,080
3/ Length of reach is 4,080 feet, and (col. 7) = (col. 8)
43,560

Table 13–5 Sample computation of stage versus area inundated with three cross sections in the reach and drainage areas at
the sections not significantly different

—–Cross section 1–— –—Cross section 2–— –—Cross section 3–—

–––—–—–—–—Related to cross section 1–—–—–—–—–––
weight = 0.22 weight = 0.47 weight = 0.31
weighted top width inundated area
stage top width stage top width stage top width weighted top width minus channel width in reach 3/
(ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (acres)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
  8 1/    42 10 1/   44   7 1/   32   39.8 2/    0    0
10   154 12 250  9 140 194.8 155.0   30.7
12   702 14 540 11 603 595.2 555.4 109.9
14 1,100 16 832 13 948 926.9 887.1 175.5
1/ Bankfull stage. Widths at this stage are channel widths.
2/ 39.8 = 0.22 (42) + 0.47 (44) + 0.31 (32). The weights are in proportion to total reach length as shown on figure 13–3.
8,620
3/ Length of reach is 8,620 feet, and (col. 8) = (col. 9)
43,560

Figure 13–3 Flood damage reach showing weighting of area between cross sections

Head Foot
of of
reach reach
Cross section Lengths a, b, c, etc., are measured along the path of
designation flow. Length of reach "L" = a+b+c+d+e+f+g. Cross
G section A has the weight a/L; while B has the weight
C E
A B b/L; and so on. Flood plain lengths may be more
D e
c F appropriate to use for weighting in some cases. Flood
g

a plain lengths are usually shorter than channel lengths

Path b d which are illustrated here.
of f
flow Midpoint between
section A and B
along the path of Axis of
flow cross section

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630.1302 Flood peak or volume 630.1303 Frequency versus

versus area inundated method area inundated method
This method is generally used with alluvial fan floods; This method is sometimes used instead of the meth-
although it can also be used for other types of floods ods already described. It is applicable to both stream
instead of the stage methods described. Alluvial fan reaches and alluvial fans.
flooding occurs on the surface of an alluvial fan or sim-
ilar landform on which flooding begins at an apex and Field interviews are used to collect data on area flood-
is characterized by unpredictable flow paths with high ed for all known floods. The earliest known flood de-
flow velocities, active erosion, sediment transport, and termines the length of record, y. The techniques out-
deposition. lined in NEH630.18, Selected Statistical Methods, are
used to perform a frequency analysis, and a frequency
Step 1 Conduct field interviews for as many
versus area flooded curve is developed. The area un-
floods as possible to determine the extent of the
der the curve divided by y gives the average area flood-
areas flooded.
ed.
Step 2 Determine actual or estimated flood peak
or volume for each flood, using a cross section or A major problem with this method may be that the
gage upstream from the fan as a reference point. dollar damage per acre may vary greatly from flood to
flood. In such cases, a damage-frequency curve is more
Step 3 Plot the flooded area, in acres, versus the
accurate.
flood peak or volume for each flood, using arith-
metic plots to determine the relation between area
and peak or volume.

Once the relation is determined, the effects of up-

stream projects can be computed in terms of runoff. A
reduced runoff means a reduced area flooded. When a
channel system within the fan is proposed for reducing
flooding, hydrographs are prepared at the upstream
section or gage and routed downstream.

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by NRCS. Use of HEC–RAS for water surface profiles

630.1304 Computer determina- is recommended because of its ability to handle both
subcritical and supercritical flow.
tion of area inundated
Stage inundation relations from WSP2 may be used in
(a) HEC–RAS program the ECON2 program to determine agricultural eco-
nomic damages because of inundation.
Stage inundation relations may be computed using
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ (USACE) HEC– Many older projects will have hydraulic data available
RAS program. The USACE HEC–RAS computes acres for the WSP2 format and, if all flows are subcritical,
flooded when English units are used for output. If SI this program may still be used. New projects should
(metric) units are used, the area flooded is in units use HEC–RAS.
of 1,000 square meters. Area flooded is computed for
each profile between two cross sections based on (d) Comparison method
the average top width of the flow for left overbank,
channel, and right overbank segments. A total for the In actual practice, flood plain boundaries for the re-
entire cross section is also computed. turn intervals being evaluated are generally drawn on
a topographic map. The actual flooded area is deter-
Within HEC–RAS, the area flooded displayed for mined and then compared to the area computed in
a cross section is the accumulated value from the HEC–RAS or WSP2. This comparison may be by cross
beginning of the reach to that cross section. When the section or by reach (a group of cross sections). A ratio
next reach is encountered, the flooded areas are reset of actual to computed flooded area is then used in a
to zero. To compute the area flooded between two flood economics program to reflect actual flooded area
cross sections, the area flooded at the downstream more accurately.
cross section should be subtracted from the area
flooded at the upstream cross section. For more
information on how to apply HEC–RAS, refer to the
latest program documentation at the USACE Web site
([Link]

(b) HEC–GeoRAS program

The USACE’s HEC–GeoRAS program is an ArcGIS ex-

tension designed to process geospatial data for use
with HEC–RAS. HEC–GeoRAS is a set of procedures,
tools, and utilities for processing geospatial data with
a graphical user interface (GUI). This interface allows
users with limited GIS experience to build a HEC-RAS
file containing geometric data from an existing digi-
tal terrain model (DTM) and complementary data sets
and to process results exported from HEC–RAS, and it
can be used to develop a flood inundation map based
on digital elevation data.

(c) WSP2 program

Stage inundation relations may also be computed us-

ing the NRCS WSP2 program. NEH 630.31 (1993, re-
vised 2005) describes this water surface profile pro-
gram. This program is no longer actively supported

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Hydrologic procedures use information developed

630.1305 Combination method from hydrologic studies, such as WinTR–20 (Computer
Program for Project Formulation Hydrology) and/or
of determining area inundated HEC–RAS runs to delineate inundated areas. Gage
heights can be used to relate geomorphic surfaces
Additional sources of information can also be used to with historic floods.
help define flood plains. These are geomorphic surfac-
es, soils, botanical, hydrologic, and historical methods. Historic information obtained from interviews and
The use of these together, or of some combination, is newspaper articles can provide valuable data on ex-
called the combination method of flood plain delinea- tent and depth of flooding. In some cases, aerial photo-
tion. The combination method has been used in vari- graphs can be obtained for recent floods.
ous locations in the United States with good success.
This method uses all the information available to de-
fine the flood plain between cross sections. Cross sec-
tion locations can be better established using the com-
bination method.

Geomorphic surfaces and features help define flood

plains. An abandoned flood plain along a stream is
called a terrace. A river may develop a sequence of
stepped terrace levels over time as the channel cuts
deeper or incises into the flood plain surface. These
terraces and other features often vary with height
along the channel length. Other geomorphic features
typical of flood plain areas include previous river chan-
nels, oxbows, sloughs, natural levees, and backswamp
deposits. Generally, the same flood along the entire
watershed will flood the same feature. Often many
standard flood plain features can be recognized more
easily through analysis of aerial photographs than
from ground inspections (Reckendorf 1968).

Soils information and maps also help to determine

flood plains. It has been shown that generally the soils
formed in recent depositions of alluvial materials have
slight or no horizon development. Soils on terraces are
generally older with more developed horizons than
soils on flood plains. Thus, it is possible to use soils
information and development to distinguish older or
higher surfaces from younger or newer flood plains.

Botanical evidence along a stream helps identify flood-

ing and flooding limits. Scarred tree trunks and felled
trees, for instance, indicate a catastrophic event at or
near their location. Sprouts growing on a fallen trunk
can be dated by their tree rings. Sigafoos (1964) de-
scribes many such procedures and how this informa-
tion plus a knowledge or history of past floods can
help to identify flooding extent.

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Other methods involving areal measurement are some-

630.1306 Stereoscopic and times useful. For example, flood lines for each of sev-
eral floods may be used to delineate inundated areas
other methods on aerial photos, which are measured and related to
stage or runoff or frequency. If a flood plain delinea-
A stereoscopic procedure can be used either to devel- tion can be depicted on a GIS layer, its area can then
op a stage versus area inundated relation or to check a be determined by GIS methods. The USACE’s HEC–
relation developed by other methods. GeoRAS program can be used to develop a flood in-
Step 1 Locate the limits of a large, recent flood undation map based on digital data. The flood bound-
at each cross section on aerial photographs (4- ary developed by HEC–GeoRAS can be overlaid on
inch to the mile preferred). an aerial photograph (digital orthoquad, or DOQ) and
checked for accuracy. Generally, lack of data on the lo-
Step 2 Using a stereoscope, outline the flood cation of the flood lines of historic floods limits the ap-
plain for this flood. plication of this and similar methods.
Step 3 Lay out and match the photographs.
Step 4 Make a tracing of the flood plain outline.
Show the cross-section locations and details of
land use.
Step 5 Determine the area flooded in each reach.
If stereoscopic photographs are used, the area
flooded can be determined using a planimeter.
Step 6 Compute the area flooded by using the
water surface width at each cross section for each
reach, and multiplying by:
reach length in feet
43, 560
where reach length is defined as the length of the
flow path.
Step 7 Compare the area measured in step 4
with the computed area from step 5.
measured area
Cf =
computed area
where:
Cf = correction factor

Step 8 Compute the area for various other

floods using widths as in step 5 and assuming the
flood plain outline increases and decreases paral-
lel to the outline of the selected recent large flood.
For a given reach length, use the correction factor
of step 6, if required.
Step 9 Plot area flooded versus stage at the se-
lected cross section.
Step 10 Determine areas flooded at required
depth increments (table 13–2).

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630.1307 References
Reckendorf, F.F. 1968. Methods of identification and
mapping of flood plains. American Soc. Agric.
Eng. Pap. 68–232. St. Joseph, MI.

Sigafoos, R.S. 1964. Botanical evidence of floods and

flood plain deposition. U.S. Geological Survey
Prof. Pap. 485–A. U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources

Conservation Service. WinTR–20, Ver. 1.00,
Computer Program for Project Formulation
Hydrology. Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources

Conservation Service. 2000. Selected statistical
methods. National Engineering Handbook, part
630, chapter 18. Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation

Service. Economics—floodwater damage
(ECON2 PC, Ver. dated 11/05/1991). Washington,
DC.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation

Service. Computer program for water surface
profiles (WSP2 PC, Ver. 2.0). Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation

Service. 1993, rev. 2005. Computer program
for water surface profiles (WSP2). National
Engineering Handbook (NEH) part 630, ch. 31.
Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers. HEC–RAS, Ver. 3.1.3. Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers. HEC–GeoRAS, Ver. 4.1.1. Washington,
DC.

13–10 (210–VI–NEH, July 2007)

 NATIONAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK

SECTION 4

HYDROLOGY

CHAFTEFi 14. STAGE-DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIPS

by
Robert Pasley
Dean Snider
Hydraulic Engineers

Revisions by

Owen P. Lee
Edward G. Riekert
Hydraulic Engineers

revised and reprinted, 1972

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

 NATIONAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK

SECTION 4

HYDROLOGY

CHAPTW 1 4 . STAGE-DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIPS

Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1
Development of stage-discharge curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-2
D i r e c t measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-2
I n d i r e c t measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-2
Slope-area e s t i m a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-5
Modified slope-area method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-5
Example 14-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-6
S y n t h e t i c methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-10
S e l e c t i n g r e a c h l e n g t h s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-10

Discharge v s . drainage a r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-14

Example 14-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-15
Example 14-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-15

Computing p r o f i l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-15
Exantple 14-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-16
Example 14-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-22
Example 14-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-24
Road c r o s s i n g s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-32
Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-32
Example 14-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-34
Example 14-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-35
Full bridge flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-44
Overtopping o f b r i d g e embankment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-45
Example 14-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-47
Multiple bridge openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-50
Culverts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-52
I n l e t c o n t r o l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-54

NEB Notice 4.102. August 1972

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-54
Types of i n l e t s
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-56
o u t l e t control
Example 14-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-58
Condition 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-61
. I n l e t control
Condition 2 .. Outlet control. present channel. . . . . 14-61
Condition 3- Outlet control. improved channel . . . . . 14-63
Condition f o r flow over roadway. . . . . . . . . . . . 14-63
Figures

Figuxe

14-1 .......
Velocity head rod f o r measuring stream flow
14-2 High water mark p r o f i l e and cross sections.
....
Concho River near San Angelo. Texas. Example 14-1
14-3 .
Reach length vs elevation. L i t t l e Nemaha
Section 35 .......................
14-4 Schematic of watershed f o r Examples 14.4. 14-5
and14-6 ........................
14-5 Cross s e c t i o n M.1. ........
Examples 14-4 and 14-5
14-6 .......
Conveyance values Section M.1. Example 14-4
14-7 Stage discharge Section M.1......... Example 14-4
14-8 Conveyance values Section M2 .......
.. Example 14-6
14-9 Stage discharge Section M2 ........
.. Example 14-6
14-10 .......
Conveyance values Section T.1. Example 14-6
14-11 Stage discharge Section T.1......... Example 14-6
14-12a Water surface p r o f i l e without constriction
Example 14-8 ......................
14-12 Water surface p r o f i l e with c o n s t r i c t i o n
Example 14-8 ......................
14-12c ...
Cross s e c t i o n of road. a t Section ~ . 4 . Example 14-8
14-13 Stage discharge without embankment overflow
Section M5 .. ................
ExarnpLe 14-8
14-14 ...........
Bridge opening areas. Example 14-8
14-15 ............
M values f o r bridge. Example 14-8
14-16 ............
J values f o r bridge. Example 14-8
14-17 Stage discharge with embankment overflow.
Section M.5. ................
Example 14-9
14-18 ..........
Approach s e c t i o n f o r a bridge opening
14-19a ....................
Unsubmerged i n l e t
14.191, .....................
Submerged i n l e t
14-19c ....................
Submerged o u t l e t
14-19d ...................
Outlet flowing f u l l
14-19e ...................
Pipe f u l l p a r t way
14-19f Open flow through pipe.................
14-20 .................
Types of culvert i n l e t s
14-21 ................
Elements of c u l v e r t flow
NEH Notice 4.102. August 1972
 Figure

. . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-22a Cross section T-3 .
14-22b =ofile through culvert, Example 14-10..........
14-23 Stage discharge exit Section T-2,
.....................
Example 14-10 . .
14-24a Rating curves cross section T-4, assuming
............
no roadway in place, Example 14-10

control,.Example 14-10.. ................

14-24b Rating curves cross section T-4, inlet

14-24c Rating curves cross section T-4, outlet control,

. .. . .... ... .........
Example 14-10 . . .
14-24d Rating curves cross section T-4, improved
..... .....
channel-outlet control, Example 14-10 .

Tables

-
Table

4 Computation of discharge using Velocity

<\/, Head Rod (VHR) measurements . ..............
.
14-2a Data for computing discharge from modified
slope-area measurements; cross section A
at station 4+20. Example 14-1 .......... .... ,
14-3 Hydraulic parameters for cross section M-1,
Example 14-4 . .. . . . .. . . .... . . . .. ....
.
14-4 Stage discharge for Section M-1 with
meander correction, Example 14-5....... ...... .
14-5a Water surface profiles from cross section M-1
to M-2, Example 14-6 ........ ....... .. .
. .
...
14-6 Back water computations through bridges, Example 14-8
14-7 Stage discharge over roadway at cross section
......... ..
M-4, without submergence, Example 14-9
14-8 Headwater computations for eight 16' x 8'
concrete box culverts, headwalls parallel to
embankment (no wingwalls) square edged on three
sides, Example 14-10 .... . . ..............
14-9 Stage discharge over roadway at cross section T-3,
. .. ............ .
Figure 14-4, Example 14-10 .

Exhibits

Exhibit

14-1 K values for converting CSM to CFS ....... . ..... 14-67

L 14-2 Estimate of head loss in bridges . . . .. . .. . . ... . 14-68
14-3 Estimate
14-4 BPR base
of M for use in BPR equation
curve for bridges (K~).
..... ......
. .............
14-69
14-70

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 Ekhibits--cont ' d .

Exhibit

14-5 Incremental backwater c o e f f i c i e n t f o r t h e more

.......
common t y p e s of columns, p i e r s and p i l e b e n t s
14-6 Headwater depth f o r box c u l v e r t s with i n l e t
control ..........................
14-7 Headwater depth f o r concrete p i p e c u l v e r t s w i t h
inletcontrol.. .....................
14-8 Headwater depth f o r oval concrete p i p e
.....
c u l v e r t s long axis h o r i z o n t a l with i n l e t c o n t r o l
14-9 Headwater depth f o r C. M. pipe c u l v e r t s
....................
with i n l e t c o n t r o l
14-10 Headwater depth f o r C. M. pipe-arch c u l v e r t s
....................
with i n l e t c o n t r o l
14-11 Head f o r concrete box c u l v e r t s flowing f u l l
n=0.012 .........................
14-12 Head f o r concrete p i p e c u l v e r t s flowing f u l l
n=0.012 .........................
14-13 Head f o r oval concrete p i p e c u l v e r t s long a x i s
.......
h o r i z o n t a l o r v e r t i c a l flowing f u l l n.= 0.012
14-14 Head f o r standard C. M. p i p e c u l v e r t s flowing
full n = 0.024 ......................
14-15 Head f o r standard C. M. pipe-arch c u l v e r t s
..................
flowing f u l l n = 0.024
14-16 ............
C r i t i c a l depths-rectangular s e c t i o n
14-17 ..............
C r i t i c a l depth. C i r c u l a r p i p e
14-18 C r i t i c a l depth. Oval concrete pipe. Long
axis horizontal ......................
14-19
14-20
C r i t i c a l depth. Standard C. M. pipe-arch .........
C r i t i c a l depth. S t r u c t u r a l p l a t e . C. M. pipe-
axch ...........................
14-21 ................
Entrance l o s s c o e f f i c i e n t s

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

 NATIONAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK

SECTION 4
HYDROLOGY

CHAPTER 14. STAGE DISCMGE RELATIONS

Introduction

I n planning and evaluating t h e s t r u c t u r a l measures of watershed protec-

t i o n , it i s necessary f o r SCS engineers and hydrologists t o develop
stage discharge curves a t selected locations on n a t u r a l streams.

Many hydraulics textbooks and handbooks, as well as NM-5, contain

methods f o r developing stage discharge curves assuming non-uniform
steady flow. Some of these methods a r e elaborate and time consuming.
The type of available f i e l d d a t a and the use t o be made of these stage
discharge curves should d i c t a t e the method used i n developing t h e curve.

This chapter presents a l t e r n a t e methods of developing t h e s e curves a t

selected points on a n a t u r a l stream.

Manning's formula has been used t o develop s t a g e discharge curves f o r

n a t u r a l streams assuming the water surface t o be p a r a l l e l t o t h e slope
of the channel bottom. This can l e a d t o l a r g e e r r o r s , s i n c e t h i s
condition can only e x i s t i n long reaches having t h e same bed slope with-
out a change i n cross s e c t i o n shape o r retardance.

This condition does not e x i s t i n naturaZ streams.

The r a t e of change of discharge f o r a given portion of t h e stage dis-
charge curves d i f f e r s between the r i s i n g and f a l l i n g s i d e s of a hydrograph.
Some streams occupy r e l a t i v e l y small channels during low flows, but
overflow onto wide flood p l a i n s during high discharges. On t h e r i s i n g
stage t h e flow away from t h e stream causes a s t e e p e r s l o p e than t h a t f o r
a constant discharge and produces a highly v a r i a b l e discharge with dis-
tance along t h e channel. After passage of the flood c r e s t , t h e water
re-enters t h e stream and again causes an unsteady flow, together with
a stream slope l e s s than t h a t f o r a constant discharge. The e f f e c t on
t h e stage-disch ge r e l a t i o n i s t o produce what i s c a l l e d a loop r a t i n g
f o r each flood.? Generally i n t h e work performed by t h e SCS t h e maximum
stage t h e water reached i s of primary i n t e r e s t . Therefore, t h e stage dis-
charge curve used f o r routing purposes i s a p l o t f o r t h e maximum elevation
obtained during t h e passage of flood hydrographs of varying magnitudes.
This r e s u l t s i n t h e p l o t being a s i n g l e l i n e .

Handbook of Applied Hydrology, Ven Te Chow, page 15-37.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 Development of Stage D i s c h a r ~ eCurves

Direct Measurement

The most d i r e c t method of developing s t a g e discharge curves f o r n a t u r a l

streams i s t o obtain v e l o c i t i e s a t s e l e c t e d points through a cross sec-
t i o n . The most popular method i s t o use a current meter though other
methods include t h e use of t h e dynamometer, the f l o a t , the P i t o t tube
and chemical and e l e c t r i c a l methods. From these v e l o c i t i e s and associ-
ated cross s e c t i o n a l areas, t h e discharge i s camputed f o r various stages
on t h e r i s i n g and f a l l i n g s i d e of a flood flow and a stage discharge curve
developed.

The current meter method i s described i n d e t a i l i n USGS Water Supply

Paper 888, "Stream Gaging Procedure", and i n "Handbook of Hydraulics,"
by King and Brater, McGraw-Hill, 1963, F i f t h e d i t i o n (generally r e f e r r e d
t o as King' s Handbook).

The velocity head rod ( ~ i g y r e14-1) may be used t o measure flows i n small
streams or baseflow i n l a r g e r streams. I n making a measurement with a
velocity head rod, a tape i s s t r e t c h e d across t h e flowing stream, and
both depth and v e l o c i t y head readings a r e taken a t selected p o i n t s t h a t
represent the cross s e c t i o n of t h e channel. Table 14-1 i s an example of
a discharge determined by t h e v e l o c i t y head rod. The data i s t a b u l a t e d
as shown i n columns 1, 2 and 3 of t h e t a b l e and t h e computation made
as shown.
The t o t a l area of flow i n t h e s e c t i o n i s shown i n column 9 and t h e t o t a l

I discharge i n column 10. The average velocity i s 45.19/15.,00 o r 3.01

ft/sec. I
I n d i r e c t Measurements

I n d i r e c t l y , discharge i s measured by methods such as slope-area, contracted-

opening, flow over dam, flow through c u l v e r t , and c r i t i c a l depth. These
methods, which a r e described i n "Techniques of Water Resources Investiga-
t i o n s of t h e United S t a t e s Geological Survey," Book 3, Chaps. 3-7, u t i l i z e
information on t h e water-surface p r o f i l e f o r a s p e c i f i c flood peak and
the hydraulic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e channel t o determine t h e peak dis-
charge.

It should be remembered t h a t no i n d i r e c t method of discharge determina-

t i o n can be of an accuracy equal t o a meter measurement. I
F a i r l y accurate discharges may be computed from measurements made of
flows over different types of weirs by using the appropriate formula
and coefficients selected from King's "Handbook of Hydraulics," Sections
4 and 5. Overfall dams o r broad-crested weirs provide an e x c e l l e n t
location t o determine discharges. Details on procedures f o r broad-
crested weirs may be found i n King's Handbook o r USGS Water Supply Paper
No. 200, e n t i t l e d "Weir Experiments, Coefficients, and Formulas" by
R. E. Horton.
NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972
 The r o d i s f i r s t p l a c e d i n t h e w a t e r w i t h i t s f o o t
o n t h e bottom and t h e s h a r p e d g e f a c i n g d i r e c t l y up-
stream. The s t r e a m d e p t h a t t h i s p o i n t is i n d i c a t e d
by t h e w a t e r e l e v a t i o n a t t h e s h a r p edee, n e g l e c t i n g
t h e s l i g h t r i p p l e o r bow wave. I f t h e r o d is now r e -
v o l v e d 1 8 0 d e g r e e s , s o t h a t t h e f l a t edge i s t u - n e d
u p s t r e a m a h y d r a u l i c jump w i l l b e f o r m e d b y t h e
o b s t r u c t i o n t o t h e flow o f t h e stream. After t h e
d e p t h o r f i r s t r e a d i n g h a s b e e n s u b t r a c t e d from t h e
s e c o n d r e a d i n g , t h e n e t h e i g h t o f t h e jump e q u a l s t h e
a c t u a l v e l o c i t y head a t t h a t p o i n t . V e l o c i t y c a n
t h e n be computed by t h e s t a n d a r d formula,

v = J 2 g h = 8.02 Ji;
A i n which v = V e l o c i t y i n f t . p e r s e c .
g = A c c e l e r a t i o n u f g r a v i t y (32.16 f t . per
sec. p e r s e c .
h ' V e l o c i t y head, i n f t .

The a v e r a g e d i s c h a r g e f o r t h e s t r e a m i s o b t a i n e d by
t a k i n g a number o f measurements o f d e p t h and v e l o c i t y
throughout i t s c r o s s section. Q = AV. i n which Q =
d i s c h a r g e c f s : A = c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a , sq. f t .
V = v e l o c i t y , ft. p e r sec.

d" Brass See

v -
V E L O C I T Y F O R D I F F E R E N T VALUES O F " h a
8.02 6
Cuttrng h, Velocity
Edge Head in Pt.
-05
.lo
el5
.P
-25
.X,
-35
SECTION B 8
.40
V E L O C I T Y H E A D ROD 45
Developed a t San D i r e r .50
E x ~ e r l r e n t a lF o r e s t

Figure 14-1. V e l o c i t y head r o d for measuring s t r e a m flow.

NEE N o t i c e 4-102, August 1972

 Table 14-1. Computation of discharge using Velocity Head Rod (VHR)measurements.

Depths of
flow
using VHR
Distance
along
Section
(ft.)
I ting Flat
Ah
Col 3 -
COl 2
Width
(from
Col 1)
(ft.)
Area
(Col 7 x
Col 8)
(ft.2)
Discharge
(Col 9 x
C O 6)
~
(cfs)
-r (4) (8) (9) (10)
3.5
1.00 0.68 0.61
4.5 -05
0.40 0.82 1.76
4.9 .10
1.00 2.90 9.72
5.9 27
1.50 4.54 18.39
7.4 .24
.50 1.30 4.42
7.9 -13
2.80 4.14 9.75
10.7 .O5
1.60 .62 .56
12.3
- -
Totals 15.00 45.19

-'/ Collumn 5 is read from Figure 14-1 using the Ah in column 4.

Slope-Area Estimates
Field measurements taken a f t e r a flood a r e used t o determine one or
more points on t h e stage-discharge curve a t a selected location. The
peak discharge of t h e flood i s estimated using high water marks t o
determine the slope.

Three o r four cross sections a r e usually surveyed so t h a t two o r more

independent estimates of discharge, based on p a i r s of cross s e c t i o n s ,
can be made and averaged. Additional f i e l d work required f o r slope-
a r e a estimates consists of s e l e c t i n g t h e stream reach, estimating "n"
values and surveying t h e channel p r o f i l e and high water p r o f i l e a t
s e l e c t e d cross sections. The work i s guided by t h e following:

1. The selected reach i s as uniform i n channel alignment, slope,

s i z e and shape of cross section, and f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g t h e roughness
c o e f f i c i e n t "n" as i s practicable t o obtain. The s e l e c t e d reach should
not contain sudden breaks i n channel bottom w - a d e , such as shallow drops .
o r rock ledges.

2. Elevations of selected high water marks a r e determined on both

ends of each cross section.

3. The t h r e e or more cross sections a r e located t o represent as

closely as possible the hydraulic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e reach. Dis-
tances between sections must be long enough t o keep small the e r r o r s
i n estimating stage o r elevation.

The flow i n a channel reach i s computed by one of t h e open-channel for-

mulas. The most commonly used formula i n t h e slope a r e a method i s the
Manning equation

Where Q i s t h e discharge, n i s t h e c o e f f i c i e n t of roughness, A i s t h e

cross s e c t i o n a l a r e a , R i s t h e hydraulic r a d i u s , and S i s t h e slope of
t h e energy gradient. Rearranging Eq. 14-1 gives

The r i g h t s i d e of Eq. 14-2 contains only t h e physical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

of t h e cross section and i s r e f e r r e d t o as t h e conveyance f a c t o r Kd.
The slope i s determined from t h e elevations of t h e highwater mark and
t h e distances between t h e high water marks along t h e d i r e c t i o n of flow.

Modified Slope Area Method

The following equations based on Bernoulli's theorem a r e discussed
f'ully i n NM-5, Supplement A.

(Eq. 14-31

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

14-6

where
q = discharge, i n c f s
El = elevation of the water surface a t t h e upstream section
- elevation of t h e water surface a t t h e downstream section
and Ui = symbols used by Doubt f o r c e r t a i n computed values;
(See NEH-5, p q e A.14)

The working eauation i s derived from eauation 14-1.

Also from MER-j -

and:

where 9, i s t h e length of t h e reach between s e c t i o n s 1 and 2, and the

other symbols a r e as defined i n NM-5. The noaographs shown i n NM-5,
Supplement A as standard drawings ES-75, 76, and 77 a r e expedient work-
ing t o o l s used t o solve Equations 14-4, 14-5 and 14-6.

The following example i l l u s t r a t e s t h e modified slope area method and t h e

use of Eq. 14-2. The example i s based on d a t a taken from USGS Water
Supply Paper 816 ( ~ a j o rTexas Floods of 1936).

Example 14-1 -Using d a t a f o r t h e Concho River near San Angelo, Texas,

f o r t h e September 17, 1936, flood compute t h e peak discharge t h a t occurred.
Figure 14-2 shows Section A and B with the high water mark p r o f i l e d o n g
t h e stream reach between t h e two sections.

1. Draw a water surface t h r o u ~ ht h e average of t h e high water

w. From Figure 14-2 t h e elevation of t h e water surface a t
t h e lower cross s e c t i o n B i s 55.98 designated i n t h e example
as Ez. The elevation of t h e water surface a t cross s e c t i o n A
i s 56.50 designated as E l .

2. Compute t h e length of reach between t h e two s e c t i o n s .

From Figure 14-2 t h e length of reach i s 680 f e e t .

3. Divide each cross s e c t i o n i n t o s e m e n t s as needed due t o

d i f f e r e n t "n" values as shown i n Figure 14-2.

In computing t h e hydraulic parameters of a cross s e c t i o n on

a n a t u r a l stream when flood p l a i n flow e x i s t s , it i s d e s i r a b l e
t o divide t h e cross s e c t i o n i n t o segments. The number of seg-
ments w i l l depend on t h e i r r e g u l a r i t y of t h e cross s e c t i o n and

NEH Notice 4-102, A u g u s t 1972

 Sscllon A

30 -
20 -
lo - Section B
I I I I , I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 4
2tOO 4+00 6+00 WOO lO+OO 12+00 14tOO 16+00 18tOO 20+00 22WO
STATIONS

Figure 14-2. High water mark profile and cross sections, Concho River near San Angelo,
Texas. Example 14-1. I-'
f-
4
 t h e v a r i a t i o n i n "n" values assigned t o t h e d i f f e r e n t portions.
NEH-5, supplement B, gives a method of determining II n ,t values
f o r use i n computing stage discharge curves.

4. Compute the cross s e c t i o n a l area and wetted perimeter f o r each

segment of each cross s e c t i o n . Tabulate i n columns 2 and 3 of
Table 14-2(a) f o r cross section A and Table 14-2(b) f o r cross
s e c t i o n B.

5. Compute F = 1.486 A R ~ /
f o~r each segment. Using standard
drawing ES-76 (NM-5), compute F and t a b u l a t e i n column 4,
Table 14-2(a) and 14-2(b).

6. Compute Q/s'/' = 1.486 A R ' / ~ . Tabulate t h e "n" value assigned

t o each segment i n column 5 of Table 14-2(a) and 14-2(b). Col-
umn 6 i s ~ / s ' / ~ a n ids computed by dividing column 4 by column 5
or by using ES-77 (NEE-5). This i s commonly c a l l e d t h e flow
f a c t o r of conveyance and i s generally designated as Kd.

7. Compute t h e t o t a l a r e a and t h e t o t a l Kd. Sun columns 2 and 6

of Table 14-2(a) and 14-2(b).

8. Compute U. Using Eq. 14-6 or ES-77 compute U- f o r t h e down-

stream cross section A using data from Table 14-2(a).

From Eq. 14-6: U- = 1. -a

a: q:

9. Compute U+ Using Eq. 14-5 o r ES-77 compute $ f o r upstream

cross section B using data i n Table 14-2(b).

. NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

Table 14-248) Data for computing discharge f r o m modified slope-area
measurements; Cross Section A a t Station 4+20. &ample 14-1

Wetted
-
Area

(2)
Perimeter

2354
12691
5862
5385
2523
2498

-
3416
34729

Table 14-2b) Data f o r computing discharge from modified slope-area

rur-te; Cross Section B a t Station U+100. &smple 14-1

Begment Area
Wetted
Perimeter F I n

(3 ' (2)

1 1598
2 11750
3 4750
4 2486
5 4944
6 3455
7 2270
8
-
1518
32771

(210-VI-NEH-4, Amend. 6 , March 1985)

 = (680) (32.2) (1.32 x lo-") = 2.89 x lo-'"

U+ = (9.31 x 10"' + 2.89 x lo-'') = 12.20 x lo-''

lo. Compute q. Using Eq. 14-4. p -
= 28 ( E ~ EZ.)) '/'
IJ$ - Ui

Fb =
2) (32.2) (56.50
(12.20 - 5.71) x
-
lo-''
55-98} = los
P':
bi
q = 2.265 x l o 5 or q = 226,500. This compares with t h e
discharge of 230,000 c f s computed by USGS i n Water Supply
Paper 816.

Synthetic methods
There are various methods which depend e n t i r e l y on d a t a which may be
gathered a t any time. These methods e s t a b l i s h a water surface slope
based e n t i r e l y on the physical elements present such as channel s i z e and
shape, flood p l a i n s i z e and shape and t h e roughness c o e f f i c i e n t . The
method generally used by t h e SCS i s t h e modified s t e p method.

This method bases t h e r a t e of f r i c t i o n l o s s i n t h e reach on t h e elements

of t h e upstream cross section. Manning's equation i s applied t o t h e s e
elements and t h e difference i n elevation of t h e water surface plus t h e
difference i n velocity head between the two cross sections i s assumed
t o be equal t o the t o t a l energy l o s s i n t h e reach. This method, ignor-
ing t h e changes i n v e l o c i t y head, i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n Example 14-6.

Selecting Reach Lengths

The flow distance between one s e c t i o n and t h e next has an important

bearing on t h e f r i c t i o n l o s s e s between sections. For flows which a r e
e n t i r e l y within the channel t h e channel distance should be used. On a
meandering stream t h e overbank portion of t h e flow may have a flow dis-
tance l e s s t h a n t h e channel distance. This distance approaches but does
not equal t h e floodplain distance due t o t h e e f f e c t of t h e channel on
the flow.

From a p r a c t i c a l standpoint t h e water surface i s considered l e v e l

across a cross section. Thus t h e elevation difference between two
cross sections i s considered equal f o r both t h e channel flow portion and
the overbauk portion.

It has been common p r a c t i c e t o compute t h e conveyance f o r t h e t o t a l sec-

t i o n then compute t h e discharge by using a given slope with t h i s convey-
ance, where t h e slope used is-an average slope between the s l o p e of t h e
channel portion and t h e overbank portion. The average slope i s computed
by t h e formula:

NW Notice 4-102, August 1972

where: Sa = average slope of energy gradient i n reach
H = elevation difference of t h e energy l e v e l between sections
La = average reach length

The reach length La can be computed a s follows:

where qc = discharge i n channel portion

Kdc = conveyance i n channel portion
Sc = energy gradient i n channel portion
qf = discharge i n floodplain portion
Kdf = conveyance i n floodplain portion
Sf = energy gradient i n floodplain portion
qt = t o t a l discharge
Kdt = t o t a l conveyance
Sa = average slope of energy gradient

The t o t a l discharge i n a reach i s equal t o t h e flow i n channel plus t h e

flow i n t h e overbank.

S u b s t i t u t i n g from Equations 14-8, 14-9 and 14-10

Kdt x sal/' = KdC x sC1/*

+ Kdf x (Eq. 14-12)

H
Let S = -.
L

where H = elev. of reach head - elev. of reach foot

L = length of reach

Then s u b s t i t u t i n g i n t o Eq. 14-12 using t h e proper subscripts

Divide both s i d e s by HI/'

If -the average reach length i s p l o t t e d vs. elevation f o r a

s e c t i o n then it i s possible t o read t h e reach length d i r e c t l y
t o use with t h e Kd f o r any desired elevation. The d a t a w i l l
p l o t i n a form a s shown i n Figure 14-3.

mM Notice 4-102, August 1972

This procedure is somewhat difficult to use as each time a new elevation
is selected for use a new reach length must also be used.

The procedure can be modified slightly and a constant reach length used
in all computations.

Multiply both sides of Equation 14-9 by

This gives:

1 /'
on the left hand side drops out with a value of 1 giving

Sf and S, can be represented as follows

Divide Equation 14-16 by Equation 14-17

Equation 14-15 becomes by substitution:

(Eq. 14-19)

The term
factor.
($1 is commonly referred to as the meander

Then substituting Equation 14-19 and 14-8 into Equation 14-11 we get

Rearranging we get

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 1m

1015 I

1010

r 1005
E
l-
a
=
z Iwo

995

MEANDE

990

985
3600 3am 4

Figure 14-3. Reach l e n g t h vs. e l e v a t i o n , L i t t l e Nemaha

Section 35.
Equation 14-20 can be used t o compute t h e t o t a l s t a g e discharge a t a
s e c t i o n by using the channel reach length r a t h e r than a v a r i a b l e reach
length. Example 14-5 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e use of modifying t h e flood p l a i n
conveyance by t h e square root of t h e meander f a c t o r i n developing a
stage discharge curve.

Discharge vs. Drainage Area

It i s desirable f o r t h e water surface p r o f i l e t o represent a flow which

has t h e same occurrence i n t e r v a l throughout t h e watershed. The CSM
(cubic f e e t per second per square mile) values f o r most floods vary
within a channel system having a smaller value f o r l a r g e r drainage a r e a s .
Thus when running a p r o f i l e t h e 50 CSM of t h e o u t l e t , t h e a c t u a l CSM
r a t e w i l l increase as t h e p r o f i l e progresses up t h e watershed.

The r a t e of discharge a t any point i n t h e watershed i s based on t h e

form~laif

where Q i s discharge i n CSM

A i s t h e drainage a r e a
and C i s a coefficient depending on t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of
t h e watershed

Assuming t h a t C remains constant f o r any point i n t h e watershed, then

t h e discharge at any point i n t h e watershed may be r e l a t e d t o t h e dis-
charge of any other point i n t h e watershed by t h e formula

where Q1 and A1 represent t h e discharge r a t e i n CSM and drainage a r e a

of one point i n t h e watershed and Q2 and AZ represent t h e CSM and drain-
age a r e a a t another.

I n p r a c t i c e Qz and AZ usually represent t h e o u t l e t of t h e watershed and

remain constant and A1 i s varied t o obtain Q1 a t other p o i n t s of i n t e r e s t .

Equation 14-22 i s p l o t t e d i n Exhibit 14-1 f o r t h e case where A2 i s 400

square miles. This curve may be used d i r e c t l y t o obtain t h e CSM

A' Engineering For D m , Vol. 3 page 125, Creager , J u s t i n & Hines .

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

discharge of t h e o u t l e t if t h e o u t l e t i s a t 400 square miles as shown i n
Example 14-2. Example 14-3 shows how t o use Exhibit 14-1 if t h e drain-
age area at t h e o u t l e t i s not 400 square miles.

Example 14-2

Find the CSM value t o be used f o r a reach with a drainage a r e a of 50

square miles when t h e CSM a t t h e o u t l e t i s 80 CSM. The drainage a r e a
at t h e o u t l e t i s 400 square miles.

1. Determine K f o r a drainage a r e a of 50 sauare miles.

From Exhibit 1 4 - l w i t h a drainage a r e a of 50 square
miles read K = 2.61.

2. Determine CSM r a t e f o r 50 sauare miles. Multiply CSM a t

t h e o u t l e t by K computed i n s t e p 1.

Example 14-3

Find the CSM r a t e t o be used at a reach with a drainage a r e a of 20

squme miles if t h e drainage a r e a a t t h e o u t l e t i s 50 square miles.
!The CSM r a t e a t t h e o u t l e t i s 60 CSM.

1.. Determine K f o r a drainage a r e a of 20 sauare miles.

From Exhibit 14-1 f o r a drainage a r e a of 20 square miles
read K = 3.66.

2. Determine K f o r a drainage a r e a of 50 sauare miles.

From Exhibit 14-1 f o r a drainage a r e a of 50 square miles
read K = 2.61.

3. Compute a new K value f o r a drainage a r e a of 20 square

miles. Divide s t e p 1 by s t e p 2.

4. Determine CSM r a t e f o r t h e 20 sauare mile drainage area.

Multiply K obtained i n s t e p 3 by t h e CSM a t t h e o u t l e t .

Computing P r o f i l e s

When using water surface p r o f i l e s t o develop s t a g e discharge curves f o r

flows a t Paore than c r i t i c a l depth, it i s necessary t o have a s t a g e dis- 1
charge curve f o r a s t a r t i n g point a t t h e lower end of a reach. This
s t a r t i n g point may be a stage discharge curve developed by current meter
measurements or one computed from a c o n t r o l s e c t i o n where t h e flow passes
through c r i t i c a l discharge; o r it may be one computed from t h e elements

(210-VI-NEH-4, Amend. 6, March 1985)

of t h e cross s e c t i o n and an estimate of t h e slope. The l a t t e r case i s
t h e most commonly used by SCS s i n c e t h e more accurate stage discharge
curves are not generally a v a i l a b l e on small watersheds. I n most cases
it i s advisable t o l o c a t e t h r e e o r four cross sections close together
i n order t o eliminate p a r t of t h e e r r o r i n estimating the slope used
i n developing t h e stage discharge c w e a t t h e lower o r f i r s t cross sec-
t i o n on a watershed.

Example 14-4

Develop t h e s t a r t i n g stage discharge curve f o r cross s e c t i o n M-1 (Figure

14-4) shown as the f i r s t cross s e c t i o n a t t h e o u t l e t end of t h e water-
shed, assuming an energy gradient of .001 f t / f t .

1. Plot t h e surveyed cross section. From f i e l d survey notes, p l o t

the cross s e c t i o n , Figure 14-5(a) noting t h e points where t h e r e
i s an apparent change i n t h e "nu value.

2. Divide t h e cross s e c t i o n i n t o segments. An abrupt change i n

shape or a change i n "n" i s the main f a c t o r t o be considered i n
determining extent and number of segments required f o r a par-
t i c u l a r cross section. Compute $he "n" value f o r each segment
using NM-5, Supplement B, or t h e "n" may be based on other
data o r publications.

3. P l o t t h e channel segment on an enlarged s c a l e . Figure 14-5(b),

f o r use i n computing t h e area and measuring t h e wetted peri-
meter a t selected elevations i n t h e channel. The length of t h e
segment a t s e l e c t e d elevations i s used as t h e wetted perimeter
f o r t h e flood p l a i n segments. The division l i n e between each
segment i s not considered as wetted perimeter.

4. Tabulate elevations t o be used i n making computations.

Starting a t an e l e v a t i o n equal t o o r above any flood of record,
tabulate i n column 1 of able 14-3 the elevations t h a t w i l l b e -
required t o define t h e hydraulic elements of each segment.

5. Compute t h e wetted perimeter a t each elevation l i s t e d i n s t e p 4.

Using an engineer's s c a l e and s t a r t i n g a t t h e lowest elevation
i n column 1, measure t h e wetted perimeter of each segment a t
each elevation and t a b u l a t e i n columns 3, 7, 11, and 15 of
Table 14-3. Note t h a t t h e maximum wetted perimeter f o r the
channel segment i s 62 at elevation 94.

6. Compute t h e cross s e c t i o n a l a r e a f o r each elevation l i s t e d i n

step 4. S t a r t i n g a t t h e lowest elevation, compute t h e accumu-
l a t e d cross s e c t i o n a l a r e a f o r each segment a t each elevation
i n column 1 and t a b u l a t e i n columns 2, 6, 10, and 1 4 of Table
14-3.

7. Compute F f a c t o r . F = 1 . 4 8 6 ~ ~f o
~ r' ~
each elevation. Using
standard drawing ES-76, compute t h e F f a c t o r f o r each segment

NEE Notice 4-102, August 1972

Figure 14-4. Schematic of Watershed for Examples 14-4, 14-5,
and 14-6.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972
Table 14-3. Wdraulic parameters for starting crdss section M-1, Example 14-4.

- meat 3
-
t 4

-
US"

(1)
*dlg,b

(13)
Wso*
(11)

LO5 2.38 x 10: 2.49 x 10'

102 1.82 r lo! 1.44 x lo'
LOO 1.48 x 10: 9.06 1 lo!
98 1.11 x 10: 4.60 x lo!
96 8.9 x10' 1.56 x 10:
99 7.6 r LO' 5.78 10'

94 6.4 x lo' 6.32 1 10:

93 5.61 r lo' 0
91 3.92 x 10'
89 2.51 r 10'
81 1.40 x 10'
85 5.90 x lo!
82 0
-
l h o solve t h i s on E8-I1 divide P by 2, then double rssulta read from Sheet 3. P6-11,
5l1o order t e eolve thia on E8-I6 it La necossacy t o divide both area and W by 2 aaiI then double the P factor read from Bbeet 3, -16.

NOTE: q,,dl~o* i s the ssms a. Kd or ca-oly referred t o as the convey(U1ee factor.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972
 NOllVA313

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 a t each elevation i n column 1 and t a b u l a t e i n columns 4 , 8,
12, and 16, Table 14-3.

8. Compute t h e conveyance f a c t o r b d / ~ 0 1 / 2 f o r each elevation.

Using standard drawing ES-77 and t h e assigned "n" value f o r
each segment compute k d f o r each segment a t each eleva-
t i o n i n column 1 and t a b u l a t e i n columns 5, 9 , 13, and 17 of
Table 14-3. This can a l s o be done by dividing F by n using a
s l i d e r u l e or desk c a l c u l a t o r .

9. Sum columns 5, 9, 13, and 1 7 and t a b u l a t e i n column 18. A

p l o t of column 18 on log-log paper i s shown on Figure 14-6.
'Ke elevation s c a l e i s s e l e c t e d based on f e e t above t h e channel
bottom.

10. Compute t h e d i s c h a r ~ ef o r each elevation. Using the average

slope a t cross s e c t i o n M-1, S = .001, develop stage discharge
for cross section M-1, q = s'l2 x q n d / ~ 0 1 / 2 ,o r q = s'/' x Kd.
The stage discharge curve f o r cross s e c t i o n M-1 i s shown on
Figure 14-7.

The next example shows t h e e f f e c t of a meandering channel i n a flood-

plain on t h e elevation discharge relationship. Equation 14-20 w i l l be
used t o determine t h e discharge.

Example 14-5

Develop t h e stage discharge curve f o r cross s e c t i o n M-1 ( ~ i g u r e14-4)

if M-1 represents a reach having a c h n n e l length of 2700 f e e t and a
floodplain length of 2000 f e e t . The energy gradient of t h e channel por-
t i o n i s 0.001 ft./ft.

1. Compute t h e t o t a l floodplain conveyance Kdf.

Figure 14-5 shows segments 1, 2 and 4 of s e c t i o n M-1 a r e
floodplain segments. Table 14-3 of Example 14-4 was used t o
develop t h e hydraulic parameters f o r s e c t ' o n M-1 f o r each
segment. From Table 14-3 add t h e &nd/So1 7 2 values f o r each
elevation from columns 5 , 9, and 17 and t a b u l a t e as Kdf i n
column 2 of Table 14-4.

2. Determine t h e meander f a c t o r L c / ~ f . For t h e channel length

of 2700 f e e t and t h e floodplain length of 2000 f e e t t h e meander
factor i s :

3. Determine Lc/Lf 1/2.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

Table 14-4. Stage discharge f o r Section M-1 w i t h meander correction, Example 14-5

Levat ion Floodplain Channel Col. 3 + Discharge

Kdf Kdc Col. 4 Qt

(2) (4) (5) (61

4.54 x lo6 2.38 X l o 5 5.51 X lo6 174000
2.64 X l o 6 1.82 X 10' 3.24 X l o 6 102000
1.64 x lo6 1.48 x 105 2.05 X l o 6 64800
8.30 X 10' 1.17 X 10' 1.08 'x l o 6 34100
2.72 X 10' 8.9 X 10" 4.05 x 105 12800
9.55 x 10' 7.6 x 10' 1.87 X l o 5 5910
6.99 x 103 6.4 X 10" 7.21 X 10' 2280
0. 5.61 x lo' 5.61 x lo4 1170
0. 3.92 X 10" 3.92 X l o 4 1240
 Compute ( ~ d f )( L C / L ~ ) ' / ' . For each elevation i n column 1 of
Table -14-4 multiply column 2 by ( L ~ / ~Ll ~/ ~ a nt adb u l a t e i n col-
umn 3.
(4.54 x l o 6 ) (1.16) = 5.27 x l o 6
Compute t h e channel conveyance Kd. From Figure 14-4 t h e chan-
n e l i s segment 3 and t h e conveyance has been calculated i n col-
umn 13 of Table 14-3. Tabulate Kdc i n column 4 of Table 14-4.

Compute Kdc + (Kdf ) (LC/L*) I/'. From Table 14-4 add columns
3 and 4 and t a b u l a t e i n column 5.

Compute t h e discharge f o r each elevation. Use Sc = .001

and Equation 14-20. Multiply columns by ~ , l / ' a n d t a b u l a t e
i n column 6.

The next example w i l l show the use of t h e modified s t e p method i n comput-

i n g water surface p r o f i l e s . It i s a t r i a l and e r r o r procedure based on
estimating t h e elevation a t t h e upstream s e c t i o n , determi i n g t h e con-
veyance, Kd, f o r t h e estimated elevation and computing S1 1 2 by using

Mannings equation i n t h e form S = 9

Kd
where Kd % -
1.486
n
--
AR2/3. is
t h e head l o s s per foot (neglecting v e l o c i t y head) from t h e downstream
t o t h e upstream section. 'Ihis head l o s s added t o t h e downstream water
surface elevation should equal t h e estimated upstream elevation.

Example 14-6

Using t h e r a t i n g curve developed i n Example 14-4 f o r cross s e c t i o n M-1

and parameters p l o t t e d on Figures 14-8 and 14-10 f o r cross s e c t i o n s
M-2 and T-1, compute t h e water surface p r o f i l e s required t o develop
s t a g e discharge curves f o r cross sections M-2 and T-1. The changes i n
v e l o c i t y head w i l l be ignored f o r these computations. The drainage a r e a
a t section M-1 i s 400 sq. m i . , a t M-2 i s 398 sq. m i . and a t T-1 i s 48
sq. mi. The reach length between M-1 and M-2 i s 2150 f e e t and between
M-2 and T-1 i s l l 5 0 f e e t . Assume t h e meander f a c t o r f o r t h i s example i s
1.0.

1. Determine t h e range of csm needed t o define t h e s t a g e discharge

-
curve. One o r more of t h e csm's s e l e c t e d should be contained
within t h e channel. Tabulate i n column I, Table 1 4 - ~ ( a ) .

2. Compute t h e discharge i n cfs f o r each csm a t t h e two cross sec-

t i o n s M-1 and M-2. A t section M-1 t h e drainage a r e a i s 400 sq.
m i . Using Exhibit 14-1 the K f a c t o r i s 1.0 and t h e c f s f o r 2
csm i s 2 x 400 x 1.0 = 800 c f s . A t s e c t i o n M-2 t h e drainage

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972
 Table 14-5(a). Water Surface p r o f i l e s from cross section M-1 t o M-2, Example 14-6.

Assumed Computed
Elev. @ elev. @ elev. @
Discharge i n cis M-1 M-2
M-1
- - M-2

(2) (5) (6) (7)

89.22 90.0 3.70 x 10'

90.2 3. $9 x l o 4
90.1 3.75 x l o 4

94.66 95.2 1.20 x 105

95.6 1.60 x 105
95.8 1.90 x l o 5

95.52 96.7 3.50 x lo5

96.6 3.30 x lo5

97.12 98.3 7.80 x io5

98.4 8.00 x lo!
98.5 8.20 x lo5

98.96 100.3 1.60 x l o 6

101.68 103.2 3.20 x lo6

103.1 3.00 x lob
I Computed rmm equstion s h m on Exhibit 14-1.
' Where the channel length is different fronthe iload plain length, Kdvaluea for flood p l a i n portion or section are
modified so channel length may be used i n all oalculatians.
 a r e a i s 398 sq. m i . and from Exhibit 14-1 t h e K f a c t o r i s 1.002.
For 2 csm t h e discharge a t M-2 i s 2 x 398 x 1.002 = 798 Cfs.
Tabulate t h e discharges a t M-1 and M-2 on Table 14-5(a), col-
umns 2 and 3 of Table 14-5(a).

3. Tabulate t h e reach l e n g t h between t h e two cross sections i n

column 4. The reach length between section M-1 and M-2 i s 2150
feet.

4. Determine the water surface elevation a t M-1. For t h e discharge

l i s t e d i n column 2 read t h e elevation from Figure 14-7 and tabu-
l a t e i n column 5 of Table 14-5(a).

5. Assume a water elevation a t s e c t i o n M-2. For the smallest

discharge of 798 cfs assume an elevation of 90.0 a t M-2 and
t a b u l a t e i n column 6 of Table l4-5(a).

6. Determine Kd f o r assumed elevation. Read Q n d / ~ o " ~o r KdM-2

of 3.70 x 10' a t elevation 90.0 from Figure 14-8 and t a b u l a t e
i n column 7 of Table 14-5(a).

- .
2
7. Determine Sf. Sf = ( Q ~ - 2 ) Divide column 3 by column 7 and
(Kkm2)
square t h e r e s u l t s ( 7 9 8 / 3 7 0 0 0 ) ~= .00046 and t a b u l a t e i n column
8 of Table 14-5(a).

8. Determine Sf x !L. Multiply column 8 by column 4 , .00046 x 2150 =

.99, and t a b u l a t e i n column 9 of Table 14-5(a).

9. Compute elevation a t M-2. Add column 9 ( S f ) t o column 5

(elevation a t M-1)and t a b u l a t e i n column 10 of Table 14-5(a).

10. Compare computed elevation with assumed elevation. Compare

column 10 with column 6 and a d j u s t column 6 up if column 10
i s g r e a t e r and down i f it i s l e s s . For 2 csm discharge t h e
computed elevation i s 90.12 and t h e estimate& elevation i s 90.0.
Since column 10 i s g r e a t e r a r e v i s i o n i n t h e estimated e l e v a t i o n
a t M-2 i n column 6 must be made.

Repeat s t e p s 5 through 10 u n t i l a reasonable balance between

column 10 and 6 i s obtained. A tolerance of 0.1 foot was used
i n t h i s example.

11. Repeat s t e p s 5 through 10 f o r each csm value selected.

12. P l o t s t a g e discharge curve, columns 3 and 11 as shown on Figure
-
14-9.
Table 14. Vater s u r f a c e p r o f i l e s from c r o s s s e c t i o n M-2 t o .1. Example 14-

Col 5 +
Aasumec C0l 9 Computed
Elev. @ elev. ( estimate =lev. @
e
LC2
-
T-1 elev T-1 T-1

(6)

93.0
94.0
94.5
94.4

97.0
98.0
97.5

98.0
98.5
98.2

100.0
99.5
99.65

101.0
101.2
101.3

104.0
-
NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972
 Table 14-5(b) shows computations s i m i l a r t o s t e p 1 through s t e p 11 comput-
-
i n e water surface o r o f i l e s between cross section M-2 on t h e main stem
A

and T-1 t h e f i r s t cross section on a t r i b u t a r y . Xd values a r e shown on

Figure 14-10. Figure 14-11 was p l o t t e d from Table 14-5(b).

Road Crossings

Bridges

In developing t h e hydraulics of n a t u r a l streams, bridges of all types

and s i z e s a r e encountered. These bridges may o r may not have a s i g n i f i -
cant e f f e c t on t h e s t a g e discharge r e l a t i o n s h i p i n t h e reach above t h e
bridge. Many of t h e older bridges were designed without regard t o t h e i r
e f f e c t on flooding i n t h e reach upstream from t h e road crossing.

The Bureau of Public Roads (BPR) i n cooperation with Colorado S t a t e Uni-

v e r s i t y i n i t i a t e d a research p r o j e c t with Colorado S t a t e University i n
1954 which culminated i n t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n of s e v e r a l f e a t u r e s of t h e
bridge problem. Included i n these investigations was a study of bridge
backwater. The laboratory s t u d i e s , i n which hydraulic models served as
t h e p r i n c i p a l research t o o l , have been completed and s i n c e then consider-
able progress has been made i n t h e c o l l e c t i o n of f i e l d d a t a by t h e U.S.
Geological Survey t o s u b s t a n t i a t e t h e model r e s u l t s and extend t h e range
Of application. The procedure developed i s explained i n t h e publication
"Hydraulics of Bridge Waterways," U. S. Department of Transportation,
Federal Highway Administration, Bureau of Public Roads, 1970. This i s
one method which i s recornended by t h e S o i l Conservation Service f o r use
i n computing e f f e c t s of bridges i n n a t u r a l channels and floodplains.

The FHWA document may be obtained from t h e Superintendent of Documents,

U. S. Government P r i n t i n g Office, Washington, D. C . and it should be
included i n the working f i l e s of any engineer concerned with t h e e f f e c t
of bridges on stream hydraulics.

The Bureau of Public Roads (BPR) Method has been formulated by applying
t h e p r i n c i p l e of conservation of energy between the point of maximum back-
water upstream from t h e bridge and a point downstream from t h e bridge a t
which normal s t a g e has been re-established. The general expression f o r
t h e computation of backwater upstream from a bridge c o n s t r i c t i n g t h e flow
is:

where hy = t o t a l backwater, i n f e e t
K* = t o t a l backwater c o e f f i c i e n t
ul, a2, ah = v e l o c i t y head energy c o e f f i c i e n t s a t
t h e upstream, c o n s t r i c t i o n , and downstream
section.
Vn, = average velocity i n c o n s t r i c t i o n o r -AQ .m f e e t per second.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 Vi, = average v e l o c i t y a t section 4 downstream i n
f e e t per second.
V1 = average v e l o c i t y a t section 1 upstream i n f e e t
per second.

or a more d e t a i l e d explanation of each term and t h e development of the

equation r e f e r t o "Hydraulics of Bridge Waterways .")

Equation 14-23 i s reasonably v a l i d i f t h e channel i n the v i c i n i t y of the

bridge i s e s s e n t i a l l y s t r a i g h t , t h e cross s e c t i o n a l area of t h e stream
i s f a i r l y uniform, t h e gradient of t h e bottom i s approximately constant
between sections 1 and 4, t h e flow i s f r e e t o expand and c o n t r a c t , there
i s no appreciable scour of t h e bed i n t h e c o n s t r i c t i o n and t h e flow i s
i n t h e s u b c r i t i c a l range.
'his procedure r e l a t e s t h e t o t a l backwater e f f e c t t o t h e v e l o c i t y head
caused by t h e c o n s t r i c t i o n times t h e t o t a l backwater c o e f f i c i e n t . The
t o t a l backwater c o e f f i c i e n t i s comprised of t h e e f f e c t of c o n s t r i c t i o n
as measured by t h e bridge opening c o e f f i c i e n t , M , type of bridge abut-
ments, s i z e , shape and o r i e n t a t i o n of p i e r s , and e c c e n t r i c i t y and skew
of bridge.

For a d e t a i l e d discussion of t h e bqckwater coefficient and t h e e f f e c t o:

c o n $ t r i c t i o n , abutments, p i e r s , e c c e n t r i c i t y and skew of bridges r e f e r
t o "Hydraulics of Bridge Waterways. "

A preliminary analysis may be made t o determine t h e maximum backwater

e f f e c t of a bridge. If t h e analysis shows a s i g n i f i c a n t bridge e f f e c t
then a more d e t a i l e d procedure should be used. I f t h e analysis shows
only a minor e f f e c t then t h e bridge may be eliminated from t h e backwater
computation.

Tne examples shown i n t h i s chapter are based on t h e approximate equation

t o compute bridge head l o s s e s taken from t h e BPR report:

where: h* = t o t a l backwater, i n f e e t
K* = t o t a l backwater coefficient
-
V = average v e l o c i t y i n c o n s t r i c t i o n Q
A
A = gross water area i n c o n s t r i c t i o n measured
below normal stage.

The following data a r e t h e minimum needed f o r estimating t h e maximum

backwater e f f e c t of a bridge using Equation 14724.

1. Total area of bridge opening.

2. Length of bridge opening.

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

 3. Cross section upstream from the bridge a distance approximately
equal to the length of the bridge opening.

4. Area of approach section at elevation of the bottom of hridge

stringers or at the low point in the road embankment.

5. Width of flood plain in approach section.

6. Estimate of the velocity of unrestricted flow at the elevation

of the bottom of the bridge stringers or at the low point in the
road embankment.
A preliminary analysis to determine an estimate of the maximum backwater
effect of a bridge is shown in Example 14-7. Exhibits 14-2 and 14-3 were
developed only for use in making preliminary estimates and should not be
used in a more detailed analysis.

Example 14-7.
Estimate the backwater effect of a bridge with 45' winmalls given the
following data: area of bridge = 4100 sq.
ft., iength-of brizge = 400 ft.,
area of approach = 11850 sq. ft., width of flood plain = 2650 ft., esti-
mated velocity in the natural stream = 2.5 ft./sec.

1. Compute the ratio of the area of the bridge to the area of

a ~ ~ r o a csection.
h From the given data: 4100/11850 + .346

2. Compute the ratio of length of bridge to the width of the flood

w. From the given data: 400/2650 = .I51

3. Determine the change in velocity head. Using the results of

step 1 (.346) and the estimated velocity in the natural stream
(2.5 ft/sec), read the velocity head, h; from Exhibit 14-2. This
is 0.8 ft. 2g
-
is the velocity head, v2 in Equation 14-24 and (from Exhibit 14-21

4. Estimate the constriction ratio, M. Using the results from step

1 (.346) and step 2 (.I511read M = .67 from Exhibit 14-3.
5. Estimate the total backwater coefficient. Using M = .67 from
step 4 read from Exhibit 14-4 curve 1, Kb = .6. Kb is the BPR 1
base curve backwater coefficient and for estimating purposes is
considered to be the total backwater coefficient, @, in Eq. 14-24.
6. Compute the estimated total change in water surf&ce, hi. From
6 . 8 = .48 ft. 2g
-
Equation 14-24 the total change in water surface is h* = K* v2 =

If the estimate shows a change in water surface that would have an appre-
ciable effect on the evaluation or level of protection of a plan or the
design and construction of proposed structural measures, a more detailed
Survey and calculation should be made for the bridge and flood in question.

(210-VI-NEE-4, Amend. 6, March 1985)

Example 14-8 shows a more d e t a i l e d solution t o t h e backwater l o s s using
Equation 14-24. I n order t o use t h e BPR method it i s necessary t o develop
s t a g e discharge curves f o r an e x i t and an approach s e c t i o n assuming no
condtriction between t h e two cross sections.

The e x i t section should be located downstream from the bridge a distance

approximately twice t h e length of t h e bridge. The approach s e c t i o n should
be located upstream from the upper edge of t h e bridge a distance approxi-
mately equal t o t h e length of t h e bridge.

If t h e elevation difference between the water surface a t t h e e x i t s e c t i o n

and t h e approach section p r i o r t o computing head l o s s i s r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l
t h e bridge t a i l w a t e r may be taken as t h e elevation of t h e e x i t s e c t i o n
and t h e bridge head l o s s simply added t o t h e water e l e v a t i o n of t h e
approach section. However, i f t h i s difference i s not small t h e bridge
t a i l w a t e r should be computed by i n t e r p o l a t i o n of t h e water elevation a t
t h e approach section and e x i t section and t h e f r i c t i o n l o s s from t h e
bridge t o t h e approach section recomputed a f t e r t h e bridge headwater i s
obtained.

I n Example 14-8 i t i s assumed t h a t all preliminary c a l c u l a t i o n s have been

made. The p r o f i l e s a r e shown on Figure 14-12s and t h e s t a g e discharge
curve f o r cross section M-5 i s shown on Figure 14-13, Natural Condition.

Develop stage discharge curves f o r each of four bridges located a t cross

section M-4 (Figure 14-41, 300, 400, 500, and 700 f e e t long (Figure 12c)
with 45' wingwalls. The elevation of t h e bottom of t h e bridge s t r i n g e r
i s l o 3 f o r each trial bridge length. The main span i s 100 f e e t with t h e
remaining portion of t h e bridge supported by 24" H-columns on 25 foot
centers. Assume t h e f i l l i s s u f f i c i e n t l y high t o prevent over topping
f o r t h e maximum discharge (70000 c f s ) studied. It i s assumed t h a t water
surface p r o f i l e s have been run f o r present conditions through s e c t i o n
M-5 and t h a t t h i s information i s a v a i l a b l e f o r use i n analyzing t h e effect
of bridge l o s s e s .
1. Select a range of discharges t h a t w i l l define t h e r a t i n &
-
curve. For t h i s problem s e l e c t a range of discharges from
5000 t o 70000 c f s f o r each bridge length and t a b u l a t e i n
column 1 of Table 14-6.

2. Determine present condition elevation f o r each discharge a t

t h e bridge s e c t i o n M-4. For t h i s example water surface pro-
f i l e s have been computed from section M-3 t o M-5 without t h e
bridge i n place. The r e s u l t s a r e p l o t t e d i n Figure 14-12s.
From-Figure 14-12a read t h e normal e l e v a t i o s f o r each d i s -
charge at cross section M-4 and t a b u l a t e i n eolumn 2 of
Table 14-6.

3. Compute t h e elevation vs. gross b r i d ~ eopening area. The

gross a r e a of t h e bridge i s t h e t o t a l a r e a of t h e bridge
opening a t a given elevation without regard t o t h e a r e a of
NM Notice 4-102, August 1972
 I
98
X-SEC M-5 k x - S E C M-4 5030 cfs X-SEC M-3
91

Figure 14-12a. Water surface p r o f i l e without c o n s t r i c t i o n .

Example 14-8.
TOP OF ROADWAY IN EXAMPLE-,
10,
W. S. ALONG BANK- I

Figure l b l 2 b . Water surface p r o f i l e with c o n s t r i c t i o n .

Example '14-8.

Figure 14-12c. Cross s e c t i o n of road a t s e c t i o n M-4,

Example 14-8.

NEH Wotice 4-102, A u g u s t 1972

+ 700' Bridge
45' Winpualla+
+ 500' Bridge
45' Uingvalls
+ _ 400' Bridge
45O ~ingwalls*
+ 300' Bridge ,
45O Wingwalls

bm bm bm bU Lb "bUb* Cb
C r O W = h O O
bbbbbbbb
UUUUVIFCW
U - U C N W N N
bbbbbbbb
C F C C C C W N
W0WMhWm-2
bbbbbbbb
F C F C W . . 2 N N
N N r O m U M O
2
-
Ci-LLLLiai-
- 2 0 O r r C C w
.r .r .r .r .r .r .r .r
wcmmmmww
L
.....
Li-rrrrr
0,-NNNNNO
bbbbbbbb
4mmmmmmm
--
o
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100
DISCHARGE IN 1000 c f s

Figure 14-13. Stage discharge without embankment

overflow. Section M-5, Example 14-8.

IKEB Notice 4-102, August 1972

 p i e r s . The channel area i s 600 f t . * and f o r t h e 300 f t .
long bridge t h e gross bridge a r e a i s :

Elevation Bridge Area

P l o t t h e elevation vs. gross bridge opening a r e a as shown i n

Figure 14-14.

4. Determine t h e gross area of t h e bridge opening a t each water

surface e l e v a t i o n . Using Figure 14-14 read t h e gross a r e a
a t each elevation t a b u l a t e d i n column 2 and t a b u l a t e i n
column 3 of Table 14-6.

5. Compute t h e average v e l o c i t y through t h e bridge opening.

Divide column 1 by column 3 and t a b u l a t e i n column 4 of Table
14-5. For t h e 300 f t . long bridge:

6. Compute t h e velocity head (v2)/2&. Using t h e v e l o c i t i e s from

column 4 compute t h e velocity head f o r each discharge and tabu-
l a t e i n col- 11 of Table 14-6. For a discharge of 5000 c f s
and a bridge length of 300 f e e t t h e velocity heid i s (5.65)2 -
.495 (2)-(32.2) -
7. Determine t h e elevation f o r each discharge a t s e c t i o n M-5 under
n a t u r a l conditions. Using Figure 14-12a o r Figure 14-13 ( n a t u r a l
-
condition curve) read the elevation f o r each discharae at cross
section M-5 and t a b u l a t e i n column 5 of Table 14-6.

8. Compute M vs. elevation f o r each bridge s i z e . M i s computed as

outlined i n "Hydraulics of Bridge Waterways." I t i s computed as
t h e r a t i o of t h a t portion of t h e discharge'at t h e upstream sec-
t i o n computed f o r a width equal t o t h e length of t h e bridge t o
t h e t o t a l discharge of t h e channel system. If Qb i s t h e discharge
1 a t t h e upstream section computed f o r a flood p l a i n or channel
width equal t o t h e length of t h e bridge and Qa and Qc is t h e re-
maining discharge on e i t h e r s i d e of @ then = Qb - -.
Qb

The bridge opening r a t i o , M, i s most e a s i l y explained i n terms

of discharges, but it i s usually determined from conveyance r e l a t i o n s .
Since conveyance ( ~ d ) i s proportional t o discharge, assuming a l l sub-
sections t o have the same slope, M can be expressed a l s o a s :

NEII Notice 4-102, August 1972

Figure 14-14. Bridge opening areas, Example 14-8.
Figure 14-15. M values for bridge, Example 14-8.
Figure 14-16. J values for bridge, Example 14-8.
NEH Notice 4-102, August l972
 The approach section information i s not shown f o r t h i s example.

P l o t M vs. elevation f o r each bridge s i z e as shown i n Figure 14-15.

9. Read M f o r each elevation. Using Figure 14-15 prepared i n step

8 read M f o r each elevation i n column 2 and t a b u l a t e i n column
6 of Table 14-6.
10. Determine the base backwater coefficient Kb. Using M from
s t e p 9, read Kb Exhibit 14-4 f o r bridges having 45' uingwalls
and t a b u l a t e i n column 7 of Table 14-6.

11. Compute t h e a r e a of p i e r f a r e a of bridge v s . elevation.

area of p i e r s = & =
a r e a of bridge An,

For the 300' bridge t h e p i e r s a r e located i n an a r e a 200' wide.

(300' - 100' c l e a r span = 200' 1. The p i e r s a r e on 25 foot
centers and a r e 2 f e e t wide. Within t h e 200 foot width t h e
p i e r s w i l l occupy (200)
( 2 ) = 16 f e e t .
( 25)
A t an elevation of 103 t h e p i e r s w i l l occupy an a r e a 25 f e e t
wide by 7 f e e t deep (103-96 = 7 f e e t ) . From Figure 14-14 the
gross a r e a of t h e bridge opening i s 2700 f e e t .

Then: & = ( 1 6 ) ( 7 ) = -41

&2 2700
Compute and p l o t Ap/An, vs. elevation f o r each bridge length
a s shown i n Figure 14-16.

12. Determine J f o r each elevation. Read J from Figure 16-16 for

each elevation i n column 2 and t a b u l a t e i n column 8 of Table
14-6.
13. Determine t h e incremental backwater c o e f f i c i e n t AKD.
Using J from s t e p 12 read AK from t h e appropriate curve ( f o r
t h i s example curve 1) from Exhibit 14-5a. Using M from s t e p 9
read U from t h e appropriate curve (curve-1) from Exhibit 14-5b.
Multiply AK by a and t a b u l a t e as AKp i n column 9 of Table 14-6.

f o r 5000 c f s and a 300' bridge:

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 14. Determine t h e t o t a l backwater c o e f f i c i e n t K*. Add columns 7 and
9 and t a b u l a t e a s K* i n column 10. Tkis i s t h e t o t a l backwater
c o e f f i c i e n t f o r t h e b r i d g e t h a t w i l l be considered f o r t h i s
example. I f t h e r e a r e o t h e r l o s s e s t h a t appear t o be s i g n i f i -
c a n t , t h e u s e r should follow t h e procedure shown i n t h e BPR
r e p o r t f o r computing t h e i r e f f e c t s .

15. Determine t h e t o t a l chanRe i n water s u r f a c e h*. Multiply

column 10 by column 11 and t a b u l a t e i n column 12. From Eq. 14-24:

f o r 5000 c f s and a 300 f o o t b r i d g e w i t h p i e r s :

h* = (1.30) (.4951 = .64 f e e t

If t h e example d i d not include p i e r s o r i f t h e e f f e c t of elimi-

n a t i n g t h e p i e r s a r e d e s i r e d t h e h* could be determined by
multiplying column 7 by column 11.

f o r 5000 c f s and a 300 f o o t b r i d g e without p i e r s :

16. Determine t h e e l e v a t i o n with b r i d g e l o s s e s . Add column 5 and

column 12 and t a b u l a t e i n column 1 3 . Column 1 3 i s p l o t t e d on
Figure 14-13 which shows t h e s t a g e discharge curve f o r c r o s s
s e c t i o n M-5, assuming t h e f i l l t o be high enough t o force a l l
of t h e 70,000 c f s discharge through t h e bridge opening.

F u l l bridne flow

The a n a l y s i s of f l o o d f l o w s p a s t e x i s t i n g bridges involves flows which

submerge a l l o r a p a r t of t h e bridge g i r d e r s . When t h i s condition
occurs t h e computation of t h e head l o s s through t h e bridge must allow
f o r t h e l o s s e s imposed by t h e g i r d e r s . This may be accomplished i n
s e v e r a l ways.

One method i s t o continue using t h e BPR method but hold t h e bridge flow
a r e a and K d c o n s t a n t f o r a l l e l e v a t i o n s above t h e bridge g i r d e r . Example
14-8 uses t h i s procedure. (See Figure 14-14).
Another approach commonly taken i s t o compute t h e flow through t h e bridge
opening by t h e o r i f i c e flow equation.

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

L, where q = discharge, i n c f s
Ah = t h e difference i n water surface elevation between
headwater and t a i l w a t e r , i n f e e t
A = flow a r e a of bridge opening, i n square f e e t
g = acceleration of g r a v i t y
C = c o e f f i c i e n t of discharge

I n estimating C, if conbitions a r e such t h a t flow approaches t h e bridge

opening with r e l a t i v e l y low turbulence, t h e appropriate value of C i s
about 0.90. I n t h e majority of cases C probably i s i n t h e 0.70 t o 0.90
range. For very poor conditions (much t u r b u l e n c e ) , it may be as low
as 0.40 t o 0.50. I n judging a given case, consider the following.

(1) Whether t h e abutments a r e square-cornered or shaped so as

t o reduce turbulence
( 2 ) t h e number and shape of p f e r s
( 3 ) t h e degree of skew
( 4 ) t h e number and spacing of p i l e bents s i n c e closely-spaced
bents increase turbulence
( 5 ) t h e existence of t r e e s , d r i f t , or other types of obstruc-
t i o n a t the bridge o r i n t h e approach reach.

Using a C value of 0.8 has given approximately t h e same r e s u l t s as t h e

BPR method f o r Example 14-7. However, t h e corresponding C value varied
Y with discharge.
Overtopping of b r i d g e embankment

When t h e f i l l of a bridge i s overtopped t h e t o t a l discharge a t t h e bridge

section i s equal t o t h e discharge through %hebridge opening plus t h e
discharge over t h e embankment. A r e l i a b l e estimate of t h e e f f e c t of t h e
bridge constriction on stages upstream under t h e s e conditions i s d i f f i c u l t
t o obtain.

A generally accepted procedure t o use i n analyzing'flows over embankments

i s t o consider t h e embankment as acting as a broad crested weir. The broad
crested weir equation i s :

where L = length of weir, i n f e e t

He = energy head which i s comprised of t h e velocity
head a t t h e upstream s e c t i o n plus t h e depth of
flow over t h e weir, i n f e e t
C = a coefficient

The following approximate ranees of C values f o r flows over embanlrments

are recommended f o r use i n Eq. 14-26. For road and highway f i l l s , C =
2.5 t o 2.8; for single-track r a i l r o a d f i l l s , C = 2.2 t o 2.5; f o r double-
t r a c k r a i l r o a d f i l l s , C = 1.9 t o 2.2.

Equation 14-26 was developed f o r use i n rectangular weir sections. Since

road p r o f i l e s encountered i n t h e f i e l d seldom represent rectangular sectior

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

 it becomes difficult to determine the weir length to use. Many approaches
have been formulated to approximate this length. One approach suggests
measuring- the top
- width at the maximum depth of flow over the road and
computing A for each depth.
He = dc + -
2T

Another method suggests measuring the weir length from the cross section
at an elevation equal to 5/6 of h above the low point on the embankment.

Amethod suggested for use in this chapter substitutes the flow area A
for the weir length and flow depth over the weir in Eq. 14-26.

Then: Q = Cvbl/2 (Eq. 14-27)

where: A = flow area over the embankment at a given depth,

h, in square feet
h = flow depth measured from the low point on the
embankment, in feet
C ' = coefficient which accounts for the velocity of
approach.

I The coefficient C' can be computed by equating Equations 14-26 and 14-27
and solving for C'.
1 (Eq. 14-28)
depth
= C[depth+velocity head

In Eq. 14-28 the depth is measured from the low point on the embankment
of the bridge section and the velocity head is computed at the upstream
section for the same elevation water is flowing over the embankment. The
approach velocity may be approximatp3 by V = Q/A where Q is the total
discharge and A is the total flow area at theupstream section for the
given elwation. In cases where the approach velocity is sufficiently
small C' will equal C and no correction for velocity head will be needed
to use Equation 14-27.
The free discharge over the road computed using Eq. 14-27 must be modified
when the tailwater elevation downstream is great enough to submerge the
embankment of the bridge section. The modification to the free discharge,
Qf, is made by computing a submergence ratio, &/HI, where X2 and R1 are
the depths of water downstream and upstream, respectively, above the low
point on the emb-ent. A submergence factor, R, is read from Figure 3-4
NEH-11, Drop Spillways, and the submerged discharge is computed as Qs =
RQf. Then the total discharge at the bridge section is equal to the dis-
/ charge through the bridge opening plus the submerged discharge over the
;I embankment.
I

1 Example 14-9 shows the use of Eq. 14-27 and Eq. 14-28 in computing flows
j over embankments using a trial and error procedure to determine C'.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

Example 14-9.
- - - -
Develoo a s t m e discharge curve for t h e overflow section of t h e hiahway
A

analyzed i n Example 14-8 (see Figure 14-12c) f o r t h e bridge opening of

300 f e e t . The top of embankment i s a t elevation 107. Assume a C value
of 2.7.

1. Select a range of elevations t h a t w i l l define t h e r a t i n n curve

over t h e road. Tabulate i n column 1 of Table 14-7. The low point
on the road i s a t elevation 107.

2. Compute t h e depth of flow, h , over the road. For each elevation

l i s t e d i n column 1 compute h and l i s t i n column 2 of Table 14-7.

3. Compute hl/'. Tabulate i n column 3 of Table 14-7.

4. Compute t h e flow area, A, over the road. For each elevation l i s t e c

i n column 1 compute t h e area over t h e road and t a b u l a t e i n column 4
of Table 14-7.

Steps 5 through 11 are used t o calculate t h e modified c o e f f i c i e n t , C ' t o

account for t h e approach velocity head. I f it i s determined t h a t no
modification t o the coefficient C i s required these s t e p s may be omitted.

5. Compute the flow a r e a a t t h e upstream section. For each elevation

l i s t e d i n column 1 compute t h e t o t a l a r e a a t t h e upstream s e c t i o n
and t a b u l a t e i n column 5 of Table 14-7. The flow a r e a can be obtained
f r o m t h e Kd computations a t t h e upstream s e c t i o n o r computed d i r e c t l y
from t h e surveyed cross section.

6. Determine t h e discharge through the b r i d ~ e . For t h e elevation

i n column 1 read t h e discharge through t h e bridge opening previously
Computed using bridge l o s s equations-and t a b u l a t e in
column 6 of
Table 14-7.

7 - Estimate t h e discharge over t h e road. Tabulate i n column 7 of

Table 14-7.

8. L i s t t h e t o t a l estimated discharge going past t h e bridge section.

Sum columns 6 and 7 and t a b u l a t e i n column 8 of Table 14-7.

9. Compute t h e average velocity a t t h e upstream section. The

v e l o c i t y can be estimated by using t h e t o t a l upstream a r e a from
column 5 and t h e estimated discharge from column 8 f o r t h e eleva-
t i o n s l i s t e d i n column 1 i n t h e equation V = Q/A. For example f o r
elevation 107.5:

Tabulate t h e v e l o c i t y i n column 9 of Table 14-7.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 P
C
I
Table 14-7. Stage discharge over roadway at cross section M-4 without submergence. Example 14-9. .c-
CJ

Q Q Q V v2
- Q Q
through [Link]: est. 2g C' over total
bridge road total road
cfs I cfs cfs ft/se~ cfs cfs
(8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)
26000 1.02 .016 o o 26000
28300 1.06 .0175 2.85 1300 28300
32300 1.15 .021 2.79 4200
32200 1.15 .021 2.79 4200 32200
37800 1.30 .027 2.76 8500 37900.
42000 1.38 .03o 2.76 15600
45900 1.51 .035 2.76 156~0 45900.
67800 2.06 .066 2.79 36200
69000 2.10 .068 2.79 36200 69000
Figure 14-17. Stage d i s c h a r g e w i t h embankment overflow, s e c t i o n M-5, Example 14-9.
 10. Codpute the v e l o c i t y head. Using t h e v e l o c i t y from column 9
compute V / 2 g and t a b u l a t e i n column 10 o r Table 14-7.

11. Compute C'. Using equation 14-28 and data from Table 14-7 com-
pute C ' , For example a t elevation 107.5:

L i s t C ' i n column 11 i n Table 14-7.

12. Compute discharge over t h e road. Using equation 14-27 and

data from Table 14-7 compute t h e discharge over t h e road. For
example a t elevation 107.5:

Q = c ' A ~ ' / ' = 2.85(625)(.707) = 1260 c f s

Round t o 1300 cfs and l i s t i n column 12. Compare t h i s discharge valu

t o t h e estimated discharge l i s t e a i n column 7. If t h e computed dis-
charge i s l e s s than or g r e a t e r than t h e estimated discharge modify
t h e estimated discharge i n column 7 and recompute C ' following s t e p s
8 through 12.
13. L i s t t h e t o t a l ' d i s c h a r g e going p a s t t h e bridge s e c t i o n . Sum
columns 6 and 12 a d Tabulate i n column 1 3 of Table 14-7.

14. Plot t h e stage discharge curve. Using t h e computations shown

i n columns 1 and 1 3 of Table 14-7 p l o t t h e elevation versus dis-
charge. The portion of t h e di-scharge flowing over t h e road (col-
umn 1 2 ) and t h e total. discharge curve i s shorn i n Figure 14-17 f o r
t h e 300 foot bridge. This i s t h e t o t a l s t a g e discharge curve f o r
t h e approach section (M-5).

Multiple bridge openings

Multiple openings i n roads occur q u i t e often and must be considered

d i f f e r e n t l y from single openings. The M r a t i o i n t h e BPR procedure is
defined as:
Kd Bridge
Kd Approach

When multiple openings a r e present t h e proper r a t i o must be assigned t o

each opening and then t h e capacity computed accordingly. I f t h e flow
i s divided on t h e approach, t h e porblem i s then one of diVided flow with
s i n g l e openings in each channel. I n many cases the flow i s not divided

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

APPROACH FOR OPENING A APPROACH FOR OPENING B

When water elevation is at A approaches act as directed by the physical division point.

When water elevation is a t B approaches act according to the ratio of KD's of openings.

Figure 14-18. Approach section for a bridge opening.

f o r overbank flows. In t h e s e cases the headwater elevation must be con-
sidered t o be t h e same elevation f o r each opening and t h e solution becomes
trial and e r r o r u n t i l t h e head l o s s e s a r e equal f o r each opening and t h e
sum of t h e flows equals t h e desired t o t a l .

The approaches a r e divided as shown i n Figure 14-18. When the headwater

i s below t h e physical dividing point as i l l u s t r a t e d by Level A then t h e
M r a t i o i s computed as i n a s i n g l e opening.

When t h e headwater i s above t h e physical dividing point cross flow can

Occur. When t h i s occurs t h e approach used t o compute t h e M r a t i o and 3
i s as follows:

1. Compute t h e Kd value f o r each bridge opening.

2. Compute t h e Kd value f o r t h e t o t a l approach section.

3. Proportion t h e approach Kd value f o r each opening by the

relationship:

Kd appr, = K%ridgex
x t o t a l approach Kd.
'doridge 1 ' ' ' "%ridge2
....+Ka,,rldge,
.

4. Compute M as before using t h e Kd value computed i n s t e p 3 f o r

t h e approach.

5. Compute t h e approach a r e a contributing t o t h i s opening by

the relationship:

Area apprx = '%ridgex

'%ridge 1
....+%ridge*
. .... x t o t a l approach
area

6. Compute J as before using t h e a r e a computed i n s t e p 5 f o r t h e

approach area.

Culverts

Culverts of a l l types and s i z e s a?e encountered when computing stage

discharge curves i n n a t u r a l streams. These culverts may o r may not
have a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on the development of a watershed work plan.
However, i n many cases they present a problem i n evaluating a plan and
must be analyzed t o determine i f an acceptable plan can be i n s t a l l e d
without enlarging o r replacing t h e e x i s t i n g culvert.

The Bureau of Public Roads has developed procedures based on research

data f o r use i n designing c u l v e r t s . This document, Hydraulic Charts f o r
t h e Selection of Highway Culverts, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 5,
December 1965, i s a v a i l a b l e from t h e Superintendent of Documents,
Washington, D. C.

IiEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 WATER SURFACE

~ i g u r e14-1%. Unsubmerged i n l e t

-
Figure 14-19b. Submerged i n l e t

Figure 14-1%. Submerged o u t l e t

Figure 14-19d. Outlet flowing N 1

Figure 14-19e. Pipe f u l l p a r t way

Figure 14-19f. Open flow through p i p e

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

Culverts of various types, i n s t a l l e d under d i f f e r e n t conditions, were
studied i n order t o develop procedures t o determine t h e backwater e f f e c t
f o r t h e two flow conditions: 1) culverts flowing w i t h i n l e t control;
2 culverts flowing with o u t l e t control.

I n l e t Control
I n l e t control means t h a t t h e capacity of t h e c u l v e r t i s controlled a t
the culvert entrance by t h e depth o f headwater (HWI) and t h e entrance
geometry of t h e culvert including t h e b a r r e l shape and cross s e c t i o n a l
a r e a and t h e type of i n l e t edge, shape of headwall, and other l o s s e s .
With i n l e t control t h e entrance a c t s as an o r i f i c e and t h e b a r r e l of t h e
culvert i s not subjected t o pressure flow. Figure 14.19a and 14.19b show
sketches of two types of i n l e t controlled flow.

The nomographs shown on Exhibits 14-6 through 14-10 were developed from
research data by t h e Division of Hydraulic Research, Bureau of Public
Roads research data. They have been checked against a c t u a l measurements
made by USGS with favorable r e s u l t s .

Types of I n l e t s . -
The following descriptions a r e taken from "Electronic
Computer Prograu f o r Hydraulic Analysis of Circular Culverts" Bureau of
Public Roads, February 1969. Some of t h e types of i n l e t s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d
i n Figure 14-20.
-
a. Tapered -
This i n l e t i s a type of improved entrance with can be made
of concrete or metal. Shapes a r e shown i n Figure 14-20a.

b. Bevel A and Bevel B -

These bevels, a type of improved entrance, can
be formed of concrete or metal.

c. Angled wingwall - Similar t o headwall but a t an angle with c u l v e r t .

d. Projecting - The culvert b a r r e l extends from t h e embanhent. The

transverse s e c t i o n a t t h e i n l e t i s perpendicular t o t h e longitudinal
a x i s of t h e culvert.

e. Headwall - A headwall i s a concrete o r metal s t r u c t u r e placed around

t h e entrance of the c u l v e r t . Headwalls considered a r e those giving
a flush o r square edge with t h e outside edge of t h e culvert b a r r e l .
No d i s t i n c t i o n i s made .for wingwals with skewed alignment.

f. Mitered -
The end of t h e culvert b a r r e l i s on a miter o r slope t o con-
form with t h e fill slope. All degrees of m i t e r a r e t r e a t e d a l i k e s i n c e
research data on t h i s type of i n l e t a r e limited. Headwater i s measured
from the culvert i n v e r t midway i n t o t h e mitered section.

g. End section - This s e c t i o n i s t h e common prefabricated end made of

e i t h e r concrete o r metal and placed on t h e i n l e t o r o u t l e t ends of
a culvert. The closed portion of the s e c t i o n , i f present, i s not
tapered. (Not i l l u s t r a t e d )

NEH Notice 4-102, A u g ~ s t1972

,

0
PLAN VIEW

SECTION A-A

T a ~ e r e di n l e t
a
NOTE1
INLET MAY OR
MAY NOT BE BEVELED

SECTION 6.6
WINGWALL
lNGLEoF
FLARE \

-
BOX CULVERT

Angled wing w a l l

Projecting

Bevel A and Bevel B Mitered

Figure 14-20. Types of c u l v e r t i n l e t s .

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

h. Grooved edge - m e h e l l o r socket end of a standard concrete pipe
i s an example of t h i s entrance. (Not i l l u s t r a t e d )

Outlet Control
Culverts flowing with o u t l e t control can flow with t h e culvert b a r r e l
f u l l o r p a r t f u l l f o r p a r t of t h e b a r r e l l e n g t h o r f o r a l l of it.
Figures 14-lgc, 14-lgd, 14-19e, and 14-19f show t h e various types of
Outlet c o n t r o l flow. The equation and graphs f o r solving t h e equation
give accurate r e s u l t s f o r t h e f i r s t t h r e e conditions. For t h e fourth
condition shown i n Figure 14-19f, t h e accuracy decreases as t h e head
decreases. The head H, Figure 14-19c and 14-lgd, o r t h e energy' required
t o pass a given discharge through t h e culvert flowing i n o u t l e t control
with t h e b a r r e l flowing f u l l throughout i t s length consists of t h r e e
major p a r t s : 1) v e l o c i t y head Hv, 2 ) entrance l o s s He, and 3) f r i c t i o n
l o s s H f , a l l expressed i n f e e t . From Figure 14-21a:

v2 when V i s t h e average velocity i n t h e culvert b a r r e l .

Hv =
g

He = entrance l o s s which depends on t h e geometry of t h e i n l e t .

The l o s s i s expressed as a coefficient K, (Exhibit 14-21)
times t h e b a r r e l v e l o c i t y head.

(Eq. 14-30)

Hf = f r i c t i o n l o s s i n b a r r e l

n = Mannings f r i c t i o n f a c t o r
L = length of c u l v e r t b a r r e l ( f t )
V = velocity i n c u l v e r t b a r r e l ( f t / s e c )
g = acceleration of gravity ( f t / s e c 2 )
R = hydraulic radius (ft)

S u b s t i t u t i n g i n Equation 14-23:

(Eq. 14-32)

Figure 14-21a shows t h e terms of Eq. 14-29, t h e hydraulic gradeline, t h e

energy gradeline, and t h e headwater depth HW,.

The expression f o r H i s derived by equating t h e t o t a l energy upstream

from t h e culvert t o t h e energy j u s t inside t h e culvert o u t l e t .

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

Figure 14-21. Elements of culvert f l o w .
NER Notice 4-102, August 1972
From Figure 14-21a:

v i s low it
If t h e velocity head i n t h e approach section
2g
-
can be ignored and HWo i s considered t o be t h e difference between
t h e water surface and t h e i n v e r t of t h e culvert i n l e t .

The depth, d2, f o r culverts flowing f u l l i s equal t o t h e c u l v e r t height

F i g w e 14-19d, o r t h e t a i l w a t e r depth (TW)whichever i s g r e a t e r , Figure
14-21b.

The hydraulic gradeline f o r c u l v e r t s flowing with t h e b a r r e l p a r t f u l l

f o r p a r t of t h e b a r r e l length passes through a point where t h e water
breaks with t h e t o p of t h e culvert and i f extended as a s t r a i g h t l i n e
w i l l pass through the plane o f t h e o u t l e t end of t h e culvert a t a point
above t h e c r i t i c a l depth. This point i s approximately hqlfway between dc
and t h e crown of t h e c u l v e r t , o r equal t o dc + D . The depth d2 or ho
2

whichever i s g r e a t e r .
-
(See Figure 14-21c) f o r t h i s type of flow i s equal t o dc + D o r TW
2
With t h e above d e f i n i t i o n of d2 which w i l l be designated as ho, an equa-
t i o n common t o a l l o u t l e t control conditions can be w r i t t e n :

This equation w a s used t o develop t h e nomographs shown on Exhibits 14-11

through 14-15 which can be used t o develop s t a g e discharge curves f o r t h e
approach section t o culverts flowing with o u t l e t control.

Exhibit 14-16 shows dc f o r discharge per foot of width f o r rectangular

sections. Exhibits 14-17 t o 14-20 show dc f o r discharges f o r various
non-rectangular culvert sections.

Example 14-10
Develop a stage discharge curve f o r cross s e c t i o n T-4 ( ~ i g u r e14-4) show-
ins, t h e backwater e f f e c t of e i a h t 16' x 8' concrete box c u l v e r t s f o r each
of-three conditions: 1) i n l e t Eontrol, 2) o u t l e t c o n t r o l , present channel,
and 3 ) o u t l e t c o n t r o l , improved channel. Figure 14-22a shows a cross
s e c t i o n along t h e centerline of t h e roadway at cross s e c t i o n T-3. Figure
14-22b shows a s e c t i o n through the roaaway with water surface p r o f i l e s
p r i o r t o and a f t e r the construction of t h e c v l v e r t s and roadway embank-
ment.

The culvert headwalls a r e p a r a l l e l t o t h e embankment with no wingrralls,

and t h e entrance i s squafe on t h r e e edges.

The following a r e given i n t h i s example: a s t a g e discharge curve f o r cross

s e c t i o n T-2, present condition and with proposed channel improvement

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 TOP OF ROADWAY\
ROADW
mr

----
95 8'CONCRETE BOXES
-16'~
OtOO 2+00 4+00 6+00 St00 lot60 12+00

Figure 14-22a. Cross section T-3.

TOP O F CULVER

Figure 14-22b. Profile through culvert, &ample 14-10.

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

 I DISC1
VT CON

Figure 14-23.
f$9 1

DISCHARGE IN 1000 c f s
GE DIS
OVED C

13 1

Stage discharge exit section T-2, Example 14-10.

(Figure 14-23, curves A and B ) . Also given i s a stage discharge curve
f o r cross section T-4 disregarding t h e e f f e c t of t h e c u l v e r t s and road-
way f i l l (Figure 14-24a).

Condition 1--Inlet Control

Select a range of discharges s u f f i c i e n t t o define t h e new stage
discharge curve. Tabulate i n column 1 of Table 14-8.

Determine t h e discharge f o r each c u l v e r t . Divide t h e discharges

i n column 1 by t h e number of culverts ( 8 ) and t a b u l a t e i n col-
umn 2 of able 14-8.

Determine the discharge per foot of width. Divide t h e discharges

i n column 2 by t h e width of each culvert (16 f e e t ) and t a b u l a t e
i n column 3 ok Table 14-8.

Compute
m . Using t h e nomograph,
Exhibit 14-6, read HW/D f o r each discharge per foot of width
i n column 3 and t a b u l a t e i n column 4 of Table 14-8. Referring
t o Exhibit 14-6 p r o j e c t a l i n e from the depth of culvert ( 8 f e e t )
through t h e discharge per foot of width ( l i n e ~ I Bt o) t h e f i r s t
HW/D l i n e , then horizontal t o l i n e ( 3 ) , which i s t h e HW/D f o r
t h e typ6 of culvert i n t h i s example.

Com ute HW. Multiply column 4 by the depth of the culvert ( 8

e a b u l a t e i n column 5 of Table 14-8.

Add the inverc elevatior: ac the e n e r a x e t c che [Link] (elev.

95.33) t o column 5. Tabulate i n column 6 of Table lh-6.

P l o t t h e stage discharge curve assuming i n l e t control. P l o t

column 1 and column 6 of Table 14-8 as t h e stage discharge
curves f o r cross section T-4 (see Figure 14-24b curve A ) . This
assumes i n l e t c o n t r o l with t h e road s u f f i c i e n t l y high t o prevent
over topping.

Condition 2--Outlet Control, Present Channel

1. Compute t h e entrance l o s s c o e f f i c i e n t , Ke. Read Ke = 0.5 from
Exhibit 14-21 f o r t h e type of headwall and entrance t o box cul-
v e r t and t a b u l a t e i n column 7 of Table 14-8.

2. Compute t h e head l o s s , H, f o r t h e concrete box culvert flowing

-
f u l l . Using t h e nomograph on Exhibit 14-11, draw a l i n e from
L = 130 f e e t on t h e L = 0.5 scale t o t h e cross s e c t i o n a l a r e a
scale: 16' x 8' = 128-square f e e t , and e s t a b l i s h a point on t h e
turning l i n e . Draw a l i n e from t h e discharge (q) l i n e f o r each
of t h e discharges shown i n column 2, through t h e turning point
t o t h e head (H) l i n e . Tabulate H i n column 8 of Table 14-8.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 Table 14-8. Headwater computations f o r e i g h t 16' x 8' concrete box c u l v e r t s , headwalls
p a r a l l e l t o embankment (no wingwalls) , square edged on t h r e e s i d e s , Example 14-10.

z
Each Culv. of Width -l
Elev. :I :E
Outlet Control,
Im~rove.3Channel
lV
Elev.

(15)
%
Elev.

(16)

100.7 * y
101.6 101.87

102.6 103.8&

103.0 105.11
103.6 107.17

104.0 109.27
104.8 114.47

"
-- or -
a
HY1 MI + 95.33 (invert elevation a t entrance end culvert 95.33).
g,ho + 95.00 (invert elevation st outlet end of culvert m 95.00).
1/ MI, H + lV - !& or H + ho - LS,, whichever i s greater.
% 4/ Tailwater elevation i s [Link]&m the computed elevation and open channel flow e x i s t s .
1-'
w 5/ 8ee cxanple on M i b i t 14-11.
-4 Note:with channel imPrwUent t h e control svitches from o u t l e t t o i n l e t between 5000
N
and BOW c h .
see example on Exhibit 14-6.
-
81 If d, D, the outlet always controls.

-
do + D
2
c m o t exceed D.
 Compute t h e c r i t i c a l depth. dc. f o r each discharge per foot of
-
width. Using Exhibit 14-16, read dc f o r each discharge per foot
Of width shown i n column 3 and t a b u l a t e i n column 9 of Tahle 14-8.

Compute + . Tabulate i n column 10 of Table 14-8

2
Note: dc + D cannot exceed D.
2

Compute ho. Add the i n v e r t elevation of t h e o u t l e t end of t h e

of Table 14-8. 2
-
culvert (elev. 95.00) t o dc + D and t a b u l a t e as ho i n column 11

Compute t h e TW elevation f o r each discharge i n column 1. Using

Figure 14-23, curve A, read the elevation f o r each discharge i n
column 1 and tabulate as TW elevation i n column 12 of Table 14-8.

Compute t h e difference i n elevation of t h e i n l e t and o u t l e t in-

v e r t s of t h e c u l v e r t s . Multiply L x So = 130 x .0025 = 0.33
a d t a b u l a t e i n column 13 of Table 14-8.

Compute t h e water surface elevation, HWo, assuming o u t l e t control.

Add values i n column 8 t o t h e l a r g e r of column 11 o r column 12
minus column 13 and t a b u l a t e as HWo i n column 1 4 of Table 14-8.

Plot t h e stage discharge curve assuming o u t l e t control. P l o t

column 1 and column 1 4 on Figure 14-24c curve A assuming o u t l e t
control with t h e roadway s u f f i c i e n t l y high t o prevent over top-
ping.

Condition 3-- Outlet Control, Improved Channel.

1. Compute t h e t a i l w a t e r elevation a t t h e c u l v e r t f o r t h e improved
channel condition.
- -
Using F i m e 14-23. - , curve B. read t h e elevation f o r each discharge
i n column 1 and t a b u l a t e as-TW elevation i n column 1 5 of Table
-
14-8.

2. Compute t h e elevation assuming o u t l e t c o n t r o l , improved channel.

Add column 8 plus t h e l a y e r of column 1 5 o r column 1 5 minus
column 1 3 and-tabulate i n column 16 of Table 14-8.

3. Plot t h e stage discharge curve assuming o u t l e t control with

improved channel. P l o t column 1 and column 16 on Figure 14-24d,
curve A, as t h e stage discharge curve f o r cross s e c t i o n T-4
assuming o u t l e t c o n t r o l with improved channel and t h e roadway
s u f f i c i e n t l y high t o prevent over topping.

Condition f o r flow over roadway.

I Assume t h e aporoach velocity head f o r t h i s example i s negligable
. . and t h e
coefficient. ' C a w i l l equal c'-used i n Eg. 14-26. - 1 f t h e v e l o c i t y head
i s s i g n i f i c a n t and a correction t o the coefficient C f s desired by using
Eq. 14-27 follow steps 5 through 9 of Example 14-9.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 Select a range of elevations t h a t w i l l define t h e r a t i n g curve
over t h e road. Tabulate i n column 1 of Table 14-9. The low
point on t h e road i s a t elevation 106.

Compute t h e depth of f l o u , H, over the road. For each elevation

i n column 1 compute K and l i s t i n column 2 of Table 14-9.

Compute HI/'. Tabulate i n colunin 3 of Table 14-9.

Compute t h e flow area, A, over t h e road. or

each e l e v a t i o n
l i s t e d i n column 1 compute t h e a r e a over t h e road and t a b u l a t e
i n column 4 of Table 14-9.

Determine c o e f f i c i e n t , C. Assume C = 2.7 f o r t h i s example and

assume C = C1. Tabulate C' i n column 5 of Table 14-9.

Compute t h e discharge over t h e roadway using Eq. 14-26.

Plot t h e stage discharge curve. Using t h e computations shown

i n Table 14-9 p l o t column 1 and column 6 shown on Figure 14-24b
c , and d a s curve B.

Graphically combine curves A and B -on Figures 14-24b, c and d t

form t h e s t a g e discharge curve f o r t h e c u l v e r t s and weir flow
w e r t h e roadway.

Table 14-9. Stage discharge over roadway a t cross s e c t i o n T-3, Figure

14-4. Example 14-10.
Elevation H /2 A C' 9
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Each of t h e 3 flow conditions were computed independent of each other.

The flow condition t h a t a c t u a l l y controls i s t h a t which requires t h e
g r e a t e r upstream elevation f o r t h e discharge being considered. By com-
paring elevations f o r t h e same discharge fir t h e 3 conditions t a b u l a t e d
on Table 14-8 and p l o t t e d on Figure 14-24 b , c and d t h e type of c o n t r o l
a t any given discharge can be determined. It may be advantageous t o
p l o t a l l the curves on one graph t o b e t t e r define p o i n t s of i n t e r s e c t i o n .

NEII Notice 4-102, August 1972

 DISCHARGE IN 1000 Cf 8 DISCHARGE IN 1000 c f 3

( a ) assuming no roadway i n p l a c e . (b) i n l e t c o n t r o l

DISCHARGE IN 1000 CfS DISCHARGE IN 1000 Cfa

(c) outlet control. ( d ) improved channel-outlet control

Figure 14-24. Rating curves c r o s s s e c t i o n T-4, Example 14-10.

Under t h e old channel conditions it can be determined t h a t open channel
flow conditions e x i s t for discharges l e s s than about 4000 c f s , o u t l e t
c o n t r o l governs between about 4000 and 9Q00 c f s and i n l e t c o n t r o l governs
f o r discharges g r e a t e r than 9000 c f s .

Under new channel conditions open channel flow e x i s t s f o r d i s c h r g e s l e s s

than 3800 c f s , o u t l e t control governs f o r discharges between 3800 and 7300
c f s and i n l e t c o n t r o l g o v e h s f o r discharges g r e a t e r than 7300 cfs. Also,
i n both cases, discharges g r e a t e r than 10,200 c f s flow w i l l occur over t h e
road embankment.

If t h e a c t u a l p r o f i l e for discharges occurring under open channel flow

conditions i s desired water surface p r o f i l e s should be run through t h e
Culverts.

It can a l s o be seen from Figure 14-24a and 14-24b t h a t by constructing

t h e highway with 8 - 1 6 ' x 8' concrete box c u l v e r t s elevations upstream
w i l l increase over present conditions f o r discharges g r e a t e r than 5000 c f s ,
f o r improved o u t l e t conditions upstream elevations w i l l not be increased
above present conditions u n t i l a discharge of 7200 c f s occurs.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

NEII Notice 4-102, August 1972
NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972
Exhibit 14-4. BPR base curve f o r bridges ( K ~ ) .
Exhibit 14-5. Incremental backwater coefficient f o r t h e more common
types of columns, p i e r s and p i l e bents.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

Exhibit 14-6. Headwater c2epth f o r box culverts with i n l e t control.
N M Notice 4-102, August 1972
 10.000
EXAMPLE

-
- 1-,

-- 800
- 600
-- 500 /
-
-00 /
:
m
-: 300 /
%:2@J /
/
- :/
p E
Or

,/i\--a
4
I00
80

3 :SO
m
0
-so ENTRANCE
14o
7
SCALE TYPE

HEADWATER SCALES 283-

REVISED MAY I964

L I2
W R E N O f PWLIC ROADS JAN.

Exhibit 14-7. Headwater depth f o r concrete pipe c u l v e r t s w i t h i n l e t

control.
NEH Notice 4-102', August 1972
 EXAMPLE'
s
i.
: 76.. 4k
0 . N O el,

E 1000
(I)
(2)
13)
P.8
2.2
1.3
11.2
0.8
9.Z

n
& 1coo
--z -
0
-80
4 0
w '

e-
0-50
U
2
-- 40

0 :

HV& ENTRANCE
SCALE TYPE

-- lo
-
-0
-6
-5
-4
.3
7

Exhibit 14-8. Headwater depth f o r oval concrete pipe c u l v e r t s long axis

horizontal with i n l e t control.
NM Notice 4-102, August 1972
 EXAMPLE
0.36 Inoh. 13.0 fnt)
q.66 C l l

ENTRANCE
HW
D
SCALE
TYPE

Exhibit 14-9. Headwater depth f o r C. M. pipe c u l v e r t s with i n l e t

control.
NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972
 3.000 EXAMPLE
six.: 36.. 22'
2.000 q. 20rl.

Exhibit 14-10. Headwater depth f o r C.M. pipe-arch c u l v e r t s w i t h i n l e t

control.
NEH Iiotice 4-102, A w s t 1972
Exhibit 14-11. Head for concrete box culverts flowing full n = 0.012.
NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972
 "
: "* . ".
slow so-
Y l l l E l G E D OUTLET CUVEWT FU1IING FULL
lo-LSo

-
I-.
w -2
w
Y
-
--
Z-
x -- 3
0 .
4 -
W -4
I
-5
-6
-
-8
-
-10

L 20

Exhibit 14-12. Head for concrete pipe culverts flowing Ail1 n = 0.012.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

Exhibit 14-13. Head for oval concrete pipe culverts long axis
horizontal or vertical flowing full n = 0.012.

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

 DISCHARGE ('4) IN CFS
I ' I ' I ' I ' I I I I I ' " ' I " * '
N W L U O ) O - N N W + U O ) W - N
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0 0 0 0 0 g; 0
0
IE

HEAD ( H I IN FEET
N
0
o m U L W N
 W8YERtED OUILET CUVERT F M I N G FULL
MW. whg-LS.

UREAU OF M I C 80105 JAN. I963

Exhibit 1b-15. Head f o r standard C. M. pipe-arch c u l v e r t s flowing

full n=0.024.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

Exhibit 14-16. Critical depths-rectangular section.

NEH Notice 4-3-02, August 1972

 DISCHARGE- 9 -CFS
BUREAU ff PUBLIC ROADS
J4N. 1964

Exhibit 14-17. C r i t i c a l depth. Circular pipe

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972
 34

3.0

2.0

1.0

W
W
I&.
0
I
"
I

E
P
0
0 eo 40 60 eo 100 120 wo 180 zoo
W
o DISCHARGE- q -CFS
2
o 7
k
0

I
0 100 200. 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
DlSCHltRGE- q -CFS
BUREAU W P ~ d ~ ROIDS
l t
JAN. 1964

Exhibit 14-18. Critical depth. W a l concrete pipe. Long axis horizontal.

PJM Notice 4-102, Aug~st1972
 2.0

1.8

1.6
Y
Y
lb
2 1.4
x
I-
n 1.2
W
a
-I
1.0
0
'I
5 as
0.6

0.4
0 I0 20 30
DISCHARGE- q CFS- 40 50 60

3.4

s2
30
I- 2.8
Y
2 2.6
$ 2.4
1 2.2
:
I-
2.0
1.8
a2 . I6
1.4
K
0 1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 I80 200 220 240
DISCHARGE- q - C F S

BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS

JAN 1964

Exhibit 14-19. C r i t i c a l depth. Standard C.M. pipe-arch.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972
 5

4
I-
w
w
Y
P
I
I-
ti
0
s
J
4
0
C-
a
0
2

I
0 I00 200 300 400 500 600
DISCHARGE- q -CFS

I-
:
Y
7

.be
16
I-
n
W
0
5
J
4
0
C
a 4
0

2
0 200 400 600 800 1000 I200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
DISCHARGE- q -CFS

BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS

JAN. 1964

Exhibit 1h-20. C r i t i c a l depth. Structural plate. C.M. pipe-arch.

iiEX Notice 4-102, August 1972
 Exhibit 11;-21. Entrance l o s s c o e f r l c i e n t s .

Coefficient ke t o apply t o v e l o c i t y head

v2 f o r
- determination of head
2g
l o s s a t entrznce t o a s t r u c t u r e , such a s a c u l v e r t o r conduit, operat-
ing f u l l o r p a r t l y full with c o n t r o l a t t h e o u t l e t .

& v2
Entrance head l o s s = k
z
-
.Pype of Structure and Iksign of Entrance Coefficient ke

Pipe, Concrete

Projecting f r o a f i l l , socket end (groove-end) ..... 0.2

...........
Projecting from fill, sq. c u t end 0.5
Headwall o r headwall and w i n g w a l l s
..........
Socket end of pipe (grooye-end) 0..2
Square-edge .................... 0.5
.............
Rounded (radius = 1 / 1 2 ~ ) . 0.2
............
Mitered t o conform t o f i l l slope 0.7
..........
a d - S e c t i o n conforming t o f i l l slope 0.5

Pipe, o r Pipe-Arch, Corrugated Metal

...........
ProJecting from fill (no h e ~ d v a l l ) 0.9
Headwall o r headwall and w i n g a l l s
Square-edge .................... 0.5
............
Mitered t o conform t o f i l l slope 0.7
..........
End-Section conforming t o f i l l slope 0.5

Box, Reinforced Concrete

Headwall parrillel to e m b a h e n t (no wingvdlls)

..............
Square-edged on 3 edges 0.5
Rounded on 3 edges t o radius of 1/12 b a r r e l
a-ension ..................... 0.2
W i i g h - a l l s a t 30' t o 75' t o b a r r e l
...............
Square-edged a t crown 0.4
Crown edge roundetl t o radius of 1/12 b a r r e l
dimension ..................... 0.2
W i n p a l l s a t 10' t o 25' t o b a r r e l
...............
Square-edged a t crown 0.5
Uirmguslls p a r a l l e l (extension of s i d e s )
...............
Square-edged at crown 0.7

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

United States
Department of Part 630 Hydrology
Agriculture

Natural
National Engineering Handbook
Resources
Conservation
Service

Chapter 15 Time of Concentration

Rain clouds
Cloud formation

Precipitation

n
iratio
Evaporation
n

ean
tio

Transp
oil
ta

from oc
ge

s
ve

from
m

on
fro

ms
ati
n
tio

ir

a
tre
sp
ra
po

an

ms
va

Tr

Surfa E
fro

ce ru
noff

Infiltration

Soil
Percolation

Rock Ocean
Ground water
Deep percolation

(210–VI–NEH, May 2010)

Chapter 15 Time of Concentration Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Issued May 2010

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all

its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age,
disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental
status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, re-
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provider and employer.

(210–VI–NEH, May 2010)

Acknowledgments

Chapter 15 was originally prepared in 1971 by Kenneth M. Kent (retired).

This version was prepared by Donald E. Woodward (retired), under the
guidance of Claudia C. Hoeft, national hydraulic engineer, NRCS, Wash-
ington, DC. Annette Humpal, hydraulic engineer, NRCS, Wisconsin, and
Geoffrey Cerrelli, hydraulic engineer, NRCS, Pennsylvania, provided the
information in appendix 15B and provided reviews and edits to the docu-
ment.

The following are recognized for their work in developing this revision.
Sonia Jacobsen, hydraulic engineer, NRCS, Minnesota, provided multiple
reviews. William Merkel, hydrology team leader, Helen Fox Moody,
hydraulic engineer, and Quan D. Quan, hydraulic engineer, NRCS, all in
Beltsville, Maryland, provided reviews, development and editing of con-
tent material, and assisted Geoffrey Cerrelli with preparation of this
document. Lynn Owens, editor, Wendy Pierce, illustrator, and Suzi Self,
editorial assistant, Technical Publications Team, NCGC, NRCS, Fort Worth,
Texas prepared the final document.

(210–VI–NEH, May 2010) 15–i

Chapter 15 Time of Concentration Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

15–ii (210–VI–NEH, May 2010)

Chapter 15 Time of Concentration

Contents 630.1500 Introduction 15–1

630.1501 Definitions and basic relations 15–1

(a) Types of flow..................................................................................................15–1
(b) Travel time......................................................................................................15–2
(c) Lag...................................................................................................................15–2
(d) Time of concentration..................................................................................15–3
(e) Relation between lag and time of concentration......................................15–3

630.1502 Methods for estimating time of concentration 15–5

(a) Watershed lag method..................................................................................15–5
(b) Velocity method.............................................................................................15–6

630.1503 Other considerations 15–9

(a) Field observations.........................................................................................15–9
(b) Multiple subarea watersheds.......................................................................15–9
(c) Surface flow...................................................................................................15–9
(d) Travel time through bodies of water...........................................................15–9
(e) Variation in lag and time of concentration . ............................................15–10
(f) Effects of urbanization...............................................................................15–11
(g) Geographic information systems .............................................................15–11

630.1504 Examples 15–12

(a) Example of watershed lag method...........................................................15–12
(b) Example of velocity method......................................................................15–12

630.1505 References 15–15

Appendix 15A Other Methods for Computing Time of Concentration 15A–1

Appendix 15B Shallow Concentrated Flow Alternatives 15B–1

(210–VI–NEH, May 2010) 15–iii

Chapter 15 Time of Concentration Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Tables Table 15–1 Manning’s roughness coefficients for sheet flow 15–6

Table 15–2 Maximum sheet flow lengths using the McCuen-Spiess 15–7
limitation criteria

Table 15–3 Equations and assumptions developed from figure 15–4 15–8

Table 15–4 Variation in lag time for selected events for selected 15–10
streams on three watersheds in Maryland

Table 15–5 Field data and computed velocities at each cross 15–14
section in reach R–2

Table 15–6 Travel times for flow segments along reach R–3 15–14

Table 15A–1 SCS Drainage area equations 15A–1

Table 15B–1 Assumptions used by Cerrelli and Humpal to 15B–3

develop shallow concentrated flow curves

Figures Figure 15–1 Types of flow 15–2

Figure 15–2 Conceptual watershed illustrating travel time from 15–3

the centroid (gray dot) of each band of area to the
watershed outlet

Figure 15–3 The relation of time of concentration (Tc) and lag (L) 15–4
to the dimensionless unit hydrograph

Figure 15–4 Velocity versus slope for shallow concentrated flow 15–8

Figure 15–5 Mawney Brook Watershed, Kent County, RI 15–12

Figure 15–6 Sample watershed for velocity method example 15–13

Figure 15B–1 TR–55 shallow concentrated flow curves 15B–2

Figure 15B–2 Cerrelli’s and Humpal’s shallow concentrated 15B–3

flow curves

15–iv (210–VI–NEH, May 2010)

Chapter 15 Time of Concentration

630.1500 Introduction 630.1501 Definitions and basic

relations
This chapter contains information on the watershed
characteristics called travel time, lag, and time of
concentration. These watershed characteristics influ- (a) Types of flow
ence the shape and peak of the runoff hydrograph. The
National Engineering Handbook, Part 630, Hydrology, Rainfall over a watershed that reaches the ground
Chapter 16, Hydrographs (NEH630.16) contains infor- will follow one of four potential paths. Some will be
mation on development of runoff hydrographs. The intercepted by vegetation and evaporate into the at-
methods presented in this chapter are suitable for use mosphere. Some will fall onto the ground surface and
with any hydrologic model which uses time of concen- evaporate. Some will infiltrate into the soil. Some will
tration or lag as an input parameter. Users of models run directly off from the ground surface. Depending
are cautioned to be mindful of specific model input on total storm rainfall and a variety of other factors, a
parameters and limitations, which may not be the portion of the water will find its way to the stream sys-
same as limitations of a particular time of concentra- tem. Of the portion that makes its way to the stream
tion estimation tool. Limitations of specific models are system, there are four types of flow that may occur
not described in this chapter. singly or in combination throughout the watershed.
Figure 15–1 illustrates these types of flow.

Surface flow—In figure 15–1, point 1 represents a loca-

tion where precipitation falls on a watershed. Surface
runoff is represented by lines with arrows showing
travel along the surface of the watershed from point 1
to point 2. Surface flow takes the form of sheet flow,
shallow concentrated flow, and/or channel flow.

Surface flow with transmission losses—In figure

15–1, point 3 represents a location where precipitation
falls on a watershed. Surface flow is represented by
the lines with arrows showing travel along the surface
of the watershed from point 3 to point 4, while the
transmission losses are represented by the lines with
arrows indicating water infiltrating into the ground
surface. In this type of flow, runoff is largely infiltrated
into the ground before reaching the stream channel.
This type of flow is common in arid, semiarid and sub-
humid climates, and in karst areas. The distance from
point 3 to point 4 depends on the amount of runoff,
moisture characteristics of the soil, topography, and
hydraulic features of the flow.

Interflow or quick return flow—In figure 15–1, point

5 represents a location where precipitation falls on
a watershed. Water is infiltrated at this point, flows
rapidly underground, and eventually returns to the
surface at point 6. From point 6, it continues as sur-
face flow until reaching the stream channel at point 7.
This flow appears rapidly in comparison to baseflow
and is generally much in excess of normal baseflow. It

(210–VI–NEH, May 2010) 15–1

Chapter 15 Time of Concentration Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

is common in humid climates and in watersheds with (b) Travel time

soils having high infiltration capacities and moderate
to steep slopes. Travel time (Tt) is the time it takes water to travel
from one location to another. Travel time between two
Baseflow—In figure 15–1, point 8 represents a location points is determined using the following relationship:
where precipitation falls on a watershed, infiltrates
directly into the ground, and enters the ground wa- 
Tt = (eq. 15–1)
ter table. From there, it flows slowly until it eventu- 3, 600 V
ally reappears, entering a stream channel at point 9. where:
This type of flow has little effect on flood peaks in Tt = travel time, h
small watersheds. However, if baseflow is a factor  = distance between the two points under
in flood flows, it is usually added to the base of the consideration, ft
hydrograph. V = average velocity of flow between the two
points, ft/s
In figure 15–1, flows from points 1 to 2, 3 to 4, and 6 3,600 = conversion factor, s to h
to 7 can be measured directly. Flow from points 5 to 6
and 8 to 9 are usually determined indirectly by storm
and hydrograph analyses or by field observation of (c) Lag
rainfall and runoff. Ground water movement is de-
termined indirectly by analyses of precipitation, soil Lag is the delay between the time runoff from a rainfall
moisture movements, and evapotranspiration. event over a watershed begins until runoff reaches
its maximum peak. Conceptually, lag may be thought
of as a weighted time of concentration where, if for
a given storm, the watershed is divided into bands of
area (fig. 15–2), the travel times from the centroids of
the areas to the main watershed outlet may be repre-
sented by the following relationship:

L=
∑ (a Q T )
x x tx
(eq. 15–2a)
Figure 15–1 Types of flow
∑ (a Q ) x x

∑ (a Q x Tt x )
Rainfall or

(eq. 15–2b)
snowmelt

x
L=
AQa
where:
channel
Major

1 L = lag, h
Surface flow
2
ax = increment of watershed area, mi2
Qx = runoff in inches from area ax, in
Ttx = travel time from the centroid of ax to the point
Surface flow 3 of reference, h
with transmission
losses A = total area of the watershed above the point of
4
reference, mi2
Qa = total runoff, in
5 6
Quick return flow In general hydrologic modeling practice, lag is not
7 computed using equation 15–2a or 15–2b. Instead, time
of concentration is estimated using one of the methods
in this chapter. In cases where only a peak discharge
8
Baseflow and/or hydrograph are desired at the watershed outlet
and watershed characteristics are fairly homogenous,
9 the watershed may be treated as a single area. A time

15–2 (210–VI–NEH, May 2010)

Chapter 15 Time of Concentration Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

of concentration for that single area is required. A time to the watershed outlet, and not necessarily the
hydrograph is then developed using the methods de- point with the longest flow distance to the outlet. Time
scribed in NEH630.16. However, if land use, hydrologic of concentration is generally applied only to surface
soil group, slope, or other watershed characteristics runoff and may be computed using many different
are not homogeneous throughout the watershed, the methods. Time of concentration will vary depending
approach is to divide the watershed into a number upon slope and character of the watershed and the
of smaller subareas, which requires a time of con- flow path.
centration estimation for each subarea. Hydrographs
are then developed for each subarea by the methods In hydrograph analysis, time of concentration is the
described in NEH630.16 and routed appropriately to time from the end of excess rainfall to the point on
a point of reference using the methods described in the falling limb of the dimensionless unit hydrograph
NEH630.17, Flood Routing. (point of inflection) where the recession curve begins
(fig. 15–3).
In hydrograph analysis, lag is the time interval be-
tween the center of mass of the excess rainfall and the
peak runoff rate (fig. 15–3). (e) Relation between lag and time of
concentration
(d) Time of concentration Various researchers (Mockus 1957; Simas 1996) found
that for average natural watershed conditions and an
Time of concentration (Tc) is the time required for approximately uniform distribution of runoff:
runoff to travel from the hydraulically most distant
point in the watershed to the outlet. The hydraulically L = 0.6 Tc (eq. 15–3)
most distant point is the point with the longest travel
where:
L = lag, h
Tc = time of concentration, h

When runoff is not uniformly distributed, the water-

Figure 15–2 Conceptual watershed illustrating travel time shed can be subdivided into areas with nearly uniform
from the centroid (gray dot) of each band of
area to the watershed outlet flow so that equation 15–3 can be applied to each of
the subareas.

aA 3 3

TT 33

Aa 2

TT 2

aA 11
TT 1

(210–VI–NEH, May 2010) 15–3

Chapter 15 Time of Concentration Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Figure 15–3 The relation of time of concentration (Tc) and lag (L) to the dimensionless unit hydrograph

Excess rainfall
L
1.0
∆D
.9

.8

.7
q/qp or Qa/Q

.6
qp
.5
Tc Point of inflection
.4

.3

.2

.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Tp t/Tp

where:
L = Lag, h
Tc = time of concentration, h
Tp = time to peak, h
∆D = duration of excess rainfall, h
t/Tp = dimensionless ratio of any time to time to peak
q = discharge rate at time t, ft3/s
qp = peak discharge rate at time Tp, ft3/s
Qa = runoff volume up to t, in
Q = total runoff volume, in

15–4 (210–VI–NEH, May 2010)

Chapter 15 Time of Concentration Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

empirical relationship between flow length and drain-

630.1502 Methods for estimating age area using data from Agricultural Research Service
(ARS) watersheds. This relationship is:
time of concentration
 = 209 A 0.6 (eq. 15–5)
Two primary methods of computing time of concentra- where:
tion were developed by the Natural Resources Conser-  = flow length, ft
vation Service (NRCS) (formerly the Soil Conservation A = drainage area, acres
Service (SCS)).
Land slope (Y), percent—The average land slope
(a) Watershed lag method of the watershed, as used in the lag method, not to be
confused with the slope of the flow path, can be deter-
The SCS method for watershed lag was developed mined in several different ways:
by Mockus in 1961. It spans a broad set of conditions • by assuming land slope is equal to a weighted
ranging from heavily forested watersheds with steep average of soil map unit slopes, determined us-
channels and a high percent of runoff resulting from ing the local soil survey
subsurface flow, to meadows providing a high retar-
dance to surface runoff, to smooth land surfaces and • by using a clinometer for field measurement to
large paved areas. determine an estimated representative average
land slope

 0.8 (S + 1)
0.7
• by drawing three to four lines on a topographic
L= (eq. 15–4a) map perpendicular to the contour lines and de-
1, 900 Y 0.5
termining the average weighted slope of these
Applying equation 15–3, L=0.6Tc, yields: lines
• by determining the average of the land slope

Tc =
 0.8
( S + 1)
0.7
from grid points using a dot counter
(eq. 15–4b)
1,140 Y 0.5 • by using the following equation (Chow 1964):
where:
L = lag, h 100 (CI )
Y= (eq. 15–6)
Tc = time of concentration, h A
 = flow length, ft where:
Y = average watershed land slope, % Y = average land slope, %
S = maximum potential retention, in C = summation of the length of the contour lines
1, 000 that pass through the watershed drainage area
= − 10
cn ′ on the quad sheet, ft
I = contour interval used, ft
where:
A = drainage area, ft2 (1 acre = 43,560 ft2)
cn′ = the retardance factor
Retardance factor—The retardance factor, cn´, is a
Flow length (  )—In the watershed lag method of
measure of surface conditions relating to the rate at
computing time of concentration, flow length is de-
which runoff concentrates at some point of interest.
fined as the longest path along which water flows from
The term “retardance factor” expresses an inverse
the watershed divide to the outlet. In developing the
relationship to “flow retardance.” Low retardance fac-
regression equation for the lag method, the longest
tors are associated with rough surfaces having high de-
flow path was used to represent the hydraulically most
grees of flow retardance, or surfaces over which flow
distant point in the watershed. Flow length can be
will be impeded. High retardance factors are associ-
measured using aerial photographs, quadrangle sheets,
ated with smooth surfaces having low degrees of flow
or GIS techniques. Mockus (USDA 1973) developed an
retardance, or surfaces over which flow moves rapidly.

(210–VI–NEH, May 2010) 15–5

Chapter 15 Time of Concentration Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Thick mulches in forests are associated with low retar- watershed boundary. Typically, sheet flow occurs for
dance factors and reflect high degrees of retardance, as no more than 100 feet before transitioning to shallow
well as high infiltration rates. Hay meadows have rela- concentrated flow (Merkel 2001).
tively low retardance factors. Like thick mulches in for-
ests, stem densities in meadows provide a high degree A simplified version of the Manning’s kinematic solu-
of retardance to overland flow in small watersheds. Con- tion may be used to compute travel time for sheet flow.
versely, bare surfaces with little retardance to overland This simplified form of the kinematic equation was
flows are represented by high retardance factors. developed by Welle and Woodward (1986) after study-
ing the impact of various parameters on the estimates.
The retardance factor is approximately the same as
the curve number (CN) as defined in NEH630.09, 0.007 ( n )
0.8

Hydrologic Soil-Cover Complexes. In practical usage, Tt = (eq. 15–8)

(P )
0.5
CN is used as a surrogate for cn´, and the CN tables in 2 S 0.4
NEH 630.09 may be used to approximate cn´ in equa- where:
tions 15–4a and 15–4b. A CN of less than 50, or greater Tt = travel time, h
than 95 should not be used in the solution of equations n = Manning’s roughness coefficient (table 15–1)
15–4a and 15–4b (Mockus 1961).  = sheet flow length, ft
P2 = 2-year, 24-hour rainfall, in
Applications and limitations—The watershed lag S = slope of land surface, ft/ft
equation was developed using data from 24 watersheds
ranging in size from 1.3 acres to 9.2 square miles, with
the majority of the watersheds being less than 2,000
acres in size (Mockus 1961). Folmar and Miller (2000)
revisited the development of this equation using ad-
ditional watershed data and found that a reasonable
upper limit may be as much as 19 square miles.
Table 15–1 Manning’s roughness coefficients for sheet
(b) Velocity method flow (flow depth generally ≤ 0.1 ft)

Surface description n 1/
Another method for determining time of concentration
normally used within the NRCS is called the velocity Smooth surface (concrete, asphalt, gravel, or
method. The velocity method assumes that time of   bare soil)...........................................................................0.011
concentration is the sum of travel times for segments Fallow (no residue).............................................................0.05
along the hydraulically most distant flow path.
Cultivated soils:
  Residue cover ≤ 20%........................................................0.06
Tc = Tt1 + Tt 2 + Tt 3 +  Ttn (eq. 15–7)   Residue cover > 20%........................................................0.17
where: Grass:
Tc = time of concentration, h   Short-grass prairie...........................................................0.15
Ttn = travel time of a segment n, h   Dense grasses 2/................................................................0.24
n = number of segments comprising the total hy-   Bermudagrass..................................................................0.41
draulic length Range (natural)....................................................................0.13
Woods: 3/
The segments used in the velocity method may be of Light underbrush...........................................................0.40
three types: sheet flow, shallow concentrated flow, and Dense underbrush.........................................................0.80
open channel flow.
1 The Manning’s n values are a composite of information compiled
by Engman (1986).
Sheet flow—Sheet flow is defined as flow over plane 2 Includes species such as weeping lovegrass, bluegrass, buffalo
surfaces. Sheet flow usually occurs in the headwa- grass, blue grama grass, and native grass mixtures.
ters of a stream near the ridgeline that defines the 3 When selecting n, consider cover to a height of about 0.1 ft. This
is the only part of the plant cover that will obstruct sheet flow.

15–6 (210–VI–NEH, May 2010)

Chapter 15 Time of Concentration Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

This simplification is based on the following assump- where:

tions: n = Manning’s roughness coefficient
 = limiting length of flow, ft
• shallow steady uniform flow
S = slope, ft/ft
• constant rainfall excess intensity (that part of
a rain available for runoff) both temporally and Table 15–2 provides maximum sheet flow lengths
spatially based on the McCuen-Spiess limiting criteria for vari-
ous cover type—n value—slope combinations.
• 2-year, 24-hour rainfall assuming standard
NRCS rainfall intensity-duration relations apply
Shallow concentrated flow—After approximately
(Types I, II, and III)
100 feet, sheet flow usually becomes shallow concen-
• minor effect of infiltration on travel time trated flow collecting in swales, small rills, and gullies.
Shallow concentrated flow is assumed not to have a
For sheet flow, the roughness coefficient includes the well-defined channel and has flow depths of 0.1 to 0.5
effects of roughness and the effects of raindrop impact feet. It is assumed that shallow concentrated flow can
including drag over the surface; obstacles such as lit- be represented by one of seven flow types. The curves
ter, crop ridges, and rocks; and erosion and transport in figure 15–4 were used to develop the information in
of sediment. These n values are only applicable for table 15–3.
flow depths of approximately 0.1 foot or less, where
sheet flow occurs. Table 15–1 gives roughness coef- To estimate shallow concentrated flow travel time,
ficient values for sheet flow for various surface condi- velocities are developed using figure 15–4, in which
tions. average velocity is a function of watercourse slope and
type of channel (Kent 1964). For slopes less than 0.005
Kibler and Aron (1982) and others indicated the maxi- foot per foot, the equations in table 15–3 may be used.
mum sheet flow length is less than 100 feet. To support
the sheet flow limit of 100 feet, Merkel (2001) reviewed After estimating average velocity using figure 15–4, use
a number of technical papers on sheet flow. McCuen equation 15–1 to estimate travel time for the shallow
and Spiess (1995) indicated that use of flow length as concentrated flow segment.
the limiting variable in the equation 15–8 could lead to
less accurate designs, and proposed that the limitation Open channel flow— Shallow concentrated flow
should instead be based on: is assumed to occur after sheet flow ends at shallow
depths of 0.1 to 0.5 feet. Beyond that channel flow
100 S is assumed to occur. Open channels are assumed to
= (eq. 15–9)
n begin where surveyed cross-sectional information has
been obtained, where channels are visible on aerial
photographs, or where bluelines (indicating streams)
appear on U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) quadrangle
sheets.
Table 15–2 Maximum sheet flow lengths using the
McCuen-Spiess limitation criterion Manning’s equation or water surface profile informa-
tion can be used to estimate average flow velocity.
Slope Length
Average flow velocity is usually determined for the
Cover type n values bankfull elevation.
(ft/ft) (ft)
Range 0.13 0.01 77
Manning’s equation is:
Grass 0.41 0.01 24
2 1
Woods 0.80 0.01 12.5 1.49 r 3 s 2
V= (eq. 15–10)
Range 0.13 0.05 172 n
Grass 0.41 0.05 55
Woods 0.80 0.05 28

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 Chapter 15 Time of Concentration Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Figure 15–4 Velocity versus slope for shallow concentrated flow

1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50

ons
0.40

i
reg
0.30

ain
unt
mo
ds
0.20
lan

ern
ws

ood
ado

est
dw

sw
me

, an

fan
hay

0.10
ped
Slope (ft/ft)

ial
and

0.09
lluv
rop

0.08
er

da

0.07
ip-c
litt

; an

0.06
s
und

str

rop

lies
ure

w)

0.05
or
gro

wc

gul
ast

flo
our

ays
sp
t ro
vy

and

0.04
nd
ont
hea

ras

rla

rw
igh

upl
n, c

ove

ate
rt-g

0.03
ith

tra

all
dw
tio

d(
tw

Sho

ds

sm
tiva

ille
ate
res

sse
and
unt
cul

0.02
ltiv
Fo

Gra
ent
Cu
ge

and
illa

em
are
mt

Pav
yb
imu

arl

0.01
Min

Ne

0.005
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

4
5
6
7
8
9
10

15

20

Velocity (ft/s)

Table 15–3 Equations and assumptions developed from figure 15–4

Flow type Depth Manning’s n Velocity equation

(ft) (ft/s)
Pavement and small upland gullies 0.2 0.025 V =20.328(s)0.5
Grassed waterways 0.4 0.050 V=16.135(s)0.5
Nearly bare and untilled (overland flow); and alluvial fans in western mountain 0.2 0.051 V=9.965(s)0.5
regions
Cultivated straight row crops 0.2 0.058 V=8.762(s)0.5
Short-grass pasture 0.2 0.073 V=6.962(s)0.5
Minimum tillage cultivation, contour or strip-cropped, and woodlands 0.2 0.101 V=5.032(s)0.5
Forest with heavy ground litter and hay meadows 0.2 0.202 V=2.516(s)0.5

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Chapter 15 Time of Concentration Part 630
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where:
V = average velocity, ft/s 630.1503 Other considerations
r = hydraulic radius, ft
a
=
Pw (a) Field observations
a = cross-sectional flow area, ft2
Pw = wetted perimeter, ft At the time field surveys to obtain channel data are
s = slope of the hydraulic grade line (channel made, there is a need to observe the channel system
slope), ft/ft and note items that may affect channel efficiency.
n = Manning’s n value for open channel flow Observations such as the type of soil materials in the
banks and bottoms of the channel; an estimate of Man-
Manning’s n values for open channel flow can be ning’s roughness coefficients; the apparent stability or
obtained from standard hydraulics textbooks, such as lack of stability of channel; indications of debris flows
Chow (1959), and Linsley, Kohler, and Paulhus (1982). as evidenced by deposition of coarse sediments adja-
Publications dealing specifically with Manning’s n cent to channels, size of deposited materials, etc., may
values are Barnes (1967); Arcement and Schneider be significant.
(1989); Phillips and Ingersoll (1998); and Cowen
(1956). For guidance on calculating Manning’s n val-
ues, see NEH630.14, Stage Discharge Relations. (b) Multiple subarea watersheds

Applications and limitations—The velocity method For multiple subarea watersheds, the time of concen-
of computing time of concentration is hydraulically tration must be computed for each subarea individu-
sound and provides the opportunity to incorporate ally, and consideration must be given to the travel time
changes in individual flow segments if needed. The ve- through downstream subareas from upstream sub-
locity method is the best method for calculating time of areas. Travel time and attenuation of hydrographs in
concentration for an urbanizing watershed or if hydrau- valley reaches and reservoirs are accounted for using
lic changes to the watercourse are being considered. channel and reservoir routing procedures addressed in
NEH630.17.
Often, the average velocity and valley length of a reach
are used to compute travel time through the reach (c) Surface flow
using equation 15–1. If the stream is quite sinuous, the
channel length and valley length may be significantly Both of the standard methods for estimating time of
different and it is up to the modeler to determine concentration, as well as most other methods, as-
which is the appropriate length to use for the depth of sume that flow reaching the channel as surface flow
flow of the event under consideration. or quick return flow adds directly to the peak of the
subarea hydrograph. Locally derived procedures might
The role of channel and valley storage is important in be developed from data where a major portion of
the development and translation of a flood wave and the contributing flow is other than surface flow. This
the estimation of lag. Both the hydraulics and stor- is normally determined by making a site visit to the
age may change from storm to storm and the velocity watershed.
distribution may vary considerably both horizontally
and vertically. As a result, actual lag for a watershed
may have a large variation. In practice, calculations (d) Travel time through bodies of water
are typically based on the 2-year frequency discharge
event since it is normally assumed that the time of The potential for detention is the factor that most
concentration computed using these characteristics strongly influences travel time through a body of
is representative of travel time conditions for a wide water. It is best to divide the watershed such that any
range of storm events. Welle and Woodward’s simplifi- potential storage area is modeled as storage.
cation of Manning’s kinematic equation was developed
assuming the 2-year, 24-hour precipitation value.

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In many cases, the travel time for a water droplet passage of the inflow hydrograph through reservoir
through a body of water is assumed to be nearly storage and spillway outflow. The time required for the
instantaneous. An assumption is made that at the passage of the inflow hydrograph through the reservoir
instant the droplet arrives at the upstream end of the storage and spillway outflow can be determined using
lake, reservoir, or wetland the water level is raised a storage routing procedures described in NEH630.17.
small amount and this same amount of water leaves
the water body via the outlet. In such cases, time of Equation 15–11 can be used for wetlands with much
concentration is computed using standard methods to open water, but where the vegetation or debris is rela-
the upstream end of the water body, and travel time tively thick (less than about 25 percent open water),
through the water body is ignored. Manning’s equation may be more appropriate.

In other cases, such as with a watershed having a

relatively large body of water in the flow path, time of (e) Variation in lag and time of concen-
concentration is computed to the upstream end of the tration
water body using standard methods, and velocity for
the flow segment through the water body may be com- Rao and Delleur (1974) concluded that lag time, and
puted using the wave velocity equation coupled with hence time of concentration, is not a unique watershed
equation 15–1 to convert the velocity to a travel time characteristic and varies from storm to storm. Reasons
through the water body. The wave equation is: for the variation in lag time may include amount, dura-
tion and intensity of rainfall; vegetative growth stage
and available temporary storage. However, without fur-
Vw = gDm (eq. 15–11) ther examination and study of these characteristics, no
where obvious trend may be readily observed to explain the
Vw = wave velocity, ft/s variation. Table 15–4 illustrates that lag is not a con-
g = 32.2 ft/s2 stant for a single watershed, but does vary from storm
Dm = mean depth of lake or reservoir, ft to storm. The lag times in table 15–4 were developed by
Thomas, Monde, and Davis (2000) for three watersheds
Generally, Vw will be high; however, equation 15–11 in Maryland using USGS stream gage data.
only provides for estimating travel time through the
water body and for the inflow hydrograph to reach the
outlet. It does not account for the time required for the

Table 15–4 Variation in lag time for selected events for selected streams on three watersheds in Maryland

Stream USGS Area Date Storm Precipitation Lag

number (mi2) duration (in) (h)
(min)
Brien Run 1585400 1.97 8/21/1986 30 1.85 2.35
8/22/1986 45 0.32 1.94
9/8/1987 120 1.03 2.44

Jones Falls 1589440 26.2 8/10/1984 15 1.84 4.16

2/12/1985 285 1.59 6.91
12/24/1986 165 2.47 5.20

Deer Creek 1580000 94.4 9/8/1987 75 2.2 5.06

9/18/1987 15 1.02 7.15
5/6/1989 60 5.00 9.67

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Folmar and Miller (2008) found that the watershed lag hydraulics textbook contains methods to deter-
method and the velocity method tended to underpre- mine average velocity in pipes for either pres-
dict or underestimate time of concentration. Underes- sure or nonpressure flow.
timation of lag or time of concentration by the velocity
• Slope—Slopes may be increased or decreased
method may be attributed to:
by urbanization, depending on the extent of
• low estimates of stream length from not consid- site grading and the extent to which storm
ering sinuosity sewers and street ditches are used in the de-
sign of the water management system. Slopes
• overestimated flow velocities from not consid-
may increase when channels are straightened
ering pools in the stream
and decrease when overland flow is directed
• underestimated Manning’s n values within the through storm sewers, street gutters, and diver-
reach sions, or when land is graded to develop nearly
level lots.
When used in conjunction with unit hydrograph pro-
cedures (NEH630.16), this results in overestimated
design discharges. It was determined from 52 nonur- (g) Geographic information systems
banized watersheds that both the lag method and the
velocity method may underpredict the time of concen- Geographic information systems (GIS) can be used
tration. to estimate watershed features, such as watershed
boundaries and drainage areas; flow path lengths and
slopes; stream and flood plain reach lengths; average
(f) Effects of urbanization watershed land slopes; land cover; and, in some cases,
stream cross-sectional features. This information can
• Surface roughness—One of the most signifi-
then be imported into a number of hydrology com-
cant effects of urban development on overland
puter programs, which use the data to estimate times
flow is the lowering of retardance to flow caus-
of concentration for watersheds. One example of this
ing higher velocities. Undeveloped areas with
is the NRCS Geo-Hydro program.
very slow and shallow overland flow (sheet
flow and shallow concentrated flow) through
vegetation become modified by urban develop-
ment. Flow is then delivered to streets, gutters,
and storm sewers that transport runoff down-
stream more rapidly. Travel time through the
watershed is generally decreased.
• Channel shape and flow patterns—In small,
nonurban watersheds, much of the travel time
results from overland flow in upstream areas.
Typically, urbanization reduces overland flow
lengths by conveying storm runoff into a chan-
nel as soon as possible. Since constructed
channel designs have efficient hydraulic char-
acteristics, runoff flow velocity increases and
travel time decreases.
• Watersheds with storm sewers—In wa-
tersheds with storm sewers, it is important to
carefully identify the appropriate hydraulic flow
path to estimate time of concentration. Storm
sewers generally handle only a small portion of
a large event. The rest of the peak flow travels
by streets and lawns to the outlet. Any standard

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Chapter 15 Time of Concentration Part 630
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S is computed using the relationship:

630.1504 Examples
1, 000
S= − 10
cn ′
(a) Example of watershed lag method S=
1, 000
− 10
63
Compute the time of concentration using the water- S = 5.87

shed lag method for Mawney Brook Watershed in Kent
County, Rhode Island. The topographic map for the
Substituting into the time of concentration equation
watershed is shown in figure 15–5. The watershed has
gives:
the following attributes:
Drainage area, A = 0.17 mi2 3, 865 0.8 (5.87 + 1)
0.7

Tc =
Curve number, CN = 63–used as a surrogate 1,140 ( 4.79 )
0.5

for cn′
Tc = 1.14 h
Longest flow path,  = 3,865 ft
Watershed slope, Y = 4.79%
(b) Example of velocity method
Time of concentration is computed using equation 15–4b:
The time of concentration flow path for the watershed
 0.8 (S + 1)
0.7
shown in figure 15–6 is split into three reaches based
Tc =
1,140 Y 0.5 upon similar hydraulic characteristics within the
reaches. Computation of the watershed time of con-
centration follows.

Part A: Travel time through reach 1 (designat-

ed R-1—from the watershed divide to
Figure 15–5 Mawney Brook Watershed, Kent County, RI cross section A-A)

Reach 1 (R–1) consists of sheet flow and shallow

concentrated flow from the watershed divide to cross
section A–A. The flow segments are as follows:
• Flow segment from the watershed divide to the
diversion terrace consists of 100 feet of sheet
flow and 800 feet of shallow concentrated flow
across pasture at a slope of 8 percent.
• The diversion terrace is 2,100 feet long with a
design velocity of 1.5 feet per second.
• The grassed waterway is 2,400 feet long with an
average slope of 4 percent.
• The grassed waterway terminates at a road
crossing and a raw gully extends from the road
crossing to a point where a grade stabiliza-
tion structure (GS–1) is planned (but not yet
installed). The length of the gully is 2,700 feet
with a 3 percent grade.

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Sheet flow segment—The travel time for the sheet flow reasonable assumption. For those flow segments for
segment through the short-grass pasture is computed which velocity is not given, velocity is determined us-
using equation 15–8. The 2-year, 24-hour precipitation ing figure 15–4 and converted to a travel time for each
for the watershed is 3.6 inches. The n value for short flow segment using equation 15–1:
grass pasture from table 15–1 is 0.15.
• Short grass pasture:  = 800 feet, V = 2 ft/s
0.007( n )0.8  800
Tt = Tt = = = 0.11 hr
[( P2 )0.5 S 0.4 ] 3, 600 V 3, 600 ( 2)
0.8
0.007[( 0.15)(100)] • Terrace:  = 2,100 ft, V = 1.5 ft/s
=
[( 3.6)0.5 ( 0.08 )0.4 ]
 2,100
= 0.09 h Tt = = = 0.39 h
3, 600 V 3, 600 (1.5 )
Shallow concentrated flow segments—The travel
• Grassed waterway:  = 2,400 ft, V = 3.4 ft/s
times for the remaining portions along the flow path
are based on shallow concentrated flow velocities.  2, 400
Given that the majority of conservation practices are Tt = = = 0.20 h
3, 600 V 3, 600 ( 3.4 )
not intended to handle large flow depths, this is a

Figure 15–6 Sample watershed for velocity method example

R-1

A
A
A1
A2
A3
R-2

A4
B County Road
B A A Surveyed Cross Section
A1 Hand-level Cross Section
C
C R-- 1 Reach Designation
3
D R- Watershed Boundary
Stream Channel
D
Grassed Waterway
Diversion Terrace

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Chapter 15 Time of Concentration Part 630
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• Gully:  = 2,700, V = 3.5 ft/s Part B: Travel time through Reach 2 (designat-
ed R–2—from cross section A–A to cross
 2,700
Tt = = = 0.21 h section B–B)
3, 600 V 3, 600 ( 3.5 )
Reach 2 (R–2) consists of channel flow from cross
Add the travel times for each flow segment to get the section A–A to cross section B–B and has a total reach
total travel time for Reach 1: length of 6,000 feet.

Tt (R−1) = 0.09 + 0.11 + 0.39 + 0.20 + 0.21 A surveyed cross section was available at A–A, but no
other cross sections were surveyed upstream of B–B.
= 1.00 h
Instead, hand-level sections were made at four inter-
mediate locations in reach 2, and an overall gradient
estimated. These four hand-level sections were taken
at approximately equal intervals through the reach be-
tween cross sections A–A and B–B (and are identified
on figure 15–6 as cross sections A1, A2, A3, and A4).
Table 15–5 summarizes estimated velocity at these
cross sections, including the field data obtained for

Table 15–5 Field data and computed velocities at each cross section in reach R-2

Cross section Bankfull Wetted Hydraulic r2/3 Manning’s n Slope (S) S1/2 Velocity (V)
area (a) perimeter (Pw) radius (r) ft/ft ft/s
ft2 ft ft
A–A 48 22 2.18 1.68 0.040 0.01 0.10 6.3
A1 55 35 1.57 1.35 0.055 0.01 0.10 3.7
A2 55 39 1.41 1.26 0.055 0.01 0.10 3.4
A3 50 26 1.92 1.54 0.040 0.01 0.10 5.7
A4 56 28 2.00 1.59 0.040 0.01 0.10 5.9
B–B Obtained from water surface profiles 6.1

Table 15–6 Travel times for flow segments along reach

R–3

Segment Length Velocity Travel time

Cross section B–B to 2,400 ft 3.6 ft/s 0.19 h
cross section C–C
Cross section C–C to 2,800 ft 3.8 ft/s 0.20 h
cross section D–D
Cross section D–D to 900 ft 6.1 ft/s 0.04 h
watershed outlet
Tt (R–3) 0.43 h

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Chapter 15 Time of Concentration Part 630
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estimating mean velocity at each of the hand level sec-

tions. The velocities were computed using Manning’s
equation for open channel flow (eq. 15–10).
630.1505 References

Since the hand-level cross sections were taken at ap- Arcement, G.J., and V.R. Schneider. 1989. Guide for
proximately equal intervals through reach 2, the ve- selecting Manning’s roughness coefficients for
locities can be averaged without weighting them with natural channel and flood plains. U.S. Geological
respect to length. The average velocity of all six cross Survey Water Supply Paper 2339.
sections in reach 2 is 5.2 feet per second.
Barnes Jr., H H. 1967. Roughness characteristics of
Travel time through reach 2 can then be computed by natural channels. U.S. Geological Survey Water
applying equation 15–1: Supply Paper 1849.

 Cerrelli, G.A. 2009. Changes in predicted peak dis-

Tt(R - 2) = charges in Pennsylvania as a result of using the
3, 600 V
proposed Cerrelli curves for the shallow concen-
6, 000
= trated flow portion in the NRCS velocity based
3, 600 (5.2) time of concentration method. Am. Soc. of Ag.
= 0.32 h and Biol. Eng. Paper no. 096304, Reno, NV.

Part C: Travel time through Reach 3 (desig- Cerrelli, G.A. 1990. Professional notes. Unpublished
nated R–3— from cross section B–B to data. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural
the watershed outlet) Resources Conservation Service, Annapolis, MD.

Reach 3 (R–3) consists of channel flow from cross Cerrelli, G.A. 1992. Professional notes. Unpublished
section B–B to the watershed outlet and is split into data. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural
three flow segments. Mean velocity for each of the flow Resources Conservation Service, Annapolis, MD.
segments was determined using a computer program to
develop a water surface profile model (such as HEC– Chow, V.T. 1959. Open-channel hydraulics. McGraw-
RAS). Applying equation 15–1 to flow length and veloc- Hill Book. Inc., New York, NY.
ity data the travel times were estimated for each of
the flow segments and summed to obtain a travel time Chow, V.T. 1964. Handbook of applied hydrology. Mc-
through reach 3 as summarized in table 15–6. Graw Hill Book, Inc., New York, NY.

Part D The total travel time for reaches R-1, Cowen, W.L. 1956. Estimating hydraulic roughness
R-2 and R-3 coefficients. Agricultural Engineering. Vol. 378,
No. 7. pp. 473–475.
Tt for reach R-1 1.00 h
Engman, E.T. 1986. Roughness coefficients for routing
Tt for reach R-2 0.32 h surface runoff. Journal of Irrigation and Drain-
Tt for reach R-3 0.43 h age Engineering 112 (1). Amer. Soc. of Civil Eng.,
New York, NY. pp. 39–53.
Total 1.75 h
Folmar, N.D., and A.C. Miller. 2008. Development of an
The total time of concentration for the watershed is empirical lag time equation. Amer. Soc. of Civil
the sum of the travel times and equals 1.75 hours. Eng. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, Vol. 134,
No. 4.

Humpal, A.A., and G. Cerrelli. 2009. A closer look at

unpaved shallow concentrated flow. Am. Soc. of
Ag. and Biol. Eng. Paper no. 095867, Reno, NV.

(210–VI–NEH, May 2010) 15–15

Chapter 15 Time of Concentration Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Humpal, A.A. 2008. Professional notes. Unpublished constructed stream channels in Arizona. U.S.
data. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Geological Survey paper 1584.
Resources Conservation Service Appleton, WI.
Rao A.R., and J.W. Delleur. 1974. Instantaneous unit
Kent, K.M. 1964. Chapter 15 documentation. U.S. Dept. hydrographs, peak discharges, and time lags in
of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Wash- urban areas. Hydrologic Sciences Bulletin, Vol.
ington, DC. 19, No. 2. pp. 185–198.

Kerby, W.S. 1959. Time of concentration for overland Sheridan, J.M. 1994. Hydrograph time parameters for
flow. Journal of Civil Engineering 26(3). Amer. flatland watersheds. Trans. of Am. Soc. Ag. Eng.,
Soc. of Civil Eng., Reston, VA. pp. 60. St. Joseph, MI.

Kibler, D.F. 1980. Personal communication. Simas, M. 1996. Lag time characteristics in small
watersheds in the United States. A dissertation
Kibler, D.F., and G. Aron. 1982. Estimating basin lag submitted to School of Renewable Natural Re-
and T(c) in small urban watersheds. EOS, Trans- sources, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
actions, American Geophysical Union, vol. 63,
no. 18, abstract #H12–8. Thomas, W.O. Jr., M.C. Monde, and S.R. Davis. 2000.
Estimation of time of concentration for Mary-
Linsley, R.K., M.A. Kohler, and J.L.H. Paulhus. 1982. land streams. Transportation Research No.
Hydrology for engineers. Third edition McGraw- 1720, Transportation Research Board, National
Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, NY. Research Council, National Academy Press,
Washington, DC, pp 95–99.
Maidment, D.R., ed. 1993. Handbook of hydrology.
McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research
Service. 1987. Agricultural handbook number
McCuen, R.H., and J.M. Spiess. 1995. Assessment of 667. Stability design of grass-lined open channels,
kinematic wave time of concentration. Journal of Washington, DC.
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Reston, VA. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources
Conservation Service. 2010. National Engineering
Merkel, W.H. 2001. References on time of concentra- Handbook, Part 630, Chapter 14, Stage discharge
tion with respect to sheet flow. Unpublished relations (draft), Washington, DC.
paper, Beltsville, MD.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources
Mockus, V. 1961. Watershed lag. U.S. Dept. of Agri- Conservation Service. 2007. National Engineering
culture, Soil Conservation Service, ES–1015, Handbook, Part 630, Chapter 16, Hydrographs,
Washington, DC. Washington, DC.

Mockus, V. 1957. Use of storm and watershed char- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources
acteristics in synthetic hydrograph analysis and Conservation Service. 2006a. Project formula-
application. Paper presented at the annual meet- tion— hydrology (WinTR–20), Version 1.00. User
ing of AGU Pacific Southwest Region. Guide 210–7–5, Washington, DC.

Papadakis, C., and N. Kazan. 1986. Time of concentra- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources
tion in small rural watersheds. Technical report Conservation Service. 2006b. NRCS Geo-Hydro,
101/08/86/CEE. College of Engineering, Univer- Version 1.0, ArcView Geospatial Information
sity of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH. System (GIS) Interface to WinTR–20. User Guide
210–7–7, Washington, DC.
Phillips, J.V., and T.L. Ingersoll. 1998. Verification of
roughness coefficients for selected natural and

15–16 (210–VI–NEH, May 2010)

Chapter 15 Time of Concentration Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources

Conservation Service. 2004. National Engineering
Handbook, Part 630, Chapter 9, Hydrologic soil-
cover complexes, Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources

Conservation Service, 2003. Small watershed
hydrology (WinTR–55), Version 1.0. User Guide
210–3–1, Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources

Conservation Service. 1992. Technical release
number 20 (TR–20), Computer program for proj-
ect formulation—hydrology, Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Ser-

vice. 1986. Technical release number 55 (TR–55),
Urban hydrology for small watersheds, Washing-
ton, DC.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Ser-

vice. 1973. A method for estimating volume and
rate of runoff in small watersheds (SCS–TP–149),
Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Ser-

vice. 1972. National Engineering Handbook, Part
630, Chapter 17, Flood routing, Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation

Service. 1966. Technical paper 61 (SCS–TP–61).
Handbook of channel design for soil and water
conservation, Washington, DC.

Welle, P.J., and D.E. Woodward. 1986. Time of concen-

tration. Hydrology, Technical Note No. N4. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation
Service, NENTC, Chester, PA.

(210–VI–NEH, May 2010) 15–17

Chapter 15 Time of Concentration Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

15–18 (210–VI–NEH, May 2010)

Appendix 15A Other Methods for Computing Time of
Concentration

This appendix includes regression equations for es- several regression equations for watershed lag. Lag
timating time of concentration developed by various was defined by Simas as the time between the centroid
researchers in different regions of the United States. of effective rainfall and the centroid of direct runoff.
These procedures may have an application for NRCS Equations were modified to time of concentration us-
in limited areas or for special studies. In general, these ing the relationship of lag = 0.6Tc or Tc = 1.67 lag.
equations are for existing conditions and cannot be
adapted to future conditions or urbanization changes The simplest form of the equation Simas developed is:
that might occur in a watershed. These methods are
included here for information and to provide a broad Tc = 0.0481 A 0.324 (eq. 15A–5)
overview of other types of time of concentration calcu-
lation methods that are available. where:
Tc = time of concentration, h
Whenever possible, an effort was made to maintain the A = the drainage area, acre
form of equations as published by the author. There-
fore, the various methods illustrated here may use The equation exhibiting the highest degree of correla-
different units. tion (R2) developed by Simas is:

Kirpich equation—The Kirpich equation (Maidment Tc = 0.0085 W 0.5937 S −0.1505 S nat 0.3131 (eq. 15A–6)
1993) was developed using data from seven rural water-
sheds on a farm in Tennessee with well-defined chan- where:
nels and steep slopes. Drainage areas ranged from 1.25 Tc = time of concentration, h
to 112.0 acres. W = watershed width, ft
drainage area ( ft 2 )
Tc = 0.007  0.77
S −0.385 =
(eq. 15A–1) watershed length ( ft )
where: S = average watershed slope, ft/ft
Tc = time of concentration, min Snat = storage coefficient used in the curve number
method
 = length of channel from headwater to outlet, ft
S = slope of the longest hydraulic length, ft/ft where:
Snat = (1,000/CN)–10
Kerby equation—The Kerby (1959) equation was CN = runoff curve number
developed from a very small watershed in which over-
land flow dominated. Some references suggest that it Sheridan equation—Sheridan (1994) performed a
should be used for watersheds having flow lengths less study on nine flatland watersheds located in Georgia
than 1,000 feet. and Florida and ranging in size from 2.62 to 334.34
0.324
 2.2 n 
Tc =  0.5  (eq. 15A–2)
 S 
where:
Tc = time of concentration, min Table 15A–1 SCS Drainage area equations
 = length of channel from headwater to outlet, ft
S = average slope, ft/ft
n = Manning’s channel roughness coefficient Region of applicability Time of concentration equation
Texas
Tc = 2.4 A 0.6 (eq. 15A–3)
Drainage area equations—The drainage area equa-
tions in table 15A–1 were developed by the Soil Con- Ohio
Tc = 0.9 A 0.6 (eq. 15A–4)
servation Service using small watershed data. where:
Tc = time of concentration, h
Simas equations—Simas (1996), in a nationwide anal- A = drainage area, mi2
ysis of 116 small agricultural watersheds, developed

(210–VI–NEH, May 2010) 15A–1

Chapter 15 Time of Concentration Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

km2. A regression analysis was performed using many to determine an estimate of lag time. The developed
basin characteristics to determine a timing equation. equation had an R2 value of 89 percent.
However, it was found that the main channel length
was the overwhelming characteristic that correlated  0.65
with the timing parameter. Therefore, an equation Tl =
was developed based solely on main channel length to
83.4 (eq. 15A–8)

estimate the time of concentration. The equation had a where:

correlation coefficient (R2) of 96 percent. Tl = lag time, h
 = longest hydraulic length, m
Tc = 2.20 0.92 (eq. 15A–7)
Papadakis and Kazan—Papadakis and Kazan (1986),
from the University of Cincinnati, developed regres-
where:
sion equations using data from 84 small ARS water-
Tc = time of concentration, h
sheds with drainage areas less than 500 acres across
 = main channel length, km
the United States.
Folmar and Miller equation—Folmar and Miller
(2008) developed an equation for lag time from 52
Tc = 0.66 L0.5 n 0.52S −0.31 i −.38 (eq. 15A–9)
agricultural watersheds throughout the country. Lag where:
was measured from the centroid of excess precipita- Tc = time of concentration, min
tion to the peak of the hydrograph. Watersheds ranged L = length of the longest waterway, ft
in size from approximately 3 acres to 20 square miles. S = slope of the flow path, ft/ft
Similar to what was determined by Sheridan (1994), i = intensity of the rainfall excess, in/h
it was found that only the longest hydraulic length as n = roughness coefficient (Manning’s n value for
determined by comparing travel times was needed channel)

15A–2 (210–VI–NEH, May 2010)

Appendix 15B Shallow Concentrated Flow
Alternatives

Recently there has been much discussion over the G. Cerrelli (Professional notes, 1990) developed a set
reasonableness of limiting shallow concentrated flow of curves to supplement the shallow concentrated flow
to only a paved or unpaved condition. The following curves which appear in figure 15B–1. Cerrelli’s curves
provides an alternate methodology for developing were developed using the concepts in Technical Paper
shallow concentrated flow estimates if so desired. 61, Handbook of Channel Design for Soil and Water
Conservation. Cerrelli used assumptions with regards
The shallow concentrated flow curves shown in figure to flow shape, width, and depth in conjunction with
15B–1 correspond to the grassed waterway and paved the VR versus n curves from TP–61 on a trial and error
area sheet flow curves from figure 15–4. The curves in basis to determine a relationship of V versus slope.
figure 15B–1 were developed based upon solutions to For paved surfaces and row crops with conventional
Manning’s equation assuming trapezoidal shaped chan- tillage, Cerrelli used Manning’s equation with a fixed n
nels with n = 0.05 and R = 0.4 foot for the unpaved value to determine a V versus slope curve.
condition and n = 0.025 and R = 0.2 foot for the paved
condition. Figure 15B–1 appeared in the 1986 Techni- A.A. Humpal (Professional notes, 2008) verified Cer-
cal Release Number 55, Urban Hydrology for Small relli’s curves but used a slightly different set of as-
Watersheds (TR–55). Because TR–55 was specifically sumptions with regards to flow shape, width, and
recommended for use in evaluating urban hydrology, it depth. Table 15B–1 and figure 15B–2 are a compilation
was assumed that in a majority of cases, shallow con- of agreed upon values by Humpal and Cerrelli (2009).
centrated flow would occur either in paved areas or in
grassed areas and there was no need to include the en- A third alternative for estimating shallow concentrated
tire range of curves shown in figure 15–4. However, the flow velocities for very unique conditions is to use the
velocity method of computing time of concentration is procedures in Agricultural Handbook 667, Stability
applicable across a broad range of land uses and the Design of Grass-Lined Open Channels.
additional curves in figure 15–4 are quite beneficial.

(210–VI–NEH, May 2010) 15B–1

 Chapter 15 Time of Concentration Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Figure 15B–1 TR–55 shallow concentrated flow curves

.50

.20

.10
Watercourse slope (ft/ft)

.06

.04

.02
d
ave
p

ved
Un

Pa

.01

.005
1 2 4 6 10 20
Average velocity (ft/s)

15B–2 (210–VI–NEH, May 2010)

 Chapter 15 Time of Concentration Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Figure 15B–2 Cerrelli’s and Humpal’s shallow concentrated flow curves

Swale—grass/woods
Swale—high grass/brush
Row crops—no till
Row crops—Conv till
Paved1
l
0.1 til
no
s—
op ds
h
Slope (ft/ft)

rus

cr oo
w w
s/
s/b

Ro as
s

gr
gra

till

e—
al
igh

nv

Sw
Co
—h

0.01
s—
ale

ved 1
rop
Sw

wc

Pa
Ro

0.001
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Average velocity (ft/s)

Table 15B–1 Assumptions used by Cerrelli and Humpal to develop shallow concentrated flow curves

Cover type Flow shape Width (ft) Depth Hydraulic Retardance n

(ft) radius, R (ft) value
Wide swale—lawn/mature woods Parabolic 10 0.4 0.27 D

Wide swale—high grass/brushy Parabolic 10 0.4 0.27 C

Row crops—no till Parabolic 7.5 0.3 0.23 D

Row crops—conventional tillage/bare gully Parabolic 7.5 0.3 0.23 0.035

Paved 1/ Triangular 12 0.4 0.19 0.014

1 The assumptions and limits for the paved condition used to define the paved line in figure 15B–2 are not the same as those used for the
pavement and small upland gullies line shown in figure 15–4. Velocities obtained using figure 15–4 and/or table 15–3 should not be combined
with those obtained from figure 15B–2.

(210–VI–NEH, May 2010) 15B–3

United States
Department of Part 630 Hydrology
Agriculture

Natural
National Engineering Handbook
Resources
Conservation
Service

Chapter 16 Hydrographs

Rain clouds
Cloud formation

Precipitation

tion
Evaporation

ira
n

ean
tio

Transp
oil
ta

from oc
ge

s
ve

from
m

on
fro

ms
ati
n
tio

ir

a
tre
sp
ra
po

an

ms
va

Tr

Surfa E
fro

ce ru
noff

Infiltration

Soil
Percolation

Rock Ocean
Ground water
Deep percolation

(210–VI–NEH, March 2007)

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

March 2007

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all

its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age,
disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental
status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, re-
prisal, or because all or a part of an individual’s income is derived from any
public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.)
Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication
of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should con-
tact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720–2600 (voice and TDD). To file a
complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights,
1400 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20250–9410, or call (800)
795–3272 (voice) or (202) 720–6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity
provider and employer.

(210–VI–NEH, March 2007)

Acknowledgments

Chapter 16 was originally prepared in 1971 by Dean Snider (retired) and

was reprinted with minor revisions in 1972. This version was prepared by
the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) under guidance of
Donald E. Woodward, (retired), and Claudia C. Hoeft, national hydraulic
engineer, Washington, DC. William H. Merkel, hydraulic engineer, pre-
pared the section dealing with unit hydrograph development on gaged wa-
tersheds. Katherine E. Chaison, engineering aide, developed the dimen-
sionless unit hydrograph tables and plots in appendix 16B, and Helen Fox
Moody, hydraulic engineer, edited and reviewed the chapter and developed
the tables and figures for example 16–1.

(210–VI–NEH, March 2007) 16–i

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

16–ii (210–VI–NEH, March 2007)

Chapter 16 Hydrographs

Contents: 630.1600 Introduction 16–1

630.1601 Development of hydrograph relations 16–1

(a) Types of hydrographs...................................................................................16–1

630.1602 Unit hydrograph 16–2

630.1603 Application of unit hydrograph 16–4

630.1604 Unit hydrograph development for a gaged watershed 16–14

630.1605 References 16–23

Appendix 16A Elements of a Unit Hydrograph 16A–1

Appendix 16B Dimensionless Unit Hydrographs with Peak Rate 16B–1

Factors from 100 to 600

Tables Table 16–1 Ratios for dimensionless unit hydrograph and 16–4
mass curve

Table 16–2 Computation of coordinates for unit hydrograph 16–9

for use in example 16–1

Table 16–3 Rainfall tabulated in 0.3 hour increments from plot 16–11
of rain gage chart in figure 16–3

Table 16–4 Computation of a flood hydrograph 16–12

Table 16–5 Relationship of m and PRF for DUH developed 16–15

from a Gamma equation

Table 16–6 Storm event of February 2, 1996, at Alligator Creek 16–18

near Clearwater, FL

Table 16–7 Dimensionless unit hydrograph for Alligator Creek 16–20

at Clearwater, FL, used in example 16–2

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Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Table 16B–1 Peak rate factor = 600 16B–1

Table 16B–2 Peak rate factor = 550 16B–2

Table 16B–3 Peak rate factor = 500 16B–3

Table 16B–4 Peak rate factor = 450 16B–4

Table 16B–5 Peak rate factor = 400 16B–5

Table 16B–6 Peak rate factor = 350 16B–6

Table 16B–7 Peak rate factor = 300 16B–7

Table 16B–8 Peak rate factor = 250 16B–8

Table 16B–9 Peak rate factor = 200 16B–9

Table 16B–10 Peak rate factor = 150 16B–10

Table 16B–11 Peak rate factor = 100 16B–12

Figures Figure 16–1 Dimensionless unit hydrograph and mass curve 16–3

Figure 16–2 Effect of watershed shape on the peaks of unit 16–5

hydrographs

Figure 16–3 Accumulated or mass rainfall and runoff curves for 16–7
CN 85 taken from a recording rain gage

Figure 16–4 Unit hydrograph from example 16–1 16–10

Figure 16–5 Composite flood hydrograph from example 16–1 16–13

Figure 16–6 Cumulative rainfall used in example 16–2 16–19

Figure 16–7 Dimensionless unit hydrograph used in example 16–2 16–20

Figure 16–8 Runoff hydrographs for example 16–2 16–21

16–iv (210–VI–NEH, March 2007)

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Figure 16A–1 Dimensionless curvilinear unit hydrograph and equiva- 16A–1

lent triangular hydrograph

Figure 16B–1 Peak rate factor = 600 16B–1

Figure 16B–2 Peak rate factor = 550 16B–2

Figure 16B–3 Peak rate factor = 500 16B–3

Figure 16B–4 Peak rate factor = 450 16B–4

Figure 16B–5 Peak rate factor = 400 16B–5

Figure 16B–6 Peak rate factor = 350 16B–6

Figure 16B–7 Peak rate factor = 300 16B–7

Figure 16B–8 Peak rate factor = 250 16B–8

Figure 16B–9 Peak rate factor = 200 16B–9

Figure 16B–10 Peak rate factor = 150 16B–11

Figure 16B–11 Peak rate factor = 100 16B–13

Examples Example 16–1 Composite flood hydrograph 16–7

Example 16–2 Determining the DUH for a gaged watershed 16–17

(210–VI–NEH, March 2007) 16–v

Chapter 16 Hydrographs

630.1600 Introduction 630.1601 Development of

hydrograph relations
Hydrographs or some elements of them, such as peak
rates, are used in the planning and design of water Runoff occurring on uplands flows downstream in
control structures. They are also used to show the various patterns. These patterns of flow are affected
hydrologic effects of existing or proposed watershed by many factors including:
projects and land use changes.
• spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall
• rate of snowmelt
• hydraulics of streams
• watershed and channel storage
• geology and soil characteristics
• watershed surface and cover conditions

The graph of flow (rate versus time) at a stream sec-

tion is called a hydrograph, of which no two are ex-
actly alike. Computation methods for computing peak
rates of flow are based upon empirical relations, start-
ing with the Rational Method for peak discharge in the
19th century, progressing to the unit hydrograph in the
1930s, and then to more recent use of dimensionless or
index hydrographs. The empirical relations are simple
elements from which a hydrograph may be made as
complex as needed.

Difficulties with hydrograph development lie in the

precise estimation of runoff from rainfall (NEH 630,
chapter 10) and determination of flow paths (NEH 630,
chapter 15).

(a) Types of hydrographs

This classification of hydrographs is a partial list, suit-

able for use in watershed work.
• Natural hydrograph—obtained directly from
the flow records of a gaged stream
• Synthetic hydrograph—obtained by using
watershed parameters and storm characteristics
to simulate a natural hydrograph
• Unit hydrograph—a discharge hydrograph
resulting from 1 inch of direct runoff distributed
uniformly over the watershed resulting from a
rainfall of a specified duration

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Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
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• Dimensionless unit hydrograph (DUH)—a

hydrograph developed to represent several unit 630.1602 Unit hydrograph
hydrographs; plotted using the ratio of the basic
units time to peak and peak rate; also called an
index hydrograph In the 1930s, L.K. Sherman (Sherman 1932, 1940)
advanced the theory of the unit hydrograph, or unit
graph. The unit hydrograph procedure assumes that
discharge at any time is proportional to the volume
of runoff and that time factors affecting hydrograph
shape are constant.

Field data and laboratory tests have shown that the

assumption of a linear relationship among watershed
components is not strictly true. The nonlinear rela-
tionships have not been investigated sufficiently to
ascertain their effects on a synthetic hydrograph. Until
more information is available, the procedures of this
chapter will be based on the unit hydrograph theory.

The fundamental principles of invariance and superpo-

sition make the unit graph an extremely flexible tool
for developing synthetic hydrographs. These principles
are:
• Principle of Invariance—the hydrograph of
surface runoff from a watershed resulting from a
given pattern of rainfall is constant
• Principle of Superposition—the hydrograph
resulting from a given pattern of rainfall excess
can be built up by superimposing the unit hy-
drographs because of the separate amounts of
rainfall excess occurring in each unit period; in-
cludes the principle of proportionality by which
the ordinates of the hydrograph are proportional
to the volume of rainfall excess

The unit time or unit hydrograph duration is the

duration for occurrence of precipitation excess. The
optimum unit time is less than 20 percent of the time
interval between the beginning of runoff from a short
duration, high‑intensity storm and the peak discharge
of the corresponding runoff.

The storm duration is the actual duration of the

precipitation excess. The duration varies with actual
storms. The dimensionless unit hydrograph used
by the Natural Resources Conservation Service
(NRCS) was developed by Victor Mockus (fig. 16–1)
(Mockus 1957). It was derived from many natural
unit hydrographs from watersheds varying widely in
size and geographical locations. This dimensionless

16–2 (210–VI–NEH, March 2007)

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Figure 16–1 Dimensionless unit hydrograph and mass curve

1.0

.9
Mass curve

.8

.7

q=Discharge at time t
.6 qp=Peak discharge
q/qp or Qa/Q

Qa=Accumulated volume at time t

Q=Total volume
.5 t=A selected time
Tp=Time from beginning of rise to the peak

.4

.3

.2

.1
DUH

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
t/Tp

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Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

curvilinear hydrograph, also shown in table 16–1, has

its ordinate values expressed in a dimensionless ratio 630.1603 Application of unit
q/qp or Qa/Q and its abscissa values as t/TP . This unit
hydrograph has a point of inflection approximately hydrograph
1.7 times the time to peak (Tp). The unit hydrograph
in table 16–1 has a peak rate factor (PRF) of 484 and The unit hydrograph can be constructed for any loca-
is the default provided in the WinTR–20 program. See tion on a regularly shaped watershed, once the values
appendix 16A for derivation of the standard NRCS of qp and Tp are defined (fig. 16–2, areas A and B).
dimensionless hydrograph.
Area C in figure 16–2 is an irregularly shaped water-
shed having two regularly shaped areas (C2 and C1)
with a large difference in their time of concentration.
Table 16–1 Ratios for dimensionless unit hydrograph and This watershed requires the development of two unit
mass curve hydrographs that may be added together, forming one
irregularly shaped unit hydrograph. This irregularly
Time ratios Discharge ratios Mass curve ratios
(t/Tp) (q/qp) (Qa/Q) shaped unit hydrograph may be used to develop a
flood hydrograph in the same way as the unit hydro-
0 .000 .000 graph developed from the dimensionless form (fig.
.1 .030 .001 16–1) is used to develop the flood hydrograph. See
.2 .100 .006 example 16–1 which develops a composite flood
.3 .190 .017 hydrograph for area A shown in figure 16–2. Also, each
.4 .310 .035 of the two unit hydrographs developed for areas C2
.5 .470 .065 and C1 in figure 16–2 may be used to develop flood
.6 .660 .107 hydrographs for the respective areas C2 and C1. The
.7 .820 .163 flood hydrographs from each area are then combined
.8 .930 .228 to form the hydrograph at the outlet of area C.
.9 .990 .300
1.0 1.000 .375 Many variables are integrated into the shape of a unit
1.1 .990 .450 hydrograph. Since a dimensionless unit hydrograph is
1.2 .930 .522 used and the only parameters readily available from
1.3 .860 .589 field data are drainage area and time of concentra-
1.4 .780 .650 tion, consideration should be given to dividing the
1.5 .680 .705 watershed into hydrologic units of uniformly shaped
1.6 .560 .751 areas. These subareas, if at all possible, should have
1.7 .460 .790 a homogeneous drainage pattern, homogeneous land
1.8 .390 .822 use and approximately the same size. To assure that
1.9 .330 .849 all contributing subareas are adequately represented,
2.0 .280 .871 it is suggested that no subarea exceed 20 square miles
2.2 .207 .908 in area and that the ratio of the largest to the smallest
2.4 .147 .934 drainage area not exceed 10.
2.6 .107 .953
2.8 .077 .967
3.0 .055 .977
3.2 .040 .984
3.4 .029 .989
3.6 .021 .993
3.8 .015 .995
4.0 .011 .997
4.5 .005 .999
5.0 .000 1.000

16–4 (210–VI–NEH, March 2007)

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Figure 16–2 Effect of watershed shape on the peaks of unit hydrographs (Equations, definitions, and units for variables are
found in appendix 16A.)

(a)

Area A
Area B

D.A.=4.6 mi2
1,500 Tc=2.3 h
∆D=0.3 h
qp=1455 ft3/s
D.A.=4.6 mi2
Tp=1.53 h
Tc=6.0 h
1,000
∆D=0.8 h
q (ft3/s)

Unit hydrograph qp=557 ft3/s

from Area A
Tp=4.0 h
500 500 Unit hydrograph
from Area B
q, ft3/s

zero at 20 hours
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (h) Time (h)

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Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Figure 16–2 Effect of watershed shape on the peaks of unit hydrographs (Equations, definitions, and units for variables are
found in appendix 16A.)—Continued

(b)
1,000
Area C2 Area C1
D.A.=2.0 mi2 D.A.=2.6 mi2
q, ft3/s

Tc=1.5 h Tc=6.0 h
500 Unit hydrograph
from area C2 ∆D=0.2 h ∆D=0.8 h
Unit hydrograph qp=988 ft3/s qp=315 ft3/s
from area C1 Tp=1.0 h Tp=4.0 h
(C1)
0
0 5 10 15 20
Time (h)

(C2)
1,000
q (ft3/s)

500 Combined unit hydrograph

areas C1 and C2

0
0 5 10 15 20
Time (h)

16–6 (210–VI–NEH, March 2007)

 Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Example 16–1 Composite flood hydrograph

Given: Drainage area......................................4.6 square miles

Time of concentration........................2.3 hours
CN.........................................................85
Antecedent runoff condition.............II
Storm duration....................................6 hours

The equations used in this example are found in appendix 16A. It is recommended to read appendix 16A be-
fore reading the example.

Problem: Develop a composite flood hydrograph using the runoff produced by the rainfall taken from a
recording rain gage (fig. 16–3) on watershed (area A) shown in figure 16–2.

Figure 16–3 Accumulated or mass rainfall and runoff curves for CN 85 taken from a recording rain gage

4
Rainfall

3
Volume (in)

Runoff from
2 CN-85

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (h)

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0

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Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Example 16–1 Composite flood hydrograph—Continued

Solution:
  Step 1 Develop and plot unit hydrograph.
Using equation 16A–13 in appendix 16A, compute ∆D:
∆D = 0.133 Tc
∆D = 0.133 × 2.3 = 0.306,use 0.3 hours

Using equation 16A–7 from appendix 16A, compute Tp:
∆D
+L Tp =
  2
.30
Tp = + (.6 × 2.3 ) = 1.53 h
  2

Using equation 16A–6 from the appendix, compute qp for volume of runoff equal to 1 inch:
484 AQ
qp =
Tp
 
484 × 4.6 × 1
qp = = 1, 455 ft 3 / s
  1.53

The coordinates of the curvilinear unit hydrograph are shown in table 16–2, and the plotted
hydrograph is figure 16–4.

  Step 2 Tabulate the ordinates of the unit hydrograph from figure 16–4 in 0.3 hour increments (∆D)
(table 16–4a, column 2).

  Step 3
Check the volume under the unit hydrograph by summing the ordinates (table 16–4a, column 2)
and multiplying by ∆D.
  9,914 × 0.3 = 2,974 (ft3/s)h

Compare this figure with the computed volume under the unit hydrograph:
645.33 ft 3 /s h ( )
 
mi 2 × in
× 4.6 mi 2 × 1 in = 2, 969 ft 3 /s h ( )
The difference between the two volumes in this example is less than 1 percent, and can be con-
sidered negligible.

If the volumes fail to check closely, reread the coordinates from figure 16–4 and adjust if neces-
sary until a reasonable balance in volume is attained.

16–8 (210–VI–NEH, March 2007)

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Example 16–1 Composite flood hydrograph—Continued

Table 16–2 Computation of coordinates for unit hydrograph for use in example 16–1

Time ratios Time Discharge ratios Discharges Time ratios Time Discharge ratios Discharges
(table 16–1) (col 1 × 1.53) (table 16–1) (col 3 × 1,455) (table 16–1) (col 1 × 1.53) (table 16–1) (col 3 × 1,455)
(t/Tp) (h) (q/qp) (ft3/s) (t/Tp) (h) (q/qp) (ft3/s)

  (1) (2) (3) (4)   (1) (2) (3) (4)

0.000 0.000 0.0000 0 2.600 3.978 0.1070 156

0.100 0.153 0.0300 44 2.700 4.131 0.0920 134
0.200 0.306 0.1000 146 2.800 4.284 0.0770 112
0.300 0.459 0.1900 276 2.900 4.437 0.0660 96
0.400 0.612 0.3100 451 3.000 4.590 0.0550 80
0.500 0.765 0.4700 684 3.100 4.743 0.0475 69
0.600 0.918 0.6600 960 3.200 4.896 0.0400 58
0.700 1.071 0.8200 1193 3.300 5.049 0.0345 50
0.800 1.224 0.9300 1353 3.400 5.202 0.0290 42
0.900 1.377 0.9900 1440 3.500 5.355 0.0250 36
1.000 1.530 1.0000 1455 3.600 5.508 0.0210 31
1.100 1.683 0.9900 1440 3.700 5.661 0.0180 26
1.200 1.836 0.9300 1353 3.800 5.814 0.0150 22
1.300 1.989 0.8600 1251 3.900 5.967 0.0130 19
1.400 2.142 0.7800 1135 4.000 6.120 0.0110 16
1.500 2.295 0.6800 989 4.100 6.273 0.0098 14
1.600 2.448 0.5600 815 4.200 6.426 0.0086 13
1.700 2.601 0.4600 669 4.300 6.579 0.0074 11
1.800 2.754 0.3900 567 4.400 6.732 0.0062 9
1.900 2.907 0.3300 480 4.500 6.885 0.0050 7
2.000 3.060 0.2800 407 4.600 7.038 0.0040 6
2.100 3.213 0.2435 354 4.700 7.191 0.0030 4
2.200 3.366 0.2070 301 4.800 7.344 0.0020 3
2.300 3.519 0.1770 258 4.900 7.497 0.0010 1
2.400 3.672 0.1470 214 5.000 7.650 0.0000 0
2.500 3.825 0.1270 185

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Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
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Example 16–1 Composite flood hydrograph—Continued

Figure 16–4 Unit hydrograph from example 16–1

1,500

1,400
Unit hydrograph
1,300

1,200

1,100

1,000
Discharge (ft3/s)

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Time (h)

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Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Example 16–1 Composite flood hydrograph—Continued

  Step 4 Tabulate the accumulated rainfall in 0.3-hour increments (table 16–3, column 2).

  Step 5 Compute the accumulated runoff (table 16–3, column 3) using CN of 85 and moisture condition
II.

  Step 6 Tabulate the incremental runoff (table 16–3, column 4).

  Step 7 Tabulate the incremental runoff in reverse order (table 16–3, column 5) on a strip of paper hav-
ing the same line spacing as the paper used in step 2. A spreadsheet program may also be used
to develop the composite hydrograph.

  Step 8 Place the strip of paper between column 1 and column 2 of table 16–4(a) and slide down until
the first increment of runoff (0.12) on the strip of paper is opposite the first discharge (140) on
the unit hydrograph (column 2). Multiplying 0.12 × 140 = 16.8 (round to 17). Tabulate in column
3 opposite the arrow on the strip of paper.

  Step 9 Move the strip of paper down one line (table 16–4(b)) and compute (0.12 × 439) + (.27 × 140)
= 90.48 (round to 90). Tabulate in column 3 opposite the arrow on the strip of paper. Continue
moving the strip of paper containing the runoff down one line at a time and accumulatively
multiply each runoff increment by the unit hydrograph discharge opposite the increment.

Table 16–3 Rainfall tabulated in 0.3 hour increments from plot of rain gage chart in figure 16–3

Time Accum. Accum. Incremental Reversed Time Accum. Accum. Incremental Reversed
rainfall runoff 1/ runoff incremental rainfall runoff 1/ runoff incremental
(h) (in) (in) (in) runoff (h) (in) (in) (in) runoff

 (1) (2) (3)   (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

0.0 0.00
0.3 0.37 0.00 0.00 0.09 3.3 2.71 1.35 0.01 0.00
0.6 0.87 0.12 0.12 0.19 3.6 2.77 1.40 0.05 0.00
0.9 1.40 0.39 0.27 0.24 3.9 2.91 1.51 0.11 0.06
1.2 1.89 0.72 0.33 0.31 4.2 3.20 1.76 0.25 0.12
1.5 2.24 0.98 0.26 0.42 4.5 3.62 2.12 0.36 0.18
1.8 2.48 1.16 0.18 0.36 4.8 4.08 2.54 0.42 0.26
2.1 2.63 1.28 0.12 0.25 5.1 4.43 2.85 0.31 0.33
2.4 2.70 1.34 0.06 0.11 5.4 4.70 3.09 0.24 0.27
2.7 2.70 1.34 0.00 0.05 5.7 4.90 3.28 0.19 0.12
3.0 2.70 1.34 0.00 0.01 6.0 5.00 3.37 0.09 0.00
1/ Runoff computed using CN 85 moisture condition II.

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National Engineering Handbook

Example 16–1 Composite flood hydrograph—Continued

Table 16–4 Computation of a flood hydrograph

16–4(a) 16–4(b) 16–4(c) 16–4(d)

Reversed Reversed
incremental incremental
runoff runoff
0.09 0.09
0.19 0.19
0.24 0.24
0.31 0.31
0.42 0.42
0.36 0.36
0.25 0.25
0.11 0.11
0.05 0.05
0.01 0.01
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.06                0.06                                                                                                                                               
0.12 (1) 0.12 (2) (3)   (1) Reversed (2) (3) (1) Reversed (2) (3)
(1) 0.18 (2) (3) Time 0.18 Unit Flood Time incre. Unit Flood Time incre. Unit Flood
Time 0.26 Unit Flood 0.26    hyd.     hyd.    runoff     hyd.       hyd.       runoff      hyd.       hyd.   
0.33 hyd. hyd.   0.0 0.33 0. 0. 0.0 0. 0. 0.0 0. 0.
0.0 0.27 0. 0. 0.3 0.27 140. 0. 0.3 140. 0. 0.3 140. 0.
0.3 0.12 140. 0. 0.6 0.12 439. 17. 0.6 0.09 439. 17. 0.6 439. 17.
0.6 0.00→ 439. 17. 0.9 0.00→ 923. 90. 0.9 0.19 923. 90. 0.9 923. 90.
0.9 923. 1.2 1,332. 1.2 0.24 1,332. 275. 1.2 1,332. 275.
1.2 1,332. 1.5 1,455. 1.5 0.31 1,455. 590. 1.5 1,455. 590.
1.5 1,455. 1.8 1,378. 1.8 0.42 1,378. 978. 1.8 1,378. 978.
1.8 1,378. 2.1 1,166. 2.1 0.36 1,166. 1,334. 2.1 1,166. 1,334.
2.1 1,166. 2.4 873. 2.4 0.25 873. 1,566. 2.4 873. 1,566.
2.4 873. 2.7 601. 2.7 0.11 601. 1,629. 2.7 601. 1,629.
2.7 601. 3.0 436. 3.0 0.05 436. 1,528. 3.0 436. 1,528.
3.0 436. 3.3 324. 3.3 0.01 324. 1,310. 3.3 324. 1,310.
3.3 324. 3.6 235. 3.6 0.00 235. 1,056. 3.6 235. 1,056.
3.6 235. 3.9 171. 3.9 0.00 171. 842. 3.9 171. 842.
3.9 171. 4.2 124. 4.2 0.06 124. 730. 4.2 124. 730.
4.2 124. 4.5 90. 4.5 0.12 90. 769. 4.5 90. 769.
4.5 90. 4.8 65. 4.8 0.18 65. 989. 4.8 65. 989.
4.8 65. 5.1 47. 5.1 0.26 47. 1,358. 5.1 47. 1,358.
5.1 47. 5.4 35. 5.4 0.33 35. 1,783. 5.4 35. 1,783.
5.4 35. 5.7 25. 5.7 0.27 25. 2,142. 5.7 25. 2,142.
5.7 25. 6.0 18. 6.0 0.12 18. 2,346. 6.0 18. 2,346.
6.0 18. 6.3 14. 6.3 0.00→ 14. 2,356. 6.3 14. 2,356.
6.3 14. 6.6 11. 6.6 11. 6.6 11. 2,179.
6.6 11. 6.9 7. 6.9 7. 6.9 7. 1,863.
6.9 7. 7.2 4. 7.2 4. 7.2 4. 1,494.
7.2 4. 7.5 1. 7.5 1. 7.5 1. 1,144.
7.5 1. 7.8 0. 7.8 0. 7.8 0.09 0. 845.
7.8 0. 8.1 8.1 8.1 0.19 611.
8.1 8.4 8.4 8.4 0.24 441.
8.4 8.7 8.7 8.7 0.31 320.
8.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 0.42 232.
9.0 9.3 9.3 9.3 0.36 168.
9.3 9.6 9.6 9.6 0.25 122.
9.6 9.9 9.9 9.9 0.11 89.
9.9 10.2 10.2 10.2 0.05 65.
10.2 10.5 10.5 10.5 0.01 47.
10.5 10.8 10.8 10.8 0.00 34.
10.8 11.1 11.1 11.1 0.00 25.
11.1 11.4 11.4 11.4 0.06 17.
11.4 11.7 11.7 11.7 0.12 11.
11.7 12.0 12.0 12.0 0.18 7.
12.0 12.3 12.3 12.3 0.26 4.
12.3 12.6 12.6 12.6 0.33 2.
12.6 12.9 12.9 12.9 0.27 1.
12.9 13.2 13.2 13.2 0.12 0.
13.2 13.5 13.5 13.5 0.00→ 0.
13.5 33,409
Total 9,914

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Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
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Example 16–1 Composite flood hydrograph—Continued

Table 16–4(c) shows the position of the strip of paper containing the runoff when the peak
discharge of the flood hydrograph (2,356 ft3/s) is reached. If only the peak discharge of the flood
hydrograph is desired, it can be found by making only a few computations, placing the larger
increments of runoff near the peak discharge of the unit hydrograph.

Table 16–4(d) shows the position of the strip of paper containing the runoff at the completion of
the flood hydrograph. The complete flood hydrograph is shown in column 3. These discharges
are plotted at their proper time sequence on figure 16–5, which is the complete flood hydrograph
for example 16–1.

  Step 10 Calculate the volume under the flood hydrograph by summing the ordinates (table 16–4(d), col-
umn 3) and multiplying by ∆D: 33,409 × 0.3 = 10,022.7 ft3/s‑h.

Figure 16–5 Composite flood hydrograph from example 16–1

2,500.000

Composite flood
hydrograph

2,000.000
Discharge (ft3/s)

1,500.000

1,000.000

500.000

0
0 4 7 10 15 18 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46

Time (h)

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Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

project purpose and degree of detail. The DUH is

630.1604 Unit hydrograph de- used in WinTR–20 to develop the incremental runoff
hydrograph for a short duration of rainfall excess
velopment for a gaged watershed that results from rainfall assumed to be at uniform
intensity. The rainfall distribution for the storm is
The dimensionless unit hydrograph varies from water- divided into several short duration increments each
shed to watershed based on a number of factors. Some with assumed uniform rainfall intensity and uniform
of these factors are size of watershed, geomorphic depth over a watershed (or subarea). This is consistent
characteristics, geologic characteristics, watershed with the assumption of unit hydrograph theory of
slope, watershed length, amount of storage, degree spatial and temporal uniformity.
of channelization of the stream network, and degree
of urbanization. The dimensionless unit hydrograph Williams (James, Winsor, and Williams 1987) and
(DUH) used as an NRCS standard for many years Meadows (Meadows and Ramsey 1991) developed
has a peak rate factor of 484 and is described earlier computer programs that automate this process
in this chapter. This DUH was developed by Victor through optimization techniques. The only required
Mockus (Mockus 1957) from analysis of small water- data are rainfall distribution and magnitude, measured
sheds where the rainfall and streamflow were gaged. hydrograph data, and watershed drainage area. The
An alternative to the 484 DUH has been developed for output from these programs includes the event run-
the Delmarva region (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia off curve number, unit hydrograph, peak rate factor,
peninsula) based on data from four gaged watersheds plots, and statistical analysis. These programs treat the
(Welle, Woodward, and Moody 1980). watershed as a single unit (division of watershed into
subareas is not simulated) assuming uniform rainfall
Many reports have been published concerning devel- and a single runoff curve number. They have been
opment of the DUH for gaged watersheds in various used to study unit hydrographs at many watersheds
parts of the country including Maryland (McCuen throughout the country (Woodward, Merkel, and Sheri-
1989), Georgia, Florida, and Texas (Sheridan and dan 1995). If the watershed is divided into subareas,
Merkel 1993). The DUH, as well as time of concentra- the procedure above is recommended for developing a
tion, runoff curve number, stream Manning n values, trial and error solution. The more subareas and reach-
and other key parameters, may be calibrated to gage es in the WinTR–20 input data, the more complicated
data. Calibration of a hydrologic model may be based this process becomes. However, if the steps are fol-
on actual measurements for the watershed or studies lowed, a hydrologic model calibrated in such a manner
of nearby gaged watersheds, such as regional regres- will make the best use of limited gage information at
sion equations. A regional study of the DUH for gaged other locations within the watershed.
watersheds may reveal insights into what DUH to use
for an ungaged watershed located within the region. The shape of the DUH determines the peak rate factor.
The higher the peak rate factor, the higher the peak
Various engineering textbooks, such as Hydrology discharge will be from the watershed. The 1972 ver-
for Engineers (Linsley, Kohler, and Paulhus 1982), sion of this chapter stated: “This constant has been
have procedures for developing a unit hydrograph known to vary from about 600 in steep terrain to 300 in
from gaged rainfall and streamflow data. The method very flat, swampy country.” Recent studies have shown
presented in this chapter is somewhat different. It is a the peak rate factor has a much wider range: from
practical method using the NRCS WinTR–20 computer below 100 to more than 600. The standard 484 DUH
program. The primary concept upon which the method was developed using graphical techniques and not an
is based is that if the DUH is to be used in WinTR–20 equation. The gamma equation, however, fits the shape
for analysis of hypothetical storms (such as design of the 484 DUH fairly well. The gamma equation has
storms, 100-year storm, probable maximum flood), the the following form:
DUH should be developed by calibrating WinTR–20 [16–1]
 t  m    − m  tt   
 
Q
for measured rainfall and streamflow data for the = e m      e  p   
watershed. Furthermore, the WinTR–20 input data Qp  t p    
   
file should be organized in such a way as to represent
the watershed stream network as determined by the

16–14 (210–VI–NEH, March 2007)

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

where: DUH determination with WinTR–20

Q Step 1—Derive input to the WinTR–20 model, enter
= ratio of discharge at a certain time to the peak
Qp discharge of the unit hydrograph (UH) the data, and make preliminary simulations. If the
e = constant 2.7183 stream gage is not at the watershed outlet, defining a
m = gamma equation shape factor subarea or end of reach at the location of the stream
gage is recommended. The original WinTR–20 input
t = ratio of the time of DUH coordinate to time to
tp file should be copied to create a separate file for each
peak of the DUH
storm event to be analyzed. The object of this analysis
is to model the storm event over the watershed and
Since the equation has only one parameter, m, one
adjust parameters, such as runoff curve number, base-
value of m produces a unique DUH, and thus one
flow, time of concentration, and DUH, to provide the
unique peak rate factor. The peak rate factor (PRF) is
best match with the measured streamflow hydrograph
calculated from the DUH coordinates using the equa-
at the gage.
tion 16–2.
Step 2—Examine rainfall and streamflow records to
645.33
PRF = ensure there are periods of record where both rainfall
∑ DUH coordinates × ∆TDUH [16–2]
and streamflow are measured. At the stream gage loca-
tion, select several flood events to be analyzed repre-
where: senting a range of magnitudes and for which rainfall
PRF = peak rate factor records are available. With respect to the time interval
Σ DUH coordinates = summation of the dimensionless of the data, generally the smaller the time interval the
unit hydrograph coordinates better the results. At some point, the modeler needs to
assess the quality of data being used, locations of gag-
∆TDUH = nondimensional time interval of the DUH
es (often a rain gage within the watershed boundary
645.33 = unit conversion factor (see eq. 16–5, appen- is not available), and whether the time interval of the
dix 16A) data is satisfactory. For example, if the stream gage is
a crest gage (only peak discharge is recorded) and the
The gamma equation may be used to develop a DUH rain gage records daily precipitation, it is unlikely that
with any desired peak rate factor. a reasonable DUH can be developed. Other commonly
available data are hourly and 15-minute precipitation;
The PRF is calculated after the DUH coordinates are daily, hourly, and peak streamflow; and breakpoint
calculated. This means that various values of m must data (available for many Agricultural Research Service
be tried in the equation until a desired PRF is reached. (ARS) experimental watersheds). The ARS maintains
Table 16–5 shows the relationship of m and PRF. The the Water Data Center, [Link]
general steps to develop the DUH follow. wdc/[Link] with an archive on experimen-
tal watersheds. The National Climatic Data Center
(NOAA), [Link] has
Table 16–5 Relationship of m and PRF for DUH devel- archived National Weather Service rainfall records,
oped from a Gamma equation
and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), [Link]
m PRF
[Link]/) has also archived streamflow records.

0.26 101 Step 3—For storm events with both measured rainfall
and streamflow, develop a cumulative rainfall distribu-
1 238 tion to be entered into the WinTR–20 data file. If the
2 349 watershed is small enough or if rainfall data are lim-
3 433 ited, a single rain gage may be used to represent uni-
3.7 484 form rainfall over the watershed. If more than one rain
gage is available, rainfall isohyets may be drawn over
4 504 the watershed and rainfall varied for each subarea.
5 566

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Step 4—Runoff volume may be determined for the Problems inevitably occur when working with rainfall
streamflow hydrograph and is recommended to be and runoff data. Problems indicating that a particu-
the first parameter calibrated. Runoff volume is the lar event should not be included in the analysis may
volume of the hydrograph above the baseflow. Several include:
baseflow separation methods are described in stan-
• a significant flood event with minor rainfall and
dard hydrology texts, but in many small watersheds,
vice versa
baseflow is relatively small and a constant baseflow
can generally be assumed. The runoff curve number • more runoff volume than rainfall (such as may
for the watershed (or its subareas if so divided) should happen with snowmelt events,) see NEH 630,
be adjusted such that the storm event rainfall produc- chapter 11, Snowmelt
es the storm event runoff.
• timing of rainfall and runoff measurements may
be out of synchronization (for example, the
Step 5—If the hydrograph at the gage has significant
hydrograph may begin rising before there is any
baseflow, the value may be entered in the appropri-
rainfall)
ate location in the WinTR–20 input file. Consideration
should also be given to prorating the baseflow value
If more than one storm event is analyzed, a wide range
(based on drainage area) at other locations along the
of event peak rate factors may result. The causes of
stream network.
these kinds of problems include:
Step 6—Timing of the peak discharge at the gage is • poor data quality
dependent primarily upon the time of concentration
• nonuniform rainfall over the watershed
and stream cross section rating tables. The value of
Manning's n used for overland flow, concentrated flow, • rainfall (magnitude and/or distribution) at the
and channel flow is not known precisely. Using gage gage not representing rainfall over the watershed
data may help in refining these estimates. If the times
• partial area hydrology
to peak of the measured and computed hydrographs
are not similar, the timing factors of the watershed • runoff curve number procedure not representing
should be adjusted to bring the times to peak into the distribution of runoff over time
closer agreement.
• frozen soil, snowmelt runoff, transmission loss,
or physical changes in the watershed over time
Step 7—After the runoff volume and timing have
(urbanization, reservoir construction, channel
been adjusted, the DUH may be calibrated by entering
modification)
different DUHs in WinTR–20 with various peak rate
factors. The objective is to match the peak discharge • the DUH may even be sensitive to the magnitude
and shape of the measured hydrograph as closely as of the storm and resulting flood
possible.
If the range of PRFs for the various storm events is
Considerations to be made in selecting events to wide, the data and watershed characteristics should be
analyze should include single versus multiple peak investigated to determine the reason. Judgment needs
hydrographs, long versus short duration rainfalls, high to be exercised in determining what DUH best repre-
versus low event runoff curve numbers, and large sents the watershed. Example 16–2 shows the proce-
versus small flood events. Rainfall events separated by dure to determine the dimensionless unit hydrograph
a relatively short time span may not allow the stream- for a gaged watershed.
flow hydrograph to return to baseflow. Use of a com-
plete hydrograph that begins and ends at baseflow is
recommended.

Consider rain gages close enough to the watershed lo-

cation such that the rainfall measurements accurately
represent the actual rainfall on the watershed.

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Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
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Example 16–2 Determining the DUH for a gaged watershed

Watershed and storm event description: The watershed selected for this example is Alligator Creek
near Clearwater, Florida. Hourly discharge and rainfall data
were provided by the U.S. Geological Survey. The watershed
has a drainage area of 6.73 square miles. For simplicity,
the watershed is treated as a single watershed and is not
divided into subareas. The date of the storm event being
analyzed is February 2, 1996. The storm had a duration of 15
hours and a total rainfall of 3.69 inches. The peak discharge
at the stream gage was 436 cubic feet per second.

Rainfall and runoff data: Columns 1 to 3 in table 16–6 show the time series of
measured rainfall and stream discharge. The rainfall
distribution for the storm event is plotted in figure 16–6.
The baseflow of the hydrograph is 4.7 cubic feet per second.
After subtracting the constant baseflow from the measured
hydrograph, the runoff volume was computed to be 1.45
inches. The runoff curve number corresponding to 3.69
inches of rainfall and 1.45 inches of runoff is 75, which was
used in WinTR–20 for the watershed runoff curve number.

Time of concentration: The time to peak of the measured hydrograph is 12 hours.

Several trials of watershed time of concentration were made
before arriving at the value of 8 hours. This resulted in the
computed hydrograph having a time to peak of 12 hours.

Dimensionless Unit Hydrograph: A DUH for any desired peak rate factor may be developed
from the gamma equation (16–1) described in this section.
Appendix 16B has standard tables that have been developed
for a DUH based on the gamma equation for peak rate fac-
tors ranging from 100 to 600 (at increments of 50). The PRF
for this individual storm event was between 200 and 250.
The sum of the DUH coordinates in table 16–7 is 13.5361.
Using the given nondimensional time step 0.2 and equation
16–2 results in a calculated PRF of 238.37, and is rounded
to 238. The final peak rate factor of 238 was selected (which
gave a good fit of hydrograph shape and peak discharge).
The DUH is listed in table 16–7 and plotted in figure 16–7.
The computed hydrograph for this PRF is in column 4 of
table 16–6. The comparison of the measured and computed
hydrographs is shown in figure 16–8.

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Example 16–2 Determining the DUH for a gaged watershed—Continued

Table 16–6 Storm event of February 2, 1996, at Alligator Creek near Clearwater, FL

Time Cumulative Measured Computed Time Cumulative Measured Computed

rainfall discharge discharge rainfall discharge discharge
(h) (in) (ft3/s) (ft3/s) (h) (in) (ft3/s) (ft3/s)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (4)

0 0.00 4.7 4.7 28 87.4 92.5

1 0.01 4.7 4.7 29 81.4 81
2 0.06 4.7 4.7 30 76.7 70.9
3 0.14 5.0 4.7 31 71.6 62
4 0.34 5.5 4.7 32 66.6 54.2
5 1.10 7.8 13.9 33 63.4 47.4
6 1.66 24.8 48.5 34 59.2 41.4
7 2.54 98.8 121.1 35 56.2 36.1
8 3.30 199.5 211.2 36 53.2 31.4
9 3.62 292.9 315.3 37 50.8 27.6
10 3.66 362.5 379.6 38 47.5 24.4
11 3.67 416.1 414.1 39 45.7 21.7
12 3.67 436.4 425.9 40 44.3 19.2
13 3.67 424.9 421.6 41 42.5 17.1
14 3.68 395.0 407.2 42 40.8 15.3
15 3.69 357.8 386.2 43 39.1 13.8
16 316.8 360.8 44 37.8 12.4
17 279.1 333 45 36.5 11.3
18 244.6 304.3 46 35.3 10.3
19 215.0 275.9 47 34.5 9.4
20 187.1 248.4 48 33.7 8.7
21 165.9 222.4 49 32.5 8.1
22 146.7 198.2 50 31.8 7.6
23 132.2 175.8 51 31.0 7.1
24 119.9 155.2 52 30.2 6.7
25 110.4 136.6 53 29.5 6.4
26 100.8 120 54 28.8 6.1
27 93.0 105.4 55 27.7 5.8

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National Engineering Handbook

Example 16–2 Determining the DUH for a gaged watershed—Continued

Figure 16–6 Cumulative rainfall used in example 16–2

4.00

3.50 Cumulative rainfall

3.00

2.50
Rainfall (in)

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Time (h)

(210–VI–NEH, March 2007) 16–19

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Example 16–2 Determining the DUH for a gaged watershed—Continued

Table 16–7 Dimensionless unit hydrograph for Alligator Creek at Clearwater, FL, used in example 16–2

Time Discharge Time Discharge Time Discharge Time Discharge Time Discharge
non-dim non-dim non-dim non-dim non-dim non-dim non-dim non-dim non-dim non-dim
0.0 0 2.0 0.736 4.0 0.199 6.0 0.04 8.0 0.007
0.2 0.445 2.2 0.663 4.2 0.172 6.2 0.034 8.2 0.006
0.4 0.729 2.4 0.592 4.4 0.147 6.4 0.029 8.4 0.005
0.6 0.895 2.6 0.525 4.6 0.126 6.6 0.024 8.6 0.004
0.8 0.977 2.8 0.463 4.8 0.107 6.8 0.021 8.8 0.0036
1.0 1 3.0 0.406 5.0 0.092 7.0 0.017 9.0 0.003
1.2 0.983 3.2 0.355 5.2 0.078 7.2 0.015 9.2 0.0025
1.4 0.938 3.4 0.308 5.4 0.066 7.4 0.012 9.4 0.002
1.6 0.878 3.6 0.267 5.6 0.056 7.6 0.01 9.6 0.001
1.8 0.809 3.8 0.231 5.8 0.048 7.8 0.009 9.8 0

sum DUH coordinates 13.5361

PRF 238.
Figure 16–7 Dimensionless unit hydrograph used in example 16–2

0.9 Dim unit hyd

0.8

0.7
Discharge (non-dim)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

Time (non-dim)

16–20 (210–VI–NEH, March 2007)

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Example 16–2 Determining the DUH for a gaged watershed—Continued

Figure 16–8 Runoff hydrographs for example 16–2

450.0

400.0 Measured hydrograph

Computed hydrograph

350.0

300.0
Discharge (ft3/s)

250.0

200.0

150.0

100.0

50.0

0.0
-5 5 15 25 35 45 55
Time (h)

(210–VI–NEH, March 2007) 16–21

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Example 16–2 Determining the DUH for a gaged watershed—Continued

Conclusion: This procedure outlines the steps of developing the DUH

by trial-and-error using WinTR–20. The comparison of
the measured and computed hydrographs shows a good
match of the rising hydrograph limb and the peak discharge
and a less accurate fit of the falling limb. The measured
hydrograph shows a slower recession at the tail of the
hydrograph, which may represent delayed release of water
from storage or delayed hydrograph response as a result of
subsurface flow. Representing this in the DUH would re-
quire a more complex mathematical representation, such as
a gamma equation for the majority of the DUH shape and an
exponential recession function to represent the tail of the
DUH. If another shape of DUH is desired, it may be accom-
modated in the steps described above.

16–22 (210–VI–NEH, March 2007)

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources

630.1605 References Conservation Service. 2004. Estimation of direct
runoff from storm rainfall. National Engineering
Handbook, Part 630, Chapter 10. Washington,
James, W., P. Winsor, and J. Williams. 1987. Synthetic DC.
unit hydrograph. ASCE Journal of Water Re-
sources Planning and Management, Vol. 113, No. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources
1, pp. 70–81. Conservation Service. 1972. Time of concentra-
tion. National Engineering Handbook, Part 630,
Linsley, R.K., M.A. Kohler, and J.L.H. Paulhus. 1982. Chapter 15. Washington, DC.
Hydrology for engineers. McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
New York, NY. Welle, P., D.E. Woodward, and H. Fox Moody. 1980. A
dimensionless unit hydrograph for the Delmarva
McCuen, R. 1989. Calibration of hydrologic models for Peninsula. American Society of Agricultural Engi-
Maryland. Maryland Department of Transporta- neers Paper Number 80–2013, St. Joseph, MI.
tion Report Number FHWA/MD–91/03.
Woodward, D.E., W.H. Merkel, and J. Sheridan. 1995.
Meadows, M., and E. Ramsey. 1991. User's manual for NRCS unit hydrographs. In Water Resources En-
a unit hydrograph optimization program Project gineering, Vol. 1, W.H. Espey, Jr., and P.G. Combs
Completion Report, Vol. I, U.S. Geological Sur- (eds.), ASCE, New York, NY, pp. 1693–1697.
vey, Washington, DC.

Mockus, V. 1957. Use of storm and watershed char-

acteristics in synthetic hydrograph analysis and
application. American Geophysical Union, Pacific
Southwest Region, Sacramento, CA.

Sheridan, J.S., and W.H. Merkel. 1993. Determining

design unit hydrographs for small watersheds. In
Proc. Fed. Interagency Workshop on Hydrologic
Modeling Demands for the 90's, compiled by
J.S. Burton, USGS Water Resourc. Invest. Rep.
93–4018, pp. 8–42–8–49.

Sherman, L.K. 1940. The hydraulics of surface runoff.

Civil Eng. 10:165–166.

Sherman, L.K. 1932. Streamflow from rainfall by the

unit-graph method. Engineering News Record,
vol. 108, pp. 501–505.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources

Conservation Service. WinTR–20, Ver. 1.00,
Computer Program for Project Formulation Hy-
drology. Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources

Conservation Service. 2004. Snowmelt. National
Engineering Handbook, Part 630, Chapter 11.
Washington, DC.

(210–VI–NEH, March 2007) 16–23

Appendix 16A Elements of a Unit Hydrograph

The dimensionless curvilinear unit hydrograph (fig. These relationships are useful in developing the peak
16–1) has 37.5 percent of the total volume in the rising rate equation for use with the dimensionless unit
side, which is represented by one unit of time and one hydrograph.
unit of discharge. This dimensionless unit hydrograph
also can be represented by an equivalent triangular Peak rate equation
hydrograph having the same units of time and dis-
charge, thus having the same percent of volume in the From figure 16A–1 the total volume under the triangu-
rising side of the triangle (fig. 16A–1). This allows the lar unit hydrograph is:
base of the triangle to be solved in relation to the time
to peak using the geometry of triangles. Solving for the q p Tp q p Tr qp
base length of the triangle, if one unit of time Tp equals Q=
2
+
2
=
2
(Tp + Tr )
[16A–1]
0.375 per cent of volume:
1.00 With Q in inches and T in hours, solve for peak rate qP
Tb = = 2.67 units of time
.375 in inches per hour:

Tr = Tb − Tp = 1.67 units of time or 1.67 Tp 2Q

qp =
where: Tp + Tr
[16A–2]
Tb = time from beginning to end of the triangular
hydrograph
Tr = time from the peak to the end of the triangular
hydrograph
Tp = time from the beginning of the triangular
hydrograph to its peak

Figure 16A–1 Dimensionless curvilinear unit hydrograph and equivalent triangular hydrograph

Excess rainfall
Lag
1.0
∆D
.9
Mass curve
of runoff
.8

.7
q/qp or Qa/Q

.6
qp
.5
Tc Point of inflection
.4

.3

.2

.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Tp Tr
Tb
t/Tp

(210–VI–NEH, March 2007) 16A–1

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Let: shape factor associated with the triangular hydrograph

2 and, therefore, a change in the constant 484. This con-
K= stant has been known to vary from about 600 in steep
T
1+ r terrain to 100 or less in flat, swampy country. The na-
Tp
[16A–3] tional hydraulic engineer should concur in the use of a
dimensionless unit hydrograph other than that shown
Therefore: in figure 16A–1. If the dimensionless shape of the
KQ hydrograph needs to vary to perform a special job, the
qp =
Tp ratio of the percent of total volume in the rising side of
[16A–4] the unit hydrograph to the rising side of a triangle is a
useful tool in arriving at the peak rate factor.
In making the conversion from inches per hour to cu-
bic feet per second and putting the equation in terms Figure 16A–1 shows that:
ordinarily used, including drainage area A in square
∆D
miles and time T in hours, equation 16–4 becomes the Tp = +L
general equation: 2 [16A–7]
645.33 × K × A × Q where:
qp = ∆D = duration of unit excess rainfall in hours
Tp
[16A–5] L = watershed lag in hours

where: The lag of a watershed is defined in NEH 630, chapter

qp = peak discharge in cubic feet per second 15 as the time from the center of mass of excess rain-
(ft3/s) fall ( ∆D ) to the time to peak (Tp ) of a unit hydrograph.
2
645.33 = conversion factor for the rate required to Combining equations 16A–6 and 16A–7 results in equa-
discharge 1 inch from 1 square mile in 1 tion 16A–8:
hour, units of 484 AQ
(
ft 3 / s × h ) qp =
∆D
+L
mi 2 × in 2
[16A–8]
K = nondimensional factor
The average relationship of lag to time of concentra-
A = drainage area in square miles (mi2)
tion (Tc) is L = 0.6 Tc (NEH 630, chapter 15). Tc is
Q = runoff in inches (in)
expressed in hours.
Tp = time to peak in hours (h)
Substituting in equation 16A–8, the peak rate equation
The relationship of the triangular unit hydrograph,
becomes:
Tr = 1.67, gives K = 0.75. Then substituting into equa-
tion 16–5 gives: 484 AQ
qp =
484 AQ ∆D
qp = + 0.6Tc
Tp 2 [16A–9]
[16A–6]
The time of concentration is defined in two ways in
The peak rate factor for the triangular dimensionless chapter 15:
unit hydrograph is 484. The curvilinear dimensionless
unit hydrograph of table 16–1 has a peak rate factor • The time for runoff to travel from the hydrauli-
of 483.4 due to rounding of the discharge ratios to cally most distant point in the watershed to the
either two or three decimal places. This discrepancy point in question.
produces a negligible difference in the calculated peak
discharges. • The time from the end of excess rainfall to the
point of inflection on the recedimg limb of the
Any change in the dimensionless unit hydrograph unit hydrograph.
reflecting a change in the percent of volume under the
rising side would cause a corresponding change in the

16A–2 (210–VI–NEH, March 2007)

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

These two relationships are important because Tc is

computed under the first definition and ∆D, the unit
storm duration, is used to compute the time to peak
(Tp) of the unit hydrograph. This in turn is applied to
all of the points on the abscissa of the dimensionless
unit hydrograph using the ratio t/Tp as shown in table
16–1.

The dimensionless unit hydrograph shown in figure

16A–1 has a time to peak at one unit of time and point
of inflection at approximately 1.7 units of time. Using
the relationships Lag = 0.6 Tc and the point of inflec-
tion = 1.7 Tp, ∆D will be 0.2 Tp. A small variation in
DD is permissible; however, it should be no greater
than 0.25 Tp. The standard NRCS dimensionless unit
hydrograph is defined at an interval of 0.1 Tp (table
16–1). If ∆D is 0.2 Tp , then during computations, every
second point is used to develop the incremental flood
hydrograph. If ∆D is 0.25 Tp or more, then the shape of
the dimensionless unit hydrograph is not being repre-
sented accurately. Example 16–1 illustrates the devel-
opment of a composite flood hydrograph as shown in
figure 16–5.

Using the relationship shown on the dimensionless

unit hydrograph in figure 16A–1, compute the relation-
ship of ∆D to Tc:
Tc + ∆D = 1.7 Tp
[16A–10]
∆D
+ 0.6 Tc = Tp
2 [16A–11]

Combining these two equations results in a defined

relationship between DD and Tc:

 ∆D 
Tc + ∆D = 1.7  + 0.6 Tc  [16A–12]
 2 
0.15 ∆D = 0.02Tc

∆D = 0.133 Tc [16A–13]

(210–VI–NEH, March 2007) 16A–3

Appendix 16B Dimensionless Unit Hydrographs with
Peak Rate Factors from 100 to 600

This appendix has standard dimensionless unit hydrographs developed using the gamma equation. For each peak
rate factor from 100 to 600, in increments of 50, a table has been prepared in the format for the NRCS WinTR–20
computer program (see tables 16B–1 through 16B–11). A plot of each dimensionless unit hydrograph is included
as figures 16B–1 through 16B–11. Refer to section 630.1604 for information on the development and use of these
standard tables.

Table 16B–1 Peak rate factor = 600

DIMENSIONLESS UNIT HYDROGRAPH:

0.0 0.0004 0.0108 0.0596 0.1703
0.3392 0.5378 0.7282 0.8785 0.9704
1.0 0.9741 0.9058 0.8101 0.7008
0.5891 0.4831 0.3875 0.3049 0.2358
0.1795 0.1348 0.0999 0.0732 0.0531
0.0381 0.0271 0.0191 0.0134 0.0093
0.0064 0.0044 0.003 0.002 0.0014
0.0009 0.0006 0.0004 0.0003 0.0002
0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0

Figure 16B–1 Peak rate factor = 600

1.0

0.9 Dim hyd

0.8

0.7
Discharge (non-dim)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4
Time (non-dim)

(210–VI–NEH, March 2007) 16B–1

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Table 16B–2 Peak rate factor = 550

DIMENSIONLESS UNIT HYDROGRAPH:

0.0 0.0013 0.0218 0.0923 0.2242
0.4012 0.5922 0.7649 0.8964 0.975
1.0 0.9781 0.9198 0.837 0.7405
0.6396 0.5408 0.449 0.3666 0.2951
0.2344 0.184 0.1429 0.1099 0.0837
0.0633 0.0475 0.0354 0.0262 0.0193
0.0141 0.0103 0.0074 0.0054 0.0038
0.0027 0.002 0.0014 0.001 0.0007
0.0005 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001
0.0001 0.0001 0.0

Figure 16B–2 Peak rate factor = 550

1.0

0.9
Dim hyd

0.8

0.7
Discharge (non-dim)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6
Time (non-dim)

16B–2 (210–VI–NEH, March 2007)

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Table 16B–3 Peak rate factor = 500

DIMENSIONLESS UNIT HYDROGRAPH:

0.0 0.004 0.0414 0.1376 0.2881
0.4677 0.6466 0.8001 0.913 0.9791
1.0 0.9817 0.9328 0.8623 0.7788
0.6893 0.5996 0.5135 0.4338 0.3621
0.2989 0.2444 0.198 0.1591 0.1269
0.1006 0.0792 0.062 0.0482 0.0374
0.0288 0.0221 0.0169 0.0129 0.0098
0.0074 0.0056 0.0042 0.0031 0.0023
0.0017 0.0013 0.001 0.0007 0.0005
0.0004 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001
0.0001 0.0001 0.0

Figure 16B–3 Peak rate factor = 500

1.0

0.9 Dim hyd

0.8

0.7
Discharge (non-dim)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
Time (non-dim)

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Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
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Table 16B–4 Peak rate factor = 450

DIMENSIONLESS UNIT HYDROGRAPH:

0.0 0.011 0.0739 0.1975 0.3614
0.5371 0.7 0.8333 0.9282 0.9829
1.0 0.985 0.9447 0.8859 0.8151
0.7377 0.6581 0.5798 0.5051 0.4357
0.3725 0.3159 0.266 0.2224 0.1849
0.1528 0.1257 0.1029 0.0838 0.068
0.055 0.0443 0.0356 0.0285 0.0227
0.0181 0.0143 0.0114 0.009 0.0071
0.0056 0.0044 0.0034 0.0027 0.0021
0.0016 0.0013 0.001 0.0008 0.0006
0.0005 0.0004 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002
0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0

Figure 16B–4 Peak rate factor = 450

1.0

0.9 Dim hyd

0.8

0.7
Discharge (non-dim)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 4.2 4.4 4.6
Time (non-dim)

16B–4 (210–VI–NEH, March 2007)

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Table 16B–5 Peak rate factor = 400

DIMENSIONLESS UNIT HYDROGRAPH:

0.0 0.027 0.1244 0.2732 0.4429
0.6081 0.7517 0.8642 0.9421 0.9863
1.0 0.988 0.9555 0.9076 0.8491
0.7839 0.7155 0.6465 0.579 0.5144
0.4538 0.3977 0.3465 0.3004 0.2591
0.2224 0.1902 0.162 0.1376 0.1164
0.0982 0.0826 0.0693 0.0579 0.0484
0.0403 0.0335 0.0278 0.023 0.019
0.0157 0.0129 0.0106 0.0087 0.0072
0.0059 0.0048 0.0039 0.0032 0.0026
0.0021 0.0017 0.0014 0.0011 0.0009
0.0007 0.0006 0.0005 0.0004 0.0003
0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001
0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0

Figure 16B–5 Peak rate factor = 400

1.0

0.9
Dim hyd

0.8

0.7
Discharge (non-dim)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5
Time (non-dim)

(210–VI–NEH, March 2007) 16B–5

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Table 16B–6 Peak rate factor = 350

DIMENSIONLESS UNIT HYDROGRAPH:

0.0 0.197 0.53 0.8006 0.9546
1.0 0.9651 0.8803 0.7703 0.6532
0.5402 0.4378 0.349 0.2743 0.2131
0.1638 0.1248 0.0944 0.0708 0.0529
0.0392 0.0289 0.0213 0.0156 0.0114
0.0082 0.006 0.0043 0.0031 0.0022
0.0016 0.0011 0.0008 0.0006 0.0004
0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
0.0001 0.0

Figure 16B–6 Peak rate factor = 350

1.0

0.9
Dim hyd
0.8

0.7
Discharge (non-dim)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 0.25 0.5 .075 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 3.75 4 4.25 4.5 4.75 5 5.25 5.5 5.75 6
Time (non-dim)

16B–6 (210–VI–NEH, March 2007)

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Table 16B–7 Peak Rate Factor = 300

DIMENSIONLESS UNIT HYDROGRAPH:

0.0 0.2943 0.6201 0.8458 0.9656
1.0 0.9736 0.9085 0.8217 0.7257
0.629 0.5369 0.4527 0.3776 0.3122
0.2561 0.2087 0.1691 0.1363 0.1093
0.0873 0.0695 0.0551 0.0436 0.0343
0.027 0.0212 0.0166 0.0129 0.0101
0.0078 0.0061 0.0047 0.0037 0.0028
0.0022 0.0017 0.0013 0.001 0.0008
0.0006 0.0005 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002
0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
0.0

Figure 16B–7 Peak rate factor = 300

1.0

0.9
Dim hyd
0.8

0.7
Discharge (non-dim)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 0.25 0.5 .075 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 3.75 4 4.25 4.5 4.75 5 5.25 5.5 5.75 6
Time (non-dim)

(210–VI–NEH, March 2007) 16B–7

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Table 16B–8 Peak rate factor = 250

DIMENSIONLESS UNIT HYDROGRAPH:

0.0 0.4142 0.7086 0.8863 0.9751
1.0 0.9809 0.9332 0.868 0.7937
0.7159 0.6388 0.5648 0.4957 0.4322
0.3747 0.3233 0.2778 0.2378 0.2028
0.1725 0.1463 0.1238 0.1045 0.088
0.074 0.0621 0.0521 0.0436 0.0364
0.0304 0.0253 0.0211 0.0175 0.0146
0.0121 0.01 0.0083 0.0069 0.0057
0.0047 0.0039 0.0032 0.0027 0.0022
0.0018 0.0015 0.0012 0.001 0.0008
0.0007 0.0006 0.0005 0.0004 0.0003
0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001
0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0

Figure 16B–8 Peak rate factor = 250

1.0

0.9
Dim hyd

0.8

0.7
Discharge (non-dim)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5
Time (non-dim)

16B–8 (210–VI–NEH, March 2007)

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Table 16B–9 Peak rate factor = 200

DIMENSIONLESS UNIT HYDROGRAPH:

0.0 0.5489 0.7911 0.9212 0.983
1.0 0.987 0.954 0.9082 0.8545
0.7966 0.7372 0.6779 0.6203 0.565
0.5128 0.4638 0.4183 0.3763 0.3377
0.3025 0.2704 0.2413 0.2151 0.1914
0.1701 0.151 0.1339 0.1186 0.105
0.0928 0.082 0.0724 0.0638 0.0563
0.0496 0.0437 0.0384 0.0338 0.0297
0.0261 0.0229 0.0201 0.0176 0.0155
0.0136 0.0119 0.0104 0.0091 0.008
0.007 0.0061 0.0054 0.0047 0.0041
0.0036 0.0031 0.0027 0.0024 0.0021
0.0018 0.0016 0.0014 0.0012 0.0011
0.0009 0.0008 0.0007 0.0006 0.0005
0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003 0.0003
0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001
0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
0.0001 0.0001 0.0

Figure 16B–9 Peak rate factor = 200

1.0

0.9 Dim hyd

0.8

0.7
Discharge (non-dim)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10
Time (non-dim)

(210–VI–NEH, March 2007) 16B–9

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Table 16B–10 Peak rate factor = 150

DIMENSIONLESS UNIT HYDROGRAPH:

0.0 0.6869 0.8635 0.9499 0.9893
1.0 0.9918 0.971 0.9415 0.9062
0.8673 0.8262 0.784 0.7415 0.6994
0.6582 0.6181 0.5794 0.5422 0.5067
0.4729 0.4409 0.4106 0.382 0.3551
0.3298 0.3061 0.2839 0.2631 0.2438
0.2257 0.2088 0.1931 0.1786 0.165
0.1524 0.1407 0.1299 0.1199 0.1106
0.102 0.094 0.0866 0.0798 0.0735
0.0677 0.0623 0.0574 0.0528 0.0486
0.0447 0.0411 0.0378 0.0348 0.032
0.0294 0.027 0.0248 0.0228 0.0209
0.0192 0.0177 0.0162 0.0149 0.0137
0.0126 0.0115 0.0106 0.0097 0.0089
0.0082 0.0075 0.0069 0.0063 0.0058
0.0053 0.0049 0.0045 0.0041 0.0037
0.0034 0.0031 0.0029 0.0026 0.0024
0.0022 0.002 0.0019 0.0017 0.0016
0.0014 0.0013 0.0012 0.0011 0.001
0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007
0.0006 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004
0.0004 0.0004 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003
0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002
0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0

16B–10 (210–VI–NEH, March 2007)

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Figure 16B–10 Peak rate factor = 150

1.0

0.9
Dim hyd

0.8

0.7
Discharge (non-dim)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Time (non-dim)

(210–VI–NEH, March 2007) 16B–11

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Table 16B–11 Peak rate factor = 100

DIMENSIONLESS UNIT HYDROGRAPH:

0.0 0.8142 0.9228 0.9722 0.9941
1.0 0.9955 0.984 0.9675 0.9475
0.925 0.9007 0.8753 0.849 0.8223
0.7954 0.7685 0.7417 0.7153 0.6893
0.6637 0.6387 0.6143 0.5905 0.5674
0.5449 0.5231 0.5019 0.4815 0.4618
0.4427 0.4243 0.4065 0.3894 0.3729
0.3571 0.3418 0.3272 0.3131 0.2996
0.2866 0.2741 0.2621 0.2506 0.2396
0.229 0.2189 0.2092 0.1999 0.191
0.1825 0.1743 0.1665 0.159 0.1519
0.145 0.1385 0.1322 0.1262 0.1205
0.115 0.1098 0.1048 0.1 0.0954
0.091 0.0869 0.0829 0.0791 0.0754
0.072 0.0686 0.0655 0.0624 0.0596
0.0568 0.0542 0.0517 0.0493 0.047
0.0448 0.0427 0.0407 0.0388 0.037
0.0353 0.0336 0.0321 0.0306 0.0291
0.0278 0.0265 0.0252 0.024 0.0229
0.0218 0.0208 0.0198 0.0189 0.018
0.0172 0.0164 0.0156 0.0148 0.0141
0.0135 0.0128 0.0122 0.0117 0.0111
0.0106 0.0101 0.0096 0.0091 0.0087
0.0083 0.0079 0.0075 0.0072 0.0068
0.0065 0.0062 0.0059 0.0056 0.0054
0.0051 0.0049 0.0046 0.0044 0.0042
0.004 0.0038 0.0036 0.0035 0.0033
0.0031 0.003 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026
0.0025 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.002
0.0019 0.0018 0.0017 0.0017 0.0016
0.0015 0.0

16B–12 (210–VI–NEH, March 2007)

Chapter 16 Hydrographs Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Figure 16B–11 Peak rate factor = 100

1.0

0.9
Dim hyd

0.8

0.7
Discharge (non-dim)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (non-dim)

(210–VI–NEH, March 2007) 16B–13

NATIONAL ENGINEERING IIAI~IBOOK

SECTION 4

HYDROLOGY

CHAPTER 17. FMOD ROUTING

Victor Mockus
Hydraulic Engineer

Revisions by

Wendell Styner

1972

Revised and r e p r i n t e d , 1972

NM Notice 4-102, AUgUSt 1972

 NATIONAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK

SECTION 4
HYDROLOGY

CHAPTER 17 . FLOOD ROUTING

Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-1
SCS electronic computer program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-2
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-2
hmmary of chapter contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-3
Elevation-storage and Elevation-discharge relationships . . . . 17-3
Elevation-storage relationships for reservoirs. . . . . . . . 17-3
Elevation-discharge relationships for reservoirs . . . . . . 17-7
Storage-discharge relationships for reservoirs . . . . . . . 17-7
Elevation. stage. storage. discharge relationships
for streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-7
L
Reservoir Routing Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The continuity equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Methods and examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mass curve method: numerical version . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 17-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 17-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mass curve method: direct version . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mass curve method: graphical version . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 17-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Storage indication method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 17-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 17-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Storage indication method as used in the SCS
electronic computer program . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Culp's method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 17-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Short cuts for reservoir routings . . . . . . . . . . . .

.....................
Channel Routing Methods
.................
Theory of the convex method
Discussion .........................
..........
Some useful realtionships and procedures
.....................
Determination o f K
....................
Determination of C
...................
Determination of At
L ......
Procedure for routing through any reach length
Variability of routing parameters. selection of velocity V .
NM Notice 4.102. August 1972
 CONTENTS cont'd .

Examples: Convex routing methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-53

Example 17-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-54
Example 17-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-56
Example 17-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-57'
Example17-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-59
Example 17-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-61
Effects of transmission l o s s e s on routed flows . . . . . . . . 17-66
Routing through a system of channels . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-66
Unit-hydrograph Routing Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-82
Basic equations 17-82
.....
a * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Effects of storm duration and time of concentration 17-83

Elimination of Tp ...................... 17-84
.............
Working equations f o r s p e c i a l cases 17-85
Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-86
Use of equation 17-40 ................ 17-86
Example 17-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-86 17-86
Use of equation 17-43
Example 17-13
.................
. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17-86
Use o f equation 17-43 on l a r g e watersheds 17-86
Use of equations 17.48. 17.50. and 17-52 . . . . . . . . . 17-89
Example 17-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-89
Example 17-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-89
Example 17-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-90
Example 17-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-90
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-91
Figures
17-1 Elevation. storage. discharge r e l a t i o n s h i p
forareservoir ..em.....d..........
17-2 Storage. Discharge r e l a t i o n s h i p and p l o t t e d mass
inflow curve f o r a r e s e r v o i r .............
17-3 Mass inflow. storage. and mass outflow curves

17-4
f o r Example 17-2 ...................
Graphical version of Mass Curve method of
r e s e r v o i r routing f o r Example 17-3 ..........
17-5 Graphical version f o r Example 17-2. 'Step 4 .......
17-6 Working curve f o r Storage-Indication method of
r e s e r v o i r routing f o r Example 17-4 ..........
17-7 Inflow and outflow hydrograph f o r Example 17-4 .....
17-8 P r i n c i p a l spillway hydrograph and outflow
hydrograph f o r Example 17-5 ..............
17-9 Working curves f o r Storage-Indication method
of r e s e r v o i r routing f o r Example 17-5 .........
17-10 Culp's method of r e s e r v o i r routing f o r Example 17-6 ..
17-11 Typical shortcut method of r e s e r v o i r flood routing ..
17-12 Relationships f o r Convex method of channel routing ...
17-13 Convex routing c o e f f i c i e n t versus v e l o c i t y .......
NM Notice 4.102. August 1972
 CONTENTS cont'd.

Figures
17-14 ES-1025 rev.
Sheetlof2 ......................
S e e t 2 0 f 2 . .....................
17-15 Inflow and routed outflow hydrograph
f o r Example 17-7. . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17-16 Inflow and routed outflow hydrograph f o r
Example 17-8 ........ ............
17-17 Outflow and routed inflow hydrograph f o r
Example 17-9 .. ..................
17-18 Mass inflow, mass outflow and r a t e hydrograph
f o r Example 17-10 .................
17-19 Inflow hydrograph and routed outflow
hydrographs f o r Example 17-11, Method 1 and 2 ...
17-20 !&pica1 schematic diagram f o r routing through
a system of channels . ... . ...........
...
17-21 Q/Q versus A f o r a t y p i c a l physiographic a r e a

Tables
L 17-1 .... ...
Equations f o r conversion of u n i t s
17-2 Elevation-storage r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r a
reservoir ..................
17-3 Elevation-discharge r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r a
..........
2-stage p r i n c i p a l spillway
17-4 Working t a b l e f o r a storage-discharge
relationship ... ........... ...
17-5 Operations t a b l e f o r t h e mass-curve
......
method of routing f o r Example 17-1
17-6 Operations t a b l e f o r determining storage
..
a f t e r 10 days of drawdown f o r Example 17-2
17-7 Working t a b l e f o r t h e graphical version of
....
t h e mass-curve method f o r Example 17-3
17-8 Working t a b l e for preparation of t h e working
............
curve f o r Example 17-4
Operations t a b l e f o r t h e S-I method f o r
17-9
Example 17-4 .................
17-10 Procedure f o r routing by t h e storage-indication
...........
method f o r Example 17-4.
17-11 Working t a b l e f o r preparation of t h e working
...........
curves f o r Example 17-5.
17-12 .......
Operations t a b l e f o r Example 17-5
17-13 Working t a b l e f o r Culp method, step 1 3 of

17-14
Example 17-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Basic operations i n t h e Convex routing method
17-15 .......
Operations t a b l e f o r Example 17-8
L 17-16 .......
Operations t a b l e f o r Example 17-9
17-17 ......
Operations t a b l e f o r Example 17-10.
17-18 ..
Operations t a b l e f o r Example 17-11 Method 1

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

 CONTENTS c o n t ' d .

Tables
17-19 Operation t a b l e f o r Example 17-11 Method 2 . . . . . . . 17-67
17-20 P o r t i o n of a t y p i c a l o p e r a t i o n s t a b l e f o r
r o u t i n g through a s t r e a m s y s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-71
17-21 Data and working t a b l e f o r use of Equation
17-43 on a l a r g e watershed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-88
17-22 Area and s t o r a g e d a t a f o r Example 17-17 . . . . . . . . . 17-92

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 NATIONAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK

SECTION 4
HYDROLOGY

Introduction

I n t h e Americari Society of C i v i l Engineers' manual, "Nomenclature for

Hydraulics," flood r o u t i n g i s variously defined as follows:

routing (hydraulics) .--

(1)The derivation of an outflow hydro-
graph of a stream from known values of upstream inflow.
The procedure u t i l i z e s wave v e l o c i t y and t h e storage equa-
t i o n ; sometimes both. ( 2 ) Computing t h e flood a t a down-
stream point from t h e flood inflow a t an upstream point, and
taking channel storage i n t o account.
routing. flood.-- The process of determining progressively t h e
timing and shape of a flood wave a t successive points along
a river.
routing, streamflow.--The procedure used t o derive a downstream
hydrograph from an upstream hydrograph, or t r i b u t a r y hydro-
graphs, and from considerations of l o c a l inflow by solving
t h e storage equation.

Routing i s a l s o done with mass curves of runoff o r with merely peak

r a t e s o r peak stages of runoff, as well a s hydrographs. The routing
need not be only downstream because the process can be reversed f o r
upstream routing, which i s often done t o determine upstream hydro-
graphs from hydrographs gaged downstream. Nor i s routing confined t o
streams and r i v e r s ; it i s r e g u l a r l y used i n obtaining inflow o r out-
flow hydrographs, mass curves, o r peak r a t e s i n r e s e r v o i r s , farm ponds,
tanks, swamps, and lakes. And low flows a r e routed, as well as floods.
The term "flood routing" covers all of t h e s e p r a c t i c e s .

The purpose of flood r o u t i n g i n most engineering work i s t o l e a r n what

stages or r a t e s of flow occur, without a c t u a l l y measuring them, a t
s p e c i f i c locations i n streams o r s t r u c t u r e s during passages of floods.
The stages o r r a t e s a r e used i n evaluating o r designing a water-
control s t r u c t u r e o r p r o j e c t . Differences i n stages or r a t e s from
routings made with and without t h e s t r u c t u r e o r p r o j e c t i n place
show i t s e f f e c t s on t h e flood flows. I n evaluations, t h e differences
a r e t r a n s l a t e d i n t o monetary terms t o show b e n e f i t s on an e a s i l y compa-
r a b l e b a s i s ; i n design, t h e differences a r e used d i r e c t l y i n developing
or modifying t h e s t r u c t u r e or p r o j e c t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
L

NM Notice 4-102, AugUSt 1972

The routing process i s based on one of t h e following approaches:

1. Solution of simultaneous p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l equations of

motion and continuity. Simplified versions of t h e equations a r e
generally used i n e l e c t r o n i c computer routings; even t h e simplifi-
cations a r e t o o laborious f o r manual routings.
2. Solution of the continuity equation alone. A simplified form
of t h e equation i s t h e b a s i s f o r many routing methods.
3. Use of inflow-outflow hydrograph r e l a t i o n s h i p s .
4. Use of u n i t hydrograph theory.
5. Use of empirical r e l a t i o n s h i p s between inflow and outflow pesk
stages or r a t e s . Mostly used f o r l a r g e r i v e r s .
6. Use of hydraulic models.
Methods based on t h e second, t h i r d , and fourth approaches a r e presented
i n t h i s chapter. The routing operations i n t h e methods can be made
numerically by means of an e l e c t r o n i c computer, desk c a l c u l a t o r , s l i d e
.
r u l e , nomograph, network c h a r t , o r by mental calculations; o r graphically
by means of an analog machine, s p e c i a l c h a r t , o r by successive geometri-
c a l drawings. Methods s p e c i f i c a l l y intended f o r e l e c t r o n i c computers
o r analog machines are n e i t h e r presented nor discussed.

A l l methods presented i n t h i s chapter are accurate enough f o r p r a c t i c a l

work i f t h e y a r e applied a s they a r e meant t o be and i f a a t a needed f o r
t h e i r proper application a r e used. Advantages and disadvantages of par-
t i c u l a r methods a r e mentioned and s i t u a t i o n s t h a t l e a d t o g r e a t e r o r
l e s s e r accuracy of a method a r e pointed out, but t h e r e i s no presenta-
t i o n of t e s t s f o r accuracy o r of comparisons between routed and gaged
hydrographs .
SCS e l e c t r o r i c computer program
The e l e c t r o n i c computer program now being used i n SCS watershed evalua-
t i o n s contains two methods of flood routing. The S t o r q e - I n d i c a t i o n
method i s used f o r routing through r e s e r v o i r s and t h e Convex method
f o r routing through stream channels. Manual versions of both methods
a r e described i n t h i s chapter.

References
Each of t h e following references contains general m a t e r i a l on flood
routing and descriptions o f two or more methods. References whose
main subject i s not flood routing but which contain a useful example
of routing are c i t e d i n t h e chapter as necessary.

1. Thomas, H. A . , 1937, The hydraulics of flood movements i n r i v e r s :

Pittsburg, Carnegie I n s t . Tech., Eng. B u l l . Out of p r i n t but it
can be found i n most l i b r a r i e s having c o l l e c t i o n s of engineering
literature.

2. G i l c r e s t , B. R., 1950, Flood routing: Engineering Hydraulics

(H. Rouse, ed. ), New York, John Wiley and Sons, Chapter 10, pp.
635-710.

NEH Notice 6-102, August 1972

 3. U S . Department of t h e Army, Corps of &gineers, 1960, Routing
of floods t h r o u ~ hr i v e r channels: Eng. Manual EM 1110-2-1408.

4. Carter, R.W., and R. G. Godfrey, 1960, Storage and flood

routing: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1543-B.

5. Yevdjevich, Vujica M., 1964, Bibliography and discussion of

flood-routing methods and unsteady flow i n channels: U.S. Geol.
Survey Water-Supply Paper 1690. Prepared i n cooperation with t h e
S o i l Conservation Service.

6. Lawler, Edward A., 1964, Flood routing: Handbook of Applied

Hydrology (v.T. Chow, ed. ) , New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co. , sec-
t i o n 25-11, pp. 34-59.

Summary of chapter contents

The remainder of t h i s chapter - i s divided i n t o four p - a r t s : elevation-
storage and elevation-discharge r e l a t i o n s h i p s , r e s e r v o i r routing methods,
channel routing methods, and unit-hydrograph routing methods. I n t h e
first p a r t , some r e l a t i o n s h i p s used i n r e s e r v o i r o r channel routing a r e
discussed and e x h i b i t s of t y p i c a l r e s u l t s a r e given; i n t h e second, t h e
continuity equation i s discussed and methods of using it i n r e s e r v o i r
routings a r e shown i n examples of t y p i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s ; i n t h e t h i r d ,
t h e theory of t h e Convex method i s presented and examples of t y p i c a l
applications i n channel routings a r e given; and i n t h e fourth, t h e u n i t
hydrograph theory i s discussed and methods of applying it i n systems
analysis a r e shown i n examples using systems of floodwater-retarding
strictures .
Elevation-Storaae and Elevation-Discharge Relationships

In t h e examples of r o u t i n g through r e s e r v o i r s and stream channels it

w i l l be necessary t o use elevation-storage o r elevation-discharge
curves ( o r both) i n making a routing o r as a preliminary t o routing.
Preparation of such curves i s not emphasized i n t h e examples because
t h e i r construction i s described i n other SCS publications. The
r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e b r i e f l y discussed here as preliminary material;
e x h i b i t s of t a b l e s and curves used i n routings a r e given here and i n
some of t h e examples. Conversion equations used i n preparing t h e t a b l e s
and curves s r e given i n Table 17-1.

Elevation storage r e l a t i o n s h i p s f o r r e s e r v o i r s
Table 17-2 i s a working t a b l e t h a t shows data and computed r e s u l t s f o r
an elevation-storage r e l a t i o n s h i p t o be used i n some of t h e examples
given l a t e r . Columus 1 and 7 o r 1 and 8 give t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p i n
d i f f e r e n t u n i t s of storage.

The r e l a t i o n s h i p i s developed from a contour map ( o r equivalent) of t h e

r e s e r v o i r area and t h e t a b l e i s a record of t h e computations t h a t were
made. Once t h e map i s a v a i l a b l e , t h e work goes as follows: ( 1 ) s e l e c t
contours close enough t o define t h e topography with reasonable accuracy
and t a b u l a t e t h e contour elevations i n column 1; ( 2 ) determine t h e

NEH ~ o i i c e4-102, August 1972

r e s e r v o i r surface a r e a a t each elevation; f o r t h i s t a b l e t h e a r e a s were
determined i n square f e e t as shown i n column 2 and converted t o acres
as shown i n column 3; ( 3 ) compute average surface areas a s shown i n
column 4; ( 4 ) t a b u l a t e t h e increments of depth i n column 5; ( 5 ) compute
the increments of storage f o r column 6 by multiplying an average a r e a
i n column 4 by i t s appropriate depth increment i n column 5; ( 6 ) accmu-
l a t e t h e storage increments of column 6 t o get accumulated storage i n
column 7 f o r each elevation of column 1; ( 7 ) convert storages of col-
umn 7 t o storages i n another u n i t , i f required, and show them i n t h e
next column. The r e l a t i o n s h i p of data i n columns 1 and 8 i s p l o t t e d i n
f i g u r e 17.1 as an elevation-storage curve.

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

Table 17-1. Equations for conversions of units
- ---

Conversion Equation No.

where A = drainage area in square miles

A, = cross section end-area in square
[Link] discharge x
AF = kcre-feet
L = reach length in feet
= discharge in acre-feet per day

q& = discharge in acre-feet per hour

qcfs = discharge in cfs
qid = discharge in inches per day
qih = discharge in inches per hour
Sx = reach storage in cfs-hours for
a given discharge x
SA = reach storage in acre-feet for a
given discharge x

N&X Notice 4-102, August 1972

17-6

Table 17-2. Elevation-storage relationship for a reservoir.

Ele- Surface Surface Average A A Storage Storage

vat ion area area surface depth storage
area
(feet) ([Link].1 (acres) (acres) (feet) (AF) (AF) (inches)
Elevation-dischar~e r e l a t i o n s h i p s f o r r e s e r v o i r s
The elevation-discharge r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r a r e s e r v o i r i s made using ele-
vations of t h e reservoir and discharges of t h e spillways t o be used i n a
routing. A t y p i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r a 2-stage p r i n c i p a l spillway i s
given by columns 1 and 6 of Table 17-3 f o r discharges i n c f s , and i n col-
umns 1 and 7 f o r discharges i n in./day. The procedure f o r developing
t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p w i l l not be given here because s u f f i c i e n t c h a r t s , equa-
t i o n s , and examples f o r p r i n c i p a l spillways a r e given i n NM-5 and i n
ES-150 through 153, and f o r emergency spillways i n ES-98 and ES-124.
Table 17-3 i l l u s t r a t e s a useful way of keeping t h e work i n order: by
t a b u l a t i n g t h e d a t a f o r d i f f e r e n t types of flow i n separate columns,
and by keeping t h e two stages separate, t h e t o t a l discharges a r e more
e a s i l y summed. Note t h a t t h e t o t a l s i n c f s a r e not merely sums of a l l
c f s i n a row; t h e operation of t h e spillway must be understood when se-
l e c t i n g t h e discharges t o be included i n t h e sum. To combine t h e p r i n c i -
p a l spillway flow with emergency spillway flow a column f o r t h e emergency
spillway discharges i s added between columns 5 and 6 , and t o t a l s i n
column 6 must include those discharges where appropriate. Column 7 gives
discharges converted from those i n column 6; it i s shown because t h i s
t a b l e i s used i n examples given l a t e r and t h a t p a r t i c u l a r u n i t of flow
i s required ( s e e Figure 17-1).

Storage-discharge r e l a t i o n s h i p s f o r r e s e r v o i r s
If rhe elevation-storage and elevation-discharge r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e To be
used f o r many routings it i s more convenient t o use them as a storage-
discharge r e l a t i o n s h i p . The r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e combined by p l o t t i n g a
graph of storage and elevation, another of discharge and e l e v a t i o n , and,
while r e f e r r i n g t o t h e f i r s t two graphs, making a t h i r d by p l o t t i n g
storage f o r a selected elevation against discharge f o r t h a t elevation;
f o r a t y p i c a l curve see Figure 17-2. The storage-discharge curve can
a l s o be modified f o r ease of operations with a p a r t i c u l a r r o u t i n g method;
f o r a t y p i c a l modification see Figure 17-6 and s t e p 4 of Example 17-4.

Elevation, stage, storage, discharge r e l a t i o n s h i p s f o r streams

It i s common p r a c t i c e t o divide a stream channel i n t o reaches ( s e e Chap-
t e r 6 ) and to develop storage o r discharge r e l a t i o n s h i p s f o r i n d i v i d u a l
reaches r a t h e r than t h e stream as a whole. A stream elevation- o r stage-
discharge curve i s f o r a p a r t i c u l a r cross section. I f a reach has s e v e r a l
cross s e c t i o n s within it they a r e a l l used i n developing t h e working t o o l s
f o r routing. Some routing methods require t h e use of separate discharge
curves f o r t h e head and f o o t of a reach; such methods a r e not presented
i n t h i s chapter.

Elevation- o r stage-discharge curves f o r cross sections o r reaches a r e

prepared a s shown i n Chapter 14. They w i l l not be discussed here.

Elevation- or stage-storage curves f o r a reach can be prepared using t h e

procedure for. r e s e r v o i r s but o r d i n a r i l y a modified approach i s used a n d
t h e storage-discharge curve prepared d i r e c t l y . Table 17-4 i s a working
t a b l e f o r developing such a curve. The work is based on t h e assumption
t h a t steady flow occurs i n t h e reach a t all stages of flow.' The reach
used i n Table 17-4 has four cross s e c t i o n s s o t h a t a weighting method

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

Table 17-3 Elevation-discharge r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r a 2-stage p r i n c i p a l
spillway.

Elevation F i r s t stage: Second stage:

Weir Orifice Weir Pipe Total Total
(feet) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (in./day)

XEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

i s needed; with only one o r two sections t h e weighting i s eliminated
but t h e reach storage i s l e s s well defined. Development of t h e
storage-discharge curve goes a s follows: ( 1 ) s e l e c t a s e r i e s of dis-
charges from zero t o a discharge g r e a t e r than any t o be routed and
t a b u l a t e them i n column 1; ( 2 ) enter t h e stage-discharge curve f o r
each cross s e c t i o n with a discharge from column 1 and f i n d t h e s t a g e ;
( 3 ) e n t e r t h e stage-end-area curve f o r t h a t s e c t i o n with t h e stage
from s t e p 2 and f i n d t h e a r e a a t t h a t st&ge, t a b u l a t i n g areas f o r a l l
sections as shown i n columns 2 , 3 , 4, and 5; ( 4 ) determine t h e dis-
tances between cross s e c t i o n s and compute t h e weights a s follows:

From To
cross cross Distance Weight
section section (feet)

with t h e weight f o r sub-reach 1-2 being 1000/10000 = 0.10, and so on;

( 5 ) compute weighted end areas f o r columns 6, 7, and 8; f o r example, a t
a discharge of 3,500 c f s cross s e c t i o n 1 has an end area of 2,500 square
f e e t and section 2 has 640 square f e e t , and t h e weighted end a r e a i s
0.10(2500 + 640)/2 = 157 square f e e t ; ( 6 ) sum t h e weighted areas of
columns 6, 7, and 8 f o r each discharge, t a b u l a t i n g t h e sums i n column
9 ; ( 7 ) compute storages i n column 10 by use of Equation 17-8 or 17-9,
whichever i s required; f o r example, a t a discharge of 3,500 c f s t h e
storage i n cfs-hrs i s s3500= 10000(1189)/3600 = 3300 cfs-hrs, by a
slide-rule computation. The storage-discharge curve i s p l o t t e d using
data from columns 1 and 10. Data of those columns can be used i n
preparing t h e working curve f o r routing. How t h i s i s done depends on
t h e routing method t o be used. For t h e Storage-Indication method t h e
working curve i s prepared as shown i n Example 17-4.

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

 Table 17-4 Working t a b l e f o r a storage-discharge r e l a t i o n s h i p

Out-
flow
Cross s e c t i o n end-areas Wei~htedend-areas Avg . Stor-
1 2 3 4 1-2 2-3 3-4 end- age
areas
(cfs) ([Link]) ([Link]) ([Link]) ([Link]) ([Link]) ([Link]) ([Link]) ( s q . f t ) (cfs-hrs)
 Reservoir Routing Methods

Reservoirs have t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c t h a t t h e i r storage i s closely re-

l a t e d t o t h e i r outflow r a t e . I n reservoir routing methods t h e storage-
discharge r e l a t i o n i s used f o r repeatedly solving t h e continuity equation,
each s o l u t i o n b e i ~ ga s t e p i n delineating t h e outflow hydrograph. A
r e s e r v o i r method i s s u i t e d f o r channel routings i f t h e channel has t h e
r e s e r v o i r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c . Suitable channels are those w i t h swamps o r
other f l a t areas i n t h e routing reach and with a c o n s t r i c t i o n o r s i m i l a r
c o n t r o l a t t h e foot of t h e reach. There i s an exception t o t h i s : a
r e s e r v o i r method i s a l s o s u i t a b l e f o r routing through any stream reach
i f t h e inflow hydrograph r i s e s and f a l l s so slowly t h a t nearly steady
flow occurs and makes storage i n t h e reach closely r e l a t e d t o t h e out-
flow r a t e . Examples i n t h i s p a r t show t h e use of r e s e r v o i r methods f o r
both r e s e r v o i r s and stream channels.

'I'ne Continuity Equation

The continuity equation used i n r e s e r v o i r routing methods i s concerned

with conservation of mass: For a given time i n t e r v a l , t h e volume of
inflow minus t h e volume of outflow equals t h e change i n volume of
storage. The equation i s o f t e n w r i t t e n i n t h e simple form:

~t (7 - -O ) = AS (EQ. 17-10)
where A t = a time i n t e r v a l
-I = average r a t e of inflow during t h e time i n t e r v a l
-0
= average r a t e of outflow during t h e time i n t e r v a l
AS = change i n volume of storage during t h e time i n t e r v a l

I n most applications of t h e continuity equation t h e flow and storage

v a r i a b l e s a r e expanded as follows:

so t h a t Equation 17-10 becomes:

where A t = t2 - tl = time i n t e r v a l ; tl ts t h e time a t t h e beginning

of t h e i n t e r v a l and t2 t h e tlme a t t h e end of t h e i n t e r v a l

Il = inflow r a t e a t t l

I 2 = inflow r a t e a t t 2

01 = outflow r a t e a t t l

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 02 = outflow r a t e a t t 2

S1 = storage volume a t tl

S2 = storage volume a t t 2

When routing with Equation 17-10 t h e usual objective i s t o f i n d 5, with

Equation 17-11 f i n d 02; t h i s means t h a t t h e equations must be rearranged
i n some more convenient working form. It i s a l s o necessary t o use t h e
r e l a t i o n s h i p of outflow t o storage i n m+king a solution. Most r e s e r v o i r
routing methods now i n use d i f f e r only i n t h e i r arrangement of t h e routing
equation and i n t h e i r form of t h e storage-outflow r e l a t i o n s h i p .

It i s necessary t o use consistent u n i t s with any routing equation. Some

commonly used s e t s of u n i t s are:

Time Rates Volumes

Inflow Outflow Inflow Outflow Storage
Hours cfs cfs cfs-hrs cfs-hrs cf s-hrs
days cfs cfs cfs-days cfs-days cfs-days
days AF'/day M/dw AF AF' AF
hours i n . /hr i n . /hr inches inches inches
days i n . /day i n . /day inches inches inches

Methods and Examples

Two methods of r e s e r v o i r routing based on t h e continuity equation a r e
presented i n t h i s section, a mass-curve method and t h e Storage-Indication
method. The mass-curve nethod i s given because it i s one of t h e most
v e r s a t i l e of a l l r e s e r v o i r methods. It can be applied numerically or
graphically; examples of both versions a r e given. The Storage-Indication
method i s given because it i s t h e method used a t t h e present time i n t h e
SCS e l e c t r o n i c computer program f o r watershed evaluations and because
it i s a widely used method f o r both r e s e r v o i r and channel routings. Ex-
amples of r e s e r v o i r and channel routing a r e given.

Mass-Curve Method: Numerical Version - According t o item 52 i n reference

5 , a mass-curve method of routing through r e s e r v o i r s was already i n use
i n 1883. Many o t h e r mass-curve methods have s i n c e been developed. The
method described here i s similar t o a method given i n King's "Handbook
of Hydraulics," 3rd e d i t i o n , 1939, pages 522-527; another resembling it
i s given i n "Design of Small Dams," U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, 1960,
pages 250-252.

The method requires the use of elevation-storage and elevation-discharge

r e l a t i o n s h i p s e i t h e r separately or i n combination. The i n p u t i s t h e
mass ( o r accumulated) inflow; t h e output i s t h e mass outflow, outflow
hydrograph, and reservoir storage. The routing operation i s a trial-and-
e r r o r process when performed numerically, but it i s simple and e a s i l y
done. Each operation i s a s o l u t i o n of Equation 17-10 r e w r i t t e n i n t h e
form:

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

 MI2 - (MO1 + 'i;; a t ) = S2

where MI2 = mass inflow a t time 2

M01 = mass outflow a t time 1

-
0 = average discharge during t h e routing i n t e r v a l

At = routing i n t e r v a l = time 2 minus time 1

S2 = storage a t time 2
The routing i n t e r v a l can be e i t h e r v a r i a b l e or constant. Usually it i s
more convenient t o use a variable i n t e r v a l , making it small f o r a l a r g e
change i n mass inflow and l a r g e f o r a s m a l l change. The PSMC of Chapter
21 a r e tabulated i n i n t e r v a l s e s p e c i a l l y s u i t e d f o r t h i s method of rou-
ting.

The following example shows t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e method i n determining

minimum required storage f o r a floodwater-retarding s t r u c t u r e by use of
a PSMC from Chapter 21.

Example 17-1.--Determine t h e minimum required storage, by SCS criteria,

f o r a floodwater-retarding s t r u c t u r e having t h e drainage a r e a use i n
Example 21-2 of Chapter 21. Use t h e data and r e s u l t s of t h a t example
f o r t h i s s t r u c t u r e . Work with volumes i n inches and r a t e s i n inches per
day; round off a l l r e s u l t s t o t h e nearest 0.01 inch.

1. Develop an elevation-discharge curve f o r t h e s t r u c t u r e . A

curve f o r t h e p r i n c i p a l spillway discharges i s needed f o r t h i s
routing. Columns 1 and 7 of Table 17-3 w i l l be used f o r t h i s
s t r u c t u r e . The elevation-discharge curve i s p l o t t e d i n Figure
17-1.

2. Develop an elevation-storage curve f o r t h e s t r u c t u r e .

Columns 1 and 8 of Table 17-2 w i l l be used f o r t h i s s t r u c t u r e . The
elevation-storage curve i s p l o t t e d i n Figure 17-1.

(Note: The curves of s t e p s 1 and 2 can be combined i n t o a storage-

discharge curve as shown by t h e i n s e t of Figure 17-2. This curve i s a
time-saver i f more than one routing i s made.)

3. Develop and p l o t t h e curve of mass inflow (PSMC).

The PSMC developed i n Example 21-2, and given by columns 1 and 7 of
Table 21-7, w i l i be used f i r t h i s example. he- p l o t t e d mass inflow
i s shown i n Figure 17-2. The p l o t t i n g i s used as a guide i n t h e
routing and l a t e r used t o show t h e r e s u l t s but it i s not e s s e n t i a l
t o t h e method.

4. Prepare an operations t a b l e f o r t h e routing.

Suitable headings and arrangement f o r an operations t a b l e a r e shown
i n Table 17-5.

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

5. Determine t h e r e s e r v o i r storage f o r t h e s t a r t of t h e routing.
If t h e routing i s t o begin with some storage already occupied then
e i t h e r t h e amount i n storage i s entered i n t h e f i r s t l i n e o r column
5 of t h e operations t a b l e ( a s done i n Example 17-2) or t h e elevation-
storage curve i s modified t o give a zero storage f o r t h e f i r s t l i n e .
I n t h i s example t h e sediment o r dead s t o r a g e , which i s n o t t o be
used i n t h e r o u t i n g , occupies t h e r e s e r v o i r t o elevation 580.2 f e e t
as shown i n Figure 17-1. Storage a t t h a t elevation i s 1.00 inches
and because t h i s i s a whole s c a l e u n i t t h e storage curve f o r routing
i s e a s i l y obtained by s h i f t i n g t h e point of o r i g i n as shown i n
Figure 17-1. Ordinarily, if t h e Sediment o r dead storage i s some
f r a c t i o n a l quantity it i s b e t t e r t o re-plot t h e curve t o show zero
storage a t t h e elevation where t h e routing begins.

6. Determine t h e spillway discharge a t t h e start of the routing.

If t h e spillway i s flowing a t t h e s t a r t of t h e routing t h e discharge
r a t e i s entered i n t h e f i r s t l i n e of column 7 of able 17-5 (see
Example 17-2). For t h i s example t h e s t a r t i n g r a t e i s zero.

7. Do t h e routinq.
The trial-and-error procedure goes a s follows:

a. Select a time and t a b u l a t e it i n column 1, Table 17-5. For

This example t h e times used w i l l be those given f o r t h e PSMC
i n Table 21-7, except f o r occasional omissions unimportant f o r
t h i s routing.

- Compute A t and e n t e r t h e r e s u l t i n column 2.

b.

-c. Tabulate i n column 3 t h e mass inflow f o r t h e t i m e i n column

1. The e n t r i e s f o r t h i s example come from'column 7 of Table
21-7.

-d. Assume a m a s s outflow amount and e n t e r , it i n column 4.

-[Link]
Compute t h e r e s e r v o i r storage, which i s t h e inflow of
3 minus t h e outflow of column 4, and e n t e r it i n col-
umn 5.

-f . Determine t h e instantaneous discharge r a t e of t h e spillway.

Using t h e elevation-storage curve of Figure 17-1, f i n d the e l e -
vation f o r t h e storage of column 5 ; with t h a t e l e v a t i o n e n t e r
t h e elevation-discharge curve and f i n d t h e discharge, tabulating
it i n column 6. I f a storage-discharge curve i s being used,
simply e n t e r t h e curve with t h e storage and f i n d t h e corres-
ponding discharge.

g. Compute t h e average discharge f o r A t . The average i s

always t h e arithmetic mean o f t h e r a t e determined i n s t e p f
and t h e r a t e f o r t h e previous time. For t h e time 0.5 days t h e
r a t e i n column 6 i s 0.03 i n . /day; f o r t h e previous time t h e
r a t e i s zero; t h e average r a t e i s ( 0 + 0.03)/2 = 0.015, which

NEH n o t i c e 4-102, August 1972

Table 17-5. Operations table for the mass-curve method of routing
for Example 17-1.

Spillway
Acc .
Time
At
Acc. Assumed Res.
inflow acc. volume
discharne Outflow Acc
Inst. A m-. for At outflow
.
outflow
(days) (days) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in./dsy)(in./day)(in.) (in.)

(1)
0
.5
1.0
2.0

3.0

3.5
4.0

4.4
4.8
5.0
5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.6
6.0

6.5

7.0
8.0 -
etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.

Mass outflow is plotted using entries in column 4 or column 9. The out-

flow hydrograph is plotted using column 6, which gives instantaneous
rates at the accumulated times shown in column 1.

NEH Notice 4-102, A~gUst1972

 i s rounded t o 0.02 in./day. For t h e time 1.0 days t h e average
i s (0.03 + 0.08)/2 = 0.055, which i s rounded t o 0.06 in./day;
and so on.

h. Compute the outflow f o r A t . Multiply the A t of column 2

by t h e average r a t e of column 7 and get t h e increment of out-
flow f o r column 8.

-i. Add t h e outflow increment of column 8 t o t h e t o t a l of column

9 f o r t h e previous time and t a b u l a t e t h e sum i n column 9.

.j-. Compare t h e mass outflow of column 9 with t h e assumed mass

outflow of column 4. I f t h e two e n t r i e s agree within t h e spe-
c i f i e d degree of accuracy (0.01 inch, i n t h i s r o u t i n g ) t h e n
t h i s routing operation i s complete and a new one i s begun with
s t e p 5. If the two e n t r i e s do not agree well enough then assume
another mass outflow f o r column 4 and repeat s t e p s 2 through ;L.

8. Determine t h e minimum required s t o r w e .

Examine t h e e n t r i e s i n column 5 and f i n d t h e l a r g e s t e n t r y , which i s
2.82 inches a t 5.3 days. This i s t h e minimum required storage.

The routing gives t h e reservoir storages i n column 5, outflow hydrograph

i n column 6, and mass outflow i n column 9, f o r t h e times of column 1.
Unless t h e r e s u l t s a r e t o be used i n a r e p o r t o r e x h i b i t , t h e routing i s
usually c a r r i e d only f a r enough p a s t t h e time of maximum storage t o
ensure t h a t no l a r g e r storage w i l l occur. The mass inflow and outflow
f o r t h i s example a r e p l o t t e d i n Figure 17-2, with outflow shown only t o
8.0 days. If t h e mass outflow p l o t t i n g i s made during t h e routing t h e
trend of t h e curve i n d i c a t e s t h e b e s t assumption f o r t h e next s t e p i n
column 4.

The next example shows how t h e routing proceeds when it must s t a r t w i t h

t h e r e s e r v o i r containing l i v e storage and t h e spillway discharging.

Example 17-2.--For t h e same r e s e r v o i r used i n Example 17-1, determine

t h e e l e v a t i o n and amount of storage remaining i n t h e r e s e r v o i r a f t e r
10 days of drawdown from the minimum l e v e l allowed by SCS c r i t e r i a .
The base flow used i n developing t h e PSMC ( s e e Example 21-2) i s assumed
t o continue a t t h e same r a t e throughout the routing. Round a l l work
t o the nearest 0.01 inch.

1. Determine t h e storage volume i n t h e r e s e r v o i r and t h e spillway

discharge f o r t h e s t a r t of t h e routing.
SCS c r i t e r i a s e r m i t t h e drawdown r o u t i n a t o start with storage at
t h e maximum eievation a t t a i n e d i n t h e r o u t i n g of t h e PSH o r PSMC
used i n determining t h e minimum required storage, even though t h e
s t r u c t u r e may be designed t o contain more than t h e minimum storage.
For t h i s example t h e s t a r t i n g storage of 2.82 inches i s found i n
column 5 , and t h e associated discharge of 1.69 in./day i n column 6,
of Table 17-5 i n t h e l i n e f o r 5.3 days.

REH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 2. Prepare an operations t a b l e f o r t h e routing.
Ordinarily t h e s u i t a b l e headings and arrangement a r e those of Table
17-5, but- i f base flow, snowmeit, or upstream r e l e a s e s must be
included (base flow i n t h i s routing) then one o r more a d d i t i o n a l
columns a r e needed. Table 17-6 shows headings and arrangement s u i t -
able f o r t h i s example.

3. Do t h e routing.
The procedure of s t e p 7, Example 17-1, i s s l i g h t l y modified f o r t h i s
routing. The f i r s t l i n e of d a t a i n t h e operations t a b l e must con-
t a i n t h e i n i t i a l reservoir volume i n column 4 and t h e i n i t i a 1 , s p i l l -
way discharge i n column 7. Accumulated base flow i s added t o t h e
i n i t i a l value of column 4 t o give t h e "accumulat;d inflow" of t h a t
column. In a l l other respects t h e routing procedure i s t h a t of
s t e p 7, Example 17-1.

4. Determine t h e s t o r w e remaining a f t e r 10 days of drawdown.

The entry i n column 6 a t day 10 shows t h a t t h e remaining storage
i s 0.20 inches, which i s a t elevation 581.1 f e e t .

The routing f o r t h i s example has been c a r r i e d t o 1 4 days t o show t h a t

when t h e inflow r a t e i s steady, as it i s i n t h i s case (0.045 i n . / d a y ) ,
then t h e outflow r a t e eventually a l s o becomes steady a t t h e same r a t e .
The l a r g e r t h e steady r a t e of inflow t h e sooner t h e outflow becomes
steady. Note t h a t if the routing had been done with an accuracy t o t h e
nearest 0.001 inch, t h e outflow r a t e would be 0.045 i n . / d q , t h e base
flow r a t e .

The mass inflow, storage, and mass outflow curves f o r t h i s example a r e

shown i n Figure 17-3. Note t h a t t h e work i s accurate t o t h e nearest
0.01 inch, therefore the curves must follow the p l o t t e d points within
t h a t l i m i t . S l i g h t i r r e g u l a r i t i e s i n the smooth curves a r e due t o slope
changes i n the storage-discharge curve.

Mass-Curve Method: Direct Version.- It is easy enough t o eliminate t h e

trial-and-error process of t h e mass-curve method but t h e r e s u l t i n g
" d i r e c t version" i s much more laborious than t h e trial-and-error version.
To get a d i r e c t version t h e working equation i s obtained from Equation
17-12 a s follows.

The average discharge 5 i n Equation 17-12 la (01 + 02)/2 so t h a t t h e

equation can be w r i t t e n :

Because O2 as well as S2 i s unknown it i s necessary t o make combinations

of S and 0 t o get d i r e c t solutions i n t h e routing operation. A t any time,
mass outflow i s equal t o mass inflow minus storage, or:

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

 Table 17-6 Operations table f o r determining storage after 1 0 days
of drawdown for Ekample 17-2.

As- Spillvray Out-

Time Acc. Acc. sumed Res. discharge flow Acc.
kc. At base in- acc. vol- Inst. Avg. for out-
flow* flow outflow me At flow
(days) (days) (in.) (in.) ( i n . ) (in;) (in./dqr) ( i n . / d w ) ( i n . ) (in.)
(3) (4)
0 2.82 1.69 0
.01 2.83 1.66 1.67 0.33 .33
.02 2.84 1.35 1.50 .3O .63
-03 2.85 .87 1.n .22 .85
.98 1.16 .23 .86
,04 2.86 .66 .82 .33 1.19
.07 2.89 1.50 1.39 .60 .63 .32 1.51
.o9 2.91 1.80 L . l l .53 .56 .28 1.79
;ll 2.93 2.03 .go .37 .45 .22 2.01
2.01 .92 .38 .46 .23 2.02
.14 2.96 2.23 .73 .27 .32 .16 2.18
2.19 .77 .29 .34 -17 2.19
.16 2.98 3.30 .68 .24 .26 .I3 2.32
2.32 .66 .23 .26 .I3 2.32
.18 3.00 2.42 .58 .20 -22 .11 2.43
.20 3.02 2.52 .5O -17 .18 .09. 2.52
;22 3.04 2-59 .45 .I5 .16 .08 2.60
.27 3.09 2.73 .36 .12 .14 .14 2.74
.32 3.14 2.85 .29 .O9 .10 .10 2.84
-36 3.18 2.94 .24 07 .08 .08 2.92
2.93 .25 .08 .08 .08 2.92
-40 3.22 3.00 .22 -07 .08 .08 3.00
.45 3.27 3.07 .20 .07 .07 .07 3.07
.50 3.32 3.13 -19 -06 .06 .06 3.13
.54 3.36 3.19 -17 .05 .06 .06 3.19
.58 3.40 3.25 .l5 .04 .04 .04 3.23
3.24 .16 05 .05 -05 3.24
14.0 1.0 .63 3.45 3.29 .16 05 .O5 .O5 3.29
etc. etc. .
e t c etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.

* A t a r a t e of 0.045 inches per day.

NELI Notice 4-102, August 1972

Substituting MI1 - S1 for MOl in Equation 17-13 and rearranging gives:
M I 2 - MI1 + (sl - - ol) = S2 " - 02
At At
(Eq. 17-15)
2 2

which is the working equation for the direct version. Working curves of
01 and (Sl - (At 01)/2) and of 02 and (S2 + (At 02)/2) are needed for
routing.
Other arrangements of working equations can also be obtained from Equa-
tion 17-12. Equation 17-15 is the mass-curve version of the Storage-
Indication method, which is described later in this part. Routing by
use of Equation 17-15 takes about twice as much work as routing by the
Storage-Indication method.

Examples of direct versions of the mass-curve method are [Link] given in

this chapter because the trial-and-error version is more efficient in
every respect.

Mass-Curve Method: Graphical Version.- The graphical version of the

mass-curve method is in a sense a direct version because there is no
trial-and-error involved. The graphical version is usually faster than
the trial-and-error version if the routing job is simple. For complex
jobs the trial-and-error version is more efficient and its results more
easily reviewed. For any routing it gives mass outflow, storage, and the
outflow hydrograph; the graphical version gives only the mass outflow
and storage. The following example shows the use of the graphical ver-
sion with the data and problem of Example 17-1.

Example 17-3.--Use the graphical version of the mass-curve method to

determine the minimum required storage for the structure used in
Example 17-1. Use the data of that example.

1. Develop an elevation-discharge curve for the structure.

The curve used in Example 17-1 will be used here.

2. Develop an elevation-storwe curve for the structure.

The curve used in Example 17-1 will be used here.

3. Prepare a working table for the routing.

Using the curves of steps 1 and 2, select enough discharges on the
discharge curve to define the curve accurately and tabulate them in
column 2, Table 17-7. Tabulate the associated elevations in column
1 and storages at those elevations in column 4. Compute average dis-
charges from column 2 for column 3. The designations in column 5
show which line is associated with each pair of storages shown on
Figure 17-4. Thus, line A applies when the storage is between 0
and 0.18 inches; line B when it is between 0.18 and 0.40 inches; and
so on.

4. Plot the mass inflow.

The PSMC used in Example 17-1 is used here. It is plotted in Figure

IiEH Botice 4-102, August 1972

 5. Do t h e routing.
The work i s done on t h e graph of mass inflow, Figure 17-4. Table
17-7 i s used during t h e work. The procedure goes a s follows:

-a. Draw l i n e A with i t s o r i g i n a t t h e beginning of mass inflow

and with i t s slope equal t o t h e associated average discharge
(column 3 of Table 17-7), which i s 0.025 in./day. This i s t h e
f i r s t portion of t h e mass outflow curve.

(Note: Every p a r t of t h e l i n e of mass outflow must f a l l on o r below t h e

mass inflow curve. If some p a r t i s above t h e inflow, determine t h e slope
and storage l i m i t s f o r a l i n e with a f l a t t e r slope and use it i n s t e a d . )

-
b. Determine t h e time a t which t h e difference between mass
inflow and l i n e A i s equal t o t h e l a r g e r of t h e storage l i m i t s
f o r l i n e A, i n t h i s case 0.18 inches, which occurs a t 0.65 days.
This i s t h e p o i n t of o r i g i n f o r l i n e B.

-[Link] l i n e B with i t s o r i g i n a t t h e point

with a slope of 0.09 in./day.
found i n s t e p 2

-d. Determine t h e time a t which t h e difference between mass in-

flow and l i n e B i s equal t o t h e l a r g e r of t h e storage limits
f o r l i n e B, i n t h i s case 0.40 inches, which occui-s a t 1.50 days.
This i s t h e point of o r i g i n f o r l i n e C.

-
e. Repeat t h e procedure of s t e p s 5 and d with l i n e s C, I), E,
e t c . , u n t i l t h e storage being used i s s o l a r g e it exceeds t h e
possible difference between mass inflow and mass outflow. For
t h i s example t h i s occurs with l i n e H. The p a r a l l e l l i n e above
it shows t h a t t h e associated storage of 3.44 inches f a l l s above
t h e mass inflow l i n e . When t h i s s t e p i s reached t h e required
storage i s obtained by t a k i n g t h e maximum difference between
l i n e H and the mass inflow curve. The difference occurs a t t h e
point on t h e mass inflow curve where a l i n e p a r a l l e l t o l i n e
H i s tangent t o t h e inflow curve. For t h i s example it i s 2.80
inches a t 5.33 days. This s t e p completes t h e routing.

The graphical method can a l s o be used f o r routings s t a r t i n g with some

storage occupied and with t h e spillway discharging. For t h e problem used
i n Example 17-2 t h e graphical method s t a r t s with l i n e H and continues
with l i n e s G, F, E, D , C, B, and A i n t h a t order. The r e s u l t s a r e
shown i n Figure 17-5. The storage a f t e r 10 days of drawdown i s 0.18
inches, which i s nearly t h e same as found i n Example 17-2. Differences
between r e s u l t s of t h e two methods a r e due mainly t o t h e use of s m a l l -
s c a l e graphs f o r working curves; l a r g e r s c a l e s increase t h e accuracy.
Note t h a t l i n e A i'n Figure 17-5 i s f l a t t e r %ban t h e l i n e of accumulated
base flow. This i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e flow becomes steady a t o r near 10
days and t h a t t h e dashed l i n e ( p a r a l l e l t o mass inflow) i s t h e a c t u a l
outflow.

NEB Notice 4-102, August 1972

Table 17-7 Working t a b l e f o r t h e graphical version of t h e mass-curve
method f o r Example 17-3.

Spillway discharge Designation

Elevation
Inst. Avg . Storage
on F i g . 17-4
(feet ) (in./day) (in./day) (inches )
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
580.2 0 0
0.025 line A
581.0 .05 .18
.09 line B
582.0 .13 .40
.23 line C
583.5 .33 .80
.42 line D
584.6 52 1.09
.61 line E
587.0 70 1.86
.95 line F
587.8 1.20 2.16
1.42 line G
588.4 1.64 2.38
1.69 line H
591.0 1.74 3.44
1.77 line I
592.5 1.80 4.15

NEH Notice 4-102, A m s t 1972

Storage-Indication Method.- Reservoir routing methods t h a t a r e a l s o used
f o r stream routings a r e generally discharge, not mass, methods because
it i s usually only t h e discharge hydrograph t h a t i s wanted. The Storage-
Indication method, which has been widely used f o r channel and r e s e r v o i r
routings, has discharge r a t e s as input and output. The method was given
i n t h e 1955 e d i t i o n of NEH-4, Supplement A. Example 17-4, below i s t h e
same example used i n t h a t publication except f o r minor changes.

The Storage-Indication method uses Equation 17-11 %n t h e form:

where 7 = (I1 + 1 2 ) / 2 . The values of a r e e i t h e r taken from midpoints

of routing i n t e r v a l s of p l o t t e d inflow hydrographs o r computed from in-
flows tabulated a t regular i n t e r v a l s . A working curve of 02 p l o t t e d
against (s2/At) + (02/2) i s necessary f o r solving t h e equation.

I n channel routing t h e Storage-Indication method has t h e defect t h a t

outflow begins a t the same time inflow begins so t h a t presumably t h e in-
flow a t t h e head of t h e reach passes instantaneously through t h e reach
regardless of i t s length. This defect i s not serious i f t h e r a t i o T t / T p
i s about 1 / 2 or l e s s , where Tp i s t h e inflow hydrograph time t o peak and
T t i s a t r a v e l time defined as:

where Tt = reach t r a v e l time i n hours; t h e time it t a k e s a s e l e c t e d

steady-flow discharge t o pass through t h e reach

L = reach length i n f e e t

A = average end-area f o r discharge q i n square f e e t

q = s e l e c t e d steady-flow discharge i s c f s

V = q/A = average v e l o c i t y of discharge q i n f p s

I n determining T t the discharge q i s usually t h e bank-full discharge

under steady flow conditions ( s e e Chapter 1 5 ) .

Another defect of t h e Storage-Indication method, f o r both channel and

r e s e r v o i r r o u t i n g , i s t h a t t h e r e i s no r u l e f o r s e l e c t i n g t h e proper
s i z e of routing i n t e r v a l . T r i a l routings show t h a t negative outflows
w i l l occur during recession periods of outflow whenever A t i s g r e a t e r
than 2 S2/02 ( o r whenever 02/2 i s g r e a t e r than S2/At). This a l s o means
t h a t r i s i n g portion's of hydrographs a r e being d i s t o r t e d . I n p r a c t i c e ,
t o avoid t h e s e p o s s i b i l i t i e s , t h e working curve can be p l o t t e d a s shown
i n Figure 17-6; i f any p a r t of t h e working curve falls above t h e l i n e of
equal values then t h e e n t i r e curve should be discarded and a new one
made using a smaller value of A t . For channel routing t h e p o s s i b i l i t y
of negative outflows i s usually excluded by t a k i n g A t l e s s than Tt.

Notice 4-102, A u g u s t 1972

The following example shows t h e use of t h e Storage-Indication method i n
channel routing. The example i s t h e one used i n t h e 1955 e d i t i o n of
NEE-4, Supplement A, with some minor changes.

Example 17-4.--Use t h e Storage-Tndication method of r e s e r v o i r

routing t o route the inflow hydrograph of Figure 17-7 through the
stream reach of Table 17-4.

1. Prepare the storage-discharge r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r t h e reach.

This i s done i n Table 17-4 and t h e t e x t accompanying it.

2. Determine t h e reach t r a v e l time.

This i s done using Equation 17-17. Table 17-4 and t h e accompanying
t e x t supply t h e following data: L = 10,000 f e e t and f o r a bank-
f u l l discharge of 800 c f s as q t h e end-area A = 234 square f e e t .
Then by Equation 17-17, T t = 10000(23~)/3600(800)= 0.813 hours.

3. Select the routing i n t e r v a l .

The routing i n t e r v a l f o r t h i s example w i l l be 0.5 hours, which i s
l e s s than t h e t r a v e l time of s t e p 2 and which i s a convenient s i z e
f o r t h e given inflow hydrograph. (See t h e discussion i n t h e t e x t
accompanying Equation 17-30 f o r f u r t h e r information on t h e selec-
t i o n of reach routing i n t e r v a l s . )

4. Prepare the working curve.

Use the storage-discharge r e l a t i o n s h i p of s t e p 1, which i s given i n
columns 1 and-10 of able 17-4. 'Fnese two coiumk a r e reproduced
as columns 1 and 3 of Table 17-8, t h e working t a b l e ; columns 2, 4 ,
and 5 of t h e t a b l e a r e self-explanatory. The working curve i s
p l o t t e d using columns 1 and 5. The f i n i s h e d curve i s shown i n
Figure 17-6.

5. Prepare t h e operations t a b l e .
Suitable headings and arrangement f o r an operations t a b l e a r e shown
i n Table 17-9.

6. Enter times and inflows i n t h e operations t a b l e .

Accumulated time i n s t e p s-of t h e routing i n t e r v a l is shown i n
column 1 of Table 17-9.- I values read From midintervals on t h e
inflow hydrograph of Figure 17-7 a r e shown i n column 2.

7. Do t h e routing.
The procedure i s shown i n Table 17-10. The routing r e s u l t s a r e
shown i n columns 3 and 4 of Table 17-9. The outflow hydrograph
given i n column 4 i s p l o t t e d i n Figure 17-7.

I n routing through channels it i s generally necessary t o add l o c a l inflow

t o t h e routed outflow. The method of doing t h i s i s described l a t e r i n
t h e p a r t on channel routing methods.

NEEf Notice 4-102, August 1972

The Storage-Indication procedure f o r r e s e r v o i r routing i s i d e n t i c a l with
t h a t f o r channel routing except t h a t t h e r e i s no need t o determine a
t r a v e l time. The following example shows t h e r e s e r v o i r procedure. The
problem and data of Example'l7-1 a r e used i n order t o a l l o w a comparison
of procedures and r e s u l t s .

&ample 17-5.--Use t h e Storage-Indication method t o determine t h e

minimum required storage f o r t h e s t r u c t u r e used i n Example 17-1.
Use t h e d a t a of t h a t example where applicable. Make t h e routing with
discharges i n cfs.

1. Develop an elevation-discharge curve f o r t h e s t r u c t u r e .

The curve used i n Example 17-1 w i l l be used here. That curve i s
f o r discharges i n i n . / h r . Ordinarily when c f s a r e t o be used t h e
curve i s developed i n t h a t u n i t . The conversion t o c f s w i l l be
made i n s t e p 5.

2. Develop an elevation-storage curve f o r t h e structure.

The curve used i n Example
- 17-1 w i l l be used here. That curve i s
f o r storage i n inches. The conversion t o cfs-days w i l l be made i n
step 5.

3. Develop and p l o t t h e inflow hydrograph.

Because of t h e type of problem t h e inflow hydrograph must be a Prin-
c i p a l -Sj?illway Hydrograph (PSH) taken from Chapter-21. The PSH
corresponding t o t h e PSMC of Example 17-1 i s given i n columns 1
m d 4 of Table 21-7. The PSH i s p l o t t e d i n Figure 17-8.

4. Select t h e rout in^ i n t e r v a l .

Examination of t h e PSH i n F i m r e 17-8 shows t h a t two routing i n t e r -
v a l s w i l l be needed, one of 6.5 days f o r small changes i n r&es
and one of 0.1 days f o r l a r g e changes.

5. Prepare t h e working curves..

Data and computations f o r t h e working curves a r e shown i n Table
17-11. Two curves a r e needed because two routing i n t e r v a l s w i l l be
used. The e l e v a t i o n s of column 1 and discharges of column 2 a r e
taken from t h e curve of s t e p 1with t h e discharges being converted
from i n . / h r . t o c f s i n t h e process. The discharges a r e s e l e c t e d so
t h a t they adequately define t h e elevation-dischaxge relationship.
Column 3 of Table 17-11 gives the corresponding storages from t h e
curve of s t e p 2 , converted from inches t o cfs-hrs during t h e tabula-
t i o n . The remaining columns contain self-explanatory computations.
Columns 2 and 6 give t h e f i r s t working curve and columns 2 and 8
t h e second; they a r e p l o t t e d i n Figure 17-9. Note t h a t " l i n e s of
equal values" i f drawn would be w e l l above t h e working curves,
therefore t h e routing i n t e r v a l s a r e adequately small. Also note
t h a t t h e second curve i s shown only f o r t h e higher discharges i n
order t o use a l a r g e r s c a l e ; o r d i n a r i l y t h e e n t i r e curve i s plotted.

NM Notice 4-102, AugUSt 1972

Table 17-8 Working t a b l e f o r preparation of t h e
working curve f o r Example 17-4.

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

 Table 17-9 Operations table for the S-I method for
Example 17-4.

Time

(2) (3) (4)

0 0 0 0
.5 625" 625 285
1.0 1875 2215 1030
1.5 3125 4310 1880
2.0 4375 6805 2880
2.5 4615 8540 3610
3.0 3865 8795 3710
3.5 3125 8210 3450
4.0 2375 7135 3050
4.5 1635 5720 2440
5.0 900 4180 1810
5.5 265 2635 1210
6.0 O*" 1425 630
6.5 0 795 375
7.0 0 420 160
7.5 0 260 82
8.0 0 178 53
etc. etc. etc. etc.

* 625 cfs is the average discharge for the time from 0 to

0.5 hours, 1875 cfs the average discharge from 0.5 to 1.0
hours, and so on.

** Inflow ceases at 5.33 hours.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

Table 17-10 Procedure f o r routing by t h e Storage-Indication method
f o r Example 17-4.

Remarks

0 Given
Given
o -o + 625 = 625
285 From Figure 17-6
Given
625 - 285 + 1875 = 2215
1030 From Figure 17-6
Given
2215 - 1030 + 3125 = 4310
1880 From Figure 17-6
Given
4310 - 1880 + 4375 = 6805
2880 From Figure 17-6
etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 6. Prepare t h e operations t a b l e .
Suitable headings - and arrangement a r e shown i n Table 17-12. Note
t h a t t h e r e i s a column f o r i n s t g t a n e o u s r a t e s of inflow. These
r a t e s w i l l be used f o r g e t t i n g I values because it i s d i f f i c u l t t o
s e l e c t I values accurately enough from some portions of t h e p l o t t e d
hydrograph.

7. Tabulate times and r a t e s of inflow and compute 7 values.

Accumulated times a r e shown i n column 1 of Table 17-12 a t i n t e r v a l s
of A t = 0.5 days f o r t h e i n i t i a l slow-rising portion of t h e PSH, a t
A t = 0 . 1 days f o r t h e f a s t - r i s i n g and - f a l l i n g portion, and again
a t A t = 0 . 5 days f o r t h e slow recession. Instantaneous r a t e s of
inflow f o r those times a r e taken from t h e PSH of Figure 17-8 ( o r
from column 4 of Table 21-7 i f they are f o r t h e s e l e c t e d times) and
shown i n column 2. The I values of column 3 a r e arithmetic averages
of e n t r i e s i n column 2.

8. Do t h e routin@;.
The procedure i s t h e same a s t h a t given i n Table 17-10 except when
a change i s made from one working curve t o another. The changes a r e
made a s follows. A t time 4.5 days t h e routing i n t e r v a l changes,
therefore, t h e working curve must be changed. The outflow r a t e a t
t h a t time i s 116 cfs. Entering t h e second working curve with t h i s
r a t e gives 2,640 c f s as t h e value of (s2/At) + (0212) i n column 4
f o r t h e same time. Once t h i s value i s entered t h e routing continues
with use of t h e second working curve. A t time 6.0 days t h e routing
i n t e r v a l chknges back t o t h e first one and t h e r e f o r e t h e first
working curve must again be used. The outflow r a t e a t t h a t time i s
357 c f s . Entering t h e f i r s t working curve with t h i s r a t e gives
1,270 c f s as t h e value of (s2/At) + (02/2) i n column 4 f o r t h a t
time. After e n t e r i n g t h i s value t h e routing continues with use of
the first working curve.

9 . Determine t h e maximum storage a t t a i n e d i n t h e routing.

The maximum storage a t t a i n e d i n a r e s e r v o i r during t h e routing of
a single-peaked hydrograph occurs a t t h e time when outflow equals
inflow. The p l o t t i n g i n Figure 17-8 shows t h a t t h i s occurs a t 5.33
days. For t h i s time, Table 17-12 shows t h a t 02 = 364 c f s and
(s2/At) + (02/2) = 6,480 c f s . solving f o r S2 gives S2 = A t 6480 -
(0 1 2 ) . With A t = 0 0 . days and 02 = 364 c f s , S2 = 0.1 6480 -
(3&/2) = 629.8 cfs-days , t h e maximum storage. To convert t o AF
use Equation 17-2, which gives 629.8/0.504 = 1,247 AF as t h e maxi-
mum storage i n AT. To convert AF t o inches use Equation 17-3 and
t h e given drainage area of 8.0 square miles ( s e e Example 17-11,
which give l247/53.3(8.0) = 2.93 inches as t h e maximum storage i n
inches. (Tote: The storage can a l s o be found by use of a storage-
discharge curve o r elevation-discharge and elevation-storage curves
but with t h e Storage-Indication method it i s generally b e s t t o use
t h e above method. )

A comparison of peak r a t e s of outflow shows t h a t t h e mass-curve method

of Example 17-1 gave a peak r a t e of 1.69 in./dsy, which converts t o 363

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

Table 17-11 Working t a b l e f o r preparation of the working curves
f o r Example 17-5.

For A t = 0.5 days For A t = 0.1 days

Eleva- Dis-
t ion
Storage O2
- - - - o2
At + -
charge S2 S2 "2 s2 S2
(S2) At 2 At At
+-
2
(02)
(feet) (cfs) (cfs-days) ( c f s ) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs)

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

Table 17-12 Operations t a b l e f o r Example 17-5.

Gut-
f OH

etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.

* From f i r s t working curve.

""From second working curve.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

c f s , and t h e Storage-Indication method gave 364 cfs, which i s excellent
agreement. But a comparison of maximum storage i n inches shows t h a t t h e
mass-curve method of Example 17-1 gave 2.82 inches, t h e graphical mass-
curve method of Example 17-3 gave 2.80 inches, and t h e Storage-Indication
method gave 2.93 inches. The discrepancy i s f o r t h e most p a r t due t o use
of small-scale graphs f o r t h e working curves. Larger graphs would reduce
t h e discrepancy.

St orage-Indication Method as Used i n t h e SCS Electronic Computer Program. -

SCS e l e c t r o n i c computer program f o r watershed evaluations uses t h e
Storage-Indication method only f o r r e s e r v o i r routings. The chief d i f f e r -
ence between t h e manual procedure of Example 17-5 and t h e electronic-
computer procedure i s t h a t i n t h e l a t t e r no working curves a r e used. In-
s t e a d , t h e working equation i s solved during a process i n which interpo-
l a t i o n s a r e made i n t h e elevation-discharge and elevation-storage data
stored i n t h e computer. The process i s repeated during t h e routing j u s t
as t h e working curve i s repeatedly used i n manual routing. The machine
routing has a numerical accuracy g r e a t e r than t h a t of t h e manual routing,
but t h e machine cannot improve t h e accuracy of the input data. D e t a i l s
of t h e machine routing process a r e given i n pages A-61 through A-66 of
t h e r e p o r t t i t l e d "Computer Program f o r Project Formulation -
Hydrology,"
by C-E-I-R, Inc. Arlington, Va., January 1964, which w a s prepared f o r
SCS. Copies of t h i s report a r e a v a i l a b l e from t h e Washington, D. C.
o f f i c e of SCS.

Culp's Method.- Some routing methods a r e developed f o r solving special

problems, f o r which they have a high e f f i c i e n c y . One such method i s
described next.

I n t h e design of an emergency spillway of a dam it i s SCS p r a c t i c e t o

base t h e design on t h e r e s u l t s from a routing of an Bnergency Spillway
Hydrograph. Because all of t h e spillway dimensions cannot be known i n
advance, it i s necessary t o route t h e hydrograph through t h r e e o r four
d i f f e r e n t spillways w i t h assumed dimensions before t h e spillway w i t h
t h e proper dimensions can be found. M. M. Culp's r o u t i n g method elimi-
nates much of t h a t work by giving t h e routed peak discharge without t h e
use of spillway dimensions. The following example shows an a p p l i c a t i o n
of t h e method t o t h e s t r u c t u r e used i n previous examples. The example
i s lengthy because many d e t a i l s a r e given; a f t e r t h e method i s understood
it w i l l be seen t o be f a s t and easy t o apply.

Example 17-6.--Find t h e routed peak discharge t o be used i n design of

an emergency spillway f o r t h e s t r u c t u r e of Example 17-1. The required
difference i n elevation between t h e c r e s t of t h e spillway and t h e reser-
v o i r water surface, H , i s 4.0 f e e t during t h e peak discharge. Water-
shed and s t r u c t u r e dafa a r e given i n examples 17-1 and 17-2.

=
1. Prepare t h e elevation-discharge curve f o r t h e p r i n c i p a l s p i l l -

This curve was prepared f o r Example 17-1 with t h e discharges i n

inches per hour. It w i l l be used here as shown i n Figure 17-10(a)
with discharges i n cfs.

NEII Notice 4-102, August 1972

 2. Prepare t h e elevation-storage curve f o r t h e s t r u c t u r e .
This curve was prepared f o r Example 17-1. Only t h e portion above
t h e sediment storage w i l l b e used here; it is shown i n f i g u r e
17-10(a).

3. Determine t h e elevation of t h e emergency spillway c r e s t .

According t o SCS c r i t e r i a , t h e elevation of t h e emergency - spillway
-
c r e s t can be a t o r above t h e maximum water-surface elevation
a t t a i n e d i n t h e r e s e r v o i r during t h e routing of t h e P r i n c i p a l
Spillway Hydrograph (PSH) o r i t s mass curve (PSMC) The water- .
surface e l e v a t i o n found i n Example 17-1 w i l l be used here as t h e
c r e s t elevation. This elevation i s 589.5 f e e t with floodwater
storage of 2.82 inches.

4. Determine t h e water-surface elevation of t h e floodwater remain-

i n g i n t h e r e s e r v o i r after LO days of drawdown from storage a t t h e
water-surface elevation a t t a i n e d i n routing t h e PSH o r PSMC.
This s t e p i s required by SCS c r i t e r i a . The determination i s made
i n Fxample 17-2 and those r e s u l t s w i l l be used here. The water-
surface elevation a f t e r 10 days of drawdown i s 581.1 f e e t with
floodwater storage a t 0.20 inches.

5. Prepare t h e Emergency Spillway Hydrograph (ESH) and i t s mass

curve (ESMC).
The ESH f o r t h i s example was prepared using t h e method of Example
21-5 and t h e following d a t a : drainage a r e a = 8.0 square miles,
time of concentration = 2.0 hours, runoff curve number = 75, design
storm r a i n f a l l = 9 . 1 inches, storm duration = 6.0 hours, r u n o f f =
6.04 inches, hydrograph family = 2, To = 5.05 hours, i n i t i a l Tp =
1 . 4 hours, To/Tp = 3.61, s e l e c t e d To/Tp = 4, revised Tp = 1.26 hours,
qp = 3,073 c f s , and Q(q ) = 18,560 c f s . The ESMC was prepared using
Table 21-17 and t h e folEowing d a t a : hydrograph family = 2, To/Tp =
4, Tp = 1.26 hours, and Q = 6.04 inches. The hydrograph i s shown
i n Flgure 17-10(b) and t h e mass curve i n Figure 17-10(c).

(Note: The above s t e p s a r e taken, i n much t h e same way, regardless of

which manual method of r o u t i n g i s used f o r t h i s kind of problem. The
following s t e p s apply t o t h e Culp method. )

6. Determine t h e time a t which t h e emergency spillway begins t o

flow during passage of t h e ESH or ESMC.
For t h i s example t h e time was found by routing the ESMC of s t e p 5
by t h e method of Example 17-1, using t h e curves of Figure 17-10(a)
as working c w e s . The routing w a s s t a r t e d with 0.20 inches of
floodwater i n t h e r e s e r v o i r (SCS c r i t e r i a r e q u i r e t h e ESH o r ESMC
routing t o s t a r t a t t h e elevation f o r t h e floodwater remaining
a f t e r the 10-day drawdown period; see s t e p 4). The emergency s p i l l -
way began t o flow a t 2.9 hours, a t which time t h e mass outflow was
0.06 inches. The time and outflow a r e indicated by point c l on
Figure 17-10(c )

iWH Notice 4-102, August 1972

7. Determine the average discharge of t h e p r i n c i p a l s p i l l w q
during, passage of t h e ESH or ESMC through t h e emergency spillway.
The p r i n c i p a l spillway average discharge i s f o r t h e period during
which t h e reservoir storage r i s e s from t h e elevation of t h e emer-
gency spillway c r e s t t o t h e c r e s t elevation plus
2.
vation-discharge curve of Figure 17-10(a) t o f i n d he discharges
a t t h e two elevations. These discharges a r e 361 and 392 c f s res-
the ele-

pectively; t h e i r average i s 376 c f s .

8. Locate a reference point i n t h e ESH f o r use i n l a t e r steps.

The reference point, shown as point b l i n Figure 17-10(b), i s
located a t t h e time determined i n s t e p 6 and a t t h e average dis-
charge determined i n s t e p 7. A second p o i n t , not a c t u a l l y necessary
i n t h e work, i s shown as b2 on t h e recession s i d e . A s t r a i g h t l i n e
connecting points b l and b2 represents the p r i n c i p a l spillway out-
flow r a t e during t h e period used i n s t e p 7.

9. Compute t h e slope of t h e p r i n c i p a l spillway mass outflow l i n e

f o r use on the mass inflow graph.
Tne mass outflow t o be used i s f o r t h e period considered i n s t e p 7.
F u l l pipe flow occurs and t h e mass outflow i s adequately represented
by a s t r a i g h t l i n e . The slope of t h e l i n e f o r t h i s example must be
i n inches per hour because t h e mass inflow s c a l e s a r e f o r inches
and hours. To get t h e slope, convert t h e average discharge of
s t e p 7 by use of Equation 17-5, which gives 376/645(8.0) = 0.073
inches per hour.

10. P l o t a reference l i n e and a working l i n e of p r i n c i p a l spillway

mass outflow on t h e graph f o r mass inflow.
The l i n e s a r e f o r t h e period considered i n s t e p 7 but f o r working
convenience they a r e extended beyond t h e limits of t h e period. To
p l o t t h e reference l i n e , f i r s t l o c a t e point c2 on t h e mass inflow
curve of Figure 17-10(c) a t t h e time determined i n s t e p 6, then
through c2 draw a s t r a i g h t l i n e having t h e slope determined i n
s t e p 9 ; t h i s gives l i n e A as shown. To p l o t t h e working l i n e ,
f i r s t determine t h e storage associated with EIp, which i s 1.84 inches
as shown i n Figure 17-10(a), then draw l i n e B p a r a l l e l t o l i n e A
and 1.84 inches of runoff above it as shown i n Figure 17-10(c).

11. Find t h e period within which t h e emergency spillway peak d i s -

charge w i l l occur.
Point c3 i s a t t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n of t h e mass inflow curve and l i n e B
i n Figure 17-10(c). Locate point b3 on t h e ESH of Figure 17-10(b)
a t t h e time found f o r c3. Points b3 and b2 are t h e end p o i n t s f o r
t h e period within which t h e emergency spillway peak discharge w i l l
occur.

2 . Select s e v e r a l working discharges between p o i n t s b3 and b2.

Four s e l e c t e d working discharges a r e indicated by p o i n t s b4, b5,
b6, and b7 i n Figure-17-10(b); t h e discharges a r e 4,750, 3,500,
2,200, and 920 c f s respectively. These discharges represent t h e
peak discharges of outflow hydrographs.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

( ~ o t e : After some experience with t h i s method, it may be found e a s i e r
t o s e l e c t only two working discharges i n t h i s s t e p , t o work through
s t e p s 1 3 t o 15, and i f t h e r e s u l t s a r e u n s a t i s f a c t o r y t o r e t u r n t o s t e p
12 again by s e l e c t i n g a t h i r d working discharge, working through s t e p s
13 through 1 5 f o r t h a t discharge, and s o on.1

13. Compute a volume-to-peak f o r each working discharge of step 12.

I n the Culp method t h e r i s i n g s i d e of the outflow hydrograph f o r
a trapezoidal spillway i s taken a s being nearly parabolic s o t h a t
the volume from t h e beginning of r i s e t o t h e peak r a t e , o r t h e
volume-to-peak, i s :

where Qe i s t h e volume i n cfs-hrs, qe i s t h e working discharge of

s t e p 12 i n c f s , qps i s t h e p r i n c i p a l spillway r a t e of s t e p 7 i n
c f s , and Te i s t h e time i n hours from point b l t o t h e peak time.
The volume Qe must be converted t o a u n i t usable with t h e mass
inflow curve, i n t h i s case, inches. The summary of work f o r t h i s
s t e p i s given i n Table 17-13. I n t h e columns f o r points b4 through
b7, t h e items i n l i n e 1 a r e from s t e p 12; items i n l i n e 2 a r e from
s t e p 7; items i n l i n e 3 a r e obtained by s u b t r a c t i n g qps from qe;
items .in l i n e 4 a r e obtained by inspection of Figure 17-10(b);
items i n l i n e 5 a r e products of (qe -
qps) x Te; items i n l i n e 6
a r e products of ( ~ e j 0 . 6 2 )x 0.62; items i n l i n e 7 a r e Qe's of l i n e
6 divided by t h e drainage a r e a of 8.0 square miles; items of l i n e
8 a r e Qe' s of l i n e 7 divided by 645. Each Qe of l i n e 8 applies
only at t h e time indicated by i t s point on the ESH.

14. P l o t a curve of mass inflow minus mass outflow.

This i s a working curve, not t h e complete curve of inflow minus
outflow. Subtract each Qe of l i n e 8, Table 17-13, from t h e inflow
amount a t t h e i d e n t i c a l time on t h e mass inflow curve of Figure
17-10(c) and p l o t t h e r e s u l t as shown f o r p o i n t s c4, c5, c6, and
c7. Connect t h e p o i n t s with a curve, l i n e C.

15. Determine t h e time and r a t e f o r the emergency spillway peak

discharge.
The i n t e r s e c t i o n of l i n e s B and C , a t point c8 i n Figure 17-10(c),
gives t h e time a t which t h e emergency spillway peak discharge occurs
The t o t a l discharge r a t e a t t h a t time i s 3,050 c f s a s shown by t h e
corresponding point b8 on t h e ESE of Figure 17-10(b). The emer-
gency spillway discharge r a t e i s 3050 -
376 = 2,674 c f s , which
occurs when t h e r e s e r v o i r water surface i s a t t h e given elevation
of 593.5 f e e t ( c r e s t elevation plus Hp). This s t e p completes t h e
routing. Design of t h e emergency spillway now follows with use of
ES-98, ES-124, and spillway c r i t e r i a .
I f Kp is not known i n advance, t h e Culp method can be used with assumed
values of Hp t o get associated discharges from which t h e s u i t a b l e combi-
nation of Hp and discharge can be s e l e c t e d . For e a r t h spillways % can
be closely approximated from permissible v e l o c i t i e s and t h e appropriate

IiEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 17-35

Table 17-13 Working t a b l e f o r Culp method s t e p 13 of Example 17-6.

Point :
Line It em Unit b4 b5 b6 b7

qe cfs
¶€'s cfs
qe -
q~s C ~ S
Te hrs
Qel0.62 cfs-hrs
Qe cfs-hrs
Qe csm-hrs
Qe in.

NJB Notice 4-102, August 1972

length and chosen p r o f i l e of t h e i n l e t channel. A close approximation
of t h e emergency spillway discharge r a t e can be obtained i n t h i s way f o r
an ELp ~ a l u enear t h e middle of t h e desired range t o get a " C curve" ( l i n e
C on Flgure 17-10(c)). The average discharge i n t h e conventional drop
i n l e t under f u l l pipe flow conditions v a r i e s only s l i g h t l y as H?, v a r i e s
r e l a t i v e l y g r e a t l y , t h u s t h e discharge through t h e emergency splllway
can be closely approximated from such an average C curve. If refine-
ment i s j u s t i f i e d , then t r i a l adjustments on t h e slope of l i n e B w i l l
give t h e required accuracy. The correction process converges rapidly.
For preliminary layouts or comparative cost s t u d i e s such refinement i s
seldom j u s t i f i e d .

Short-Cuts f o r Reservoir R o u t i n ~ s . - Various equations and c h a r t s have

been developed f o r quickly estimating t h e required storage i n a reser-
v o i r o r t h e required capacity of a spillway, such estimates being used
i n preliminary s t u d i e s of s t r u c t u r e s or p r o j e c t s . The equations and
c h a r t s a r e usually based on t h e r e s u l t s of routings so t h a t using t h e
equation o r c h a r t i s i n e f f e c t a form of routing.

A t y p i c a l short-cut i s t h e graph, Figure 17-11. The curve through t h e

c i r c l e d points i s based on information i n t a b l e 2 on page 39 of "Low
D a m s , " a design manual prepared by the Subcommittee on Small Water
Storage P r o j e c t s , National Resources Committee, Washington, D. C . , 1938
( t h e manual i s out of p r i n t and no longer a v a i l a b l e f o r ~ u r c h a s e ) .
Relationships of t h i s kind a r e developed from routings made through a
p a r t i c u l a r type of spillway and they apply only t o t h a t type. The form
of standard inflow hydrograph used f o r routing a l s o a f f e c t s t h e r e l a t i o n -
s h i p and t h e same form must be applicable when t h e short-cut i s used.
With such a r e l a t i o n s h i p i f any t h r e e of t h e four v a r i a b l e s a r e known
t h e f o u r t h can be estimated. Usually e i t h e r t h e r e s e r v o i r storage or
t h e r e s e r v o i r discharge r a t e i s t h e unknown.

The t r i a n g u l a r point on Figure 17-11 i s f o r t h e routing made i n Example

17-6. For t h a t example t h e outflow/inflow r a t i o i s 3050/10200 = 0.30
and t h e storage/inflow-volume r a t i o i s 2.82/(2.62 + 1.84) = 0.63. Note
t h a t t h e emergency spillway "surcharge" storage is included when com-
puting t h e volume r a t i o . Thi: cross p o i n t s , f o r "miscellaneous routings",
a r e f o r routings of s e v e r a l kinds ofhydrographs through emergency s p i l l -
ways of t h e SCS type. The "Low Dams" curve appears t o be an enveloping
curve f o r t h e points. As such it can be used f o r making conservative
estimates. Thus, i f t h e inflow volume i s 8.15 inches of runoff and t h e
t o t a l a v a i l a b l e storage i s 5.7 inches then the storage r a t i o i s 0.7; a t
t h a t r a t i o t h e discharge r a t i o i s 0.4, which means t h a t t h e peak outflow
r a t e w i l l be not more than 0.4 of t h e peak inflow. Such estimates a r e
often u s e f u l i n preliminary work.

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

 I
I-w
I DISCHARGE, INCHES PER DAY,
Z(3 OF PRINCIPAL SPILLWAY WITH TWO-STAGE INLET
w a
--zg
gk

1
2 3 4 5 6 7
TOTAL STORAGE- INCHES
0 I 2 3 4 5 6

STORAGE USED IN ROUTING- INCHES

Figure 17-2. Storage, discharge relationship and plotted mass
inflow e w e for a reservoir.

NEB Notice 4-102, August 1972

 PLUS ACCUMULATED BASE

TIME, DAYS
Figure 17-3. Mass inflow, storage, and mass outflow curves for Example 17-2.

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

 I
MASS INFLOW OR
:ONTENTS PLUS I

O
Y
dFTER 10 DAYS DRAM
I
-INE OF ACTUAL FL(
:LINE IS PARALLEL '
KCUMULATED BASE LOW)

2 4 6 8 10
TIME, DAYS
Figure 17-5. Graphical version for Example 17-2, Step 4.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

Figure 17-6. Working curve for Storage-Indication method of
reservoir routing for Example 17-4.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 TIME, HOURS
Figure 17-7. Inflow and outflow hydrograph f o r
Example 17-4.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

Figure 17-8. Principal spillway hydrograph and outflow
hydrograph f o r Example 17-5.
mEII Notice 4-102, August 1972
 ,
FOR At = 0.1 DAYS
(SECOND WORKING CURVE)

0
FOR At = 0 . 5 DAYS 0 1000 2000 3000
FOR At = 0. l DAYS 2 0 0 0 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

Figure 17-9. Working curves for Storage-Indication method of reservoir routing for I
C
Example 17-5. vl
Figure 17-10. Culp's method of reservoir routing for Example 17-6.

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

 OUTFLOW PEAK RATE
INFLOW PEAK RATE

Figure 17-11. Typical shortcut method of reservoir flood

routing.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 Channel Routina Methods

The Convex method of routing through stream channels i s presented i n

t h i s p a r t . The method i s derived from inflow-outflow hydrograph r e l a -
tionships and, because of t h i s , t h e method has some f e a t u r e s not pos-
sessed by channel routing methods derived from consideration of t h e
continuity equation. The Storage-Indication method of channel routing,
presented i n Example 17-4, w i l l not be discussed here, but discussions
of procedures f o r adding l o c a l inflows, deducting transmission l o s s e s ,
and routing through stream systems a l s o apply t o t h a t method.

Theory of t h e Convex Method

The Convex method i s based on t h e following p r i n c i p l e : When a n a t u r a l
flood flow passes t h r o u b a n a t u r a l stream channel having n e g l i g i b l e
l o c a l inflows o r transmission l o s s e s , t h e r e i s a reach length L and a
time i n t e r v a l A t such t h a t 02 i s not more than t h e l a r g e r nor l e s s than
t h e smaller of t h e two flows 11 and O1. A t i s considered as both t h e
t r a v e l time of t h e flood wave through t h e reach measured a t t h e beginning
of t h e r i s i n g portion of t h e hydrograph a t both ends of t h e reach; and
t h e required routing time i n t e r v a l .

The p r i n c i p l e requires t h a t :

If I1 2 01, t h e n I1 2 O2 2 O1 (Eq. 17-19)

If 11 5 01, then I1 5 02 5 01 (Eq. 17-20)

I n general, inequality Equation 17-19 a p p l i e s t o r i s i n g portions of hy-

drographs and Equation 17-20 t o f a l l i n g portions. Note t h a t 12 does not
e n t e r i n t o t h e p r i n c i p l e ; t h i s makes t h e Convex method a forecasting
method (see under "Discussion" ) .
The routing p r i n c i p l e can be extended t o include l o c a l inflows and
transmission l o s s e s but t h i s unnecessarily complicates t h e working equa-
t i o n . It i s common p r a c t i c e t o add l o c a l inflows t o t h e routed outflow
hydrographs t o get t h e t o t a l outflows, and t h i s p r a c t i c e w i l l be f o l -
lowed here. There may be s i t u a t i o n s , however, i n which t h e l o c a l inflow
i s added t o t h e inflow hydrograph and t h e n routed. Small transmission
l o s s e s are generally deducted a f t e r t h e routing, l a r g e ones during t h e
routing; f o r a discussion of transmission l o s s e s see t h e heading "Effects
I
of transmission l o s s e s on routed flows."

The routing o r working equation i s formed a f t e r examination of t y p i c a l

inflow and outflow hydrographs such as t h o s e i n Figure 17-12. Typical
flood wave combinations o f 11, O1 and O2 a r e shown on t h e r i s i n g and
f a l l i n g s i d e s of t h e hydrographs. The r o u t i n g p r i n c i p l e s t a t e s t h a t
f o r a properly selected reach l e n g t h L , hence A t , O2 K i l l f a l l some-
where on or between I1 and O1 i n magnitude but not above or below them.
This i s evident on Figure 17-12 d e s p i t e t h e displacement of 02 i n time;
l
it i s t h e magnitudes t h a t a r e of concern here.

R& Notice 4-102, August 1972

L The next s t e p i s t o recognize t h a t 11, 01 and [Link] members of a
Convex s e t i / . For such a s e t , i f p o i n t s A and B a r e i n t h e s e t then
a l l points on a s t r a i g h t l i n e connecting A and B a r e a l s o i n t h e s e t .
Because t h e concern i s with magnitudes and not with time it i s not
necessary f o r O2 t o be physically on the l i n e between 11 and 01. The
routing equation can now be w r i t t e n based on t h e theory of convex s e t s .
For the s i t u a t i o n j u s t described, and using proportions as shown on t h e
i n s e t o f Figure L7-12, t h e routing o r working equation is:

where C i s a parameter with t h e range:

zero < C 5 one ( E ~ 17-22)

.

Given Equation 17-22, Equation 17-21 meets t h e requirements of Equations

17-19 and 17-20 and therefore of t h e routing p r i n c i p l e .

The routing method based on Equation 17-21 i s c a l l e d t h e Convex method

t o c a l l a t t e n t i o n t o t h e equation's background.

It follows from Equation 1 7 - 2 1 t h a t :

I n the i n s e t of Figure 17-12 t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s between 11, 01, and O2

make similar t r i a n g l e s , so t h a t :

I where K i s considered t h e reach t r a v e l time f o r a s e l e c t e d steady flow

discharge of a water p a r t i c l e through the given reach. From Equation
17-24 it follows t h a t :
I

Combining Equations 17-23 and 17-25 gives:

'/ Enough of t h e theory of convex s e t s f o r t h e purposes of t h i s chap-

t e r i s given i n pages 41-42 of "An Introduction t o Linear Program-
ming," by A. Charnes, W. W. Cooper, and A. Henderson; John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., New York, 1953.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

I from which comes t h e equation t h a t defines A t , t h e wave t r a v e l time and
a l s o t h e required r o u t i n g i n t e r v a l : I i/

Discussion
This much of t h e t h e o m i s enouah
The emphasis i n t h i s chapter i s on working examples, not on theory,
-
- f o r makina- a workable routina method.
t h e r e f o r e t h e a d d i t i o n a l r e s u l t s from t h e theory a r e summarized i n t h e
next section without giving derivations or proofs. Further work can
be done on some aspects qf t h e Convex routing method but even i n i t s
present s t a t e t h e method i s highly useful f o r most types of problems of
r o u t i n g flood flows through stream channels.

The theory a s given s o f a r can be used f o r exploratory routings by

assuming magnitudes f o r any two of t h e v a r i a b l e s i n Equation 17-27 com-
puting the t h i r d , and using Equation 17-21 with various inflow hydro-
graphs. Such routings show t h e features of t h e Convex method. I n
Figure 17-12, f o r example, note t h a t outflow begins a t one routing i n t e r -
v a l , A t , a f t e r inflow begins, which i s t o be expected f o r a stream reach
because it t a k e s water waves time t o t r a v e l through t h e reach. It i s
c h i e f l y t h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c t h a t distinguishes t h e Convex method from
channel methods based on the continuity equation. I n Convex routing
t h e peab r a t e of the outflow hydrograph does not f a l l on t h e recession
limb of the inflow hydrograph, as i n r e s e r v o i r methods. But, as i n
all routing methods, t h e maximum storage i n t h e reach i s a t t a i n e d when
outflow equals inflow ( a t point A i n Figure 17-12). The maximum storage
i s represented by t h e a r e a under t h e inflow hydrograph t o t h e l e f t of
point A minus t h e a r e a of t h e outflow hydrograph t o t h e l e f t of point A .
Also note t h a t inflow I 2 does not appear i n t h e working equation though
it does appear i n equations f o r other channel methods. This f e a t u r e
makes the Convex method a forecasting method. For example, i f t h e rou-
t i n g i n t e r v a l i s one day, today's inflow and outflow a r e known and l o c a l
inflow i s k n 0 or ~ n e g l i g i b l e , then tomorrow's outflow can be predicted
accurately without knowing tomorrow's inflow. The p r e d i c t i v e f e a t u r e
i s more important f o r l a r g e r i v e r s than f o r small streams because t h e
r o u t i n g i n t e r v a l f o r reaches of such streams i s usually short.

Some UsefU Relationships and Procedures

Of t h e equations so far given, only Equations 17-21 and 17-27 a r e needed
i n p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s of t h e Convex method. The f i r s t i s t h e working
equation and t h e second an a u x i l i a r y equation used once before a routing
begins. Several other r e l a t i o n s h i p s and procedures a l s o - u s e f u l i n appli-
cations follow .
Determination o f K. - K i s t h e reach t r a v e l time f o r a s e l e c t e d steady-
flow discharge and can be computed using Equation 17-7 s u b s t i t u t i n g K
f o r Tt. Example 17-8 shows a preferred method fok s e l e c t i n g t h e dis-
charge. The K used i n t h e Muskingum routing method ( r e f s . 2 and 3) may
a l s o be used as the K f o r t h e Convex method.

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

L I Determination of C. - From Equations 17-17 and 17-26 the parameter o r
I routing coefficient C can be derived as t h e r a t i o of two v e l o c i t i e s :
t h a t i s , C = V/U, where V i s t h e steady-flow water v e l o c i t y r e l a t e d t o
i t h e reach t r a v e l time f o r steady flow discharge, K, and U i s considered
I t h e wave v e l o c i t y r e l a t e d t o t h e t r a v e l time of t h e wave through t h e
i reach, A t . For p r a c t i c a l purposes C may be estimated from an empirical
r e l a t i o n s h i p between C and V shown i n Figure 17-13. The dashed l i n e i n
! t h e Figure i s represented by t h e equation:

I n some applications it i s more convenient t o use Equation 17-28 than

Figure 17-13. The "x" used i n t h e Muskingum routing method ( r e f s . 2
and 3 ) may a l s o be used t o approximate C. The approximation i s :

I n t h e Muskingum procedure t h e x i s sometimes determined only t o t h e

nearest t e n t h ; if t h i s i s done then C i s approximated t o t h e nearest two
t e n t h s and accurate routing r e s u l t s should not be expected.

Determination of A t . - I f C and K a r e known, from Equation 17-27, t h e r e

i s only one permissible routing i n t e r v a l . This permissible i n t e n r s l
may be an inconvenient magnitude because it i s e i t h e r an unwieldy frac-
'U , t i o n of an hour o r does not fit t h e given hydrograph. I n s e l e c t i n g a
, s u i t a b l e routing i n t e r v a l keep i n mind t h a t t o o l a r g e an i n t e r v a l w i l l
not accurately define t h e inflow hydrograph and t h a t t o o s m a l l an i n t e r -
v a l w i l l needlessly increase t h e e f f o r t required f o r t h e routing. A
) generally s u i t a b l e r u l e of thumb t o follow i s t h a t t h e s e l e c t e d r o u t i n g
time i n t e r v a l , A t * , should be no g r e a t e r than 115 of t h e time from t h e
beginning of r i s e t o t h e time of t h e peak discharge of t h e inflow hydro-
graph, or:

At* j
T
p
5

'I where
/
Tp i s t h e time t o peak (Chapter 16). I f t h e hydrograph has more
t h a n one peak the i n t e r v a l should be s e l e c t e d using the 3 the ,
s h o r t e s t of t h e r i s e periods of t h e b p o r t a n t peaks. It is important
t h a t an end-point of a time i n t e r v a l f a l l a t o r near t h e inflow peak
/ time and any other l a r g e change i n r a t e .

Procedure f o r routing through any reach length.- The r e l a t i o n s h i p of K,

C, and A t i s v a l i d f o r one and only one routing reach length f o r a given
time i n t e r v a l and inflow hydrograph. I f A t i s t o be changed t o At*
I (desired routing time i n t e r v a l ) it follows from Equation 17-27 t h a t e i t h e r
/ ( 1 ) C or K must be changed (Method 1) o r , ( 2 ) routing through a s e r i e s
/ of subreaches, L*, (Equation 17-32) must be made u n t i l t h e sum of t h e
/ t r a v e l time of t h e A t ' s f o r each subreach, L*, equal t h e desired t r a v e l
L : time, At*, f o r t h e t o t a l reach, L (Method 2). Selection of e i t h e r method

NER Notice 4-102, August 1972

 depends on t h e manner of computation and t h e consistency of the answers
desired. Method 1 may be used when rough approximations of t h e routing
e f f e c t a r e desired and manual computation i s used. Method 2 is used
when consistency of t h e routing i s important o r a computer i s used. Con-
sistency, as used here, r e f e r s t o t h e changes i n t h e outflou hydrograph
(Tp and q ) caused by varying At*. If t h e r e i s l i t t l e change i n t h e
hydrograp8 when A t * i s changed t h e routing i s considered consistent.

In Method 1, t h e reach length i s fixed, hence, K i s f i x e d (Equation

17-17) and C must be modified by t h e empirical r e l a t i o n s h i p :
I

where C* i s t h e modified routing c o e f f i c i e n t required f o r use with A t W ,

C i s the coefficient determined from Figure 17-13 o r computed by Equa-
t i o n 17-28, At* i s t h e desired routing i n t e r v a l , and A t i s t h e r o u t i n g
i n t e r v a l determined from Equation 17-27. After s e l e c t i n g At* t h e coeffi-
c i e n t C* i s found by using e i t h e r Equation 17-31 o r Figure 17-14 (ES-
1025 r e v . )

Method 2 assumes t h a t C and t h e desired routing i n t e r v a l A t * a r e f i x e d

and t h e routing i s made f o r a reach length L*. From Equation 17-27, t h e
' desired t r a v e l time i s :
I

i
From Equation 17-17 t h e proper routing reach l e n g t h t o match C and A t *
, i s then:

I f L* i s l e s s than t h e given reach length, L , t h e inflow hydrograph i s

r e p e t i t i v e l y routed u n t i l t h e difference between t h e sum of t h e L*'s
and L becomes l e s s than t h e next L*. The l a s t r o u t i n g i n t h e reach i s a
f r a c t i o n a l routing using C* computed by Equation 17-31. The A t used i n
Equation 17-31 i s t h e time i n t e r v a l f o r routing through t h e f r a c t i o n a l
length increment of L, L**. (see Example 17-11 Method 2).

If L* i s g r e a t e r than t h e given reach length, L, t h e , i n f l o w hydrograph

is routed once using Method 1. Example 17-11 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e use of
Methods 1 and 2.

V a r i a b i l i t y of routing parameters; s e l e c t i o n of v e l o c i t y , V.
As shown by preceding r e l a t i o n s h i p s , t h e magnitudes of t h e routing para-
meters C and K (and therefore of At) depend on t h e magnitude of t h e
velocity V. For steady flow i n n a t u r a l streams this v e l o c i t y v a r i e s
with stage but t h e v a r i a t i o n i s not t h e same f o r a l l seasons of a y e a r
or f o r a l l reaches of a stream, nor does t h e v e l o c i t y c o n s i s t e n t l y in-
crease o r decrease with stage. For unsteady flow, v e l o c i t y v a r i e s not
only w i t h s t a g e but a l s o with t h e r a t e of change of t h e stream flow.

NM n o t i c e 4-102, A w t 1972
L These f a c t s would appear t o require a change i n routing parameters f o r
each operational s t e p i n a routing. But exploratory routings with t h e
Convex method show t h a t constant parameters must be used t o conserve
mass, t h a t i s , t o make t o t a l outflow equal t o t a l infiow. The necessity
f o r t h e use of constant parameters i s a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of c o e f f i c i e n t
routing equations, including not only Equation 17-21 but a l s o with t h e
Muskingum routing equation ( r e f s . 2 and 3) and t h e Storage-Indication
equations. Therefore all of t h e examples i n t h i s p a r t show a use of con-
s t a n t parameters. I n p r a c t i c e t h e parameters need not be constant f o r
a l l steps of a routing but t h e more often they a r e changed t h e more l i k e l y
t h a t t h e t o t a l outflow w i l l not equal t o t a l inflow.

The average, dominant, and peak v e l o c i t i e s of one inflow hydrograph w i l l

nearly always d i f f e r from t h e corresponding v e l o c i t i e s of another hydro-
graph. Even though a s i n g l e value of V i s used t o get t h e constant val-
ues of C , K , and A t f o r a routing, t h i s V w i l l nearly always be d i f f e r e n t
f o r d i f f e r e n t inflow hydrographs t o a reach. Each inflow hydrograph w i l l
need i t s own routing parameters determined from i t s own s e l e c t e d velocity.
There are various methods of s e l e c t i n g the v e l o c i t y .

One method, useful when a computer i s used, computes t h e v e l o c i t y as t h e

average of v e l o c i t i e s f o r all given discharges of t h e inflow hydrograph
2 50 percent of t h e peak discharge.

A manual method with t h e same objective as t h e machine method w i l l be

L used i n t h i s chapter t o make manual routings comparable t o machine rou-
t i n g s . I n t h i s method t h e dominant v e l o c i t y of t h e inflow hydrograph i s
used t o determine t h e parameters t o be used i n t h e routing. I f t h e inflow
hydrograph has a s i n g l e peak t h e v e l o c i t y i s f o r a discharge equal t o 314
of t h e peak inflow r a t e . If t h e inflow hydrograph has two o r more peaks
t h e v e l o c i t y i s f o r t h e discharge with t h e l a r g e s t value of Tq, where:

The use of Equation 17-34 i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n Example 17-8. Some a d d i t i o n a l

remarks concerning t h e s e l e c t e d velocity a r e given i n t h e paragraph pre-
ceding Example 17-7.

Examples.- The Convex method i s generally used f o r routing hydrographs

through stream reaches. It can a l s o be used, without any change i n pro-
cedure f o r routing mass curves through reaches. Examples of both uses
w i l l be given. The method can be used f o r routing through r e s e r v o i r s but
f o r t h i s it i s not as e f f i c i e n t as t h e mass-curve method of Example 17-1;
therefore no examples of r e s e r v o i r routing a r e given i n t h i s p a r t . Exam-
p l e s are given showing various aspects of Convex routing.

Example 17-7 - Basic routine using assumed parameters.

Example 17-8 - Routing with parameters determined from reach
d a t a and with l o c a l inflow added a t bottom of
.reach.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 Example 17-9 - "Reverse Routing" o r determining t h e inflow
hydrograph f o r a given outflow hydrograph.
Example 17-10 - Routing of Mass Curve and method of g e t t i n g
t h e outflow hydrograph.
Example 17-11 - Routing any hydrograph through any reach.
Method 1 and Method 2 are. compared.

For the following examples it i s assumed t h a t stage-discharge and

stage-end-area curves a r e a v a i l a b l e for t h e routing reach. These curves
a r e used f o r determining t h e v e l o c i t y , V, a f t e r t h e dominant discharge
of t h e inflow hydrograph i s obtained. I n preliminary work such curves
may not be a v a i l a b l e , i n which case the v e l o c i t y can be estimated during
a f i e l d t r i p t o t h e stream area, o r a s u i t a b l e v e l o c i t y assumed, and t h e
routing made as a t e n t a t i v e study; such routings need v e r i f i c a t i o n by
routings based on reach d a t a before making firm decisions about a p r o j e c t .

I n t h e f i r s t example'the values o f C and A t are assumed; t h e r e f o r e t h e

reach length and K do not d i r e c t l y e n t e r i n t o t h e work:

Example 17-7.--Route the t r i a n g u l a r inflow hydrograph of Figure 17-15 by

t h e Convex computational method. Use assumed values of C = 0.4 and A t =
0.3 hours. There i s no l o c a l inflow i n t o t h e reach.

1. Prepare t h e operations t a b l e .
Suitable headings and &rangement a r e shown f o r t h e f i r s t t h r e e col-
umns i n Table 17-14. The "remarks" column i s used here t o e m l a i n d
t h e s t e p s ; it i s not needed i n routine work.

2. Tabulate t h e inflow r a t e s a t accumulated times, using i n t e r v a l s

-
of A t .
The accumulated times a t i n t e r v a l s of A t = 0.3 hours a r e shown i n
column 1 of Table 17-14. The inflow r a t e s a t these times a r e taken
from t h e inflow hydrograph of Figure 17-15 and shown i n column 2.

3. Prepare t h e working equation.

Since C = 0.4 then (1- C ) = 0.6 and t h e working- eauation
- is
-
o2 = ( 1 C ) 0 1 t C 11 = 0.6 o1 + 0.4 11. When inflow ceases
t h e working equation i s 02 = 0.6 01.

4. Do t h e routing.
Follow t h e s t e p s shown i n t h e remarks column of Table 17-14.

The computational work i n s t e p 4 can usually be done on most desk- -

calculators by using a system of making t h e two m u l t i p l i c a t i o n s and t h e
addition i n one machine operation.

The outflow hydrograph of Table 17-14 i s p l o t t e d on Figure 17-15. The

c i r c l e d points a r e the outflow discharges obtained i n t h e routing. D i s -
charges between t h e points a r e found by connecting t h e points with a
smooth curve. Sometimes t h e routing p o i n t s do not define t h e peak region
3
NEH Notice 4-102, A u g u s t 1972
 17-55

L. Table 17-14 Basic operations in the Convex routing method.

Time Inflow, I Outflow, 0 Remarks

(hrs) (cfs) (cfs

Given.
Oe = 0.6(0) + 0.4(0) = zero
O2 = 0.6(0) + 0.4(800) = 320
0, = 0.6(320) + 0.4(1600) = 832
O2 = 0.6(832) + 0.4(2400) = 1459
0, = 0.6(1459) + 0.4(3200) = 2155
02 = 0.6(2155) + 0.4(4000) = 2893
02 = 0.6(2893) + 0.4(3520) = 3144
02 = 0.6(3144) + 0.4(3040) = 3102
0, = 0.6(3102) + 0.4(2560) = 2885
02 = 0.6(2885) + 0.4(2080) = 2563
O2 = 0.6(2563) + 0.4(1600) = 2178
02 = 0.6(2178) + 0.4(1120) = 1755
0, = 0.6(1755) + 0.4(640) = 1309
0, = 0.6(1309) + 0.4(160)= 849
0 2 = 0.6(849) = 509 I 1 = zero.
PI tt 11
0, = 0.6(509) = 305
II TI 11
0, = 0.6(305) = 183
0, = 0.6(183) = 110
" " "
etc . etc. etc. etc.

-1/ Outflow starts at At = 0.3 hrs.

-2/ Inflow ceases at 4.0 hrs.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

well enough; t h i s usually happens when t h e routing i n t e r v a l i s l a r g e .
I n such cases t h e peak i s estimated by use of a smooth curve o r t h e
routing i s repeated using smaller i n t e r v a l s [see Example 17-11 f o r use
of At*).

The recession curve o r t a i l of t h e outflow hydrograph continues t o i n f i n -

i t y , t h e discharges g e t t i n g smaller with every s t e p but'never becoming
zero. This i s a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of most routing methods. I n p r a c t i c e
the recession curve i s e i t h e r a r b i t r a r i l y brought t o zero a t some con-
venient low discharge o r the routing i s stopped a t some low discharge a s
shown i n Figure 17-15.

The next example i s t y p i c a l of t h e routine used i n p r a c t i c e . Routing

parameters a r e obtained from reach data and l o c a l inflow i s added i n
t h e conventional manner. Local inflow i s t h e ( u s u a l l y ) small flow
from the contributing area between t h e head and foot of a reach. Local
inflow and t h e inflow i n t o t h e head of t h e reach together make up t h e
t o t a l flow from t h e drainage a r e a above t h e foot of t h e reach. The
l o c a l inflow i s generally given as a hydrograph made with reference t o
the foot of t h e routing reach. When it i s added t o t h e routed outflow
the sum i s t h e total. outflow hydrograph.

Example 17-8.--The inflow hydrograph i n Figure 17-16 i s t o be routed

tbrough a reach having a low-flow channel length of 14,900 f e e t and a
valley length of 12,400 f e e t . Stage-discharge and stage-end-area curves
f o r t h e reach a r e available (not i l l u s t r a t e d ) . A hydrograph of l o c a l
inflow i s given i n Figure 17-16. Obtain t h e t o t a l outflow hydrograph
f o r t h e reach.

1. Determine t h e discharge t o be used f o r g e t t i n g t h e v e l o c i t y V.

The inflow hydrograph has two peaks and it i s not r e a d i l y appar-
ent which peak i s the dominant-one, t h e r e f o r e t h e r u l e expressed
by Equation 17-34 w i l l be used. The 3/4-discharge f o r t h e f i r s t
peak i s 3,750 c f s w i t h a duration of 2.63 hours; f o r t h e second,
2,680 c f s with a duration of 5.35 hours, Then Tq = 3750(2.63) =
9,850 cfs-hrs f o r t h e f i r s t peak and Tq = 2680(5.35) = 14,320 cfs-
h r s f o r t h e second, therefore t h e second discharge w i l l be used.

2. Determine t h e v e l o c i t y , V.
Enter t h e stage-discharge curve f o r t h e reach with t h e s e l e c t e d 3/4-
discharge from s t e p 1 a& f i n d t h e stage f o r t h a t flow. Then
e n t e r the stage-end-area curve with t h a t stage and get t h e end-
a r e a i n square f e e t . The v e l o c i t y i s t h e discharge divided by t h e
end area. For t h i s example V w i l l be taken as 3.0 fps.

3. Determine K.
The reach has two lengths, one f o r t h e low-flow channel, t h e o t h e r
f o r t h e valley. From an examination of t h e stage-discharge curve
and t h e inflow hydrograph it i s evident t h a t most of t h e f l o w w i l l
exceed t h e capacity of t h e low-flow channel, t h e r e f o r e use t h e
v a l l e y length. This i s given as 12,400 f e e t . By Equation 17-17,
using T t = K, t h e value of K = 12400/3600(3.0) = 1.15 hours by a ii
slide-rule computation.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 4. Determine C.
Enter Figure 17-13 with V = 3.0 fps and f i n d C = 0.65.

5. Compute A t .
Using r e s u l t s from s t e p s 3 and 4, and by Equation 17-27, A t = 0.65
(1.15) = 0.745 hours. Round t o 0.75 hours.

6. Prepare an operations t a b l e f o r t h e routing.

Suitable headings and arrangement a r e shown i n Table 17-15.

7. Tabulate accumulated time a t i n t e r v a l s of A t and t h e discharges

f o r inflow and l o c a l inflow a t those times.
The times a r e given i n column 1 of Table 17-15, inflows i n column
2, and l o c a l inflows i n column 4. Inflows and l o c a l inflows a r e
taken from t h e given hydrographs, which a r e shown i n Figure 17-16.

8. Prepare t h e working equation.

From s t e p 4, C = 0.65 so t h a t (1- C ) = 0.35. The working equation
i s O2 = 0.35 O1 + 0.65 I1.

9. Do t h e routing.
Follow t h e routine used i n Table 17-14 t o -
a e t t h e outflows f o r col-
umn 3 of Table 17-15.

10. Get t h e t o t a l outflow hydrograph.

Add t h e Local inflows of column 4, Table 17-15, t o t h e routed out-
flows of column 3 t o get t h e t o t a l outflows f o r Column 5. This
s t e p completes t h e example. The t o t a l outflow hydrograph i s shown
i n Figure 17-16.

Note i n Figure 17-16 t h a t t h e routed outflow peaks are not much small-
e r than the inflow peaks. The f i r s t routed outflow peak i s 93.0 per-
cent of i t s respective inflow peak, and t h e second 97.7 percent of i t s
inflow peak. The reach has r e l a t i v e l y small storage when compared with
t h e inflow volumes; t h e f i r s t inflow peak has l e s s volume associated
with it than t h e second and it i s reduced more than t h e second.

The next example i l l u s t r a t e s a routine sometimes needed t o g e t t h e up-

stream hydrograph when t h e downstream one i s given. The uorking equa-
t i o n f o r t h i s routine i s a rearranged form of Equation 17-21:

Example 17-9.--Obtain t h e inflow hydrograph of a reach from t h e t o t a l

outflow hydrograph by use of reverse routing. The t o t a l outflow hydro-
graph and l o c a l inflow a r e given i n Table 17-16.

1. Determine t h e routing c o e f f i c i e n t C and t h e routing; i n t e r v a l

-
At.
Follow t h e procedure of s t e p s 1 through 5 of Example 17-8. For t h i s
example C = 0.44 and A t = 0.5 h r s .
NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972
Table 17-15 Operations t a b l e f o r Example 17-8.

Local Tot a1
Time Inflow Out flow Inflow Outflow
(hrs. ) (cfs) (cfs (cfs) (cfs)

(2)

0
380
1400
3000
4450
5000
4600
3750
2800
2100
1600
1280
1150
1210
1480
1880
2360
2880
3250
3500
3580
3480
3240
2930
2600
2280
i.980
1730
21.00 1480 230 2105
21.75 1280 190 1808
27.50 1130 150 1548
23.25 980 120 1344
24.00 850 100 1165
24.75 720 90 1015
25.50 620 80 872
26.25 530 70 750
27.00 450 60 642
27.75 400 50 546
28.50 350 Lo 47 4
29.25 310 30 383
30.00 270 20 345
etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.

Outflow s t a r t s a t A t = 0.75 hrs.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972
 2. Prepare t h e operations t a b l e f o r t h e routing.
Suitable headings and arrangements a r e shown i n Table 17-16.

3. Tabulate accumulated time a t i n t e r v a l s of A" and t h e dis-

charges f o r t o t a l outflow and l o c a l inflow a t those times.
The times a r e given i n column 1 of Table 27-16, t o t a l outflows
i n column 2, and l o c a l inflows i n column 3 . The t o t a l outflow
(but not t h e l o c a l inflow) i s shown i n Figure 17-17.

4. Determine t h e outflows t o be routed uustream.

A value i n column 2, Table 17-16, minus t h e corresponding value
i n column 3 gives t h e outflow f o r column 4, which contains t h e
outflows t o be routed upstream.

5. Prepare t h e working equation.

C i s given i n s t e p 1 as 0.44. By Equation 17-35, 11 = 2.27 O2 -
1.27 O1.

6. Do t h e routing.
The routine i s s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t from t h a t i n Table 17-14. Using
values from Table 17-16, the sequence i s : f o r outflow time 0.5
h r s , Il = 2.27(0) - 1.27(0) = 0 , which i s recorded f o r inflow
time zero; a t outflow time 1 . 0 h r s , 11 = 2.27(163) - 1.27(0) =
370, recorded f o r inflow time 0.5 h r s ; f o r outflow 1.5, I1 =
2.27(478) - 1.27(163) = 878, recorded f o r inflow time 1.0 h r s ;
and so on. The work i s e a s i l y done by accumulative p o s i t i v e
and negative m u l t i p l i c a t i o n on a desk c a l c u l a t o r . The inflow
hydrograph t o time 7,5 hours i s p l o t t e d on Figure 17-17.

It w i l l sometimes happen i n reverse routing t h a t t h e working equation

gives negative values f o r t h e inflow. This occurs when t h e t o t a l
outflow hydrograph o r t h e l o c a l inflow i s i n e r r o r .

The next example shows t h e downstream routing of a mass curve of inflow.

The routine i s t h e same as t h a t f o r Example 17-7. The outflow hydro-
graph can be obtained from t h e mass outflow curve by a s e r i e s of simple
calculations; t h e s e outflows must be p l o t t e d a t midpoints of time incre-
ments, not a t end points.

Example 17-10.--Route t h e mass curve of inflow of Figure 17-18 by t h e

Convex method. There i s no l o c a l inflow.

1. Determine t h e routing coefficient C and t h e routing i n t e r v a l

-
At.
Follow t h e procedure of s t e p s 1 through 5 of Example 17-8. For
t h i s example C = 0.40 and A t = 0.3 h r s .

2. Prepare t h e operations t a b l e f o r t h e routing.

Suitable headings and arrangement are shown i n Table 17-17.

NM Nbtice 4-102, August 1972

Table 17-16 Operations t a b l e f o r Example L7-9
- pp - - - -- --

Outflou
Time Tot a 1 Local t o be Inflow
Outflow Inflow routed
(hrs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs)

(1)
0 0 0
120 O0-1 /
.5 370
1.0 310 163 878
155 680 478 1508
2.0 1250 932 2278
2.5 1850 1525 2978
3.0 2490 2165 3398
3.5 3030 2708 3648
4.0 3440 3122 3793
4.5 3700 3420 3899
5.0 3900 3631 3819
5.5 3940 3714 3539
6.0 3840 3637 2972
6.5 3500 3344 2370
7.0 3000 2915 1800
7.5 2485 2424 1300
8.0 1960 31 1929 etc.
etc. etc. etc. etc.

-1/ Outflow starts a t A t = 0.5 hours.

NEH Notice 4-102, A u g u s t 1972

 3. Tabulate accumulated time a t i n t e r v a l s of A t and t h e mass
inflows a t those times.
The times are given i n column 1 of Table 17-17 and mass inflows
i n column 2.

4. Prepare t h e working, equation.

C i s given i n s t e p 1 as 0.40. By Equation 17-21, O2 = 0.6 O1 + 0.4

5. Do t h e routing.
Tne routine i s exactly t h e same as t h a t i n Table 17-14. For exam-
p l e , a t inflow time 2.7 h r s , O2 i s computed using inflow and out-
flow f o r t h e previous time or O2 = 0.6(3707) + 0.4(5952) = 4605 cfs-
hrs.

(Note: I f only t h e mass outflow i s needed t h e work stops with s t e p 5.

I f t h e outflow hydrograph i s a l s o needed, t h e following s t e p s are a l s o
taken. )

6. Compute increments of outflow.

These a r e the differences shown i n column 4, Table 17-17.

7. Compute average r a t e s of outflow.

Dividing the increment of outflow of column 4 , Table 17-17, by
t h e increment of time ( i n t h i s case, 0.3 h r s ) gives t h e average
r a t e of outflow f o r the time increment. For example, between 1.8
and 2.1 hours i n Table 17-17, t h e time increment i s 0.3 hrs and
t h e outflow increment i s 906 cfs-hrs; then t h e average r a t e i s 9061
0.3 = 3,020 c f s . The average r a t e s must be p l o t t e d as midpoints
between t h e two accumulated times involved; f o r t h i s case, 3020
c f s i s p l o t t e d a t a time of (1.8 + 2.1112 = 1.95 hours.

The mass inflow, mass outflow, and r a t e hydrograph a r e p l o t t e d i n

Figure 17-18.

The next example shows how t o route any hydrograph through any reach
length. Methods 1 and 2 are compared.

Example 17-11.--Route t h e inflow hydrograph of Figure 17-19 through

I
a reach 30,000 f e e t long. Assume no l o c a l inflow.

I 1. Determine desired routing time i n t e r v a l , A t x .

Following t h e r u l e expressed i n Equation 17-30, At* w i l l be 0.4 hrs.

I 2. Determine routing c o e f f i c i e n t , C, and routing i n t e r v a l A t .

If a stage-discharge-velocity t a b l e f o r a t y p i c a l s e c t i o n i n
t h e reach i s used, t h e average v e l o c i t y V i s determined using
t h e method from page 17-54, and C i s computed using Equation 17-28.
I f a r a t i n g t a b l e i s not used t h e C or V must be assumed; i n t h i s
case, l e t C = 0.72. Rearranging Eq. 17-28 gives V = 1 . 7 ~ / ( 1 - C )=

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

Table 17-17 Operations t a b l e f o r Example 17-10.

Incre-
Time Mass Mass ment of Outflow
Inflow Outflow Outflow Rate
(hrs. 1 (cfs-hrs) (cfs-hrs) (cfs-hrs) (cfs)

- .
5.2 7992 7817
70 233
5.5 7992 7887 etc. etc.
etc. etc. etc.

-1/ Outflow starts a t A t = 0.3 hours

iTBl Notice 4-102, August 1972

 ( 1 . 7 ) ( .72)/0.28 = 4.37 fps. Combining Equations 17-17 and 17-27,
At
= - or A t =
CL
- = (.72)(30000)1(3600)(4.37) =
K = 3600V C 3600V
1.37 h r s . Use 1 . 4 h r s . A t i s a l s o t h e wave t r a v e l time through
t h e e n t i r e reach.

3. Determine C*
Using Equation 17-31 with A t = 1 . 4 h r s , At* = 0.4 h r s , and C = 0.72
0.4+0.5(1.4) 1.1
( 1.j ( 1 . 4 ) 1 (3.T)
-
C* = 1 (1-.72) = 1-(.28) = 1-(.28) 0.524 =

4. Prepare an operations t a b l e f o r t h e routing.

Suitable headings and arrangement a r e shown i n Table 17-18.

5. Tabulate accumulated time i n t e r v a l s of At* and t h e inflow

discharges f o r those times.
The times a r e given i n column 1 Table 17-18, t h e inflows
taken from Figure 17-19 i n column 2.

6. Prepare t h e working equation.

From s t e p 3 , C* = 0.49. Using Equation 17-21 O? = ( 1 -
C*) O1 +
C X I l o r O2 = 0.51 O1 + 0.49 I1. Solutions of t h r s equation can
e a s i l y be made by accumulative m u l t i p l i c a t i o n or a desk c a l c u l a t o r .

7. Do t h e routing.
Follow t h e routine o f . Table 17-14. The outflows a r e shown i n col-
umn 3 of Table 17-18.

8. Determine t h e times f o r t h e outflow.

Outflow begins a t t h e end of t h e f i r s t A t (not A t * ) interval.

J i t h A t = 1 . 4 h r s , show t h i s time i n column 4 of Table 17-18 i n t h e

?ow where outflow begins. Get succeeding times by adding A t * i n t e r -
r a l s , 0.4 hours i n t h i s case, a s shown i n column 4. I n p l o t t i n g o r
~ t h e r w i s edisplaying t h e inflow and outflow hydrographs they a r e put
in t h e i r proper time o r d e r , using columns 1 and 4 , as shown i n f i g u r e
L7-19.

1. Determine desired routing time i n t e r v a l , At*.

Same as Method 1, At* = 0.4 hr.

2. Determine r o u t i n 4 coefficient C.
The routing c o e f f i c i e n t YC" f o r each subreach i s computed from
t h e outflow hydrograph of t h e preceding subreach a s done i n Step
2, Method 1. A constant C may be used f o r t h e e n t i r e reach but
t h e r e s u l t a n t hydrograph w i l l vary from one produced by recornputin@
C f o r each subreach. For s i m p l i c i t y i n t h i s example, a constant
C = 0.72 i s assumed. V = 4.37 f p s .

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

Table 17-18 Operations t a b l e f o r Example 17-11 Method 1.
Time Time
Inflow Inflow Outflow Outflow
(hrs) (cfs) (cfs) (hrs)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
0 0 0
.4 260 0-1/ 1.4
.8 980 127 1.8
1.2 2100 545 2.2
1.6 3120 1307 2.6
2.0 3500 2195 3.0
2.4 3220 2834 3.4
2.8 2630 3023 3.8
3.2 1960 2830 4.2
3.6 1470 2404 4.6
4.0 1120 1946 5.0
4.4 840 1541 5.4
4.8 630 1198 5.8
5.2 455 920 6.2
5.6 345 692 6.6
6.0 265 522 7.0
6.4 180 396 7.4
6.8 130 290 7.8
7.2 100 212 8.2
7.6 75 157 8.6
8.0 60 117 9.0
8.4 45 89 9.4
8.8 35 67 9.8
9.2 20 51 10.2
9.6 10 36 10.6
10.0 0 23 11.0
etc. etc. 12 11.4
6 11.8
3 12.2
2 12.6
1 13.0
etc. etc.

-1/ Outflow starts a t A t = 1 . 4 hours

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

3. Determine length of subreach L*.
This i s t h e length of reach required t o s a t i s f y t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p
of Equation 17-26 with C = 0.72 and A t * = 0.4 h r s . Combining Equa-
) e have L* = (at)(v)( ~ ~ o o ) =/ c
t i o n s 17-26 and 17-17 ( l e t K = T ~ w
(0.4)(4.37)(3600)/0.72 = 8740 f t ;

4. Compare t h e t o t a l of subreach lengths, CL* with t h e given

reach length, L.
For ELX<L -
- 80 t o s t e o -5
For EL*>L go t o s t e p 7

I n t h i s example CL*n=l = 8740

= 17480
CL*,=~ = 26220
XL*,4 = 34960

Therefore, t h e f i r s t t h r e e [Link] a r e ma t o s t e p 5 and

t h e l a s t routing by going t o s t e p 7.

5. Prepare working equation and do t h e routing.

Using Equation 17-21 and t h e routing c o e f f i c i e n t computed i n s t e p
-
2, O2 = (1 C)O1 + C I 1 = 0.28 O1 + 0.7211. The outflows f o r each
subreach a r e shown i n Table 17-19.

6. Go . t o s t e p 2 .

7. Determine t h e length of t h e reinaining subreach t o be routed.

Subtract t h e EL* of t h e 3 completed routings, i . e , , 26220 f t from
t h e t o t a l reach length t o get t h e remaining reach length t o be routed
L** = 30000 - 26220 = 3780 ft.

8. Determine t h e A t time i n t e r v a l f o r t h e remaining subreach.

The time i n t e r v a l used here i s t h e same as t h e wave t r a v e l time
through t h e remaining subreach. Combining Equations 17-17 and 17-27
-
as i n s t e p 2 Method 1 At** = CL** = (0.72)(3780)/(3600)(4.37) =
0.173 h r s . 3600~

9. Determine t h e modified routing c o e f f i c i e n t C*.

Usinn Eouation 17-31 with At** = 0.173. A t * = 0.4 and C = 0.72,

10. Prepare working equation.

Following Method 1 O2 = (1-C*)O1 + C*Il = (1- .91) O1 + 0.9111 =
.09 O1 + 0.91 11.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 11. Do t h e routinq.
The outflow f o r t h e f r a c t i o n a l r o u t i n g a r e shown i n column 6
Table 17-19.

12. Determine t h e time f o r the routing.

The hydrograph f o r each subreach routing i s s e t back one A t time
i n t e r v a l . I n t h i s example t h e f i r s t t h r e e routings a r e s e t back
0.4 h r s each and t h e l a s t ( f r a c t i o n a l ) routing i s s e t back 0.173
h r s (round t o 0.2 h r s ) . See column 7 Table 17-19 and Figure 17-19.

When C* and At* a r e used and l o c a l inflow i s t o be added, t h e

l o c a l inflow must be used i n i t s a c t u a l time p o s i t i o n regardless
of A t and At*. That i s , t h e l o c a l inflow i s not s h i f t e d back o r
f o r t h because i t i s not affected by t h e use of C* and A t * .
* *
Effects of transmission l o s s e s on routed flows
A flood hydrograph i s a l t e r e d by transmission l o s s e s occurring during
passage of t h e flow through a reach. The amount of l o s s depends on t h e
percolation r a t e of t h e channel, t h e wetted perimeter of channel during
flow, and t h e duration of flow f o r a p a r t i c u l a r wetted perimeter (Chap-
t e r 1 9 ) . Transmission l o s s v a r i e s with t h e mount of flow i n t h e
channel which means t h a t t h e most accurate method of deducting t h e t r a n s -
mission l o s s from t h e routed flow w i l l be on an incremental flow b a s i s .
It i s seldom worthwhile t o handle it i n t h i s manner unless t h e t r a n s -
mission l o s s i s very l a r g e .

An acceptable p r a c t i c e f o r handling transmission l o s s e s i s t o r o u t e t h e

inflow hydrograph i n t h e usual manner and afterwards deduct a s u i t a b l e
quantity of flow from t h e outflow hydrograph (mainly from t h e r i s i n g
limb). If t h a t outflow i s t o be routed downstream again, t h e manner of
flow deduction w i l l not be c r i t i c a l , I n some cases it may be reasonable
t o assume t h a t l o c a l inflow w i l l be completely absorbed by transmission
l o s s e s , thus no l o c a l inflow i s added t o t h e unmodified outflow hydro-
graph. I n other cases l o c a l r a i q f a l l may completely s a t i s f y transmission
l o s s e s , requiring unmodified l o c a l inflow t o be added t o t h e unmodified
outflow hydrograph. The use of d e t a i l e d procedures outlined i n Chapter
1 9 , "Transmission Losses", may be necessary f o r more complex S i t u a t i o n s .
Routing thro* a system of channels
The methods of channel routing given i n Examples 17-7 throuah - 17-11 a r e
used f o r individual reaches 02 a, stream. 0 r k n a r i l y a routing progres-
s e s from reach through reach u n t i l t h e s t a g e s , r a t e s , o r amounts of flow
a r e known f o r s e l e c t e d p o i n t s i n t h e e n t i r e stream system of a watershed.
The method of progression w i l l be i l l u s t r a t e d using a schematic diagram
o r " t r e e grapht' of a stream system. A t y p i c a l graph i s given i n Figure
17-20. It does not need t o be drawn t o s c a l e . The main purpose of t h e
graph i s t o show t h e reaches i n t h e i r proper r e l a t i o n s h i p t o each other,
but various kinds of d a t a can be w r i t t e n down a t t h e i r respective p o i n t s
of application t o make t h e graph a complete reference during t h e routing.

Routing through a stream system begins a t t h e head of t h e uppermost reach.

I f t h e r e i s more than one possible s t a r t i n g p l a c e , a s i n Figure 17-20,
t h e most convenient should be chosen.

NEH Notice 4-102, A u g u s t 1972

Table 17-19 Operation t a b l e f o r Example 17-11 Method 2

Time Outflow Outflow Outflow Outflow Outflow

Inflow Inflow C~*=8740 ZL*=17480 ~ ~ * = 2 6 2 2 0 CL*=30000 Time
lhrs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (hrs )

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

0 0
.4 260 0-1 1
.8 980 187 0
1.2 2100 758 135 0
1.6 3120 1724 584 97 0-21
2.0 3500 2729 1405 447 88
2.4 3220 32e4 2358 1137 415
2.8 2630 3238 3025 2016 1072
3.2 1960 2800 3178 2743 1931
3.6 1470 2195 2906 3056 2670
4.0 1120 1673 2394 2948 3021
4.4 840 1275 1875 2549 2955
4.8 630 962 1442 2064 2586
5.2 455 723 1096 1617 2111
5.6 345 530 827 1242 1661
6.0 265 397 613 944 1280
6.4 180 302 457 706 974
6.8 130 214 345 527 730
7.2 100 154 251 396 545
7.6 75 115 181 292 409
8.0 60 86 133 212 303
8.4 45 67 99 155 220
8.8 35 51 76 115 161
9.2 20 40 58 87 119
9.6 10 25 45 66 90
10.0 0 14 31 51 68
etc. etc. 4 19 36 53
1 8 24 38
0 3 13 25
etc. 1 6 14
0 2 7
etc. 1 2
0 1
etc. 0
etc.

-1/ Outflow from subreach 1, 2 , & 3 starts A t * = 0.4 hours a f t e r i n f l o w

starts i n t o each subreach.

-2/ Outflow from subreach 4 starts A t = 0.2 hours (rounded from 0.17
h o u r s ) a f t e r inflow starts i n t o subreach 4.

NEE Notice 4-102, August 1972

m e f i r s t major s t e p i n routing through a stream system i s t o develop
t h e routing parameters, C and A t , f o r each reach. Many times it i s
necessary t o use At* t o make t h e routing i n t e r v a l uniform through t h e
stream system; these parameters should be obtained before t h e routing
begins. The method of developing t h e parameters C, K , and A t i s given
i n s t e p s 1 through 5 of Example 17-8. The method of determining C*
and At* i s given i n s t e p s 1 through 3 of Example 17-11.

The second major s t e p i s t h e development of t h e inflow hydrographs

a t heads of uppermost reaches and of l o c a l inflow hydrographs f o r a l l
reaches. The methods of Chapter 16 a r e used.

The t h i r d major s t e p i s t h e routing. For routing any p a r t i c u l a r flood

on t h e stream system pictured i n Figure 17-23 a s u i t a b l e sequence i s as
follows :

1. Route t h e inflow hydrograph a t ( a ) through reach ( a , b ) .

2 . Add l o c a l inflow of reach ( a , b ) t o t h e routed outflow t o get
t h e t o t a l outflow hydrograph, which becomes t h e inflow hydrograph f o r
reach ( b , c ) . It should be noted here t h a t l o c a l inflow f o r a reach
i s usually added a t t h e foot of t h e reach. These may be circumstances,
however, i n which t h e l o c a l inflow should be added a t t h e beginning of
t h e reach. The proper sequence f o r adding l o c a l inflow can be determined
only by evaluating each reach.

3. Route t h e t o t a l outflow from reach ( a , b ) through reach ( b , c ) .

4. Add l o c a l inflow of reach ( b , c ) t o t h e routed outflow t o get

the t o t a l outflow hydrograph f o r t h a t t r i b u t a r y .

5. Route t h e inflow hydrograph a t ( d ) through reach ( d , c )

6. Add l o c a l inflow of reach ( d , c ) t o t h e routed outflow t o get

t h e t o t a l outflow hydrograph a t point ( c ) .

7. Add t h e t o t a l outflow hydrographs from. reaches ( b , c ) and (d,c) ,

steps 4 and 6, t o get t h e t o t a l outflow hydrograph a t point ( c ) .

8. Route t h e t o t a l hydrograph a t p o i n t ( c ) through reach ( c , f ) .

9 . Add l o c a l inflow of reach ( c , f ) t o t h e routed outflow t o get

t h e t o t a l outflow hydrograph a t point (f) .
10. Route t h e inflow hydrograph a t point ( e ) through reach ( e , f ) .

11. Add l o c a l inflow of reach ( e , f ) t o t h e routed outflow t o get

t h e t o t a l outflow hydrograph f o r t h a t t r i b u t a r y .

12. Route t h e inflow hydrograph a t p o i n t ( g ) through reach ( g , f ) .

13. Add l o c a l inflow of reach ( g , f ) t o t h e routed outflow t o get

t h e t o t a l outflow f o r t h a t t r i b u t a r y a t p o i n t ( f ) .

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

 14. Add t h e t o t a l outflow hydrographs from reaches ( c , f ) , ( e , f ) ,
and ( g , f ) , s t e p s 9, 11, and 1 3 t o get t h e t o t a l outflow hydrograph a t
point ( f ) .

15. Route -the t o t a l hydrograph a t point ( f ) through reach ( f , h ) .

16. Add l o c a l inflow of reach (f ,h) t o t h e routed outflow t o

get t h e t o t a l outflow hydrograph f o r reach ( f , h ) .

17. Route t h e t o t a l hydrograph a t point ( h ) through reach ( h , i ) .

18. Add l o c a l .inflow of reach ( h , i ) t o the routed outflow t o get

t h e t o t a l outflow hydrograph f o r reach ( h , i ) .

19. Route t h e inflow hydrograph a t point ( j) through reach ( 3 ,k) .

20. Add l o c a l inflow of reach ( j , k ) t o t h e routed outflow t o get
t h e t o t a l outflow hydrograph f o r reach ( j ,LC).

21. Route t h e hydrograph a t point (k) through reach ( k , i )

22. Add l o c a l inflow of reach ( k , i ) t o t h e routed outflow t o get

t h e t o t a l outflow hydrograph f o r t h i s t r i b u t a r y .

23. ~ d tdh e t o t a l outflow hydrographs from reaches ( h , i ) and ( k , i ) ,

s t e p s 18 snd 22, t o get the t o t a l outflow hydrograph f o r point ( i ) .

24. Route t h e hydrograph a t point ( i ) through reach ( i ,I).

25. Add l o c a l inflow of reach (i,l?) t o t h e routed outflow t o get

t h e t o t a l outflow hydrograph a t p o i n t (l?). This completes t h e routing
f o r a p a r t i c u l a r flood on t h i s stream system.

When manual computations a r e used, an operations t a b l e with times, inflow

hydrographs and l o c a l inflows tabulated i n t h e i r proper sequence i s use-
f u l . Blank columns a r e l e f t f o r t h e routed outflows and t o t a l outflows,
which a r e t a b u l a t e d as routing progresses. Above t h e appropriate columns
t h e required data and routing parameters a r e tabulated so t h a t t h e t a b l e
becomes a complete reference f o r t h e routing. A sample operations t a b l e
f o r routing by Method 2 i s shown a s Table 17-20. After t h e inflow hydro-
graph and l o c a l inflows are t a b u l a t e d t h e sequence of t h e work i s as
follows :

Tabulate the reach numbers i n t h e order i n which t h e routing w i l l

progress; p e r f o m t h e routings as shown i n Example 17-11 and continue
i n t h i s manner through t h e stream system. Note t h e routed outflow a t
1.17 h r s which i s rounded t o 1.0 h r s . Theoretically, the outflow hydro-
graph should be i n t e r p o l a t e d on a multiple of A t t o properly position
t h e hydrograph i n r e l a t i o n t o time. The l i n e a r i n t e r p o l a t i o n equation i s :

9.I. = 9 i + -
( ~ i ~ qi)
+ ~x
At* - At
At*

NEX Notice 4-102, August 1972

where: qi and qi+i a r e consecutive discharges, A t * i s t h e desired time
i n t e r v a l and A t 1 s t h e required time i n t e r v a l of the p a r t i a l routing.
When using Method 2, A t i s always l e s s than At*.

If t h e i n t e r p o l a t i o n s t e p i s omitted and t h e s t a r t i n g times rounded as

i n Table 17-20 it i s recognized an e r r o r i s introduced, t h e magnitude
of which depends on t h e r e l a t i v e values of A t and At*.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

Table 17-20. Portion of a t y p i c a l o p e r a t i o n s t a b l e f o r r o u t i n g through a stream system.

REACH 16 15 14
L(ft) 19300. 4000. 37000.
V(fps) 2.9 4.8 3.2
.63 .63 .74 .65 .65
Atx(hrs)[Link] 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
LX(ft)16541. 2759. 4000. 17486. 17486. 2028.
A t (hrs) .17 .12
C* .986 1.00 .998

Time Inflow Outflow Outflow Local Total Outflow Local Total Outflow Outflow Outflow Lacal Total

0 031
97 97
498 498

1371 1371
2560 2560
3887 3887
5007 5007
5588 5588

5525 5525
4963 4963
4173 4173
3365 3365
2640 2640

15 450 735 739 5 744 794 35 779 1279 2034 2037 80 2117
etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.

Outflow begins a t 1 . 0 0 h r s . , rounded from 1.17 h r s .

'1 Outflow begins a t 0.00 h r s . , rounded from 0.17 h r s .
Outflow begins a t 2.00 h r s . , rounded from 2.12 h r s .
NEH Notice 4-10?, August 1972
Figure 17-13. Convex routing coefficient versus velocity.

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

 r

I
P

~fA t * >KO or A t > 6.0

then d i v i d a both by 2 to
t i c Eaampl. : Ata=3.0
ond A t =8.2. Use Ata:l.s
andAf=+.t.

Th. A t and At* must

ba in identical units
of time (minutes or
hours or days. etc.)

SYMBOLS
K - raach t r a w l tima
C - rou!inq [Link]
I
At - complied routing intonol
At' - desired routinq iekrval
-

/'
C* required m u l l n ~c a r t t i c i ~ n l

/ EXAMPLE

/ Giwn
I.
2.
C = 0.8, Kz3.0, and A1':l.o
Compute A t = C K = 0.8(3.0) = 2.4
U n A t ond A t o f o r mova I.
3. U n C in mova 2 ond rood :0.628

-REFERENCE
At
U. 8. mARl%ENT OP ADRlCUL'IVILE STANDARD D M . NO.
Equat~onby W. A. Styner
Nomoqraph by Glenn 0. Commons
-
D l m O l i m1Y)m DATE 6 . 71

Figure 17-14. ES-1025 rev. sheet 1 of 2.

NEX Notice 4-102,August 1972
 at*+At
HYDROLOGY: NOMOGRAPH FOR SOLUTION OF c*=I-(I-C) 1.5At

tEFERENCE I U. S. DEP- OF AOBICULTURE I STANDARD DWG. NO.

Equation by W.A. Stynar SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
Nomograph by Glenn G. Commons
R I G M W M O DnmnON .RmROIDCY aa*llCn

gure 17-14. ES-1025 rev. sheet 2 of 2.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972
 2 3 4
TIME, HOURS

Figure 17-15. Inflow and routed outflow hydrograph f o r Example 17-7

X!i Nctice 4-102, August 1972

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 7
-4
TIME, HOURS -4
 4000
TOTAL OUTFLOW --\

ROUTED INFLOW
3
51
w
0
ct
P.
0
m
C
I (TOTAL OUTFLOW MINUS LOCAL
N
"

C
10
ct
I-'
\O
-4
N

0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
TIME, HOURS
 I 2 3 4 5
TIME, HOURS
Figure 17-18. Mass inflow, mass outflow and r a t e hydrograph f o r
Eiample 17-10.

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

 4
TIME, HOURS
Figure 17-20. Typical Schematic diagram for routing through a
system of channels.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 Unit-Hydrograph Routing Methods

Principles of the u n i t hydrograph theory a r e given i n Chapter 16. They

apply t o single-peaked hydrographs o r i g i n a t i n g from uniform runoff on
t h e contributing a r e a b u t t h e y can be extended t o apply t o more complex
runoff conditions. Despite t h e l i m i t a t i o n s of t h e theory it has f e a t u r e s
t h a t can be used i n determining peak r a t e s i n stream reaches not only
when the watershed i s i n a "present" unreservoired condition but a l s o
when it i s controlled by many r e s e r v o i r s . It i s t h e ease w i t h which
complex systems of c o n t r o l s t r u c t u r e s a r e evaluated t h a t has made t h e
unit-hydrograph type of routing a popular method f o r many years. If
s u i t a b l e d a t a a r e used t h e r e s u l t s a r e usually as good a s those obtained
by more d e t a i l e d methods of routing.

I n t h i s p a r t of t h e chapter t h e basic equations f o r unit-hydrograph

routing w i l l be given and discussed ana some of t h e i r uses explained by
means of examples. The unit-hydrograph method of r o u t i n g gives only
t h e peak r a t e s of runoff. The peak-producing hydrograph, i f it i s needed,
must be obtained i n some other way.

Basic Equations
A l l of the unit-hydrograph working equations are derived from t h e r e l a -
tionship f o r the peak r a t e of a u n i t hydrograph:

where qp = peak r a t e i n c f s

K = a constant (not t h e routing parameter used i n the Convex

method)
A = drainage a r e a contributing runoff; i n square miles

Q = average depth of runoff, i n inches, from t h e contributing

area
Tp = time t o peak, i n hours

By l e t t i n g q
P' K, A, Q, and T stand
and using prmed symbols q;, %,
f o r a watershed i n one condition
A ' , & I , and T' f o r t h e same watershed
i n a condition being studied, then by use of &tion 17-37 it i s evi-
dent t h a t :
A' Q' Tp
(Eq. 17-38)

which i s a t y p i c a l working equation of t h e u n i t hydrograph method. It

can be used, f o r example, i n determining t h e peak r a t e s a f t e r establishment
of land use and treatment measures on a watershed. I n such work t h e pre-
s e n t peaks, areas, runoff amounts, and peak times a r e known and it i s
only a matter of f i n d i n g t h e change i n runoff by use of Chapter 10 methods.
The areas and peak times a r e assumed t o remain constant.
d
NM Notice 4-102, August 1972
i When a floodwater retarding s t r u c t u r e , o r other s t r u c t u r e c o n t r o l l i n g a
p a r t of the watershed, i s being used i n t h e "future" condition then t h e
value of A' i s reduced. And i f t h e r e a r e r e l e a s e s from t h e s t r u c t u r e
then they must a l s o be taken i n t o account. For a project having struc-
t u r e s controlling a t o t a l of A* square miles and having an average r e l e a s e
r a t e of q* csm, t h e peak r a t e equation becomes:

When using Equation 17-39 t o f i n d t h e reduced peak r a t e t h e major assump-

t i o n i s t h a t t h e s t r u c t u r e s a r e about uniformly d i s t r i b u t e d over t h e
watershed. Another assumption i s t h a t all s t r u c t u r e s contribute t o q*,
but t h i s i s sometimes too conservative an assumption (see t h e section
t i t l e d "Use of Equation 17-43 on l a r g e watersheds").

When A' = A and T ' = T , which i s t h e usual case when evaluating land
use and treatment Peffects, Equation 17-38 becomes:

which i s one of t h e basic expressions of t h e u n i t hydrograph theory. I f

t h e same s i m p l i f i c a t i o n applies when evaluating s t r u c t u r e s then Equation
17-39 becomes:

Equation 17-41 can be f u r t h e r s i m p l i f i e d by using:

(Eq. 17-42)

where r i s t h e f r a c t i o n of drainage a r e a under control or t h e percent of

control divided by 100. Using Equation 17-42 i n Equation 17-41 gives:

Effects of storm duration and time of concentration

When the e f f e c t s of a change i n e i t h e r t h e storm duration o r t h e time of
concentration must be taken i n t o account, one way t o do it i s t o use t h e
following r e l a t i o n from Chapter 16:

where Tp = time t o peak, i n hours

a = a constant
D = storm duration, i n hours, during which runoff i s
generated; it i s u s u a l l y - l e s s than t h e t o t a l storm dura-
tion.

NFX Notice 4-102, August 1972

 b = a constant
T, = time of concentration, i n hours

As shown i n Chapter 16, t h e constants a and b can be taken a s 0.5 and

0.6 respectively, f o r most problems, i n which case Equation 17-44
becomes :

Using Equation 17-45 i n equations 17-37. 17-38, and 17-39 produces work-
ing equations i n which e i t h e r t h e storm duration or t h e time of concen-
t r a t i o n can be changed and t h e e f f e c t of t h e change determined. Such
equations a r e not often used because t h e main comparison i s usually
between present and f u t u r e conditions i n which only runoff amount and
drainage area w i l l change. I n s p e c i a l problems where storm duration
must be taken i n t o account t h e r e a r e other approaches t h a t a r e more
applicable ( s e e t h e s e c t i o n t i t l e d "Use of Equation 17-43 on l a r g e
watersheds").

Elimination of Tp
I n many physiographic a r e a s t h e r e i s a consistent r e l a t i o n between Tp
and A because t h e r e i s a t y p i c a l storm condition o r pattern. The r e l a -
t i o n s h i p i s usually expressed as:

i/
where c i s a constant m u l t i p l i e r and d i s a constant exponent. Sub-
s t i t u t i n g C A ~f o r Tp i n Equation 17-37 gives:

q p = k A (1- d) (Eq. 17-47)

where k = K/c. Letting (1 - d ) = h, Equation 17-47 becomes:

qp = k Ah Q (Eq. 17-48)

which i s the working equation i n p r a c t i c e . The parameters k and h are

obtained from d a t a f o r a l a r g e storm over t h e watershed o r region being
studied. Values of q a t s e v e r a l l o c a t i o n s a r e obtained e i t h e r from
streamflow s t a t i o n s or P by means of slope-area measurements (Chapter 14):
values of Q associated with each qp are obtained f r o m t h e s t a t i o n d a t a
o r by use of r a i n f a l l and watershed data and methods of chapter 10; and
drainage areas a t each l o c a t i o n a r e determined. A p l o t t i n g of q /Q
against A i s made on log paper and a l i n e of best f i t i s drawn t rough %
t h e p l o t t i n g . The m u l t i p l i e r k i s the i n t e r c e p t of t h e l i n e where A = 1
square mile and t h e exponent h is t h e slope of t h e l i n e . See t h e s e c t i o n
t i t l e d "Use .of Equations 17-48, 17-50, and 17-52" f o r an a p p l i c a t i o n of
t h i s procedure.

After h i s known, t h e equivalent of Equation 17-38 i s :

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 The k ' s cancel out i n making t h i s change.

In t h e "Concordant Flow" method of peak determination, Equation 17-48 i s

modified t o take i n t o account t h e e f f e c t s of control s t r u c t u r e s and t h e i r
r e l e a s e r a t e s , with t h e working equation being:

which i s t h e same as Equation 17-43 i n form but where qp i s now determined

from Equation 17-48.

Equations 17-39, 17-41, 17-43, 17-50, and 17-51 should be used only when
t h e storm runoff volume does not exceed t h e storage capacity of t h e s t r u c -
t u r e with t h e smallest capacity. If t h e runoff does exceed t h a t capacity
these equations must be modified further. Equation 17-50, f o r example,
becomes:

C
where Qs i s the average storage capacity of t h e s t r u c t u r e s . It i s shown
i n Example 17-20 how Equation 17-51 and similar equations can be used
even when t h e capacity v a r i e s from s t r u c t u r e t o s t r u c t u r e .

Working equations f o r s p e c i a l cases

Additional equations can be developed from those given i f a s p e c i a l pro-
blem a r i s e s i n watershed evaluation. For an example, suppose t h a t Equa-
t i o n 17-43 i s t o be used f o r determining the e f f e c t s of a proposed system
of floodwater r e t a r d i n g s t r u c t u r e s i n a watershed, and t h a t the evaluation
reaches a r e so long t h a t t h e percent of area reservoired v a r i e s s i g n i f i -
cantly from the head t o t h e foot of the reach. To modify Equation 17-43
f o r t h i s case, l e t A* be t h e a r e a reservoired, A t h e t o t a l area, and r =
A*/A f o r t h e head of t h e reach; and l e t B* be the t o t a l a r e a reservoired
(including A*), B t h e t o t a l area (including A ) , and r" = BY/B f o r t h e
foot of t h e reach. For evaluations t o be made a t t h e foot of t h e reach,
Equation 17-43 then becomes:

After f i r s t computing ( 2 - r - r 1 ' ) / 2 = C ' and (A* + B*)/2 = C" f o r t h e

reach, t h e working equation becomes:

q;, = 9p C' + q* C" (Eq. 17-54)

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

where C' and C" are t h e computed coefficients. Each evaluation reach
requires i t s own s e t of c o e f f i c i e n t s .

Examples
The problems i n the following examples range from t h e very simple t o
t h e complex, t h e l a t t e r being given t o show t h a t unit-hydrograph methods
have wide application. For some complex problems, however., it w i l l
generally be more e f f i c i e n t t o use t h e SCS electronic-computer evaluation
program.

Use of Equation 17-40. -This b a s i c expression of t h e u n i t hydrograph

theory has many uses. The major l i m i t a t i o n i n i t s use i s t h a t Q and
Q' must be about uniformly d i s t r i b u t e d over t h e watershed being studied.
The following i s a t y p i c a l but simple problem.

&ample 17-12.--A watershed has a peak discharge of 46,300 c f s from a

storm t h a t produced 2.54 inches of runoff. What would t h e peak r a t e
have been f o r a runoff of 1.68 inches?

1. Apply Equation 17-40.

For t h i s problem q = 46,300 c f s , Q = 2.54 inches, and Q' = 1.68
inches. By Equation P
17-40 q; = 46300(1.68/2.54) = 30,604 c f s , rihich
i s roun'ded t o 30,600 c f s .

Use of Equation 17-43 - The major l i m i t a t i o n s i n t h e use of t h i s equation

a r e t h a t both t h e runoffs and t h e s t r u c t u r e s must be about uniformly dis-
t r i b u t e d over t h e watershed and t h a t t h e stream t r a v e l times f o r the d
1,
future" condition must be about t h e same as f o r t h e "present." The
following i s a t y p i c a l but simple problem.

Example 17-13.--A watershed of 183 square miles has a flood peak of 37,800
c f s . I f 42 square miles of t h i s watershed were controlled by floodwater
r e t a r d i n g s t r u c t u r e s having a n average r e l e a s e r a t e of 15 csm, what would
t h e reduced peak be?

1. Computer.
By Equation 17-42 r = 42/183 = 0.230 because A* = 42 and A = 183
square miles.

2. Apply Equation 17-43.

For t h i s problem, q, = 37,800 c f s , r = 0.230 from s t e -p 1,
. q-* = 15
csm, and A* = 42 s & r e miles. ~y Equation 17-43 q' = 37800(1 -
0.230) + 15(42) = 29,736 c f s , which i s rounded t o 25,700 c f s . This
i s t h e reduced peak.

Use of Equation 17-43 on l a r g e watersheds.- I f Equation 17-43 i s used f o r

evaluating t h e e f f e c t s of s t r u c t u r e s i n a l a r n-e watershed or r i v e r basin
t h e releases from s t r u c t u r e s far upstream may not add t o t h e peak r a t e s
i n t h e lower reaches of t h e main stem. And i f r e l e a s e s from c e r t a i n up-
stream s t r u c t u r e s do not a f f e c t peaks f a r downstream then those s t r u c t u r e s
a l s o a r e not reducing t h e peak r a t e s , t h e r e f o r e t h e i r drainage areas
should not be used i n t h e equation. L/

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

L I n problems of t h i s kind t h e approach t o be taken i s r e l a t i v e l y simple
though there a r e supplementary computations t o be made before t h e equa-
t i o n i s used. The key s t e p i n t h e approach i s finding the Tp f o r an
evaluation flood and using only those areas and s t r u c t u r e s close enough
t o t h e sub-basin o u t l e t t o a f f e c t t h e peak r a t e of t h a t flood. How t h i s
i s done w i l l be i l l u s t r a t e d using the data and computations of Table
17-21. The data a r e f o r a sub-basin of 620 square miles, with a time of
concentration of 48 hours. Storm durations f o r t h e floods t o be evalu-
ated w i l l vary from 1 t o over 72 hours, which means t h a t t h e sub-basin
Tp w i l l a l s o vary considerably.

Table 17-21 i s developed as follows:

Column 1 l i s t s t h e t r a v e l times on t h e sub-basin main stem from t h e

o u t l e t point t o selected points upstream, which a r e mainly junctions
with major t r i b u t a r i e s . The f i r s t entry i s f o r t h e o u t l e t p o i n t .

Column 2 gives t h e t o t a l drainage a r e a above each s e l e c t e d p o i n t .

Column 3 gives t h e increments of area.

Column 4 gives t h e accumulated a r e a s , going upstream. These a r e

the contributing areas when t h e flood's Tp i s within t h e l i m i t s shown i n
column 1. For example, when Tp i s between 3.5 and 9 . 1 hours, t h e con-
t r i b u t i n g drainage a r e a i s 74 square miles. Tp must be a t l e a s t 48 hours
before the e n t i r e watershed contributes t o t h e peak r a t e .
L
Column 5 shows t h e t o t a l areas controlled by s t r u c t u r e s .

Column 6 gives t h e increments of controlled area.

Column 7 gives t h e accumulated controlled a r e a s , going upstream.

Column 8 gives values of r , which a r e computed using e n t r i e s of

columns 7 and 4.

Column 9 gives values of (1 - r ) , which a r e computed using e n t r i e s

of column 8.

Column 10 gives t h e t o t d l average r e l e a s e r a t e i n c f s f o r t h e con-

t r o l l e d areas of column 7. For t h i s t a b l e t h e average r e l e a s e r a t e q*
i s 7 csm. Therefore t h e q*(A*) entry f o r a p a r t i c u l a r row i s t h e column
7 a r e a of t h a t row multiplied by t h e average r a t e i n csm.

Only columns 1, 9, and 10 are used i n t h e remaining work. To determine

t h e e f f e c t of t h e s t r u c t u r e s t h e qp and T of t h e evaluation flood must
be known, t h e proper e n t r i e s taken from t g e t a b l e , and Equation 17-43
applied. For example, i f qp = 87,000 cfs and Tp = 24 hours f o r a p a r t i -
c u l a r flood, f i r s t e n t e r column 1 with Tp = 24 hours and f i n d t h e row t o
be used, i n t h i s case it i s between Tt values of 21.1 and 28.0 hours;
-
next s e l e c t ( 1 r ) = 0.459 from column 9 of t h a t row and q * ( A W ) = 1,491
Ll c f s from column 10; f i n a l l y , use Equation 17-43 which gives q i = 87000
(0.459) + 1491 = 41,424 c f s , which i s rounded t o 41,400 c f s .

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

 Table 17-21 D a t a and working t a b l e f o r use of Equation 17-43 on a l a r g e watershed

Tt A AA AU A* AA* 4: r (1 - r ) q*(~*p'
(hrs) ([Link].) ([Link].) ([Link].) ( s q . m i . ) ([Link].) ( s q . m i . ) (cfs)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (lo)
o 620 359
8 8 0 0 0 1.000 0
2.0 612 359
6 14 3 3 .214 .786 21
3.5 606 356
60 74 24 27 .365 .635 189
9.1 546 332
90 164 43 70 .426 .574 490
15.3 456 289
80 244 56 126 517 .483 882
21.1 376 233
150 87 213 .541 .459 1491
28.0 226 394 146
101 495 '77 290 .586 .414 2030
31.0 125 69
98 593 48 338 5'70 .430 2366
42.0 27 21
27 620 21 359 .580 .420 2513
'48.0 0 o
--

-1/ Using an average rate of q* = 7 c s m .

'..- If any o t h e r p o i n t i n t h e sub-basin i s a l s o t o be used f o r evaluation of
s t r u c t u r e e f f e c t s t h e n a s e p a r a t e t a b l e i s needed f o r t h a t p o i n t .

Use of Equations 17-48, 17-50, and 17-52.- When streamflow d a t a o r slope-

a r e a measurements and Q e s t i m a t e s a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r a watershed and i t s
v i c i n i t y , t h e information can be used t o c o n s t r u c t a graph of qp/Q and A
as shown i n Figure 17-21. This i s t h e g r a p h i c a l form of Equation 17-48.
If a l i n e with an i n t e r c e p t of 484 c f s / i n . and slope of 0 . 4 can be reason-
ably w e l l f i t t e d t o t h e d a t a , as i n t h i s case, it means t h a t t h e hydro-
graph shapes of t h e s e watersheds c l o s e l y resemble t h e shape of t h e u n i t
hydrograph of Figure 16-1 ( s e e Chapter 1 6 ) . Usually t h e slope w i l l be
0.4 f o r o t h e r shapes of hydrographs ( t h e reason f o r t h i s i s discussed
i n Chapter 1 5 ) but t h e i n t e r c e p t w i l l vary. kor t h e l i n e of Figure 17-21,
Equation 17-48 can be w r i t t e n :

The following examples show some t y p i c a l uses of t h e graph o r i t s equa-

tion.

Example 17-14.--For a watershed i n t h e region t o which Figure 17-21

a p p l i e s , A = 234 square miles and Q = 3.15 inches f o r a storm event.
What i s q 7
P'
1. Find qp/Q f o r t h e given A.
Enter t h e graph with A = 234 square miles and a t t h e l i n e of r e l a -
t i o n f i n d qp/Q = 4,290 c f s / i n .

2. Compute q,.
Multiplying %/Q by Q g i v e s qp, t h e r e f o r e , qp = 3.15(4290) = 13,500
c f s by a s l i d e - r u l e computation.

If p a r t of a watershed i s c o n t r o l l e d by floodwater r e t a r d i n g s t r u c t u r e s
t h e graph can be used t o g e t h e r with equation 17-50, as follows:

Example 17-15.--A watershed o f 234 square miles has a system of flood-

water r e t a r d i n g s t r u c t u r e s on it c o n t r o l l i n g a t o t a l of 103 square
miles. Each s t r u c t u r e has a s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y of 4.5 inches b e f o r e
discharge begins through t h e emergency spillway. Each s t r u c t u r e has an
average r e l e a s e r a t e of 1 5 csm. When t h e storm runoff Q i s 4 . 1 inches
what i s t h e pea& r a t e with ( a ) s t r u c t u r e s not i n p l a c e , and ( b ) s t r u c -
t u r e i n place?

1. Determine t h e f l o o d peak f o r t h e watershed with s t r u c t u r e s not

i n place.
Use t h e method of Example 17-14. Enter Figure 17-21 with A = 234
square miles and f i n d qp/Q = 4,290 c f s / i n . Multiplying t h a t r e s u l t
by Q = 4.1 inches gives qp = 4.1(4290) = i 7 , 6 0 0 c f s by a s l i d e -
r u l e computation. This discharge i s (k A Q ) i n Equation 17-50.

NEH Notice 4-102, A u g u s t 1972

 2. Determine (1 r ) . -
From Equation 17-42 r = A*/A = 1031234 = 0.440. Then ( 1 - r) =
1 - 0.440 = 0.560.

3. Determine t h e flood peak f o r t h e watershed with s t r u c t u r e s i n

place.
Use Equation 17-50 with t h e r e s u l t s of s t e p s 1 and 2 and t h e given
data f o r controlled a r e a and r e l e a s e r a t e : q$ = 17600(0.560) +
15(103) =. 11,410 c f s , using a s l i d e - r u l e f o r t h e m u l t i p l i c a t i o n s .
Round t h e discharge t o 11,400 c f s .

If t h e storm runoff exceeds t h e storage c a p a c i t i e s of t h e s t r u c t u r e s but

t h e capacities a r e t h e same f o r a l l s t r u c t u r e s then Equation 17-52 can
be applied as shown i n t h e following example.

Example.17-16.--For the same watershed and s t r u c t u r e s used i n Example

17-18 find t h e peak r a t e s without and with s t r u c t u r e s i n place when t h e
storm runoff i s 6.21 inches.

1. Determine t h e flood peak f o r t h e watershed with s t r u c t u r e s not

i n place.
Use t h e method of Example 17-14. h t e r Figure 17-21 with A = 234
square miles and f i n d q p / ~= 4,290 c f s / i n . This i s (k ~ h i)n Equa-
t i o n 17-52. Multiplying t h a t r e s u l t by Q = 6.21 inches gives q =
6.21 (4290) = 26,700 c f s by a s l i d e - r u l e computation. This i s ?he
peak r a t e without s t r u c t u r e s i n place.

2. Determine r.
From Equation 17-42 r = AY/A = 1031234 = 0.440

3. Determine t h e flood peak f o r t h e watershed with s t r u c t u r e s i n

place.
Use Equation 17-52 with (k A ~ =) 4,290 c f s / i n . from s t e p 1; Q =
6.21 inches, as given; r = 0.440, from s t e p 2; and Qs = 4.5 inches,
q* = 15 csrn, and A* = 103 square miles as given i n Example 17-17.
Then q$ = 4290(6.21 -
[Link](4.5)) + 15(103) = 18160 + 1540 =
19,700 cfs.

Note t h a t t h e e f f e c t of t h e r e l e a s e r a t e on reducing t h e storm runoff

amount i s not taken i n t o account i n t h i s example. This means t h a t t h e
peak of 19,700 c f s i s s l i g h t l y too l a r g e and t h a t t h i s approach gives a
conservatively high answer.

I f t h e storage c a p a c i t i e s of t h e s t r u c t u r e s vary then Equation 17-52 i s

used with ( Q - r Q s ) computed by a more d e t a i l e d method, as shown i n
t h e following example.

Example 17-17.--A watershed of 311 square miles has a system of flood-

water retarding s t r u c t u r e s c o n t r o l l i n g a t o t a l of 187 square miles and
having average r e l e a s e r a t e s of 8 csm. Storage c a p a c i t i e s of t h e s t r u c -
t u r e s are shown i n column 3 of Table 17-22; t h e s e a r e t h e c a p a c i t i e s
before emergency spillway discharge begins. When t h e storm runoff i s

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 uniformly 7.5 inches over the watershed, what i s t h e peak r a t e of flow
L with ( a ) no s t r u c t u r e s i n place and ( b ) s t r u c t u r e s i n place?

1. Determine the flood peak f o r t h e watershed with s t r u c t u r e s not

i n place.
Use t h e method of Example 17-14. Enter Figure 17-21 with A = 311
square miles and f i n d q p / 4 = 4,800 c f s / i n . This . i s ( k A ~ i) n Equa-
t i o n 17-52. Multiplying t h a t r e s u l t by Q = 7.5 inches gives qp =
36,000 cfs by a slide-rule computation. This i s t h e peak r a t e with-
out s t r u c t u r e s i n place.

2. Compute the equivalent of ( r QS) i n Equation 17-52.

The f a c t o r ( r Qs) can a l s o be expressed a s :

where Ax i s t h e drainage a r e a i n square miles of t h e x-th s t r u c t u r e

and Qsx i s t h e reservoir capacity i n inches f o r t h a t s t r u c t u r e . In
Table 17-22 each drainage a r e a of column 2 i s multiplied by t h e res-
pective storage of column 3 t o get t h e entry f o r column 4. But note
t h a t when t h e storage exceeds t h e storm runoff it i s t h e storm runoff
amount, i n t h i s case 7.5 inches, which i s used t o get t h e e n t r y f o r
column 4. Equation 17-56 i s solved f o r ( r Q s ) by dividing t h e sum
of column 4 by the t o t a l watershed area:

967.26
( r Qs)= = 3.11 inches
311
(Note: Column 4 is not needed if the c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e made by
accumulative multiplication on a desk-calculator. )

3. Determine the flood peak f o r t h e watershed with s t r u c t u r e s i n

place.
Use Equation 17-52 with (k A ~ =) 4,800 c f s / i n . from s t e p 1; Q = 7.5
inches, as given; ( r QS) = 3.11 inches as computed i n s t e p 2; and
q* = 8 csm and A* = 187 square miles, a s given. This gives: q i =
4800(7.5 - 3.11) + 8(187) = 21100 + 1495 = 22,595 c f s , which i s
rounded t o 22,600 c f s . This i s t h e peak r a t e with s t r u c t u r e s i n
place.

DISCUSSION. These examples are a sample of t h e many ways i n which t h e

unit-hydrograph methoa of routing can be used. Accuracy of t h e method
depends on what has been ignored, such as v a r i a b l e r e l e a s e r a t e , surcharge
s t o r a g e , and so on. In general, t h e method gives conservative results--
t h a t i s , t h e e f f e c t s of s t r u c t u r e s , f o r example, a r e usually underesti-
mated so t h a t t h e peak r a t e i s s l i g h t l y too high.

The examples a l s o show t h a t as t h e problem contains more d e t a i l s t h e pro-

cedure g e t s more complex. It i s e a s i l y possible t o make t h i s "short-cut"
method so complicated it becomes d i f f i c u l t t o get t h e solution. For t h i s
L reason, and f o r reasons of accuracy, it i s b e t t e r t o use t h e SCS e l e e t r o n i c -
computer program f o r complex routing problems.

NHI Notice 4-102, August 1972

Table 17-22 Area and storage data f o r Example 17-17

Floodwater Gontribut ing

retarding drainage Storage Ax X Qsx
structure area
( s q . mi.) (in.) ( s q . mi. x i n . )

* This i s (drainage a r e a ) x (storm runoff of 7.5 inches)

because t h e storage g r e a t e r than t h e runoff i s ineffec-
t i v e and should not be used i n the computation.

NEB ~ o t ' i c e4-102, August 1972

United States
Department of Part 630 Hydrology
Agriculture

Natural
National Engineering Handbook
Resources
Conservation
Service

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical

Methods

Rain clouds
Cloud formation

Precipitation

n
iratio
Evaporation
n

ean
tio

Transp
soil
ta

from oc
ge
ve

fr o m
m

n
fr o

ti o

s
am
n

ir a
ti o

tr e
sp
ra
po

an

ms
va

Tr

Surfa E
fr o

ce ru
noff

Infiltration

Soil
Percolation

Rock Ocean
Ground water
Deep percolation

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Issued September 2000

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its

programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age,
disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status.
(Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities
who require alternative means for communication of program information
(Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Cen-
ter at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil

Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW,
Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA
is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Acknowledgments

Chapter 18 was originally published in 1963 and was revised by Roger

Cronshey, hydraulic engineer, Natural Resources Conservation Service
(NRCS), Washington, DC, Jerry Edwards, retired, Wendell Styner, re-
tired, Charles Wilson, retired, and Donald E. Woodward, national hy-
draulic engineer, Washington, DC, and reprinted in 1976 . This version was
prepared by the NRCS under guidance of Donald E. Woodward with the
assistance of Sophia Curcio.

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 18–i

18–ii (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)
Chapter 18 Selected Statistical
Methods

Contents: 630.1800 Introduction 18–1

630.1801 Basic data requirements 18–1

(a) Basic concepts ............................................................................................ 18–1
(b) Types of data ............................................................................................... 18–2
(c) Data errors ................................................................................................... 18–3
(d) Types of series ............................................................................................. 18–3
(e) Data transformation ................................................................................... 18–4
(f) Distribution parameters and moments .................................................... 18–4

630.1802 Frequency analysis 18–6

(a) Basic concepts ............................................................................................ 18–6
(b) Plotting positions and probability paper ................................................. 18–6
(c) Probability distribution functions ............................................................. 18–7
(d) Cumulative distribution curve ................................................................... 18–8
(e) Data considerations in analysis .............................................................. 18–17
(f) Frequency analysis procedures ............................................................... 18–30

630.1803 Flow duration 18–31

630.1804 Correlation and regression 18–32

(a) Correlation analysis .................................................................................. 18–32
(b) Regression ................................................................................................. 18–32
(c) Evaluating regression equations ............................................................. 18–34
(d) Procedures ................................................................................................. 18–37

630.1805 Analysis based on regionalization 18–44

(a) Purpose ...................................................................................................... 18–44
(b) Direct estimation ...................................................................................... 18–44
(c) Indirect estimation .................................................................................... 18–51
(d) Discussion .................................................................................................. 18–57

630.1806 Risk 18–57

630.1807 Metric conversion factors 18–60

630.1808 References 18–60

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 18–iii

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Tables Table 18–1 Sources of basic hydrologic data collected by Federal 18–3
agencies

Table 18–2 Flood peaks for East Fork Big Creek near Bethany, 18–5
Missouri (06897000)

Table 18–3 Basic statistics data for example 18–1 18–10

Table 18–4 Frequency curve solutions for example 18–1 18–11

Table 18–5 Basic statistics data for example 18–2 18–16

Table 18–6 Solution of frequency curve for example 18–2 18–16

Table 18–7 Annual peak discharge data for example 18–3 18–19

Table 18–8 Annual rainfall/snowmelt peak discharge for 18–21

example 18–3

Table 18–9 Frequency curve solutions for example 18–3 18–24

Table 18–10 Combination of frequency curves for example 18–3 18–25

Table 18–11 Data and normal K values for example 18–3 18–28

Table 18–12 Basic correlation data for example 18–4 18–39

Table 18–13 Residual data for example 18–4 18–42

Table 18–14 Basic data for example 18–5 18–46

Table 18–15 Correlation matrix of logarithms for example 18–5 18–47

Table 18–16 Stepwise regression coefficients for example 18–5 18–47

Table 18–17 Regression equation evaluation data for example 18–5 18–48

Table 18–18 Residuals for example 18–5 18–48

Table 18–19 Frequency curve solutions for example 18–6 18–52

18–iv (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Figures Figure 18–1 Data and frequency curves for example 18–1 18–12

Figure 18–2 Data and frequency curve for example 18–2 18–15

Figure 18–3 Annual peak discharge data for example 18–3 18–20

Figure 18–4 Data and frequency curve for rainfall annual peaks 18–22
in example 18–3

Figure 18–5 Data and frequency curve for snowmelt annual peaks 18–23
in example 18–3

Figure 18–6 Annual and rain-snow frequency curves for example 18–26
18–3

Figure 18–7 Data and top half frequency curve for example 18–3 18–29

Figure 18–8 Linear correlation values 18–33

Figure 18–9 Sample plots of residuals 18–35

Figure 18–10 Variable plot for example 18–4 18–40

Figure 18–11 Residual plot for example 18–4 18–43

Figure 18–12 Residual plot for example 18–5 18–49

Figure 18–13 Estimate smoothing for example 18–5 18–50

Figure 18–14 Drainage area and mean annual precipitation 18–53

for 1-day mean flow for example 18–6

Figure 18–15 One-day mean flow and standard deviation 18–54

for example 18–6

Figure 18–16 Drainage area and mean annual precipitation 18–55

for 15-day mean flow for example 18–6

Figure 18–17 Fifteen-day mean flow and standard deviation 18–56

for example 18–6

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 18–v

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Examples Example 18–1 Development of log-normal and log-Pearson III 18–9

frequency curves

Example 18–2 Development of a two-parameter gamma frequency 18–14

curve

Example 18–3 Development of a mixed distribution frequency 18–19

curve by separating the data by cause and by using
at least the upper half of the data

Example 18–4 Development of a multiple regression equation 18–38

Example 18–5 Development of a direct probability estimate 18–45

by use of stepwise regression

Example 18–6 Development of indirect probability estimates 18–51

Example 18–7 Risk of future nonoccurrence 18–58

Example 18–8 Risk of multiple occurrence 18–58

Example 18–9 Risk of a selected exceedance probability 18–59

Example 18–10 Exceedance probability of a selected risk 18–59

Exhibits Exhibit 18–1 Five percent two-sided Critical values for outlier 18–63
detection

Exhibit 18–2 Expected values of normal order statistics 18–64

Exhibit 18–3 Tables of percentage points of the Pearson type III 18–75
distribution

18–vi (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods

630.1800 Introduction 630.1801 Basic data re-

quirements
Chapter 18 is a guide for applying selected statistical
methods to solve hydrologic problems. The chapter
(a) Basic concepts
includes a review of basic statistical concepts, a dis-
cussion of selected statistical procedures, and refer- To analyze hydrologic data statistically, the user must
ences to procedures in other available documents. know basic definitions and understand the intent and
Examples illustrate how statistical procedures apply limitations of statistical analysis. Because collection of
to typical problems in hydrology. all data (entire population) from a physical system
generally is not feasible and recorded data from the
In project evaluation and design, the hydrologist or system may be limited, observations must be based on
engineer must estimate the frequency of individual a sample that is representative of the population.
hydrologic events. This is necessary when making
economic evaluations of flood protection projects, Statistical methods are based on the assumption of
determining floodways, and designing irrigation sys- randomness, which implies an event cannot be pre-
tems, reservoirs, and channels. Frequency studies are dicted with certainty. By definition, probability is an
based on past records and, where records are insuffi- indicator for the likelihood of an event's occurrence
cient, on simulated data. and is measured on a scale from zero to one, with zero
indicating no chance of occurrence and one indicating
Meaningful relationships sometimes exist between certainty of occurrence.
hydrologic and other types of data. The ability to
generalize about these relationships may allow data to An event or value that does not occur with certainty is
be transferred from one location to another. Some often called a random variable. The two types of
procedures used to perform such transfers, called random variables are discrete and continuous. A
regionalization, are covered in this chapter. discrete random variable is one that can only take on
values that are whole numbers. For example, the
The examples in this chapter contain many computer- outcome of a toss of a die is a discrete random vari-
generated tables. Some table values (especially loga- able because it can only take on the integer values 1 to
rithmic transformations) may not be as accurate as 6. The concept of risk as it is applied in frequency
values calculated by other methods. Numerical accu- analysis is also based on a discrete probability distri-
racy is a function of the number of significant digits bution. A continuous random variable can take on
and the algorithms used in data processing, so some values defined over a continuum; for example, peak
slight differences in numbers may be found if ex- discharge takes on values other than discrete integers.
amples are checked by other means.
A function that defines the probability that a random
value will occur is called a probability distribution
function. For example, the log-Pearson Type III distri-
bution, often used in frequency analyses, is a probabil-
ity distribution function. A probability mass function
is used for discrete random variables while a density
function is used for continuous random variables. If
values of a distribution function are added (discrete)
or integrated (continuous), then a cumulative distri-
bution function is formed. Usually, hydrologic data
that are analyzed by frequency analysis are presented
as a cumulative distribution function.

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 18–1

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

(b) Types of data flow past a gage, expressed as a mean daily or hourly
flow (ft3/s/d or ft3/s/hr), can be calculated if the record
The application of statistical methods in hydrologic is continuous. Accuracy of streamflow data depends
studies requires measurement of physical phenomena. largely on physical features at the gaging site, fre-
The user should understand how the data are collected quency of observation, and the type and adequacy of
and processed before they are published. This knowl- the equipment used. Flows can be affected by up-
edge helps the user assess the accuracy of the data. stream diversion and storage. U.S. Geological Survey
Some types of data used in hydrologic studies include Water Supply Paper 888 (Corbett 1962) gives further
rainfall, snowmelt, stage, streamflow, temperature, details on streamflow data collection.
evaporation, and watershed characteristics.
Daily temperature data are usually available, with
Rainfall is generally measured as an accumulated readings published as maximum, minimum, and mean
depth over time. Measurements represent the amount measurements for the day. Temperatures are recorded
caught by the gage opening and are valid only for the in degrees Fahrenheit or degrees Celsius. National
gage location. The amount collected may be affected Weather Service, Observing Handbook No. 2, Substa-
by gage location and physical factors near the gage. tion Observations (1972), describes techniques used to
Application over large areas requires a study of adja- collect meteorological data.
cent gages and determinations of a weighted rainfall
amount. More complete descriptions of rainfall collec- Evaporation data are generally published as pan
tion and evaluation procedures are in chapter 4 of this evaporation in inches per month. Pan evaporation is
National Engineering Handbook (NEH) section. often adjusted to estimate gross lake evaporation. The
National Weather Service has published pan evapora-
Snowfall is measured as depth or as water equivalent tion values in "Evaporation Atlas for the Contiguous 48
on the ground. As with rainfall, the measurement United States" (Farnsworth, Thompson, and Peck
represents only the depth at the measurement point. 1982).
The specific gravity of the snow times the depth of the
snow determines the water equivalent of the snow- Watershed characteristics used in hydrologic studies
pack, which is the depth of water that would result include drainage area, channel slope, geology, type
from melting the snow. To use snow information for and condition of vegetation, and other features. Maps,
such things as predicting water yield, the user should field surveys, and studies are used to obtain this infor-
thoroughly know snowfall, its physical characteristics, mation. Often data on these physical factors are not
and its measurement. NEH, Section 22, Snow Survey published, but the U.S. Geological Survey maintains a
and Water Supply Forecasting (1972) further describes file on watershed characteristics for most streamgage
these subjects. sites. Many Federal and State agencies collect and
publish hydrometeorological data (table 18–1). Many
Stages are measurements of the elevation of the water other organizations collect hydrologic data that are
surface as related to an established datum, either the not published, but may be available upon request.
channel bottom or mean sea level, called National
Geodetic Vertical Datum (NGVD). Peak stages are
measured by nonrecording gages, crest-stage gages, or
recording gages. Peak stages from nonrecording gages
may be missed because continuous visual observa-
tions are not available. Crest-stage gages record only
the maximum gage height and recording gages provide
a continuous chart or record of stage.

Streamflow or discharge rates are extensions of the

stage measurements that have been converted using
rating curves. Discharge rates indicate the runoff from
the drainage area above the gaging station and are
expressed in cubic feet per second (ft3/s). Volume of

18–2 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

(c) Data errors (d) Types of series

The possibility of instrumental and human error is Hydrologic data are generally presented in chronologi-
inherent in data collection and publication for hydro- cal order. If all the data for a certain increment of
logic studies. Instrumental errors are caused by the observation (for example, daily readings) are pre-
type of equipment used, its location, and conditions at sented for the entire period of record, this is a com-
the time measurements are taken. Instrumental errors plete-duration series. Many of these data do not have
can be accidental if they are not constant or do not significance and can be excluded from hydrologic
create a trend, but they may also be systematic if they studies. The complete-duration series is only used for
occur regularly and introduce a bias into the record. duration curves or mass curves. From the complete-
Human errors by the observer or by others who pro- duration series, two types of series are selected: the
cess or publish the information can also be accidental partial-duration series and the extreme-event series.
or systematic. Examples of human errors include
improper operation or observation of equipment, The partial-duration series includes all events in the
misinterpretation of data, and errors in transcribing complete-duration series with a magnitude above a
and publishing. selected base for high events or below a selected base
for low events. Unfortunately, independence of events
The user of the hydrologic data should be aware of the that occur in a short period is hard to establish be-
possibility of errors in observations and should recog- cause long-lasting watershed effects from one event
nize observations that are outside the expected range can influence the magnitude of succeeding events.
of values. Knowledge of the procedures used in col- Also, in many areas the extreme events occur during a
lecting the data is helpful in recognizing and resolving relatively short period during the year. Partial-duration
any questionable observations, but the user should frequency curves are developed either by graphically
consult the collection agency when data seem to be in fitting the plotted sample data or by using empirical
error.

Table 18–1 Sources of basic hydrologic data collected by Federal agencies

Agency - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Data - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Rainfall Snow Streamflow Evaporation Air temp. Water stage

Agricultural Research Service X X X X X X

Corps of Engineers X X X X X
Forest Service X X X X X
U.S. Geological Survey (NWIS) X X X X
International Boundary and Water Commission X X X X X
River Basin Commissions X X X
Bureau of Reclamation X X X X X X
Natural Resources Conservation Service X X X X X
Tennessee Valley Authority X X X X X
National Climatic Data Center, NOAA X X X X X

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 18–3

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

coefficients to convert the partial-duration series to (f) Distribution parameters and

another series. moments
The extreme-event series includes the largest (or A probability distribution function, as previously
smallest) values from the complete-duration series, defined, is represented by a mathematical formula that
with each value selected from an equal time interval in includes one or more of the following parameters:
the period of record. If the time interval is taken as 1 • Location—provides reference values for the
year, then the series is an annual series; for example, random variable.
a tabulation of the largest peak flows in each year • Scale—characterizes the relative dispersion of
through the period of record as an annual peak flow the distribution.
series at the location. Several high peak flows may • Shape—describes the outline or form of a distri-
occur within the same year, but the annual peak series bution.
includes only the largest peak flow per year. Table
18–2 illustrates a partial-duration and annual peak A parameter is unbiased if the average of estimates
flow series. taken from repeated samples of the same size con-
verges to the population value. A parameter is biased
Some data indicate seasonal variation, monthly varia- if the average estimate does not converge to the popu-
tion, or causative variation. Major storms or floods lation value.
may occur consistently during the same season of the
year or may be caused by more than one factor; for A probability density function can be characterized by
example, by rainfall and snowmelt. Such data may its moments, which are also used in characterizing
require the development of a series based on a separa- data samples. In hydrology, three moments of special
tion by causative factors or a particular timeframe. interest are mean, variance, and skew.

The first moment about the origin is the mean, a

(e) Data transformation location parameter that measures the central tendency
of the data and is computed by:
In many instances, complex data relationships require
1N 
X= ∑ Xi
N  i = 1 
that variables be transformed to approximate linear [18–1]
relationships or other relationships with known
shapes. Types of data transformation include:
• Linear transformation, which involves addition, where:
subtraction, multiplication, or division by a X = sample arithmetic mean having N observations
constant. Xi = the ith observation of the sample data
• Inverted transformation by use of the reciprocal
of the data variables. The remaining two moments of interest are taken
• Logarithmic transformation by use of the loga- about the mean instead of the origin. The first moment
rithms of the data variables. about the mean is always zero.
• Exponential transformation, which includes
raising the data variables to a power. The variance, a scale parameter and the second mo-
• Any combination of the above. ment about the mean, measures the dispersion of the
sample elements about the mean. The unbiased esti-
The appropriate transformation may be based on a mate of the variance (S2) is given by:
physical system or may be entirely empirical. All data
 1 N 2
transformations have limitations. For example, the S2 = 
−
(
∑ Xi − X  ) [18–2]
reciprocal of data greater than +1 yields values be-  N 1 i =1 
tween zero and +1. Logarithms commonly used in
hydrologic data can only be derived from positive
data.

18–4 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Table 18–2 Flood peaks for East Fork Big Creek near Bethany, Missouri (06897000) 1/

Year Peaks above base Year Peaks above base Year Peaks above base Year Peaks above base
(ft3/s) (ft3/s) (ft3/s) (ft3/s)

1940 1,780* 1947 2,240 1958 1,780* 1967 1,640

1,120 8,120* 1,780 3,350*
2,970 1,640
1941 2,770 3,700 1959 3,800
2,950* 4,920 3,000 1968 3,150*
1,500
1942 1,190 1948 1,260 2,660 1969 2,990
1,400 2,310* 5,100* 3,110*
925 3,660 1,730
925 1949 2,000* 2,280 2,910
1,330 1,890 2,270
1,330 1950 1,160 2,060
5,320 1,300* 1960 2,280
6,600* 4,650 1970 2,090
1951 1,090 1,960 3,070*
1943 958 2,920* 1,680 2,060
1,680 1,090 4,740*
2,000 1,720 2,040 1971 2,000*
3,110* 2,030
925 1,060 1961 1,760 1972 3,190*
2,470 1,000 1,520
1,330 3,100
1,190 1952 1,440 5,700*
2,240 1,610 2,300
3,070 1,090
1,230 1962 2,630
1944 1,120 2,970* 2,750
3,210* 2,280 1,760
2,620 1,820
2,170 1953 925* 3,880*

1945 3,490 1954 1,330* 1963 2,100*

4,120*
2,310 1955 1,500 1964 1,880
2,350 2,240* 1,910*
1,500
1946 4,400 1965 1,730
1,520 1956 1,560 3,480*
1,720 2,500*
6,770* 1966 2,430*
1,960 1957 1,620*

1/ Partial-duration base is 925 cubic feet per second, the lowest annual flood for this series.
* Annual series values. Data from USGS Water Supply Papers.

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A biased estimate of the variance results when the

divisor (N – 1) is replaced by N. An alternative form 630.1802 Frequency
for computing the unbiased sample variance is given
by:
analysis
 2
1 N 2 1  N  
S2 = ∑ X1 −  ∑ Xi  [18–3] (a) Basic concepts
N − 1 i = 1 N  i = 1  
Frequency analysis is a statistical method commonly
This equation is often used for computer application used to analyze a single random variable. Even when
because it does not require prior computation of the the population distribution is known, uncertainty is
mean. However, because of the sensitivity of equation associated with the occurrence of the random vari-
18–3 to the number of significant digits carried able. When the population is unknown, there are two
through the computation, equation 18–2 is often sources of uncertainty: randomness of future events
preferred. and accuracy of estimation of the relative frequency of
occurrence. The cumulative density function is esti-
The standard deviation (S) is the square root of the mated by fitting a frequency distribution to the sample
variance and is used more frequently than the variance data. A frequency distribution is a generalized cumu-
because its units are the same as those of the mean. lative density function of known shape and range of
values.
The skew, a shape parameter and the third moment
about the mean, measures the symmetry of a distribu- The probability scale of the frequency distribution
tion. The sample skew (G) can be computed by: differs from the probability scale of the cumulative
density function by the relation (1 – p) where:
N 3
 ∑ ( Xi − X) 
N
G= [18–4] p+q =1 [18–6]
(N − 1)(N − 2)S i = 1
3

The variables p and q represent the accumulation of
Although the range of the skew is theoretically unlim- the density function for all values less than and greater
ited, a mathematical limit based on sample size limits than, respectively, the value of the random variable.
the possible skew (Kirby 1974). A skew of zero indi- The accumulation is made from the right end of the
cates a symmetrical distribution. Another equation for probability density function curve when one considers
computing skew that does not require prior computa- high values, such as peak discharge. Exhibit 18–3 (U.S.
tion of the mean is: Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service,
3
Technical Release 38, 1976) presents the accumulation
N   N  N  N  of the Pearson III density function for both p and q for
N 2  ∑ X i3  − 3N ∑ X i   ∑ X i2  + 2 ∑ X i 
 i =1   i =1   i =1   i =1  [18–5] a range of skew values.
G=
N(N − 1)(N − 2)S 3
When minimum values (p) such as low flows are
considered, the accumulation of the probability den-
This equation is extremely sensitive to the number of sity function is from the left end of the curve. The
significant digits used during computation and may resulting curve represents values less than the random
not give an accurate estimate of the sample skew. variable.

(b) Plotting positions and

probability paper
Statistical computations of frequency curves are
independent of how the sample data are plotted.
Therefore, the data should be plotted along with the
calculated frequency curve to verify that the general

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trend of the data reasonably agrees with the frequency (c) Probability distribution
distribution curve. Various plotting formulas are used; functions
many are of the general form:

PP =
(
100 M − a ) [18–7]
(1) Normal
The normal distribution, used to evaluate continuous
N − a − b +1 random variables, is symmetrical and bell-shaped. The
range of the random variable is – ∞ to + ∞. Two param-
where: eters (location and scale) are required to fit the distri-
PP = plotting position for a value in percent bution. These parameters are approximated by the
chance sample mean and standard deviation. The normal
M = ordered data (largest to smallest for distribution is the basis for much of statistical theory,
maximum values and smallest to largest but generally does not fit hydrologic data.
for minimum values)
N = size of the data sample The log-normal distribution (normal distribution with
a and b = constants, some commonly used plotting logarithmically transformed data) is often used in
position formulas are: hydrology to fit high or low discharge data or in
a b regionalization analysis. Its range is zero to + ∞. Ex-
Weibull 0 0 ample 18–1 illustrates the development of a log-normal
Hazen –M + 1 –N +M distribution curve.
California 0 1
Blom 3/8 3/8 (2) Pearson III
Karl Pearson developed a system of 12 distributions
The Weibull plotting position is used to plot the that can approximate all forms of single-peak statisti-
sample data in the chapter examples: cal distributions. The system includes three main

PP =
100 M( ) [18–8]
distributions and nine transition distributions, all of
which were developed from a single differential equa-
N +1 tion. The distributions are continuous, but can be
fitted to various forms of discrete data sets (Chisman
Each probability distribution has its own probability 1968).
paper for plotting. The probability scale is defined by
transferring a linear scale of standard deviates (K The type III (negative exponential) is the distribution
values) into probabilities for that distribution. The frequently used in hydrologic analysis. It is nonsym-
frequency curve for a distribution will be a straight metrical and is used with continuous random vari-
line on paper specifically designed for that distribu- ables. The probability density function can take on
tion. many shapes. Depending on the shape parameter, the
random variable range can be limited on the lower
Probability paper for logarithmic normal and extreme end, the upper end, or both. Three parameters are
value distributions is readily available. Distributions required to fit the Pearson type III distribution. The
with a varying shape statistic (log-Pearson III and location and scale parameters (mean and standard
gamma) require paper with a different probability deviation) are the same as those for the normal distri-
scale for each value of the shape statistic. For these bution. The shape (or third) parameter is approxi-
distributions, a special plotting paper is not practical. mated by the sample skew.
The log-Pearson III and gamma distributions are
generally plotted on logarithmic normal probability When a logarithmic transformation is used, a lower
paper. The plotted frequency line may be curved, but bound of zero exists for all shape parameters. The log-
this is more desirable than developing a new probabil- Pearson type III is used to fit high and low discharge
ity scale each time these distributions are plotted. values, snow, and volume duration data.

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(3) Two-parameter gamma (4) Extreme value

The two-parameter gamma distribution is nonsymme- The extreme value distribution, another nonsymmetri-
trical and is used with continuous random variables to cal distribution used with continuous random vari-
fit high- and low-volume duration, stage, and discharge ables, has three main types. Type I is unbounded, type
data. Its probability density function has a lower limit II is bounded on the lower end, and type III is bounded
of zero and a defined upper limit of ∞. Two parameters on the upper end. The type I (Fisher-Tippett) is used
are required to fit the distribution: ß, a scale param- by the National Weather Service in precipitation
eter, and γ, a shape parameter. A detailed description analysis. Other Federal, state, local, and private orga-
of how to fit the distribution with the two parameters nizations also have publications based on extreme
and incomplete gamma function tables is in Technical value theory.
Publication (TP)–148 (Sammons 1966). As a close
approximation of this solution, a three-parameter (5) Binomial
Pearson type III fit can be made and exhibit 18–3 The binomial distribution, used with discrete random
tables used. The mean and γ must be computed and variables, is based on four assumptions:
converted to standard deviation and skewness param- • The random variable may have only one of two
eters. Greenwood and Durand (1960) provide a responses (for example, yes or no, successful or
method to calculate an approximation for γ that is a unsuccessful, flood or no flood).
function of the relationship (R) between the arithmetic • There will be n trials in the sample.
mean and geometric mean (Gm) of the sample data: • Each trial will be independent.
1 • The probability of a response will be constant
[ ]
Gm = X 1 ( X 2 )( X 3 ) K ( X N ) N [18-9] from one trial to the next.

The binomial distribution is used in assessing risk,

 X  which is described later in the chapter.
R = ln   [18-10]
 Gm 
(d) Cumulative distribution curve
where:
ln = natural logarithm Selected percentage points on the cumulative distribu-
tion curve for normal, Pearson III, or gamma distribu-
If 0 < R < 0.5772 tions can be computed with the sample mean, stan-
(
γ = R −1 0.5000876 + 0.1648852R − 0.0544274 R 2 [18-11] ) dard deviation, and skewness. Exhibit 18–3 contains
standard deviate (Kp) values for various values of
skewness and probabilities. The equation used to
If 0.5772 < R < 17.0 compute points along the cumulative distribution
curve is:
8.898919 + 9.059950R + 0.9775373R 2
γ= Q = X + K pS
( )
[18–15]
R 17.79728 + 11.968477 R + R 2 [18-12]

where:
If R > 17.0 the shape approaches a log-normal distribu- Q = random variable value at a selected exceedance
tion, and a log-normal solution may be used. probability
X = sample mean
The standard deviation and skewness can now be S = sample standard deviation
computed from γ and the mean:
If a logarithmic transformation has been applied to the
X
S= [18–13]
data, then the equation becomes:
γ log Q = X + K pS [18–16]

2
G= [18-14]
γ

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where: Example 18–1 illustrates the development of a log-

X and S are based on the moments of the logarithmi- Pearson type III distribution curve. Example 18–2
cally transformed sample data. shows the development of a two-parameter gamma
frequency curve.
With the mean, standard deviation, and skew com-
puted, a combination of Kp values from exhibit 18–3
and either equation 18–15 or 18–16 is used to calculate
specified points along the cumulative distribution
curve.

Example 18–1 Development of log-normal and log-Pearson III frequency curves

Given: Annual peak discharge data for East Fork San Juan River near Pagosa Springs, Colorado, (Station
09340000) are analyzed. Table 18–3 shows the water year (column 1) and annual peak values
(column 2). Other columns in the table are referenced by number in parentheses in the following
steps:

Solution: Step 1—Plot the data. Before plotting the data, arrange them in descending order (column 6).
Compute Weibull plotting positions, based on a sample size of 44, from equation 18–8 (column 7),
and then plot the data on logarithmic normal probability paper (fig. 18–1).

Step 2—Examine the trend of plotted data. The plotted data follow a single trend that is nearly a
straight line, so a log-normal distribution should provide an adequate fit. The log-Pearson type III
distribution is also included because it is computational, like the log normal.

Step 3—Compute the required statistics. Use common logarithms to transform the data (column
3). Compute the sample mean by using the summation of sample data logarithms and equation
18–1:
130.1245
X= = 2.957376
44

Compute differences between each sample logarithm and the mean logarithm. Use the sum of the
squares and cubes of the differences (columns 4 and 5) in computing the standard deviation and
skew. Compute the standard deviation of logarithms by using the sum of squares of the differ-
ences and the square root of equation 18–2:
0.5
 1.659318 
S=  = 0.1964403
(
 44 − 1 )
Compute the skew by using the sum of cubes of the differences (column 5) and equation 18–4:
44
G= × 0.02534 = 0.0756
( 44 − 1)( 44 − 2)(0.1964403) 3

For ease of use in next step, round skew value to the nearest tenth (G = 0.1).

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Example 18–1 Development of log-normal and log-Pearson III frequency curves—Continued

Table 18–3 Basic statistics data for example 18–1 (Station 09340000 E. Fork San Juan River near Pagosa Springs, CO,
Drainage area = 86.9 mi2 Elevation = 7,597.63 feet)

Water Peak X= (X − X ) 2 (X − X ) 3 Ordered Weibull

year (ft3/s) log (peak) peak plot
(ft3/s) position
100M/ (N+1)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

1935 1,480 3.170260 0.0453200 0.0096479 2,460 2.2

1936 931 2.968948 0.0001339 0.0000015 2,070 4.4
1937 1,120 3.049216 0.0084347 0.0007747 1,850 6.7
1938 1,670 3.222715 0.0704052 0.0186813 1,670 8.9
1939 580 2.763427 0.0376161 -0.0072956 1,550 11.1
1940 606 2.782472 0.0305914 -0.0053505 1,510 13.3
1941 2,070 3.315969 0.1285889 0.0461111 1,480 15.6
1942 1,330 3.123850 0.0277137 0.0046136 1,410 17.8
1943 830 2.919077 0.0014668 -0.0000562 1,340 20.0
1944 1,410 3.149218 0.0368034 0.0070604 1,330 22.2
1945 1,140 3.056904 0.0099059 0.0009859 1,320 24.4
1946 590 2.770850 0.0347917 -0.0064895 1,270 26.7
1947 724 2.859737 0.0095332 -0.0009380 1,270 28.9
1948 1,510 3.178975 0.0491064 0.0108819 1,170 31.1
1949 1,270 3.103803 0.0214409 0.0031395 1,140 33.3
1950 463 2.665580 0.0851447 -0.0248449 1,120 35.6
1951 709 2.850645 0.0113914 -0.0012158 1,070 37.8
1952 1,850 3.267170 0.0959725 0.0297318 1,050 40.0
1953 1,050 3.021188 0.0040720 0.0002598 1,030 42.2
1954 550 2.740361 0.0470952 -0.0102203 934 44.4
1955 557 2.745853 0.0447416 -0.0094638 931 46.7
1956 1,170 3.068185 0.0122787 0.0013606 923 48.9
1957 1,550 3.190331 0.0542680 0.0126420 880 51.1
1958 1,030 3.012836 0.0030758 0.0001706 865 53.3
1959 388 2.588830 0.1358257 -0.0500580 856 55.6
1960 865 2.937015 0.0004146 -0.0000084 856 57.8
1961 610 2.785329 0.0296001 -0.0050926 830 60.0
1962 880 2.944481 0.0001663 -0.0000021 820 62.2
1963 490 2.690195 0.0713854 -0.0190728 776 64.4
1964 820 2.913813 0.0018977 -0.0000827 724 66.7
1965 1,270 3.103803 0.0214409 0.0031395 709 68.9
1966 856 2.932472 0.0006202 -0.0000154 610 71.1
1967 1,070 3.029383 0.0051850 0.0003734 606 73.3
1968 934 2.970345 0.0001682 0.0000022 600 75.6
1969 856 2.932472 0.0006202 -0.0000154 590 77.8
1970 2,460 3.390934 0.1879728 0.0814972 580 80.0
1971 515 2.711805 0.0603047 -0.0148090 557 82.2
1972 422 2.625311 0.1102667 -0.0366157 550 84.4
1973 1,340 3.127104 0.0288077 0.0048895 515 86.7
1974 490 2.690195 0.0713854 -0.0190728 490 88.9
1975 1,320 3.120572 0.0266331 0.0043464 490 91.1
1976 923 2.965200 0.0000612 0.0000005 463 93.3
1977 600 2.778150 0.0321219 -0.0057571 422 95.6
1978 776 2.889860 0.0045583 -0.0003078 388 97.8
Summation 130.1245 1.659318 0.023534

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Example 18–1 Development of log-normal and log-Pearson III frequency curves—Continued

Step 4—Verify selection of distributions. Use exhibit 18–3 to obtain K values for required skew
at sufficient exceedance probabilities to define the frequency curve. Use the mean, standard
deviation, skew, and equation 18–16 to compute discharges at the selected exceedance probabili-
ties. Exhibit 18–3 K values and discharge computations are shown in table 18–4. Plot the fre-
quency curves on the same graph as the sample data (fig. 18–1). A comparison between the
plotted frequency curve and the sample data verifies the selection of the distributions. Other
distributions can be tested the same way.

Table 18–4 Frequency curve solutions for example 18–1

Exceed. Exhibit 18–3 Log Q= Log- Exhibit 18–3 Log Q = Log

prob. K value X +KS normal K value X +KS Pearson III
discharges discharges
(q) (G = 0.0) (ft3/s) (G = 0.1) (ft3/s)

0.999 -3.09023 2.35033 224 -2.94834 2.37820 239

.998 -2.87816 2.39199 247 -2.75706 2.41578 260
.995 -2.57583 2.45138 283 -2.48187 2.46984 295
.99 -2.32635 2.50039 317 -2.25258 2.51488 327
.98 -2.05375 2.55394 358 -1.99973 2.56455 367
.96 -1.75069 2.61347 411 -1.71580 2.62032 417
.90 -1.28155 2.70563 508 -1.27037 2.70782 510
.80 -0.84162 2.79205 620 -0.84611 2.79117 618
.70 -0.52440 2.85436 715 -0.53624 2.85204 711
.60 -0.25335 2.90761 808 -0.26882 2.90457 803
.50 0.0 2.95738 907 -0.01662 2.95411 900
.40 0.25335 3.00714 1,017 0.23763 3.00406 1,009
.30 0.52440 3.06039 1,149 0.51207 3.05797 1,143
.20 0.84162 3.12270 1,326 0.83639 3.12168 1,323
.10 1.28155 3.20912 1,619 1.29178 3.21113 1,626
.04 1.75069 3.30128 2,001 1.78462 3.30795 2,032
.02 2.05375 3.36082 2,295 2.10697 3.37127 2,351
.01 2.32635 3.41436 2,596 2.39961 3.42876 2,684
.005 2.57583 3.46337 2,907 2.66965 3.48180 3,033
.002 2.87816 3.52276 3,332 2.99978 3.54665 3,521
.001 3.09023 3.56442 3,668 3.23322 3.59251 3,913

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Example 18–1 Development of log-normal and log-Pearson III frequency curves—Continued

Figure 18–1 Data and frequency curves for example 18–1

Normal standard deviates (Kn)

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
4,000

3,000

2,000
Peak discharge (cfs)

1,000
900

800

700

600

500

400

09340000
1935-1978
300 Annual peak
discharge
Log-normal distribution
Log-Pearson III

200
99.9 99.5 99 98 96 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 4 2 1 0.5 0.1
Percent chance (100 x probability)

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Example 18–1 Development of log-normal and log-Pearson III frequency curves—Continued

Step 5—Check the sample for outliers. Kn values, based on sample size, are obtained from exhibit
18–1. The Kn value for a sample of 44 is 2.945. Compute the log-normal high outlier criteria from the
mean, the standard deviation, the outlier K value, and equation 18–16:
log QHI = 2.957376 + (2.945)(0.1964403)
= 3.5359
QHI = 3, 435 ft 3 / s

Use the negative of the outlier Kn value in equation 18–16 to compute the low outlier criteria:
log QLO = 2.957376 + ( −2.945)(0.1964403)
= 2.37886
QLO = 239 ft 3 / s

Because all of the sample data used in example 18–1 are between QHI and QLO, there are no outliers
for the log-normal distribution.

High and low outlier criteria values for skewed distributions can be found by use of the high and
low probability levels from exhibit 18–1. Read discharge values from the plotted log-Pearson III
frequency curve at the probability levels listed for the sample size (in this case, 44). The high and
low outlier criteria values are 3,700 and 250 cubic feet per second. Because all sample data are
between these values, there are no outliers for the log-Pearson III distribution.

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Example 18–2 Development of a two-parameter gamma frequency curve

Given: Table 18–5 contains 7-day mean low flow data for the Patapsco River at Hollifield, Maryland,
(Station 01589000) including the water year (column 1) and 7-day mean low flow values (column
2). The remaining columns are referenced in the following steps.

Solution: Step 1—Plot the data. Before plotting, arrange the data in ascending order (column 3). Weibull
plotting positions are computed based on the sample size of 34 from equation 18–8 (column 4).
Ordered data are plotted at the computed plotting positions on logarithmic-normal probability
paper (fig. 18–2).

Step 2—Examine the trends of the plotted data. The data plot as a single trend with a slightly
concave downward shape.

Step 3—Compute the required statistics. Compute the gamma shape parameter, γ, from the
sample data (column 3), equations 18–1, 18–9, and 18–10, and either equation 18–11 or 18–12.
1876
X= = 55.17647
34
1
Gm = ( 3.308266 × 10 55 ) 34 = 42.94666

 55.17647 
R = ln   = 0.25058
 42.9466 

Because R <0.5772 use equation 18–11 to compute γ.

 1 
γ = ( )( ) ( )( 2
 0.5000876 + 0.1648852 0.25058 − 0.0544274 0.25058 
 0.25058   
)
γ = 2.14697

Using the mean and γ, compute the standard deviation and skew from equations 18–13 and
18–14:
55.17647
S= = 37.65658
2.14697
2
G= = 1.36495
2.14697

For ease of use in next step, round skew value to the nearest tenth (G = 1.4).

Step 4—Compute the frequency curve. Use exhibit 18–3 to obtain K values for the required skew
at sufficient probability levels to define the frequency curve. Compute discharges at the selected
probability levels (p) by equation 18–15. Exhibit 18–3 K values and computed discharges are
shown in table 18–6. Then plot the frequency curve on the same graph as the sample data (fig.
18–2). Compare the plotted data and the frequency curve to verify the selection of the two-
parameter gamma distribution.

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Example 18–2 Development of a two-parameter gamma frequency curve—Continued

Step 5—Check the sample for outliers. Obtain outlier probability levels from exhibit 18–1 for a
sample size of 34. The probability levels are 0.9977863 and 0.0022137. From figure 18–2 read the
discharge rates associated with these probability levels. The outlier criteria values are 220 and 3.3
cubic feet per second. Because all sample data are between these values, there are no outliers.

Step 6—Estimate discharges. Use the frequency curve to estimate discharges at desired prob-
ability levels.

Figure 18–2 Data and frequency curve for example 18–2

Normal standard deviates (Kn)

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
400

300

200 01589000
1946-1979
7 Day
low flow

100
80

60
50
40
7 Day low flow (ft3/s)

30

20

10
8

6
5
4

1
99.9 99.5 99 98 96 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 4 2 1 0.5 0.1
Percent chance (100 x probability)

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Example 18–2 Development of a two-parameter gamma frequency curve—Continued

Table 18–5 Basic statistics data for example 18–2 Table 18–6 Solution of frequency curve for example
18–2

Water 7-Day Ordered Weibull Prob. (p) Exhibit 18–3 K Q = X + KS

year mean low data plot position value
flow (ft3/s) (ft3/s) 100 M/(N + 1) (G = 1.4)
(1) (2) (3) (4)

0.999 5.09505 247.0

1946 107 11 2.9
1947 127 15 5.7 .998 4.55304 227.0
1948 79 16 8.6 .995 3.82798 199.0
1949 145 17 11.4 .99 3.27134 178.0
1950 110 19 14.3
.98 2.70556 157.0
1951 98 20 17.1
1952 99 22 20.0 .96 2.12768 135.0
1953 168 23 22.9 .90 1.33665 106.0
1954 60 23 25.7 .80 0.70512 82.0
1955 20 25 28.6
.70 0.31307 67.0
1956 23 25 31.4
1957 51 25 34.3 .60 0.01824 56.0
1958 17 27 37.1 .50 – 0.22535 47.0
1959 52 32 40.0 .40 – 0.43949 39.0
1960 25 40 42.9
.30 – 0.63779 31.0
1961 43 43 45.7
1962 27 44 48.6 .20 – 0.83223 24.0
1963 16 47 51.4 .10 –1.04144 16.0
1964 11 48 54.3 .04 – 1.19842 10.0
1965 19 50 57.1
.02 – 1.26999 7.4
1966 22 51 60.0
1967 15 52 62.9 .01 – 1.31815 5.5
1968 47 59 65.7 .005 – 1.35114 4.3
1969 32 60 68.6 .002 – 1.37981 3.2
1970 25 69 71.4
.001 – 1.39408 2.7
1971 25 79 74.3
1972 59 80 77.1
1973 69 98 80.0
1974 50 99 82.9
1975 44 107 85.7
1976 80 110 88.6
1977 40 127 91.4
1978 23 145 94.3
1979 48 168 97.1

Sum 1,876
Product 3.308266 x 1055

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National Engineering Handbook

(e) Data considerations in distribution is found that appears to have fewer outli-
analysis ers, repeat the outlier detection process. If no better
model is found, treat the outliers in the following order
(1) Outliers of preference:
If the population model is correct, outliers are popula- 1. Reduce their weight or impact on the frequency
tion elements that occur, but are highly unlikely to curve.
occur in a sample of a given size. Therefore, outliers 2. Eliminate the outliers from the sample.
can result from sampling variation or from using the 3. Retain the outliers in the sample.
incorrect probability model. After the most likely
probability model is selected, outlier tests can be When historic data are available, high outlier weight-
performed for evaluating extreme events. ing can be reduced using appendix 6, Water Resources
Council (WRC) Bulletin #17B (1982). If such data are
Outliers can be detected by use of test criteria in not available, decide whether to retain or delete the
exhibit 18–1. Critical standard deviates (Kn values) for high outliers. This decision involves judgment con-
the normal distribution can be taken from the exhibit. cerning the impact of the outliers on the frequency
Critical K values for other distributions are computed curve and its intended use. Low outliers can be given
from the probability levels listed in the exhibit. Critical reduced weighting by treating them as missing data as
K values are used in either equation 18–15 or 18–16, outlined in appendix 5, WRC Bulletin #17B.
along with sample mean and standard deviation, to
determine an allowable range of sample element Although WRC Bulletin #17B was developed for peak
values. flow frequency analysis, many of the methods are
applicable to other types of data.
The detection process is iterative:
1. Use sample statistics, X— and S, and K, with (2) Mixed distributions
equation 18–15 or 18–16 to detect a single outlier. A mixed distribution occurs when at least two events
2. Delete detected outliers from the sample. in the population result from different causes. In flow
3. Recompute sample statistics without the outli- frequency analysis, a sample of annual peak dis-
ers. charges at a given site can be drawn from a single
4. Begin again at step 1. distribution or mixture of distributions. A mixture
occurs when the series of peak discharges are caused
Continue the process until no outliers are detected. by various types of runoff-producing events, such as
High and low outliers can exist in a sample data set. generalized rainfall, local thunderstorms, hurricanes,
snowmelt, or any combination of these.
Two extreme values of about the same magnitude are
not likely to be detected by this outlier detection Previously discussed frequency analysis techniques
procedure. In these cases delete one value and check may be valid for mixed distributions. If the mixture is
to see if the remaining value is an outlier. If the re- caused by a single or small group of values, these
maining value is an outlier, then both values should be values may appear as outliers. After these values are
called outliers or neither value should be called an identified as outliers, the sample can then be analyzed.
outlier. However, if the number of values departing from the
trend of the data becomes significant, a second trend
The detection process depends on the distribution of may be evident. Two or more trends may be evident
the data. A positive skewness indicates the possibility when the data are plotted on probability paper.
of high outliers, and a negative skewness indicates the
possibility of low outliers. Thus, samples with a posi- Populations with multiple trends cause problems in
tive skew should be tested first for high outliers, and analysis. The skewness of the entire sample is greater
samples with negative skew should be tested first for than the skewness of samples that are separated by
low outliers. cause. The larger skewness causes the computed
frequency curve to differ from the sample data plot in
If one or more outliers are detected, another frequency the region common to both trends.
distribution should be considered. If a frequency

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Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

The two methods that can be used to develop a mixed least the upper half of the frequency range of the
distribution frequency curve are illustrated in example series. The standard deviation and mean are developed
18–3. The preferred method (method 1) involves by use of the expected values of normal order statis-
separating the sample data by cause, analyzing the tics. The equations are:
separated data, and combining the frequency curves.
The detailed procedure is as follows:  N 
2 
 ∑X 
  N 2   i = 1 i  
Step 1—Determine the cause for each annual event. If  ∑ 1  X − 
 i =1  n
S2 =  
a specific cause cannot be found for each event,
method 1 cannot be used.  2 
 N   [18–18]
∑
  N   i = 1 i 
K

Step 2—Separate the data into individual series for   ∑ Ki  − 
each cause in step 1. Some events may be common to   i = 1  n 
more than one series and, therefore, belong to more
than one series. For example, snowmelt and general-
2
ized rainfall could form an event that would belong to N 
S ∑ Ki 
both series. N   i =1  [18–19]
X =  ∑ Xi  −
 i =1  n
Step 3—Collect the necessary data to form an annual
series for each cause. Some series will not have an
event for each year. An example of this is a hurricane where:
series in an area where hurricanes occur about once n = number of elements in the truncated series
every 10 years. If insufficient data for any series are a Ki = expected value of normal order statistics for
problem, then the method needs a truncated series the ith element of the complete sample
with conditional probability adjustment. See appendix
5, WRC Bulletin #17B. Expected values of normal order statistics are shown
in exhibit 18–2 at the back of this chapter.
Step 4—Compute the statistics and frequency curve
for each annual series separately. (3) Incomplete record and zero flow years
An incomplete record refers to a sample in which
Step 5—Use the addition rule of probability to com- some data are missing either because they were too
bine the computed frequency curves. low or too high to record or because the measuring
{ } { } { } [ { } { }]
P A∪B = P A +P B − P A ×P B [18–17] device was out of operation. In most instances, the
agency collecting the data provides estimates for
missing high flows. When the missing high values are
where: estimated by someone other than the collecting
P{A ∪ B} = probability of an event of given magni- agency, it should be documented and the data collec-
tude occurring from either or both tion agency advised. Most agencies do not routinely
series provide estimates of low flow values. The procedure
P{A} and P{B} = probabilities of an event of given that accounts for missing low values is a conditional
magnitude occurring from each probability adjustment explained in appendix 5 of
series WRC Bulletin #17B.
[P{A} x P{B} = probability of an event from each
series occurring in a single year Data sets containing zero values present a problem
when one uses logarithmic transformations. The
An alternative method (method 2) that requires only logarithm of zero is undefined and cannot be included.
the sample data may be useful in estimating the fre- When a logarithmic transformation is desired, zeros
quency curve for q < 0.5. This method is less reliable should be treated as missing low data.
than method 1 and requires that at least the upper half
of the data be generally normal or log-normal if log-
transformed data are used. A straight line is fitted to at

18–18 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

(4) Historic data or historic, have occurred. Historic data may be ob-
At many locations, information is available about tained from other agencies, from newspapers, or by
major hydrologic occurrences either before or after interviews. A procedure for incorporating historic data
the period of systematic data collection. Such informa- into the frequency analysis is in appendix 6 of WRC
tion, called historic data, can be used to adjust the Bulletin # 17B.
frequency curve. The historic data define an extended
time period during which rare events, either recorded

Example 18–3 Development of a mixed distribution frequency curve by separating the data by cause and by using at least
the upper half of the data

Method 1 The Causative Factor Method

Given: Annual peak discharge data for Carson River near Carson City, Nevada, (Station 10311000)
are given in table 18–7. Column 1 contains the water year, and column 2 contains annual
peak discharge. The other columns are referenced in the following steps:

Table 18–7 Annual peak discharge data for example 18–3

Water Annual Ordered Weibull Water Annual Ordered Weibull

year peak annual plotting year peak annual plotting
discharge peaks position discharge peaks position
(ft3/s) (ft3/s) 100M/(N + 1) (ft3/s) (ft3/s) 100M/(N + 1)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (4)

1939 541 30,000 2.6 1958 3,100 2,160 52.6

1940 2,300 21,900 5.3 1959 1,690 1,990 55.3
1941 2,430 15,500 7.9 1960 1,100 1,970 57.9
1942 5,300 8,740 10.5 1961 808 1,950 60.5
1943 8,500 8,500 13.2 1962 1,950 1,950 63.2
1944 1,530 5,300 15.8 1963 21,900 1,930 65.8
1945 3,860 4,430 18.4 1964 1,160 1,900 68.4
1946 1,930 4,190 21.1 1965 8,740 1,870 71.1
1947 1,950 3,860 23.7 1966 1,280 1,690 73.7
1948 1,870 3,750 26.3 1967 4,430 1,530 76.3
1949 2,420 3,480 28.9 1968 1,390 1,410 78.9
1950 2,160 3,480 31.6 1969 4,190 1,390 81.6
1951 15,500 3,330 34.2 1970 3,480 1,330 84.2
1952 3,750 3,180 36.8 1971 2,260 1,280 86.8
1953 1,900 3,100 39.5 1972 1,330 1,160 89.5
1954 1,970 2,430 42.1 1973 3,330 1,100 92.1
1955 1,410 2,420 44.7 1974 3,180 808 94.7
1956 30,000 2,300 47.4 1975 3,480 541 97.4
1957 1,900 2,260 50.0

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Example 18–3 Development of a mixed distribution frequency curve by separating the data by cause and by using at least
the upper half of the data—Continued

Procedure: Step 1—Plot the data. Before plotting, order the data from high to low (column 3). Compute
plotting positions using sample size of 37 and equation 18–8 (column 4). Then plot ordered
data at the computed plotting positions on logarithmic-normal probability paper (fig. 18–3).

Step 2—Examine the plotted data. The data plot in an S-shape with a major trend break at 20
percent chance.

Figure 18–3 Annual peak discharge data for example 18–3

Normal standard deviates (Kn)

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
4,000

3,000

2,000

10,000

8,000
Peak discharge (ft3/s)

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000
10311000
800 1939-1975
Annual peak
discharges
600

500

400
99.9 99.5 99 98 96 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 4 2 1 0.5 0.1
Percent chance (100 x probability)

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Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Example 18–3 Development of a mixed distribution frequency curve by separating the data by cause and by using at least
the upper half of the data—Continued

Step 3—Determine what caused the peak discharge. Based on streamgage and weather
records, two causative factors were rainfall and snowmelt. Annual peak discharge series for
each cause are tabulated in table 18–8.

Step 4—Plot each annual series. As in step 1, arrange the data in descending order (rainfall,
column 4; snowmelt, column 5) and compute plotting positions (column 6). Rainfall data are
plotted in figure 18–4, and snowmelt data are plotted in figure 18–5.

Table 18–8 Annual rainfall/snowmelt peak discharge for example 18–3

Water Annual Annual Ordered Ordered Weibull

year rainfall snowmelt rainfall snowmelt plot
peak peak peak peak position
discharge discharge discharge discharge
(ft3/s) (ft3/s) (ft3/s) (ft3/s) 100M/(N + 1)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1939 541 355 30,000 4,290 2.6

1940 1,770 2,300 21,900 4,190 5.3
1941 1,015 2,434 15,500 3,480 7.9
1942 5,298 2,536 8,740 3,330 10.5
1943 8,500 2,340 8,500 3,220 13.2
1944 995 1,530 5,298 3,100 15.8
1945 3,860 1,420 4,430 2,980 18.4
1946 1,257 1,930 3,860 2,759 21.1
1947 1,950 1,680 3,750 2,536 23.7
1948 755 1,870 3,560 2,460 26.3
1949 2,420 1,600 3,480 2,434 28.9
1950 1,760 2,158 2,172 2,417 31.6
1951 15,500 1,750 2,946 2,340 34.2
1952 3,750 2,980 2,590 2,300 36.8
1953 1,990 972 2,420 2,158 39.5
1954 1,970 1,640 2,260 2,010 42.1
1955 1,410 1,360 2,120 1,930 44.7
1956 30,000 3,220 1,990 1,900 47.4
1957 1,860 1,900 1,970 1,900 50.0
1958 2,120 3,100 1,950 1,870 52.6
1959 1,690 698 1,950 1,750 55.3
1960 1,090 895 1,860 1,680 57.9
1961 814 620 1,770 1,680 60.5
1962 1,950 1,900 1,760 1,640 63.2
1963 21,900 2,417 1,690 1,530 65.8
1964 1,160 800 1,410 1,420 68.4
1965 8,740 2,460 1,257 1,360 71.1
1966 920 1,280 1,160 1,360 73.7
1967 4,430 4,290 1,090 1,309 76.3
1968 936 1,360 1,015 1,280 78.9
1969 3,560 4,190 995 972 81.6
1970 3,480 2,010 975 895 84.2
1971 2,260 837 936 837 86.8
1972 975 1,309 920 800 89.5
1973 2,946 3,330 814 698 92.1
1974 3,172 2,759 755 620 94.7
1975 2,590 3,480 541 355 97.4

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Example 18–3 Development of a mixed distribution frequency curve by separating the data by cause and by using at least
the upper half of the data—Continued

Figure 18–4 Data and frequency curve for rainfall annual peaks in example 18–3

Normal standard deviates (Kn)

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
200,000

100,000
80,000

60,000
50,000
40,000

30,000

20,000
Peak discharge (ft3/s)

10,000
8,000

6,000
5,000
4,000

3,000

2,000
10311000
1939-1975
Rainfall
annual peaks

1,000
800

600
500
400
99.9 99.5 99 98 96 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 4 2 1 0.5 0.1
Percent chance (100 x probability)

18–22 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Example 18–3 Development of a mixed distribution frequency curve by separating the data by cause and by using at least
the upper half of the data—Continued

Figure 18–5 Data and frequency curve for snowmelt annual peaks in example 18–3

Normal standard deviates (Kn)

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000
Peak discharge (ft3/s)

1,000
900
800
700
600

500

400

300

200 10311000
1939-1975
Snowmelt
annual peaks

100
99.9 99.5 99 98 96 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 4 2 1 0.5 0.1
Percent chance (100 x probability)

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 18–23

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Example 18–3 Development of a mixed distribution frequency curve by separating the data by cause and by using at least
the upper half of the data—Continued

Step 5—Compute the required statistics. Using the procedure in step 3 of example 18–1,
compute the sample mean, standard deviation, and skewness for each series. The results of
these computations follow:

Series X S G Use G

Rainfall 3.37611 0.40385 1.03 1.0

Snowmelt 3.24241 0.24176 –0.77 –0.8

Step 6—Compute the log-Pearson m frequency curve for each series. The frequency curve
solution for each series, as computed in step 4 of example 18–1, is listed in table 18–9.
Log-Pearson frequency curves are plotted as for the rainfall and the snowmelt series in
figures 18–4 and 18–5, respectively.

Table 18–9 Frequency curve solutions for example 18–3

Exceed - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rainfall - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Snowmelt - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

prob. Exhibit 18–3 Log Q = Log- Exhibit 18–3 Log Q = Log-
K value X + KS Pearson III K value X + KS Pearson III
discharges discharges
(q) (G = 1.0) (ft3/s) (G = - 0.8) (ft3/s)

0.999 – 1.78572 2.65495 452 – 4.24439 2.21629 165

.998 – 1.74062 2.67316 471 – 3.84981 2.31168 205
.995 – 1.66390 2.70414 506 – 3.31243 2.44160 276
.99 – 1.53838 2.73464 543 – 2.89101 2.54348 350
.98 – 1.49188 2.77361 594 – 2.45298 2.64938 446
.96 – 1.36584 2.82452 668 – 1.99311 2.76056 576
.90 – 1.12762 2.92072 833 – 1.33640 2.91932 830
.80 – 0.85161 3.03219 1,077 – 0.77986 3.05387 1,132
.70 – 0.61815 3.12816 1,343 – 0.41309 3.14254 1,388
.60 – 0.39434 3.21686 1,648 – 0.12199 3.21292 1,633
.50 – 0.16397 3.30989 2,041 0.13199 3.27432 1,881
.40 0.08763 3.41150 2,579 0.36889 3.33159 2,146
.30 0.38111 3.53002 3,389 0.60412 3.38846 2,446
.20 0.75752 3.68203 4,809 0.85607 3.44937 2,814
.10 1.34099 3.91743 8,268 1.16574 3.52424 3,344
.04 2.04269 4.20105 15,887 1.44813 3.59251 3,913
.02 2.54206 4.40272 25,277 1.60604 3.63069 4,273
.01 3.02256 4.59677 39,516 1.73271 3.66131 4,585
.005 3.48874 4.78504 60,959 1.83660 3.68643 4,858
.002 4.08802 5.02706 106,428 1.94806 3.71337 5,169
.001 4.53112 5.20600 160,695 2.01739 3.73013 5,372

18–24 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Example 18–3 Development of a mixed distribution frequency curve by separating the data by cause and by using at least
the upper half of the data—Continued

Step 7—Check each sample for outliers. Read high and low outlier criterion values from the
frequency curve plots (figures 18–4 and 18–5) at the probability levels given in exhibit 18–1
for the sample size of 37. The high and low probability levels from exhibit 18–1 are 0.9980116
(99.8 percent) and 0.0019884 (0.2 percent). Outlier criterion values read from the plots are:

Series High outlier Low outlier

(ft3/s) criterion (ft3/s) criterion

Rainfall 106,000 470

Snowmelt 5,200 200

All of the rainfall and snowmelt data are between the outlier criterion values, so there are no
outliers.

Step 8—Combine the rainfall and snowmelt series frequency curves. For selected discharge
values, read the rainfall and snowmelt frequency curve probability levels from figures 18–4
and 18–5. Using equation 18–17, combine the probabilities for the two series. Table 18–10
contains the individual and combined probabilities of selected discharges. The snowmelt
frequency curve approaches an upper bound of 5,400 cubic feet per second; therefore, only
the rainfall curve is used above this value.

Step 9—Combine series frequency curve. Figure 18–6 shows the combined and annual
frequency curves plotted on the same sheet as the annual series. The combined series fre-
quency curve will not necessarily fit the annual series, as additional data were used to de-
velop it, but the curve does represent the combined effect of the two causes.

Table 18–10 Combination of frequency curves for example 18–3

Peak PR = P (rain) PS = P (snow) P = PR + PS - PRPS

discharge
(ft3/s)

600 0.98 0.955 0.999

830 .90 .90 .990
1,640 .60 .60 .840
2,450 .34 .30 .538
3,360 .30 .10 .370
4,840 .20 .005 .204
8,180 .10 --1/ .100
16,030 .04 -- .040
41,360 .01 -- .010
180,560 .001 -- .001
1/ Probability is too small to be considered.

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Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
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Example 18–3 Development of a mixed distribution frequency curve by separating the data by cause and by using at least
the upper half of the data—Continued

Figure 18–6 Annual and rain-snow frequency curves for example 18–3

Normal standard deviates (Kn)

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
200,000

100,000
80,000

60,000
50,000
40,000

30,000

20,000
Peak discharge (ft3/s)

10,000
8,000

6,000
5,000
4,000

3,000

2,000

10311000
1,000 1939-1975
Annual
800 Rain-snow

600
500
400
99.9 99.5 99 98 96 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 4 2 1 0.5 0.1
Percent chance (100 x probability)

18–26 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Example 18–3 Development of a mixed distribution frequency curve by separating the data by cause and by using at least
the upper half of the data—Continued

Method 2—Truncated Series

An alternative method of mixed distribution analysis is to fit a log-normal distribution to only part of the data.
At least the upper half of the data must be included and must be basically log-normal (i.e., approximate a
straight line when plotted on logarithmic-normal paper). Steps 1 and 2 of method 1 help to determine that the
data are mixed and that the major trend break occurs at 20 percent. While the upper half of the data include
data from both major trends, a log-normal fit is used as an illustration of the procedure.

Procedure: Steps 1 and 2—See method 1.

Step 3—Select K values. Select the normal K values for a sample size of 37 from exhibit
18–2. A tabulation of these values along with the ordered annual peaks and their logarithms
is in table 18–11.

Step 4—Plot the ordered annual peaks at the normal K values tabulated in table 18–11.
These are plotted in figure 18–7. For plotting the data, use the normal K-value scale at the top
of the figure.

Step 5—Compute the statistics based on the upper half of data. Use equations 18–18 and
18–19 to compute the mean and standard deviation from the sums given in table 18–11.


(
 260.757 − 70.11699
2
) 

 19 
S= 

 17. 25002 −
(
14.44423
2
) 

 19 


(14.44423)2  = 3.26103
(
X =  70.11699 ) − (0.56475)
2
19 
 

Step 6—Compute the log-normal frequency curve for the data. Use the same procedure as
explained in step 4 of example 18–1. As a log-normal curve is to be fit and it will be a straight
line on logarithmic-normal paper, solution of only two points is required.

Probability K normal Log Q = X + KS Q

level

0.50 0.0 3.26103 1,824

0.01 2.32635 4.57484 37,570

Step 7—Plot the computed frequency curve. The curve is plotted on the same page as the
sample data, figure 18–7.

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Example 18–3 Development of a mixed distribution frequency curve by separating the data by cause and by using at least
the upper half of the data—Continued

Table 18–11 Data and normal K values for example 18–3

Ordered Logarithm of Expected Expected

annual ordered normal normal
peaks peak K value K value
(ft3/s)
(1) (2) (3) (4)

30,000 4.47712 2.12928

21,900 4.34044 1.71659
15,500 4.19033 1.47676
8,740 3.94151 1.30016
8,500 3.92942 1.15677
5,300 3.72428 1.03390
4,430 3.64640 0.92496
4,190 3.62221 0.82605
3,860 3.58659 0.73465
3,750 3.57403 0.64902
3,480 3.54158 0.56793
3,480 3.54158 0.49042
3,330 3.52244 0.41576
3,180 3.50243 0.34336
3,100 3.49136 0.27272
2,430 3.38561 0.20342
2,420 3.38382 0.13509
2,300 3.36173 0.06739
2,260 3.35411 0.00000
2,160 –0.06739
1,990 –0.13509
1,970 –0.20342
1,950 –0.27272
1,950 –0.34336
1,930 –0.41576
1,900 –0.49042
1,870 –0.56793
1,690 –0.64902
1,530 –0.73465
1,410 –0.82605
1,390 –0.92496
1,330 –1.03390
1,280 –1.15677
1,160 –1.30016
1,100 –1.47676
808 –1.71659
541 –2.12928
Sum (values) 70.11699 14.44423
Sum (values2) 260.75700 17.25002

18–28 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
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Example 18–3 Development of a mixed distribution frequency curve by separating the data by cause and by using at least
the upper half of the data—Continued

Figure 18–7 Data and top half frequency curve for example 18–3

Normal standard deviates (Kn)

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
200,000

100,000
80,000

60,000
50,000
40,000

30,000

20,000
Peak discharge (ft3/s)

10,000
8,000

6,000
5,000
4,000

3,000

2,000

10311000
1,000 1939-1975
Annual peak
800 Discharges

600
500
400
99.9 99.5 99 98 96 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 4 2 1 0.5 0.1
Percent chance (100 x probability)

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(5) Frequency analysis reliability The possible errors in estimating flood frequencies are
(The information in this section originally appeared very large principally because of the chance of having
in U.S. Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic Engineering a nonrepresentative sample. Sometimes the occur-
Methods, Volume 3, Hydrologic Frequency Analysis rence of one or two abnormal floods can change the
(1975). This information concisely covers the main apparent exceedance frequency of a given magnitude
points of frequency reliability, including examples from once in 1,000 years to once in 200 years. Never-
based on flood frequencies.) theless, the frequency curve technique is considerably
better than any other tool available for some purposes
The reliability of frequency estimates is influenced by: and represents a substantial improvement over using
• Amount of information available. an array restricted to observed flows only.
• Variability of the events.
• Accuracy with which the data were measured. (6) Effects of watershed modification
The analysis of streamflow data is complicated by the
Amount of information available—Generally, fact that watershed conditions are rarely constant
errors of estimate are inversely proportional to the during the period of record. Fire, floods, changing land
square root of the number of independent items in the use, channel modification, reservoir construction, and
frequency array. Therefore, errors of estimates based land treatment all contribute to changes in the hydro-
on 40 years of record would normally be half as large logic responses of a watershed. If the changes are
as errors of estimates based on 10 years of record, significant, then standard statistical procedures cannot
other conditions being the same. be used to develop the frequency curve.

Variability of events—The variability of events in a

record is generally the most important factor affecting (f) Frequency analysis procedures
the reliability of frequency estimates. For example, the
ratio of the largest to the smallest annual flood of Obtain site information, historic data, and systematic
record on the Mississippi River at Red River Landing, data:
Louisiana, is about 2.7, whereas the ratio of the largest • Examine record period for changes in physical
to the smallest annual flood of record on the Kings conditions. Use only data that are from periods
River d Piedra, California, is about 100, or 35 times as of constant physical conditions (homogeneous).
great. Statistical studies show that as a consequence of • Estimate missing high data. The effort expended
this factor, a flow corresponding to a given frequency in estimating data depends on the use of the final
that can be estimated within 10 percent on the Missis- frequency analysis.
sippi River, can be estimated only within 40 percent on • Obtain historic information.
the Kings River.
Plot sample data:
Accuracy with which the data were measured— • Use normal (logarithmic normal) probability
The accuracy of data measurement normally has paper.
relatively small influence on the reliability of a fre- • Observe general trend of plotted data.
quency estimate. This is true because such errors • Select distribution:
ordinarily are not systematic and tend to cancel and — For single-trend data, select the distribution
because the influence of chance events is great in that best defines the population from which
comparison with that of measurement errors. For this the sample is drawn.
reason it is usually better to include an estimated — For multiple-trend data, use one of the mixed
magnitude for a major flood; for example, that was not distribution techniques.
recorded because of gage failure, rather than to omit it
from the frequency array even though its magnitude Compute frequency curve:
can only be estimated approximately. However, it is • Use sample statistics and distribution tables
advisable always to use the most reliable sources of (such as exhibit 18–3).
data and, in particular, to guard against systematic • Plot curve on the paper with sample data.
errors that result from using an unreliable rating
curve.

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• Compare general shape of curve with sample

data. If the computed curve does not fit the data, 630.1803 Flow duration
check for outliers or for another distribution that
may fit the population.
A flow duration curve indicates the percentage of time
Detect outliers: a streamflow was greater than or less than a specific
• Check for outliers according to the value of discharge during a period of record. A flow duration
skewness, high first for positive skewness and curve does not show the chronological sequence of
low first for negative skewness. flows. Because daily flows are nonrandom and
• Delete outliers and recompute sample statistics. nonhomogeneous, a flow duration curve cannot be
• Continue the process until no outliers remain in considered a frequency or probability curve. Duration
sample. curves are normally constructed from mean daily
flows.
Treat outliers and missing, low, and zero data.
• Check another frequency distribution model. Although a flow duration curve indicates only the
• For high outliers: distribution of mean daily flows that have been re-
— If historical data are available, use appendix corded, it can be used as an estimate of the flow
6, WRC Bulletin #17B. duration distribution expected. Flow duration curves
— If historic data are not available, decide help determine availability of streamflow for beneficial
whether outliers should be retained in the uses.
sample.
• For low outliers and missing, low, and zero data, USGS Water Supply Paper 1542-A (Searcy 1959) gives
use appendix 5, WRC Bulletin #17B. procedures for preparing and using flow duration
curves. Many flow duration curves are available in
Check reliability of results: USGS publications. Unpublished curves may be avail-
• Frequency curve estimates are based on prior able at USGS district offices.
experience and should be used with caution.
• Uncertainty of estimates increases as estimated
values depart from the mean.

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• No relationship exists between variables-random

630.1804 Correlation and variation.
• A relationship exists, but is nonlinear, such as a
regression parabolic or circular relationship.
• Data values can depart significantly from the
linear trend of the remaining data. The extreme
(a) Correlation analysis values not only can change the correlation coeffi-
cient, but also can change the sign of the correla-
Correlation is an index that measures the linear varia- tion coefficient.
tion between variables. While several correlation
coefficients exist, the most frequently used is the High correlation can be attributed to:
Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r): • Significant relationship between variables.
• Small sample size—For example, two points
( )( )
N
∑ X i − X Yi − Y defining a straight line will result in a correlation
i =1
r= coefficient of r = 1 or –1. Other small samples are
0.5
n 
( )2 i∑=1(Yi − Y)2 
n [18–20] influenced by this effect and may also have high
 ∑ Xi − X correlation values.
i = 1 
• Data clustering—Two data clusters, each with
low correlation, can exhibit high correlation
where: values. Each cluster acting as a unit value may
Xi and Yi = values of the ith observation of the two act as a small sample size.
variables X and Y, respectively
X and Y = means of the two samples The correlation between two variables will change if
N = number of common elements in the either of the variables is transformed nonlinearly. A
samples. new correlation coefficient should be developed for
the transformed variables and will apply only to the
Equation 18–20 is used to measure the relationship variables in their transformed state.
between two variables. As an example, one may be
interested in examining whether there is a significant
linear relationship between the T-year peak discharge (b) Regression
(Y) and the fraction of the drainage area in impervious
land cover (X). To examine this relationship, values Regression is a method of developing a relationship
for X and Y must be obtained from N watersheds with between a criterion variable (Y) and one or more
widely different values of the X variable, then using predictor variables (X), with the objective of predict-
equation 18–20, determine a quantitative index of the ing the criterion variable for given values of the predic-
relationship. tor variables.

Values of r range between +1 and –1. A correlation of Correlation analysis is quite different from regression
+1 indicates a perfect direct relationship between analysis, although they are frequently used together.
variables X and Y, while a correlation of –1 indicates a Regression is a predictive technique that distinguishes
perfect inverse relationship. Zero correlation indicates between the predictor and criterion variables. A re-
no linear relationship between the variables. Correla- gression equation that is developed to predict Y should
tion values between 0 and ±1 indicate the degree of not be transformed to predict the X variable for a
relationship between the variables. Figure 18–8 illus- given value of Y. Regression is based on an assump-
trates various linear correlation values between two tion that no error exists in the independent variable;
variables. errors occur only in the dependent variable. Thus,
regression is directional. Correlation is not directional
Because correlation coefficient values can be mislead- in that the correlation between Y and X is the same as
ing at times, the sample data should be plotted and that between X and Y. Also, correlation is different
examined. Some situations that may cause low corre- from regression in that correlation is only a standard-
lation values are: ized index of the degree of a linear relationship.

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Wang and Huber (1967) list additional assumptions Generally, hydrologic data do not meet all of the
that form the basis for regression as: assumptions of regression analysis, but regression is
• The predictor variables are statistically indepen- still used because it provides an easy method for
dent. analyzing many factors simultaneously. The error
• The variance of the criterion variable does not caused by failure to meet all of the assumptions is
change with changes in magnitude of the predic- generally minor.
tor variables.
• The observed values of the criterion variable are Forms of regression analysis include linear bivariate,
uncorrelated events. linear multiple, and curvilinear. The linear bivariate
• The population of the criterion variable is nor- regression relates a criterion variable (Y) and a single
mally distributed about the regression line for predictor variable (X) by using:
any fixed level of the predictor variables under Y = a + bX [18-21]
consideration.
where:
a and b = intercept and slope regression
coefficients, respectively

Figure 18–8 Linear correlation values

Y Y

X X
a. r~0.8 b. r~-0.8

Y Y

X X
c. r~-0.2 d. r~0

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Linear multiple regression relates a criterion variable (c) Evaluating regression equa-
(Y) and p predictor variables (Xj where j = 1, 2, . . ., p): tions
Y = b0 + b1X 1 + b 2 X 2 + K b p X p [18–22]
After the regression coefficients are developed, it is
necessary to examine the quality of a regression equa-
where:
tion. The following means of evaluating the quality are
bj(j = 0, 1,. . ., p) = partial regression coefficients
described:
• Analysis of the residuals.
The curvilinear regression technique is used when
• Standard error of estimate.
powers of the predictor variable(s) are included in the
• Coefficient of determination.
equation. For a single variable the following regression
• Analysis of the rationality of the sign and magni-
equation can be used:
tude of the regression coefficients.
Y = b0 + b1X + b 2 X 2 + K bq X q [18–23] • Analysis of the relative importance of the predic-
tor variables, as measured by the standardized
where: partial regression coefficients.
q = order of the polynomial
A residual is the difference between the value pre-
This equation can be expanded to include other pre- dicted with the regression equation and the criterion
dictor variables. variable. A residual measures the amount of criterion
variation left unexplained by the regression equation.
More than one regression equation can be derived to The least squares concept assumes that the residual
fit data, so some technique must be selected to evalu- should exhibit the following properties:
ate the "best fit" line. The method of least squares is • Mean value equals zero.
generally used because it minimizes the sum of the • Independent of criterion and predictor variables.
square of the differences between the sample criterion • Variance is constant.
values and the estimated criterion values. • Have a normal distribution.

A cause-and-effect relationship is implied between the The mean of zero is easily verified by simply summing
predictor and the criterion variables. If there is no the residuals; a nonzero mean may result if not enough
physical relationship between a predictor and the digits are used in the partial regression coefficients.
criterion, do not use the predictor. Always carefully Their independence and constant variance can be
examine the sign of the coefficients for rationality. Do checked by plotting the residuals against the criterion
not use any equation outside the range of the sample and each predictor. Such plots should not exhibit any
data that were used to derive the coefficients. noticeable trends. Figure 18–9 illustrates some general
trends that might occur when residuals are plotted.
A detailed procedure of how to develop regression Nonconstant variance generally indicates an incorrect
equations is not given in this chapter. Regression model form.
analysis is usually performed by use of programmed
procedures on a calculator or computer. The following In theory the residuals are normally distributed. The
section highlights the basic concepts and terminology distribution can often be identified by use of a fre-
of regression analysis. quency analysis. However, if the sample is small,
conclusive statements are difficult to make about the
distribution of the residuals. Frequently, the model can
be improved if a cause for a residual or trend in residu-
als is found.

Just as the individual residuals are of interest, the

moments of the residuals are also worth examining.
While the mean of the residuals is zero, the standard
deviation of the residuals is called the standard error

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of estimate, which is denoted by Se and is computed The degrees of freedom equal the number of indepen-
by: dent pieces of information required to form the esti-
mate. For a regression equation, this equals the num-
N ˆ
( ) 
2
 ∑ Yi − Yi  ber of observations in the data sample minus the
Se =  i =1  number of unknowns estimated from the data. A
 df  [18–24] regression equation with p predictor variables and an
  intercept coefficient would have N – p – 1 degrees of
 
freedom.

where: Compare Se with the standard deviation of the crite-

Ŷ i = predicted value rion variable (Sy) as a measure of the quality of a
Yi = observed value of the ith observation on the regression equation. Both Se and Sy have the same
criterion variable units as the criterion variable. If the regression equa-
df = degrees of freedom tion does not provide a good fit to the observed values

Figure 18–9 Sample plots of residuals

Residual

Residual

Variable Variable

a. Constant variance b. Increasing variance

Residual

Residual

Variable Variable

c. Linear dependence d. Nonlinear dependence

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of the criterion variable, then Se should approach Sy, significantly by including a predictor variable that is
with allowance being made for the differences in highly correlated with one or more other predictor
degrees of freedom (Se has N – p – 1 while Sy has variables in the equation.
N – 1). However, if the regression provides a good fit,
Se will approach zero. Thus, Se can be compared with Regression equations can be developed for any num-
the two extremes, zero and Sy, to assess the quality of ber of predictor variables, but selecting the proper
the regression. number is important. Having too few predictor vari-
ables may reduce the accuracy of the criterion esti-
The part of the total variation in the criterion variable mate. Having too many makes the equation more
that is explained by the regression equation should be complex than necessary and wastes time and money in
considered. This part is called the coefficient of deter- collecting and processing unneeded data that do not
mination and can be computed by: significantly improve accuracy.

( )
N 2
∑ Yˆ i − Y Step-type regressions can be used to evaluate the
i =1
r2 = importance (significance) of individual predictor
( )2
N [18–25] variables in a regression equation. A step consists of
∑ Yi − Y
i =1 adding or deleting a predictor variable from the regres-
sion equation and measuring the increase or decrease
in the ability of the equation to predict the criterion
The value of r2 ranges from zero to one, with a value of
variable.
zero indicating no relationship between the criterion
and predictor variables and a value of one indicating a
The significance of predictor variables and the total
perfect fit of the sample data to the regression line.
equation are evaluated by using F-tests. Two F-tests
The value of r2 is a decimal percentage of the variation
are used, the partial F-test (Fp) checks the significance
in Y explained by the regression equation.
of predictor variables that are added or deleted from a
regression equation. The total F-test (Ft) checks the
An inverse relationship between r2 and Se is:
significance of the entire regression equation. The
Se = S 1 − r 2 [18–26] partial F-test is computed by:

While this relationship may be acceptable for large

=
(r − r )
2
p
2
p− 1

(1 − r )
FP
samples, it should not be used for small samples 2
p [18–27]
because Se is based on N – p – 1 degrees of freedom,
while S is based on N – 1 degrees of freedom and r2 is (N − p − 1)
based on N degrees of freedom. Therefore, equations
18–24 and 18–25 should be used to compute Se and r2.
where:
A regression equation describes the relationship that rp and rp-1 = coefficients of determination for the p
exists between the variables, with a partial regression and p – 1 predictor models
coefficient reflecting the effect of the corresponding
predictor variable on the criterion variable. As such, The equation is significant if the computed F is greater
the magnitude and sign of each coefficient should be than the value found in an F distribution table. The
checked for rationality. While the rationality of the degrees of freedom needed for use of the F table are
magnitude of a coefficient is sometimes difficult to 1(df1) and N – p – l (df2). F distribution tables for 0.05
assess, the rationality of the sign of the coefficient is and 0.01 levels of significance are in most standard
generally easy to assess. Irrationality of either sign or statistics texts. The 0.05 probability table is generally
magnitude often results from significant correlations used.
between predictor variables. Thus, the use of highly
correlated predictor variables should be avoided. The
potential accuracy of estimates is rarely increased

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Ft is computed by: 2. Plot every combination of one variable vs. an-

other to examine data trends.
rp2 3. Make adjustments, such as transformation of
p data, if required. This step is optional.
Ft =
(1 − r ) 2
p [18–28]
4. Compute linear correlation coefficients between
each pair of variables.
(N − p − 1) (2) Regression
The procedure for regression is:
where: 1. Compile a list of predictor variables that are
p = number of predictors in the equation related to the criterion variable by some physical
r2p = coefficient of determination for the p predictor relationship and for which data are available.
equation 2. Plot each predictor variable versus the criterion
variable.
The degrees of freedom required to use the tables are 3. Determine the form of the desired equation; i.e.,
p(df1) and N – p – 1(df2). linear or curvilinear.
4. Compute the correlation matrix; i.e., the correla-
Step backward regression starts with all predictors in tion coefficient between each pair of variables.
the regression equation. The least important predictor 5. Compute the regression coefficients for the
is deleted and the Fp computed. If the predictor is not predictor variable(s) that have high correlation
significant, the next least important of the remaining coefficients with the criterion variable and low
predictors is deleted and the process repeated. When a correlation coefficients with any other included
significant predictor is found, the previous equation predictor variables.
that includes that predictor should be used. 6. Compute standard error of estimate, Se; standard
deviation of the criterion variable, Sy; and the
Step forward regression starts with the most impor- coefficient of determination, r2.
tant predictor as the only variable in the equation. The 7. Evaluate the regression equation by the follow-
most important of the remaining predictors is added ing methods:
and the Fp computed. If this predictor is significant, • Standard error of estimate has the bounds
the next most important of the remaining predictors is 0 ≤ Se ≤ Sy; as Se —> 0 more of the variance is
added and the process repeated. When a nonsignifi- explained by the regression.
cant predictor is found, the previous equation that • Coefficient of determination has the bounds
does not include that predictor should be used. 0 ≤ r2 ≤ 1; as r2 —> 1 the better the "fit" is of
the regression line to the data.
Stepwise regression combines features of both step • Partial and total F-tests are used to evaluate
backward and step forward regression. Stepwise is each predictor and total equation significance.
basically a step forward regression with a step back- • The sign of each regression coefficient should
ward partial F test of all predictors in the equation be compared to the correlation coefficient for
after each step. When predictors are added to an the appropriate predictor criterion. The signs
equation, two or more may combine their prediction should be the same.
ability to make previously included predictors insig- • Examine the residuals to identify deficiencies
nificant. As these "older" predictors are no longer in the regression equation and check the
needed in the equation, they are deleted. assumptions of the model.
• If regression equation accuracy is not accept-
able, reformulate the regression equation or
(d) Procedures transform some of the variables. A satisfac-
tory solution is not always possible from data
(1) Correlation available.
The procedure for correlation is:
1. Determine that a cause-and-effect relationship Example 18–4 illustrates the development of a mul-
exists for all variable pairs to be tested. tiple regression equation.

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Example 18–4 Development of a multiple regression equation

Given: Peak flow data for watershed W-11, Hastings, Nebraska, are used. Table 18–12 contains basic
data for peak flow and three other variables.

Solution: Step 1—Plot one variable versus another to establish that a linear or nonlinear data trend
exists. Figure 18–10 is a plot of peak flow (Y) versus maximum average 1-day flow (Xi).
Similar plots are done for all combinations of variable pairs. The plot indicates a linear trend
exists between peak flow and maximum average 1-day flow.

Step 2—Determine the linear correlation coefficients between each pair of variables. Table
18–12 contains the product of differences required for the computation. Use equation 18–20
to compute the linear correlation. The array of the computed linear correlations follows:

Linear Correlation Matrix

q=Y Q = X1 Qm = X2 P m = X3

Y 1.0000 0.9230 0.7973 0.5748

X1 1.0000 0.9148 0.7442
X2 1.0000 0.8611
X3 1.0000

Step 3—Develop a multiple regression equation based on maximum 1-day flow (X1) and
maximum monthly rainfall (X3). Maximum monthly runoff (X2) is not included as a predictor
because it is highly correlated (0.9148) with maximum average 1-day flow (X1). Predictor
variables should be correlated with the criterion, but not highly correlated with the other
predictors. Two highly correlated predictors will explain basically the same part of the crite-
rion variation. The predictor with the highest criterion correlation is retained. High correla-
tion between predictor variables may cause irrational regression coefficients. The following
regression coefficients were developed from a locally available multiple linear regression
computer program (Dixon 1975):
b0 = 0.0569
b1 = 0.1867
b2 = –0.0140

The regression equation is:

Y = 0.0569 + 0.1867X1 – 0.0140X3

In the equation, peak flow varies directly with the maximum average l-day flow and inversely
with maximum monthly rain. The inverse relationship between Y and X3 is not rational and
should be included only if the increased significance is meaningful.

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 Table 18–12 Basic correlation data for example 18–4 (linear correlation coefficient computation)
Chapter 18

Water Y= X1 = X2 = X3 = - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (X – X ) for - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Product of differences for - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

year peak max. max. max.
flow avg. month month
1-day runoff rainfall Y X1 X2 X3 Y,X1 Y,X2 Y,X3 X1,X2 X1,X3 X2,X3
flow
(in/hr) (in) (in) (in)

1939 0.01 0.08 0.12 3.57 –0.1141 –0.7393 –1.1852 –2.5583 0.0844 0.1352 0.2919 0.8762 1.8913 3.0321
1940 0.00 0.00 0.02 2.00 –0.1241 –0.8193 –1.2852 –4.1283 0.1017 0.1595 0.5123 1.0530 3.3823 5.3057
1941 0.04 0.56 1.41 8.31 –0.0841 –0.2593 0.1048 2.1817 0.0218 –0.0088 –0.1835 –0.0272 –0.5657 0.2286
1942 0.05 0.55 2.31 8.39 –0.0741 –0.2693 1.0048 2.2617 0.0200 –0.0745 –0.1676 –0.2706 –0.6091 2.2726
1943 0.08 0.57 1.58 5.95 –0.0441 –0.2493 0.2748 –0.1783 0.0110 –0.0121 0.0079 –0.0685 0.0445 –0.0490
1944 0.11 1.05 1.74 8.14 –0.0141 0.2307 0.4348 2.0117 –0.0033 –0.0061 –0.0284 0.1003 0.4641 0.8747
1945 0.09 0.66 0.67 3.82 –0.0341 –0.1593 –0.6352 –2.3083 0.0054 0.0217 0.0787 0.1012 0.3677 1.4662
1946 0.02 0.31 0.83 5.34 –0.1041 –0.5093 –0.4752 –0.7883 0.0530 0.0495 0.0821 0.2420 0.4015 0.3746
1947 0.04 0.31 0.75 5.46 –0.0841 –0.5093 –0.5552 –0.6683 0.0428 0.0467 0.0562 0.2828 0.3404 0.3710
1948 0.02 0.17 0.33 4.38 –0.1041 –0.6493 –0.9752 –1.7483 0.0676 0.1015 0.1820 0.6332 1.1352 1.7049
1949 0.11 0.86 1.60 7.21 –0.0141 0.0407 0.2948 1.0817 –0.0006 –0.0042 –0.0153 0.0120 0.0440 0.3189
1950 0.21 1.33 1.37 5.69 0.0859 0.5107 0.0648 –0.4383 0.0439 0.0056 –0.0376 0.0331 –0.2238 –0.0284
1951 0.33 1.83 3.04 10.27 0.2059 1.0107 1.7348 4.1417 0.2081 0.3572 0.8528 1.7534 4.1860 7.1850
1952 0.30 1.17 1.59 5.76 0.1759 0.3507 0.2848 –0.3683 0.0617 0.0501 –0.0648 0.0999 –0.1292 –0.1049
Selected Statistical Methods

1953 0.19 0.84 0.85 3.28 0.0659 0.0207 –0.4552 –2.8483 0.0014 –0.0300 –0.1877 –0.0094 –0.0590 1.2965
1954 0.28 1.07 1.55 6.35 0.1559 0.2507 0.2448 0.2217 0.0391 0.0382 0.0346 0.0614 0.0556 0.0543

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

1955 0.05 0.43 0.90 5.18 –0.0741 –0.3893 –0.4052 –0.9483 0.0288 0.0300 0.0703 0.1577 0.3692 0.3843
1956 0.03 0.23 0.39 3.61 –0.0941 –0.5893 –0.9152 –2.5183 0.0555 0.0861 0.2370 0.5393 1.4840 2.3047
1957 0.41 3.27 5.22 11.77 0.2859 2.4507 3.9148 5.6417 0.7007 1.1192 1.6130 9.5940 13.8261 22.0861
1958 0.03 0.33 0.38 4.80 –0.0941 –0.4893 –0.9252 –1.3283 0.0460 0.0871 0.1250 0.4527 0.6499 1.2289
1959 0.24 1.25 1.26 6.49 0.1159 0.4307 –0.0452 0.3617 0.0499 –0.0052 0.0419 –0.0195 0.1558 –0.0163
Part 630

1960 0.23 1.03 1.73 5.70 0.1059 0.2107 0.4248 –0.4283 0.0223 0.0450 –0.0454 0.0895 –0.0902 –0.1819
1961 0.10 0.92 0.86 7.09 –0.0241 0.1007 –0.4452 0.9617 –0.0024 0.0107 –0.0232 –0.0448 0.0968 –0.4281
1962 0.07 0.70 0.81 5.10 –0.0541 –0.1193 –0.4952 –1.0283 0.0065 0.0268 0.0556 0.0591 0.1227 0.5092
1963 0.04 0.61 1.08 8.93 –0.0841 –0.2093 –0.2252 2.8017 0.0176 0.0189 –0.2356 0.0471 –0.5864 –0.6309
1964 0.05 0.42 0.93 5.76 –0.0741 –0.3993 –0.3752 –0.3683 0.0296 0.0278 0.0273 0.1498 0.1471 0.1382
1965 0.42 2.72 3.33 9.38 0.2959 1.9007 2.0248 3.2517 0.5624 0.5991 0.9622 3.8485 6.1805 6.5840
1966 0.01 0.13 0.24 3.86 –0.1141 –0.6893 –1.0652 –2.2683 0.0786 0.1215 0.2588 0.7342 1.5635 2.4162
National Engineering Handbook

1967 0.04 0.36 0.96 6.13 –0.0841 –0.4593 –0.3452 0.0017 0.0386 0.0290 –0.0001 0.1586 –0.0008 –0.0006
____ _____ _____ _____ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
Sum 3.60 23.76 37.85 177.72 2.3921 3.0255 4.5004 20.639 34.644 58.6966
Mean 0.1241 0.8193 1.3052 6.1283
Squared sum 0.4359 15.4095 33.0335 140.6424

18–39
Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Example 18–4 Development of a multiple regression equation—Continued

Figure 18–10 Variable plot for example 18–4

0.5

0.4

0.3
Peak flow (in/hr)

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

Maximum Average 1-day flow (in)

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Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
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Example 18–4 Development of a multiple regression equation—Continued

Step 4—Analyze the residuals. Compute the standard deviation of the criterion variable
(square root of equation 18–2), standard error of estimate (equation 18–24), and coefficient
of determination (equation 18–25). Table 18–13 contains the data needed for this step.
d f = 29 − 2 − 1 = 26
.05
 2
∑ ( Yi − Y ) 
0.5
  0.4343 
Sy = =  = 0.1245
 N −1   28 
 

.05
 ˆ
Se = 
(
∑ Yi − Yi ) 2 
  0.0508 
=
0.5
= 0.044
  
df  26 
 

( )
2
∑ Yˆ i − Yi  0.3822 
0.5
r =
2
=  = 0.880
(
∑ Yi − Y )2  0.4343 

The regression equation is a good predictor of the peak flow. The equation explains 88 per-
cent of the variation in Y, and the standard error of estimate is much smaller than the stan-
dard deviation of the criterion variable, Sy.

Maximum monthly rainfall is not really needed in the equation, but is included to illustrate a
multiple predictor model. The correlation coefficient between peak flow and maximum 1-day
flow, from the correlation matrix, indicates that the maximum 1-day flow will explain 85
percent of the variation in peak flow; i.e., r2= (0.9230)2= 0.85.

The sum of residuals from table 18–13 is –0.0020. The number of significant digits was not
sufficient to produce truly accurate regression coefficients. More significant digits would
improve the accuracy of the coefficients.

Step 5—Plot the residuals as shown in figure 18–11. Similar plots can be made for the pre-
dictor variables and residuals. The greatest amount of underprediction (negative residual)
occurs near a peak flow of 0.3 ft3/s. Two data points (1952 and 1954) in the region account for
46 percent of the sum of residuals squared. The greatest amount of overprediction (positive
residuals) occurs at the maximum peak flow value. Large residual values (positive or nega-
tive) may be a problem when the regression equation is used in the upper range of peak flow
values.

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Example 18–4 Development of a multiple regression equation—Continued

Table 18–13 Residual data for example 18–4 (analysis of residuals for Yˆ = 0.0569 + 0.1867X1 - 0.0140X3)

Water Y= X 1= X3= Yˆ ( Yˆ –Y) ( Yˆ –Y )2 ( Yˆ –Y)2 (Y– Yˆ º)2

year peak max. avg. max.
flow 1-day month.
flow rainfall
(in/hr) (in) (in)

1939 0.0100 0.0800 3.5700 0.0219 0.0119 0.0001 0.0104 0.0130

1940 0.0 0.0 2.0000 0.0289 0.0289 0.0008 0.0090 0.0154
1941 0.0400 0.5600 8.3100 0.0451 0.0051 0.0 0.0062 0.0070
1942 0.0500 0.5500 8.3900 0.0421 –0.0079 0.0 0.0067 0.0054
1943 0.0800 0.5700 5.9500 0.0800 –0.0000 0.0 0.0019 0.0019
1944 0.1100 1.0500 8.1400 0.1390 0.0290 0.0008 0.0002 0.0001
1945 0.0900 0.6600 3.8200 0.1266 0.0366 0.0013 0.0 0.0011
1946 0.0200 0.3100 5.3400 0.0400 0.0200 0.0003 0.0070 0.0108
1947 0.0400 0.3100 5.4600 0.0383 –0.0017 0.0 0.0073 0.0070
1948 0.0200 0.1700 4.3800 0.0273 0.0073 0.0 0.0093 0.0108
1949 0.1100 0.8600 7.2100 0.1165 0.0065 0.0 0.0 0.0001
1950 0.2100 1.3300 5.6900 0.2256 0.0156 0.0002 0.0103 0.0073
1951 0.3300 1.8300 10.2700 0.2548 -0.0752 0.0056 0.0170 0.0423
1952 0.3000 1.1700 5.7600 0.1947 –0.1053 0.0110 0.0049 0.0309
1953 0.1900 0.8400 3.2800 0.1678 –0.0222 0.0004 0.0019 0.0043
1954 0.2800 1.0700 6.3500 0.1678 –0.1122 0.0125 0.0019 0.0243
1955 0.0500 0.4300 5.1800 0.0647 0.0147 0.0002 0.0035 0.0054
1956 0.0300 0.2300 3.6100 0.0493 0.0193 0.0003 0.0055 0.0088
1957 0.4100 3.2700 11.7700 0.5026 0.0926 0.0085 0.1432 0.0817
1958 0.0300 0.3300 4.8000 0.0513 0.0213 0.0004 0.0052 0.0088
1959 0.2400 1.2500 6.4900 0.1994 –0.0406 0.0016 0.0056 0.0134
1960 0.2300 1.0300 5.7000 0.1694 –0.0606 0.0036 0.0020 0.0112
1961 0.1000 0.9200 7.0900 0.1294 0.0294 0.0008 0.0 0.0005
1962 0.0700 0.7000 5.1000 0.1162 0.0462 0.0021 0.0 0.0029
1963 0.0400 0.6100 8.9300 0.0458 0.0058 0.0 0.0061 0.0070
1964 0.0500 0.4200 5.7600 0.0547 0.0047 0.0 0.0048 0.0054
1965 0.4200 2.7200 9.3800 0.4334 0.0134 0.0001 0.0956 0.0875
1966 0.0100 0.1300 3.8600 0.0271 0.0171 0.0002 0.0094 0.0130
1967 0.0400 0.3600 6.1300 0.0383 –0.0017 0.0 0.0073 0.0070
________ _______ _______ ________
Sum –0.0020 0.0508 0.3822 0.4343

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Example 18–4 Development of a multiple regression equation—Continued

Figure 18–11 Residual plot for example 18–4

0.1

0.05

0
Residual

0.05

0.1

0.15
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Peak flow (in/hr)

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Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
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The U.S. Geological Survey uses stepwise multiple

630.1805 Analysis based regression to develop predictive equations for selected
flow values. The results are published in open file
on regionalization reports that generally include predictive equations for
major river basins, physiographic regions, or states.
Meteorological and physical characteristics listed in
(a) Purpose the reports can be used to develop applicable predic-
tive equations for NRCS hydrologic studies.
Many watersheds analyzed by NRCS are in locations
for which few data are available, so techniques have Example 18–5 illustrates the development of a direct
been developed to transfer or regionalize available probability estimate using stepwise regression.
data to other locations.

One purpose of regionalization is to synthesize a

frequency curve at an ungaged location or at a location
where data are inadequate for developing a frequency
curve by using the methods in the section 630.1802,
Frequency analysis. The most common forms of
regionalization use watershed and hydrometeorologi-
cal characteristics as predictor variables. Data may be
regionalized by either direct or indirect estimation.

(b) Direct estimation

The most commonly used technique is to relate se-
lected values at various exceedance frequencies to the
physical characteristics of the watershed. For ex-
ample, the 10-year, 7-day mean flow may be related to
drainage area and percentage of forest cover. The
predictor variables can include both physical and
hydrometeorological characteristics.

Previous studies have included the following as pre-

dictors: drainage area, mean watershed slope, mean
basin elevation, length and slope of the main water-
course, the weighted runoff curve number, percentage
of watershed in lakes or various cover types, and
geological characteristics.

Meteorological characteristics include: mean annual

precipitation, mean annual snowfall, mean annual
temperature, mean monthly temperature, mean
monthly precipitation, and the 24-hour duration pre-
cipitation for various frequencies. Latitude, longitude,
and watershed orientation have been included as
location parameters. This list of various predictor
variables is not complete, but has been included to
give some concept of the characteristics that can be
used.

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Example 18–5 Development of a direct probability estimate by use of stepwise regression

Sample power form prediction equation:

Ŷ = b0 X 1b1 X b2 2 X b3 3 K X bn n

where:
Ŷ = estimated criterion variable
X1, X2, X3 . . . Xn = predictor variables
b0, bl, b2. . . bn = regression coefficients

Given: The regression coefficients are developed from a multiple linear regression of the logarithms
of the data. When the variables are transformed back to original units, the regression coeffi-
cients become powers.

Table 18–14 includes 9 variables for 18 north coastal California watersheds used to develop a
power equation for estimating the 1 percent maximum 7-day mean runoff (V0.0l). A locally
available stepwise regression computer program (Dixon 1975) is used in the analysis.

The correlation matrix of the logarithms of the data is in table 18–15. The highest correla-
tions of logarithms between runoff volume and the other variables are between channel
length (–0.62) and drainage area (–0.53). These two variables are highly correlated (0.96)
themselves, so only one would be expected to be used in the final equation. Rainfall intensity
(0.48) and annual precipitation (0.45) are the variables with the next highest correlations to
V0.01. One or both of these variables may appear in the final regression equation.

The results of the stepwise regression analysis are in tables 18–16 and 18–17. Table 18–16 has
the regression coefficients for each step of the regression, and table 18–17 shows the regres-
sion equation data for each step. Equation 5 in table 18–17 was selected as the best because
the regression coefficients are rational and including additional variables does not signifi-
cantly decrease the standard error of estimate.

All equations are significant based on the total F-test at the 1 percent level. The least signifi-
cant variable is slope (S) based on a 1 percent level F with 4 and 13 degrees of freedom.
From a standard F table, for these degrees of freedom, F0.01 = 3.18. The partial F value re-
quired to enter the slope variable is 5.3. Equation 5 in table 18–17 explains 83.6 percent of the
variation (r2) in the logarithm of V0.01, and addition of all remaining variables only raises this
to 87.3 percent.

Procedure: Examine the residuals to evaluate the quality of the selected regression equation. Table 18–18
has the predicted and observed V0.01 logarithms as well as the residuals and their sum. A plot
of the residuals with the predicted values in figure 18–12 shows no correlation between V0.01
logarithms and the residuals. The residual variation is also constant over the range of the
V0.01 logarithms.

The final power equation is:

V0.01 = .47337L(–0.4650)P(0.6735)F(0.1432)S(–0.1608)

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Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
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Example 18–5 Development of a direct probability estimate by use of stepwise regression—Continued

For data from station 11372000 (table 18–14), the estimated V0.01 is:
( −0.4650) ( ) ( ) ( )
V0.01 = ( 4.7337 )( 48.7 ) (56 ) 0.6735 ( 99) 0.1432 (63) −0.1608
V0.01 = 11.60 watershed inches

Similar procedures can be used to develop regression equations for 0.50, 0.20, 0.10, 0.04, and
0.02 exceedance probabilities. Because each equation may not contain the same predictor
variables, inconsistencies may develop from one exceedance probability to another. A
method of eliminating inconstancies is to smooth estimated values over the range of
exceedance probabilities. Figure 18–13 illustrates the smoothing for station 11372000.

Table 18–14 Basic data for example 18–5

Station Drainage Mean 2-year, Evapora- Channel Channel Altitude Percent Runoff
number area annual 24-hour tion slope length forest volume
precipitation rainfall
intensity
(A) (P) (I) (E) (S) (L) (Al) (F) (V0.01)

mi2 - - - - - -inches - - - - - - ft/mi mi 1,000 ft %+1 inches

11372000 228.0 56 3.5 48 63 48.7 2.1 99 11.1966
11374400 249.0 41 2.8 48 58 43.5 1.6 53 7.6804
11379500 92.9 36 2.8 51 170 19.6 2.0 92 10.3144
11380500 126.0 28 2.7 51 93 42.7 1.8 84 6.6278
11382000 194.0 35 2.8 49 126 36.5 2.7 98 11.5990
11448500 6.36 41 4.5 46 374 4.2 2.1 95 18.9540
11448900 11.9 37 4.0 45 125 5.3 1.9 85 20.8693
11451500 197.0 39 3.0 52 40 34.0 1.7 96 10.1729
11451720 100.0 30 3.8 51 17 38.0 1.3 90 8.8838
11453500 113.0 52 3.5 49 55 21.6 1.4 89 18.8469
11453600 78.3 35 4.0 49 30 18.0 0.8 60 17.7086
11456000 81.4 48 3.3 49 46 19.4 0.5 79 16.2089
11456500 52.1 35 3.3 49 140 14.3 1.0 87 11.1178
11457000 17.4 35 3.3 49 72 10.8 1.2 29 13.1009
11458200 9.79 30 2.4 45 258 8.9 1.1 98 14.6669
11458500 58.4 35 3.0 46 82 17.3 0.3 72 15.9474
11459000 30.9 28 3.0 43 95 10.3 0.4 1 7.3099
11460000 18.1 42 3.0 42 125 7.5 0.5 50 19.0027

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Example 18–5 Development of a direct probability estimate by use of stepwise regression—Continued

Table 18–15 Correlation matrix of logarithms for example 18–5

Variable Drainage Mean 2-year, Evapora- Channel Channel Altitude Percent Runoff
area annual 24-hour tion slope length forest volume
precipitation rainfall
intensity
(A) (P) (I) (E) (S) (L) (Al) (F) (V0.01)

mi2 - - - - - - - - -inches - - - - - - - - ft/mi mi 1,000 ft %+1 inches

Area 1.00
Precipitation 0.23 1.00
Intensity –0.25 0.32 1.00
Evaporation 0.63 0.01 –0.03 1.00
Slope –0.60 –0.10 –0.19 –0.44 1.00
Length 0.96 0.11 –0.32 0.68 –0.61 1.00
Altitude 0.22 0.14 0.11 0.50 0.16 0.27 1.00
Forest 0.19 0.36 0.11 0.49 0.01 0.22 0.49 1.00
Runoff volume –0.53 0.45 0.48 –0.37 0.22 –0.62 –0.17 0.34 1.00

Table 18–16 Stepwise regression coefficients for example 18–5

Equation Constant L P F S Al A E I
number (10x)

1 1.0997
2 1.4745 –0.3010
3 –0.0022 –0.3281 0.9615
4 0.1739 –0.3605 0.7380 0.1210
5 0.6752 –0.4650 0.6735 0.1432 –0.1608
6 0.5178 –0.4257 0.6731 0.1675 –0.1231 –0.1046
7 0.6604 –0.5722 0.5803 0.1756 –0.1242 –0.1012 0.0985
8 2.6010 –0.5796 0.4824 0.1980 –0.1509 –0.0681 0.1233 –1.0785
9 2.6392 –0.5971 0.4949 0.1983 –0.1623 –0.0608 0.1257 –1.0705 –0.0637

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Example 18–5 Development of a direct probability estimate by use of stepwise regression—Continued

Table 18–17 Regression equation evaluation data for example 18–5

Equation Predictor r2 ∆r2 Se SS/df SS/df Ft Fp

no. variables regression residuals ratio ratio

1 --- 0.1566*
2 L 0.390 0.390 0.1260 0.1627/1 0.2542/16 10.2 10.2
3 L,P 0.661 0.271 0.0971 0.2754/2 0.1415/15 14.6 11.9
4 L,P,F 0.769 0.108 0.0830 0.3204/3 0.0964/14 15.5 6.5
5 L,P,F,S 0.836 0.067 0.0725 0.3485/4 0.0684/13 16.6 5.3
6 L,P,F,S,Al 0.858 0.022 0.0703 0.3575/5 0.0593/12 14.5 1.8
7 L,P,F,S,Al,A 0.864 0.006 0.0718 0.3601/6 0.0567/11 11.6 0.5
8 L,P,F,S,Al,A,E 0.873 0.009 0.0728 0.3639/7 0.0530/10 9.8 0.7
9 L,P,F,S,Al,A,E,I 0.873 0.000 0.0766 0.3640/8 0.0529/9 7.7 0.2
r2 Coefficient of determination
∆r2 Change in r2
Se Standard error of estimate
SS/df Sum of squares to degrees of freedom ratio for regression or residuals
Ft Total F-test value
Fp Partial F-test value
* Sy of criterion variable, V0.0l

Table 18–18 Residuals for example 18–5

Station no. Predicted Observed Residual Station no. Predicted Observed Residual
runoff runoff runoff runoff
volume volume volume volume
(logs) (logs) (logs) (logs)

11372000 1.0646 1.0491 –0.0155 11453500 1.2099 1.2752 0.0653

11374400 0.9631 0.8854 –0.0777 11453600 1.1487 1.2482 0.0995
11379500 1.0453 1.0137 –0.0316 11456000 1.2133 1.2098 –0.0035
11380500 0.8510 0.8214 –0.0296 11456500 1.1108 1.0460 –0.0648
11382000 0.9363 1.0644 0.1281 11457000 1.1455 1.1173 –0.0282
11448500 1.3413 1.2777 –0.0636 11458200 1.1261 1.1663 0.0402
11448900 1.3339 1.3195 –0.0144 11458500 1.0979 1.2027 0.1048
11451500 1.0611 1.0074 –0.0537 11459000 0.8610 0.8639 0.0029
11451720 1.0177 0.9486 –0.0691 11460000 1.2679 1.2788 0.0109

Sum 0.0000

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Example 18–5 Development of a direct probability estimate by use of stepwise regression—Continued

Figure 18–12 Residual plot for example 18–5

0.3

0.2

0.1
Residual

0.1

0.2

0.3
0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Logarithm of predicted runoff volume (in)

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Example 18–5 Development of a direct probability estimate by use of stepwise regression—Continued

Figure 18–13 Estimate smoothing for example 18–5

Normal standard deviates (Kn)

0 1 2 3
12

11

10

8
Runoff volume (in)

4 Probability Variable Runoff

0.50 L,P 3.03
0.20 L,P,F 5.39
0.10 L,P 7.56
0.04 L,P,F 9.35
3
0.02 L,P,F,S 10.21
0.01 L,P,F,S 11.60

2
50 40 30 20 10 4 2 1 0.5 0.1
Percent chance (100 x probability)

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(c) Indirect estimation

The second technique for regionalization of watershed
data is to use regression equations to relate the statis-
tical characteristics of selected values to various basin
characteristics. The probability level estimates are
then derived from the frequency curve, based on the
predicted statistical characteristics. Example 18–6
illustrates this technique.

Example 18–6 Development of indirect probability estimates

Given: In the north coastal region of California, the mean and standard deviation of the 1-day and
15-day high flow frequency curves were related to basin characteristics. Figures 18–14 through
18–17 show the relationships of the 25 stations used. The relationships of drainage area, mean
annual precipitation, 1-day and 15-day high flow means and standard deviations were developed
by regression. The predictor variables were selected because of availability of data. Tests were
performed on each regression equation to verify that the mean of residuals is zero, the residuals
are independent of each variable, the variance is constant, and that Se is smaller than Sy the
standard deviation of the criterion.

Activity: Develop 1- and 15-day high flow frequency curves for a 50-square-mile drainage area in the
north coastal region of California with a mean annual precipitation of 60 inches.
S 1 = 1, 400 ft 3 / s − days from figure 18–15

(X)2
γ1 = solution of equation 18–13 for γ
S2

γ1 =
( 3, 100)2 = 4.9
( 1, 400 ) 2

2
G1 = = 0.90 from equation 18–14
49

X15 = 900 ft 3 / s / d from figure 18–16

S 15 = 340 ft 3 / s / d from figure 18–17

( 900) 2
γ 15 = = 7.0
( 340) 2
2
G15 =
7.0
use 0.8

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Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
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Example 18–6 Development of indirect probability estimates—Continued

Using equation 18–15 as shown in table 18–19, determine the 1-day and 15-day high flow values
for selected exceedance frequencies.

where:
X1 = 3, 100 X15 = 900
S 1 = 1, 400 S 15 = 340

Table 18–19 Frequency curve solutions for example 18–6

Exceed Exhibit 18–3 V1 = Exhibit 18–3 V15 =

prob. K value X 1 + KS1 K value X15 + KSl5
(q) (G =0.9) (G = 0.8)

99 –1.66001 776 1.73271 311

95 –1.35299 1,206 1.38855 428
80 –0.85426 1,904 0.85607 609
50 –0.14807 2,893 0.13199 855
20 0.76902 4,177 0.77986 1,165
10 1.33889 4,974 1.33640 1,354
4 2.01848 5,926 1.99311 1,578
2 2.49811 6,597 2.45298 1,734
1 2.95735 7,240 2.89101 1,883

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Example 18–6 Development of indirect probability estimates—Continued

Figure 18–14 Drainage area and mean annual precipitation for 1-day mean flow for example 18–6

200,000

100,000

80,000

60,000
50,000

40,000

30,000
1-day mean flow (ft3/s/d)

)
(in
n
tio
ita

20,000
ip
ec
Pr

10,000

8,000

6,000
5,000
100
4,000
80
3,000 70

60
50 California
2,000
40 North Coastal
Region
Stream Study

1,000
30 40 50 60 80 100 200 300 400 500 600 800 1,000 2,000
Drainage area (mi2)

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Example 18–6 Development of indirect probability estimates—Continued

Figure 18–15 One-day mean flow and standard deviation for example 18–6

100,000
80,000

60,000
50,000
40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000
8,000

6,000
5,000
4,000

3,000
1-day mean flow (ft3/s/d)

2,000

1,000
800

600
500
400 California
North Coastal
300
Region
Stream Study
200 S=.3391*X-1.042

100
200 400 1,000 2,000 10,000 20,000 100,000 200,000
800 4,000 8,000 40,000 80,000
Drainage area (mi2)

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Example 18–6 Development of indirect probability estimates—Continued

Figure 18–16 Drainage area and mean annual precipitation for 15-day mean flow for example 18–6

60,000
50,000

40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000

8,000 )
(in
on
1-day mean flow (ft3/s/d)

6,000 ti
pita
5,000 e ci
Pr
4,000

3,000

2,000

100

1,000
80
800
60
600
500 California
40
North Coastal
400 Region
Stream Study
300

200
30 40 50 60 80 100 200 300 400 500 600 800 1,000 2,000
Drainage area (mi2)

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Example 18–6 Development of indirect probability estimates—Continued

Figure 18–17 Fifteen-day mean flow and standard deviation for example 18–6

30,000

20,000

10,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000

2,000
Standard deviation (ft3/s/d)

1,000
800

600
500
400
300

200

100
80
60
50 California
40 North Coastal
Region
30 Stream Study

20 S=.2250*X-1.078

10
00 200 400 800 1,000 2,000 4,000 8,000 10,000 20,000 40,000 80,000
15-day moon flow (ft3/s days)

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National Engineering Handbook

(d) Discussion
630.1806 Risk
The basic uses of regionalization are to transfer data
from gaged watersheds either to ungaged watersheds
or to locations within gaged watersheds, and to cali- Flood frequency analysis identifies the population
brate water resource models. In using regionalization, from a sample of data. The population cannot be
however, certain basic limitations must be understood. identified exactly when only a sample is available, and
this represents an important element of uncertainty. A
The prediction equation generally should be used only second source of uncertainty is that even if the popula-
within the range of the predictor variables used to tion was known exactly, there is a finite chance that
develop the equation. The prediction equation repre- an event of a certain size will be exceeded.
sents the "average" condition for the data. If the
ungaged watershed varies significantly from the aver- The measurement of such uncertainty is called risk.
age condition, then the variation must be explained by Typical questions include:
one or more of the variables in the prediction equa- • A channel is designed with a capacity of a 0.02
tion. If the variation is not explained, the equation exceedance probability. Is it unreasonable to
should not be used. expect its capacity will be exceeded once or
more in the next 10 years?
When the prediction equation is used to calibrate a • What is the risk that an emergency spillway
watershed model, values estimated by the regression designed to pass a 2 percent chance flow will
equation should deviate from the values computed by experience this flow twice or more in the next 10
the model. The magnitude of this deviation is a func- years?
tion of how much the ungaged watershed differs from • Throughout the United States the Natural Re-
the average condition. For example, if most of the sources Conservation Service has built many
watersheds used to develop the prediction equation flood-control structures. What percent will
are flat and long and the ungaged watershed is steep experience a 1 percent chance flood in the next 5
and short, the peak flow computed with the watershed years? The next 10 years?
model could differ significantly from that estimated by
the prediction equation. The prediction equation These problems can be solved by means of the bino-
should not be used when the watershed characteris- mial distribution. Basic assumptions in the use of the
tics are outside the range of those used to develop the binomial distribution are given in the general discus-
equation. sion on distributions. These assumptions are generally
valid for assessing risk in hydrology. The binomial
The coefficients of the prediction equation must be expression for risk is:
rational. For example, peak flow is inversely propor-
tional to the length of the main watercourse, if all RI =
N!
(
qI 1 − q ) (N − I )
other variables are constant. This means that when a ( )
I! N − I ! [18–29]
logarithmic transformation is used, the power of the
length variable should be negative. If a predictor
where:
variable has an irrational relationship in the equation,
RI = estimated risk of obtaining in N time periods
the correlation coefficients of all the predictor vari-
exactly I number of events with an exceedance
ables should be examined before the equation is used.
probability q.
A high correlation coefficient between two predictor
variables means that one of the variables can be used
Examples 18–7 through 18–10 show the methods used
to explain how the criterion variable varies with both
to measure risk.
predictor variables. The accuracy of the prediction
equation is not improved by adding the second predic-
tor variable; the equation merely becomes more com-
plicated.

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Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Example 18–7 Risk of future nonoccurrence

Problem: What is the probability that a 10 percent chance flood (q = 0.10) will not be exceeded in the next
5 years?

Solution: From equation 18–29, for N = 5, q = 0.10, and I = 0:

(5)! 0.100 1 − .10 ( 5 −0)
R0 =
0! (5)!
( )

The probability of nonoccurrence is 0.59 or 59 percent; the probability of occurrence is 1 – R0 or

0.41.

Example 18–8 Risk of multiple occurrence

Problem: What is the probability that a 2 percent chance peak flow (q = 0.02) will be exceeded twice or
more in the next 10 years?

Solution: For nonexceedance of the 2 percent chance event:

N = 10, q = 0.02, I = 0
(10)! ( )0 (
0.02 1 − 0.02)
9
R0 =
( )
0! 10 !
= 0.817

For only one exceedance of the 2 percent chance event:

N = 10, q = 0.02, I = 1
(10)! ( )1 (
0.02 1 − 0.02)
9
R0 =
1! ( 9)!
= 0.167

For two or more exceedances of the 2 percent chance event:

R ( 2 or more) = 1 − ( R 0 + R 1 )
(
R ( 2 or more) = 1 − 0.817 + 0.167 )
= 0.016

In other words, there is a 1.6 percent chance of experiencing two or more peaks equal to or
greater than the 2 percent chance peak flow within any 10-year period. If flood events are not
related, probably no more than 16 locations in a thousand will, on the average, experience two
or more floods equal to or greater than the 2 percent chance flood within the next 10 years.

18–58 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Example 18–9 Risk of a selected exceedance probability

Given: 20-year record on a small creek.

Problem: What is the probability that the greatest flood of record is not a 5 percent chance event (q =
0.05)?

Solution: For nonoccurrence of the 5 percent chance event:

N = 20, q = 0.05, I = 0

R0 =
20!
0! 20!
(
0.05 )0 (1 − 0.05)20
= 0.358

Therefore, there is a 36-percent chance of the 5 percent chance event not occurring and, con-
versely, a 64 percent chance that one or more will occur.

Example 18–10 Exceedance probability of a selected risk

Problem: What exceedance probability has a 50 percent chance of occurrence in a 20-year period?

Solution: For 50 percent occurrence in 20 years:

N = 20, q = ?, I = 0, R 0 = 0.5

( )
0.5 =
20!
(q )0 (1 − q ) 20 −0
0! 20!
( 20)
0.5 = (1 − q )
1
( ) 20 = 0.966
1 − q = 0.5
q = 0.034

Or, there is a 50 percent chance that a 3 percent chance event will occur within the 20-year
period.

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 18–59

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

630.1807 Metric conver- 630.1808 References

sion factors
Beard, Leo R., and A.J. Fredrich. 1975. Hydrologic
The English system of units is used in this report. To frequency analysis. Vol. 3, Hydrologic engineer-
convert to the International System of units (metric), ing methods for water resources development.
use the following factors: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Davis, CA, 134 p.

Benson, M.A. 1965. Spurious correlation in hydraulics

To convert To metric units Multiply by and hydrology. Am. Soc. Civ. Engr. J. Hyd. Div.
English units 91(HY4):35-42.

acres (acre) hectares (ha) 0.405 Chisman, James A. 1968. The Pearson generalized
square miles (mi2) square kilometers 2.59 statistical distribution. Bull. III. Eng. Exp. Stn.,
(km2) Coll. Eng. Clemson Univ., SC.

cubic feet per cubic meters per 0.0283 Chow, V.T. 1964. Statistical and probability analysis of
second (ft3/s)1 second (m3/s) hydrologic data. In Handbook of applied hydrol-
cubic feet per cubic meters (m3) 2,450 ogy, Section 8 (V.T. Chow, ed.) McGraw-Hill,
second per day Inc., NY.
(ft3/s/d)
Corbett, D.M., et al. 1962. Streamgaging procedure-A
inches (in) millimeters (mm) 25.4 manual describing methods and practices of the
Geological Survey. U.S. Geol. Surv., Water Sup-
1/ In converting stream discharge values, which are recorded in
ply Pap. 888, 245 p.
English units with only three significant digits, do not imply a
greater precision than is present. Crippin, V.A. 1978. Composite log-Pearson type III
frequency magnitude curve of annual floods. U.S.
Geol. Surv., Open File Rep. 78-352, 5 p.

Dixon, W.J. 1975. BMDP biomedical computer pro-

grams. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley, CA, 791 p.

Draper, N.R., and H. Smith.1966. Applied regression

analysis. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY, 407 p.

Elderton, W.P. 1953. Frequency curves and correla-

tion, 4th ed. Harren Press, Washington, DC, 272 p.

Elderton, W.P., and N.L. Johnson. 1969. Systems of

frequency curves. Cambridge Univ. Press, NY,
216 p.

Farnsworth, R.K., E.S. Thompson, and E.L. Peck. 1982.

Evaporation atlas for the contiguous 48 United
States. Natl. Weather Serv. Tech. Rep. NWS 33,
26 p.

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National Engineering Handbook

Greenwood, J.A., and D. Durand. 1960. Aids for fitting Riggs, H.C. 1968b. Frequency curves. In Techniques of
the gamma distribution by maximum likelihood. water resources investigations of the U.S. Geol.
Technometrics 2(1):55-65. Survey, Chap. A2, Book 4, 15 p.

Grubbs, F.E. 1950. Sample criteria for testing outlying Riggs, H.C. 1973. Regional analyses of streamflow
observations. An. Math. Statis. 1(21): 27-58. characteristics. In Techniques of water re-
sources investigations of the U.S. Geol. Survey,
Gumbel, E.J. 1958. Statistics of extremes. Columbia Chap. B, Book 4, 14 p.
Univ. Press, NY, 375 p.
Sammons, W.H. 1966. Hydrology study—A multipur-
Haan, C.T. 1977. Statistical methods in hydrology. pose program for selected cumulative probability
Iowa State Univ. Press., Ames, IA, 378 p. distribution analyses. U.S. Dep. Agric., Soil
Conserv. Serv., Tech. Pap. 148, Suppl. 1, 105 p.
Harter, H.L. 1969. Order statistics and their use in
testing and estimation, vol. 2. United States Air Searcy, J.K. 1959. Low flow techniques, flow-duration
Force, Aerospace Res. Lab,. 805 p. curves. Manual of Hydrology, Pt. 2, U.S. Geol.
Surv. Water Supply Pap. 1542-A, 33 p.
Hastings, N.A.J., and J.B. Peacock. 1975. Statistical
distribution. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY, 130 p. Snedecor, G.W., and W.G. Cochran.1957. Statistical
methods. IA State Univ. Press, Ames, IA, 534 p.
Hayslett, H.T., Jr. 1968. Statistics made simple.
Doubleday & Co., NY, 192 p. Spiegel, M.R. 1961. Schaum's outline of theory and
problems of statistics. Shaum Pub. Co., NY, 359 p.
Hoel, P.G. 1971. Introduction to mathematical statis-
tics, 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY, 409 p. Thom, H.C.S. 1958. A note on the gamma distribution.
U.S. Weather Bur. Mon. Weather Rev. 86(4):117-
Kirby, William. 1974. Algebraic boundedness of sample 122.
statistics. Water Resour. Res. 10(2):220-222.
United States Army Corps of Engineers. 1975. Hydro-
Kite, G.W. 1977. Frequency and risk analysis in hydrol- logic engineering methods. Vol. 3, Hydrologic
ogy. Water Resour. Publ., Fort Collins, CO, 224 p. frequency analysis, 134 p.

Markowitz, M. 1971. The chance a flood will be ex- United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conser-
ceeded in a period of years. Water Resour. Bull. vation Service. 1976. New tables of percentage
7(1):40-53. points of the Pearson type III distribution. Tech.
Rel. 38, 18 p.
National Research Council of Canada. 1967. Statistical
methods in hydrology. Proc. Hydrol. Symp. #5, United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conser-
McGill Univ., Ottawa, Canada, 315 p. vation Service. 1977. Snow survey and water
supply forecasting. National Engineering Hand-
National Weather Service. 1972. Observing handbook book, Sec. 22.
no. 2, substation observations. 77 p.
Wang, L., and A.L. Huber. 1967. Estimating water
Pacific Southwest Inter-Agency Committee. 1966. yields in Utah by principal component analysis,
Limitation in hydrologic data as applied to stud- PrWg 35a-1. UT Water Res. Lab. Logan, UT, 76 p.
ies of water control and water management. San
Francisco, CA, 129 p. Water Resources Council. 1966. Methods of flow
frequency analysis—Notes on hydrologic activi-
Riggs, H.C. 1968a. Some statistical tools in hydrology. ties. Bull. No. 13, 42 p.
In Techniques of water resources investigations
of the U.S. Geol. Survey, Chap. Al, Book 4, 39 p.

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 18–61

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Water Resources Council. 1967. A uniform technique

for determining flood flow frequencies. Bull. No.
15, 15 p.

Water Resources Council. 1981. Guidelines for deter-

mining flood flow frequency. Bull. No. 17B, 28 p.

18–62 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
Exhibit 18–1 Five Percent Two-sided Critical
National Engineering Handbook
Values for Outlier Detection

N Kn Low prob. High prob. N Kn Low prob. High prob.

10 2.294 0.9891048 0.0108952

11 2.343 0.9904353 0.0095647 56 3.032 0.9987853 0.0012147
12 2.387 0.9915068 0.0084932 57 3.040 0.9988171 0.0011829
13 2.426 0.9923669 0.0076331 58 3.046 0.9988404 0.0011596
14 2.461 0.9930725 0.0069275 59 3.051 0.9988596 0.0011404
15 2.493 0.9936665 0.0063335 60 3.058 0.9988859 0.0011141
16 2.523 0.9941821 0.0058179 61 3.063 0.9989043 0.0010957
17 2.551 0.9946293 0.0053707 62 3.070 0.9989297 0.0010703
18 2.577 0.9950169 0.0049831 63 3.075 0.9989474 0.0010526
19 2.600 0.9953388 0.0046612 64 3.082 0.9989719 0.0010281
20 2.623 0.9956420 0.0043580 65 3.086 0.9989856 0.0010144
21 2.644 0.9959034 0.0040966 66 3.090 0.9989992 0.0010008
22 2.664 0.9961391 0.0038609 67 3.096 0.9990192 0.0009808
23 2.683 0.9963517 0.0036483 68 3.101 0.9990356 0.0009644
24 2.701 0.9965434 0.0034566 69 3.105 0.9990486 0.0009514
25 2.717 0.9967061 0.0032939 70 3.110 0.9990645 0.0009355
26 2.734 0.9968715 0.0031285 71 3.115 0.9990802 0.0009198
27 2.751 0.9970293 0.0029707 72 3.121 0.9990988 0.0009012
28 2.768 0.9971799 0.0028201 73 3.125 0.9991109 0.0008891
29 2.781 0.9972904 0.0027096 74 3.130 0.9991260 0.0008740
30 2.794 0.9973969 0.0026031 75 3.134 0.9991378 0.0008622
31 2.808 0.9975075 0.0024925 76 3.138 0.9991494 0.0008506
32 2.819 0.9975913 0.0024087 77 3.142 0.9991609 0.0008391
33 2.833 0.9976943 0.0023057 78 3.148 0.9991780 0.0008220
34 2.846 0.9977863 0.0022137 79 3.152 0.9991892 0.0008108
35 2.858 0.9978684 0.0021316 80 3.157 0.9992030 0.0007970
36 2.869 0.9979411 0.0020589 81 3.161 0.9992138 0.0007862
37 2.880 0.9980116 0.0019884 82 3.164 0.9992219 0.0007781
38 2.890 0.9980738 0.0019262 83 3.168 0.9992325 0.0007675
39 2.900 0.9981341 0.0018659 84 3.172 0.9992430 0.0007570
40 2.910 0.9981928 0.0018072 85 3.176 0.9992533 0.0007467
41 2.919 0.9982442 0.0017558 86 3.180 0.9992636 0.0007364
42 2.925 0.9982777 0.0017223 87 3.184 0.9992737 0.0007263
43 2.937 0.9983429 0.0016571 88 3.188 0.9992837 0.0007163
44 2.945 0.9983852 0.0016148 89 3.191 0.9992911 0.0007089
45 2.954 0.9984316 0.0015684 90 3.194 0.9992984 0.0007016
46 2.960 0.9984618 0.0015382 91 3.198 0.9993080 0.0006920
47 2.970 0.9985110 0.0014890 92 3.202 0.9993176 0.0006824
48 2.978 0.9985493 0.0014507 93 3.205 0.9993247 0.0006753
49 2.985 0.9985821 0.0014179 94 3.208 0.9993317 0.0006683
50 2.993 0.9986187 0.0013813 95 3.211 0.9993386 0.0006614
51 3.000 0.9986501 0.0013499 96 3.214 0.9993455 0.0006545
52 3.007 0.9986808 0.0013192 97 3.217 0.9993523 0.0006477
53 3.013 0.9987066 0.0012934 98 3.220 0.9993590 0.0006410
54 3.020 0.9987361 0.0012639 99 3.224 0.9993679 0.0006321
55 3.025 0.9987568 0.0012432 100 3.228 0.9993767 0.0006233
Note: Kn values are positive for high outliers and negative for low outliers.

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Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
Exhibit 18–2 Expected Values of Normal Order
National Engineering Handbook
Statistics

K/N 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

1 1.53875 1.58644 1.62923 1.66799 1.70338 1.73591 1.76599

2 1.00136 1.06192 1.11573 1.16408 1.20790 1.24794 1.28474
3 0.65606 0.72884 0.79284 0.84983 0.90113 0.94769 0.99027
4 0.37576 0.46198 0.53684 0.60285 0.66176 0.71488 0.76317
5 0.12267 0.22489 0.31225 0.38833 0.45557 0.51570 0.57001

6 0.0 0.10259 0.19052 0.26730 0.33530 0.39622

7 0.0 0.08816 0.16530 0.23375
8 0.0 0.07729

K/N 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

1 1.79394 1.82003 1.84448 1.86748 1.88917 1.90969 1.92916

2 1.31878 1.35041 1.37994 1.40760 1.43362 1.45816 1.48137
3 1.02946 1.06573 1.09945 1.13095 1.16047 1.18824 1.21445
4 0.80738 0.84812 0.88586 0.92098 0.95380 0.98459 1.01356
5 0.61946 0.66479 0.70661 0.74538 0.78150 0.81527 0.84697

6 0.45133 0.50158 0.54771 0.59030 0.62982 0.66667 0.70115

7 0.29519 0.35084 0.40164 0.44833 0.49148 0.53157 0.56896
8 0.14599 0.20774 0.26374 0.31493 0.36203 0.40559 0.44609
9 0.0 0.06880 0.13072 0.18696 0.23841 0.28579 0.32965
10 0.0 0.06200 0.11836 0.16997 0.21755

11 0.0 0.05642 0.10813

12 0.0

K/N 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

1 1.94767 1.96531 1.98216 1.99827 2.01371 2.02852 2.04276

2 1.50338 1.52430 1.54423 1.56326 1.58145 1.59888 1.61560
3 1.23924 1.26275 1.28511 1.30641 1.32674 1.34619 1.36481
4 1.04091 1.06679 1.09135 1.1147l 1.13697 1.15822 1.17855
5 0.87682 0.90501 0.93171 0.95705 0.98115 1.00414 1.02609

6 0.73354 0.76405 0.79289 0.82021 0.84615 0.87084 0.89439

7 0.60399 0.63690 0.66794 0.69727 0.72508 0.75150 0.77666
8 0.48391 0.51935 0.55267 0.58411 0.61385 0.64205 0.66885
9 0.37047 0.40860 0.44436 0.47801 0.50977 0.53982 0.56834
10 0.26163 0.30268 0.34105 0.37706 0.41096 0.44298 0.47329

11 0.15583 0.20006 0.24128 0.27983 0.31603 0.35013 0.38235

12 0.05176 0.09953 0.14387 0.18520 0.22389 0.26023 0.29449
13 0.0 0.04781 0.09220 0.13361 0.17240 0.20885
14 0.0 0.04442 0.08588 0.12473
15 0.0 0.04148

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Exhibit 18–2 Expected values of normal order statistics—Continued

K/N 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

1 2.05646 2.06967 2.08241 2.09471 2.10661 2.11812 2.12928

2 1.63166 1.64712 1.66200 1.67636 1.69023 1.70362 1.71659
3 1.38268 1.39985 1.41637 1.43228 1.44762 1.46244 1.47676
4 1.19803 1.21672 1.23468 1.25196 1.26860 1.28466 1.30016
5 1.04709 1.06721 1.08652 1.10509 1.12295 1.14016 1.15677

6 0.91688 0.93841 0.95905 0.97886 0.99790 1.01624 1.03390

7 0.80066 0.82359 0.84555 0.86660 0.88681 0.90625 0.92496
8 0.69438 0.71875 0.74204 0.76435 0.78574 0.80629 0.82605
9 0.59545 0.62129 0.64596 0.66954 0.69214 0.71382 0.73465
10 0.50206 0.52943 0.55552 0.58043 0.60427 0.62710 0.64902

11 0.41287 0.44185 0.46942 0.49572 0.52084 0.54488 0.56793

12 0.32686 0.35755 0.38669 0.41444 0.44091 0.46620 0.49042
13 0.24322 0.27573 0.30654 0.33582 0.36371 0.39032 0.41576
14 0.16126 0.19572 0.22832 0.25924 0.28863 0.31663 0.34336
15 0.08037 0.11695 0.15147 0.18415 0.21515 0.24463 0.27272
16 0.0 0.03890 0.07552 0.11009 0.14282 0.17388 0.20342
17 0.0 0.03663 0.07123 0.10399 0.13509
18 0.0 0.03461 0.06739
19 0.0

K/N 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

1 2.14009 2.15059 2.16078 2.17068 2.18032 2.18969 2.19882

2 1.72914 1.74131 1.75312 1.76458 1.77571 1.78654 1.79707
3 1.49061 1.50402 1.51702 1.52964 1.54188 1.55377 1.56533
4 1.31514 1.32964 1.34368 1.35728 1.37048 1.38329 1.39574
5 1.17280 1.18830 1.20330 1.21782 1.23190 1.24556 1.25881
6 1.05095 1.06741 1.08332 1.09872 1.11364 1.12810 1.14213
7 0.94300 0.96041 0.97722 0.99348 1.00922 1.02446 1.03924
8 0.84508 0.86343 0.88114 0.89825 0.91480 0.93082 0.94634
9 0.75468 0.77398 0.79259 0.81056 0.82792 0.84472 0.86097
10 0.67009 0.69035 0.70988 0.72871 0.74690 0.76448 0.78148

11 0.59005 0.61131 0.63177 0.65149 0.67052 0.68889 0.70666

12 0.51363 0.53592 0.55736 0.57799 0.59788 0.61707 0.63561
13 0.44012 0.46348 0.48591 0.50749 0.52827 0.54830 0.56763
14 0.36892 0.39340 0.41688 0.43944 0.46114 0.48204 0.50220
15 0.29954 0.32520 0.34978 0.37337 0.39604 0.41784 0.43885

16 0.23159 0.25849 0.28423 0.30890 0.33257 0.35533 0.37723

17 0.16469 0.19292 0.21988 0.24569 0.27043 0.29418 0.31701
18 0.09853 0.12817 0.15644 0.18345 0.20931 0.23411 0.25792
19 0.03280 0.06395 0.09362 0.12192 0.14897 0.17488 0.19972
20 0.0 0.03117 0.06085 0.08917 0.11625 0.14219
21 0.0 0.02969 0.05803 0.08513
22 0.0 0.02835

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Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
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Exhibit 18–2 Expected values of normal order statistics—Continued

K/N 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

1 2.20772 2.21639 2.22486 2.23312 2.24119 2.24907 2.25678

2 1.80733 1.81732 1.82706 1.83655 1.84582 1.85487 1.86371
3 1.57658 1.58754 1.59820 1.60860 1.61874 1.62863 1.63829
4 1.40784 1.41962 1.43108 1.44224 1.45312 1.46374 1.47409
5 1.27170 1.28422 1.29641 1.30827 1.31983 1.33109 1.34207

6 1.15576 1.16899 1.18186 1.19439 1.20658 1.21846 1.23003

7 1.05358 1.06751 1.08104 1.09420 1.10701 1.11948 1.13162
8 0.96139 0.97599 0.99018 1.00396 1.01737 1.03042 1.04312
9 0.87673 0.89201 0.90684 0.92125 0.93525 0.94887 0.96213
10 0.79795 0.81391 0.82939 0.84442 0.85902 0.87321 0.88701

11 0.72385 0.74049 0.75663 0.77228 0.78748 0.80225 0.81661

12 0.65353 0.67088 0.68768 0.70397 0.71978 0.73513 0.75004
13 0.58631 0.60438 0.62186 0.63881 0.65523 0.67117 0.68666
14 0.52166 0.54046 0.55865 0.57625 0.59331 0.60986 0.62592
15 0.45912 0.47868 0.49759 0.51588 0.53360 0.55077 0.56742

16 0.39833 0.41868 0.43834 0.45734 0.47573 0.49354 0.51080

17 0.33898 0.36016 0.38060 0.40034 0.41942 0.43789 0.45578
18 0.28081 0.30285 0.32410 0.34460 0.36441 0.38357 0.40211
19 0.22358 0.24652 0.26862 0.28992 0.31049 0.33036 0.34957
20 0.16707 0.19097 0.21396 0.23610 0.25746 0.27807 0.29799

21 0.11109 0.13600 0.15993 0.18296 0.20514 0.22653 0.24719

22 0.05546 0.08144 0.10637 0.13033 0.15338 0.17559 0.19702
23 0.0 0.02712 0.05311 0.07805 0.10203 0.12511 0.14735
24 0.0 0.02599 0.05095 0.07494 0.09803
25 0.0 0.02496 0.04896

26 0.0

K/N 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

1 2.26432 2.27169 2.27891 2.28598 2.29291 2.29970 2.30635

2 1.87235 1.88080 1.88906 1.89715 1.90506 1.91282 1.92041
3 1.64773 1.65695 1.66596 1.67478 1.68340 1.69185 1.70012
4 1.48420 1.49407 1.50372 1.51315 1.52237 1.53140 1.54024
5 1.35279 1.36326 1.37348 1.38346 1.39323 1.40278 1.41212

6 1.24132 1.25234 1.26310 1.27361 1.28387 1.29391 1.30373

7 1.14347 1.15502 1.16629 1.17729 1.18804 1.19855 1.20882
8 1.05550 1.06757 1.07934 1.09D83 1.10205 1.11300 1.12371
9 0.97504 0.98762 0.99988 1.01185 1.02352 1.03493 1.04607
10 0.90045 0.91354 0.92629 0.93873 0.95086 0.96271 0.97427

18–66 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Exhibit 18–2 Expected values of normal order statistics—Continued

K/N 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

11 0.83058 0.84417 0.85742 0.87033 0.88292 0.89520 0.90719

12 0.76455 0.77866 0.79240 0.80578 0.81883 0.83155 0.84397
13 0.70170 0.71633 0.73057 0.74444 0.75794 0.77111 0.78396
14 0.64152 0.65668 0.67143 0.68578 0.69976 0.71337 0.72665
15 0.58358 0.59928 0.61455 0.62940 0.64385 0.65793 0.67164

16 0.52755 0.54380 0.55960 0.57495 0.58989 0.60444 0.61860

17 0.47312 0.48995 0.50629 0.52217 0.53761 0.55263 0.56725
18 0.42007 0.43749 0.45439 0.47080 0.48675 0.50226 0.51736
19 0.36818 0.38621 0.40369 0.42065 0.43713 0.45314 0.46872
20 0.31726 0.33592 0.35400 0.37154 0.38856 0.40510 0.42117

21 0.26716 0.28648 0.30518 0.32331 0.34090 0.35797 0.37456

22 0.21772 0.23772 0.25708 0.27583 0.29400 0.31163 0.32875
23 0.16880 0.18953 0.20957 0.22896 0.24774 0.26595 0.28362
24 0.12029 0.14177 0.16252 0.18259 0.20201 0.22082 0.23906
25 0.07206 0.09434 0.11584 0.13661 0.15669 0.17614 0.19498

26 0.02400 0.04712 0.06940 0.09091 0.11170 0.13180 0.15127

27 0.0 0.02312 0.04541 0.06693 0.08773 0.10785
28 0.0 0.02229 0.04382 0.06463
29 0.0 0.02153

K/N 59 60 61 62 63 64 65

1 2.31288 2.31928 2.32556 2.33173 2.33778 2.34373 2.34958

2 1.92786 1.93516 1.94232 1.94934 1.95624 1.96301 1.96965
3 1.70822 1.71616 1.72394 1.73158 1.73906 1.74641 1.75363
4 1.54889 1.55736 1.56567 1.57381 1.58180 1.58963 1.59732
5 1.42127 1.43023 1.43900 1.44760 1.45603 1.46430 1.47241

6 1.31334 1.32274 1.33195 1.34097 1.34982 1.35848 1.36698

7 1.21886 1.22869 1.23832 1.24774 1.25698 1.26603 1.27490
8 1.13419 1.14443 1.15445 1.16427 1.17388 1.18329 1.19252
9 1.05695 1.06760 1.07802 1.08821 1.09819 1.10797 1.11754
10 0.98557 0.99662 1.00742 1.01799 1.02833 1.03846 1.04838

11 0.91890 0.93034 0.94153 0.95247 0.96317 0.57365 0.98391

12 0.85609 0.86793 0.87950 0.89081 0.90187 0.91270 0.92329
13 0.79649 0.80873 0.8206P 0.83237 0.84379 0.85496 0.86590
14 0.73960 0.75224 0.76459 0.77665 0.78843 0.79996 0.81123
15 0.68502 0.69807 0.71081 0.72324 0.73540 0.74727 0.75889

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 18–67

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Exhibit 18–2 Expected values of normal order statistics—Continued

K/N 59 60 61 62 63 64 65

16 0.63241 0.64587 0.65901 0.67183 0.68436 0.69659 0.70856

17 0.58150 0.59538 0.60893 0.62214 0.63504 0.64764 0.65996
18 0.53205 0.54637 0.56033 0.57395 0.58723 0.60020 0.61288
19 0.48388 0.49864 0.51303 0.52705 0.54073 0.55408 0.56712
20 0.43681 0.45202 0.46685 0.48129 0.49537 0.50911 0.52252

21 0.39068 0.40637 0.42164 0.43652 0.45101 0.46515 0.47894

22 0.34538 0.36155 0.37729 0.39260 0.40752 0.42207 0.43625
23 0.30078 0.31745 0.33366 0.34944 0.36480 0.37976 0.39435
24 0.25677 0.27396 0.29066 0.30691 0.32272 0.33812 0.35312
25 0.21325 0.23098 0.24820 0.26494 0.28122 0.29706 0.31249

26 0.17013 0.18842 0.20618 0.22343 0.24019 0.25650 0.27237

27 0.12733 0.14621 0.16452 0.18230 0.19957 0.21636 0.23269
28 0.08476 0.10425 0.12315 0.14148 0.15927 0.17656 0.19337
29 0.04234 0.06248 0.08198 0.10089 0.11923 0.13704 0.15435
30 0.0 0.02081 0.04096 0.06047 0.07938 0.09774 0.11556

31 0.0 0.02014 0.03966 0.05858 0.07694

32 0.0 0.01952 0.03844
33 0.0

K/N 66 67 68 69 70 71 72

1 2.35532 2.36097 2.36652 2.37199 2.37736 2.38265 2.38785

2 1.97618 1.98260 1.98891 1.99510 2.00120 2.00720 2.01310
3 1.76071 1.76767 1.77451 1.78122 1.78783 1.79432 1.80071
4 1.60487 1.61228 1.61955 1.62670 1.63373 1.64063 1.64742
5 1.48036 1.48817 1.49584 1.50338 1.51078 1.51805 1.52520

6 1.37532 1.38351 1.39154 1.39942 1.40717 1.41478 1.42226

7 1.28360 1.29213 1.30051 1.30873 1.31680 1.32473 1.33252
8 1.20157 1.21044 1.21915 1.22769 1.23608 1.24431 1.25240
9 1.12693 1.13613 1.14516 1.15401 1.16270 1.17123 1.17961
10 1.05810 1.06762 1.07696 1.08612 1.09511 1.10393 1.11259

11 0.99395 1.00380 1.01345 1.02291 1.03220 1.04130 1.05024

12 0.93367 0.94383 0.95379 0.96355 0.97313 0.98252 0.99173
13 0.87660 0.88708 0.89735 0.90741 0.91728 0.92695 0.93644
14 0.82226 0.83306 0.84364 0.85400 0.86416 0.87412 0.88388
15 0.77025 0.78138 0.79226 0.80293 0.81338 0.82362 0.83366

18–68 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Exhibit 18–2 Expected values of normal order statistics—Continued

K/N 66 67 68 69 70 71 72

16 0.72025 0.73170 0.74290 0.75387 0.76462 0.77514 0.78546

17 0.67200 0.68377 0.69529 0.70657 0.71761 0.72843 0.73903
18 0.62526 0.63737 0.64921 0.66080 0.67214 0.68325 0.69413
19 0.57985 0.59230 0.60447 0.61638 0.62803 0.63943 0.65060
20 0.53561 0.54841 0.56091 0.57314 0.58510 0.59681 0.60827

21 0.49240 0.50555 0.51839 0.53095 0.54323 0.55525 0.56701

22 0.45009 0.46360 0.47680 0.48969 0.50230 0.51463 0.52669
23 0.40857 0.42245 0.43601 0.44925 0.46219 0.47484 0.48721
24 0.36775 0.38201 0.39594 0.40953 0.42281 0.43579 0.44848
25 0.32753 0.34219 0.35649 0.37045 0.38408 0.39739 0.41041

26 0.28784 0.30290 0.31759 0.33192 0.34591 0.35958 0.37292

27 0.24859 0.26408 0.27917 0.29389 0.30825 0.32227 0.33596
28 0.20973 0.22565 0.24116 0.25627 0.27102 0.28540 0.29945
29 0.17118 0.18755 0.20349 0.21902 0.23416 0.24893 0.26333
30 0.13288 0.14972 0.16611 0.18207 0.19762 0.21277 0.22756

31 0.09478 0.11211 0.12896 0.14536 0.16134 0.17690 0.19208

32 0.05681 0.07465 0.09199 0.10885 0.12527 0.14125 0.15683
33 0.01893 0.03730 0.05514 0.07249 0.08936 0.10579 0.12178
34 0.0 0.01837 0.03622 0.05357 0.07045 0.08688
35 0.0 0.01785 0.03520 0.05209

36 0.0 0.01736

K/N 73 74 75 76 77 78 79

1 2.39298 2.39802 2.40299 2.40789 2.41271 2.41747 2.42215

2 2.01890 2.02462 2.03024 2.03578 2.04124 2.04662 2.05191
3 1.80699 1.81317 1.81926 1.82525 1.83115 1.83696 1.84268
4 1.65410 1.66067 1.66714 1.67350 1.67976 1.68592 1.69200
5 1.53223 1.53914 1.54594 1.55263 1.55921 1.56569 1.57207

6 1.42961 1.43684 1.44395 1.45094 1.45782 1.46459 1.47125

7 1.34017 1.34770 1.35510 1.36237 1.36953 1.37657 1.38350
8 1.26034 1.26815 1.27583 1.28338 1.29080 1.29810 1.30529
9 1.18784 1.19592 1.20387 1.21168 1.21936 1.22691 1.23434
10 1.12110 1.12945 1.13766 1.14572 1.15365 1.16145 1.16912

11 1.05902 1.06764 1.07610 1.08442 1.09260 1.10063 1.10854

12 1.00078 1.00966 1.01838 1.02695 1.03537 1.04364 1.05178
13 0.94576 0.95490 0.96387 0.97269 0.98135 0.98986 0.99822
14 0.89346 0.90286 0.91209 0.92115 0.93005 0.93880 0.94739
15 0.84351 0.85317 0.86265 0.87196 0.88110 0.89008 0.89890
(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 18–69
Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Exhibit 18–2 Expected values of normal order statistics—Continued

K/N 73 74 75 76 77 78 79

16 0.79558 0.80550 0.81524 0.82480 0.83418 0.84339 0.85244

17 0.74942 0.75960 0.76960 0.77940 0.78903 0.79848 0.80776
18 0.70480 0.71526 0.72551 0.73557 0.74544 0.75512 0.76463
19 0.66155 0.67227 0.68279 0.69310 0.70322 0.71314 0.72289
20 0.61950 0.63050 0.64128 0.65185 0.66222 0.67239 0.68237

21 0.57852 0.58980 0.60085 0.61168 0.62230 0.63272 0.64294

22 0.53850 0.55006 0.56138 0.57248 0.58336 0.59403 0.60449
23 0.49932 0.51117 0.52277 0.53414 0.54528 0.55621 0.56692
24 0.46089 0.47304 0.48493 0.49657 0.50798 0.51917 0.53013
25 0.42313 0.42558 0.44777 0.45970 0.47138 0.48283 0.49404

26 0.38597 0.39873 0.41122 0.42343 0.43540 0.44711 0.45859

27 0.34934 0.36242 0.37521 0.38772 0.39997 0.41196 0.42371
28 0.31317 0.32657 0.33968 0.35250 0.36504 0.37731 0.38934
29 0.27740 0.29114 0.30457 0.31770 0.33055 0.34311 0.35542
30 0.24199 0.25608 0.26984 0.28329 0.29645 0.30931 0.32190

31 0.20688 0.22133 0.23543 0.24922 0.26269 0.27586 0.28875

32 0.17202 0.18684 0.20130 0.21543 0.22923 0.24272 0.25591
33 0.13737 0.15257 0.16740 0.18188 0.19602 0.20983 0.22334
34 0.10289 0.11848 0.13370 0.14854 0.16303 0.17718 0.19101
35 0.06852 0.08453 0.10014 0.11536 0.13021 0.14471 0.15888

36 0.03424 0.05068 0.06670 0.08231 0.09754 0.11240 0.12691

37 0.0 0.01689 0.03333 0.04935 0.06497 0.08020 0.09507
38 0.0 0.01644 0.03247 0.04809 0.06333
39 0.0 0.01602 0.03165
40 0.0

K/N 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

1 2.42677 2.43133 2.43582 2.44026 2.44463 2.44894 2.45320

2 2.05714 2.06228 2.06735 2.07236 2.07729 2.08216 2.08696
3 1.84832 1.85387 1.85935 1.86475 1.87007 1.87532 1.88049
4 1.69798 1.70387 1.70968 1.71540 1.72104 1.72660 1.73209
5 1.57836 1.58455 1.59065 1.59665 1.60258 1.60841 1.61417

6 1.47781 1.48428 1.49064 1.49691 1.50309 1.50918 1.51518

7 1.39032 1.39704 1.40366 1.41017 1.41659 1.42292 1.42915
8 1.31236 1.31932 1.32617 1.33292 1.33957 1.34611 1.35257
9 1.24165 1.24884 1.25593 1.26290 1.26977 1.27653 1.28320
10 1.17666 1.18409 1.19139 1.19859 1.20567 1.21264 1.21951

18–70 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Exhibit 18–2 Expected values of normal order statistics—Continued

K/N 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

11 1.11631 1.12396 1.13148 1.13889 1.14618 1.15336 1.16043

12 1.05978 1.06764 1.07539 1.08300 1.09050 1.09788 1.10515
13 1.00644 1.01453 1.02249 1.03031 1.03802 1.04560 1.05306
14 0.95584 0.96414 0.97231 0.98034 0.98825 0.99603 1.00369
15 0.90757 0.51609 0.92447 0.93271 0.94082 0.94880 0.95665

16 0.86134 0.87007 0.87867 0.88711 0.89542 0.90360 0.91164

17 0.81687 0.82583 0.83464 0.84329 0.85180 0.86017 0.86841
18 0.77398 0.78315 0.79217 0.80103 0.80975 0.81832 0.82675
19 0.73246 0.74186 0.75109 0.76016 0.76908 0.77785 0.78647
20 0.69217 0.70179 0.71124 0.72053 0.72965 0.73862 0.74744

21 0.65297 0.66282 0.67249 0.68199 0.69133 0.70050 0.70952

22 0.61476 0.62484 0.63473 0.64445 0.65399 0.66337 0.67259
23 0.57742 0.58773 0.59785 0.60779 0.61755 0.62714 0.63656
24 0.54088 0.55143 0.56178 0.57193 0.58191 0.59171 0.60133
25 0.50554 0.51583 0.52641 0.53680 0.54700 0.55701 0.56684

26 0.46985 0.48088 0.49170 0.50232 0.51274 0.52297 0.53301

27 0.43522 0.44651 0.45757 0.46842 0.47907 0.48952 0.49979
28 0.40111 0.41265 0.42397 0.43506 0.44594 0.45662 0.46710
29 0.36747 0.37927 0.39084 0.40218 0.41330 0.42421 0.43491
30 0.33423 0.34630 0.35813 0.36972 0.38108 0.39223 0.40316

31 0.30136 0.31371 0.32580 0.33765 0.34926 0.36065 0.37182

32 0.26881 0.28144 0.29381 0.30592 0.31779 0.32943 0.34084
33 0.23655 0.24947 0.26212 0.27450 0.28664 0.29852 0.31018
34 0.20453 0.21775 0.23069 0.24335 0.25576 0.26790 0.27981
35 0.17272 0.18625 0.19949 0.21244 0.22512 0.23753 0.24970

36 0.14108 0.15493 0.16848 0.18172 0.19469 0.20738 0.21981

37 0.10959 0.12377 0.13763 0.15118 0.16444 0.17741 0.19012
38 0.07820 0.09272 0.10691 0.12078 0.13434 0.14761 0.16059
39 0.04689 0.06177 0.07629 0.09049 0.10436 0.11793 0.13121
40 0.01562 0.03087 0.04575 0.06028 0.07448 0.08836 0.10193

41 0.0 0.01524 0.03013 0.04466 0.05886 0.07275

42 0.0 0.01488 0.02942 0.04362
43 0.0 0.01454

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 18–71

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Exhibit 18–2 Expected values of normal order statistics—Continued

K/N 87 88 89 90 91 92 93

1 2.45741 2.46156 2.46565 2.46970 2.47370 2.47764 2.48154

2 2.09170 2.09637 2.10099 2.10554 2.11004 2.11448 2.11887
3 1.88560 1.89064 1.89561 1.90052 1.90536 1.91015 1.91487
4 1.73750 1.74283 1.74810 1.75329 1.75842 1.76348 1.76848
5 1.61984 1.62544 1.63096 1.63641 1.64178 1.64709 1.65232

6 1.52110 1.52693 1.53269 1.53836 1.54396 1.54949 1.55494

7 1.43529 1.44135 1.44732 1.45321 1.45903 1.46476 1.47042
8 1.35893 1.36520 1.37138 1.37747 1.38348 1.38941 1.39526
9 1.28976 1.29624 1.30262 1.30891 1.31511 1.32123 1.32726
10 1.22628 1.23295 1.23952 1.24600 1.25239 1.25869 1.26491

11 1.16740 1.17426 1.18102 1.18769 1.19426 1.20073 1.20712

12 1.11231 1.11936 1.12631 1.13316 1.13990 1.14656 1.15311
13 1.06041 1.06765 1.07478 1.08181 1.08873 1.09555 1.10228
14 1.01122 1.01865 1.02596 1.03316 1.04026 1.04726 1.05415
15 0.96437 0.97198 0.97948 0.98686 0.99413 1.00129 1.00835

16 0.91956 0.92735 0.93502 0.94258 0.95002 0.95735 0.96458

17 0.87651 0.88449 0.89234 0.90007 0.90769 0.91519 0.92258
18 0.83504 0.84320 0.85123 0.85914 0.86693 0.87460 0.88215
19 0.79496 0.80330 0.81152 0.81960 0.82756 0.83540 0.84312
20 0.75611 0.76465 0.77304 0.78131 0.78944 0.79745 0.80533

21 0.71838 0.72710 0.73568 0.74412 0.75243 0.76061 0.76866

22 0.68165 0.69056 0.69932 0.70795 0.71643 0.72478 0.73300
23 0.64581 0.65492 0.66387 0.67267 0.68134 0.68986 0.69825
24 0.61079 0.62009 0.62923 0.63822 0.64706 0.65576 0.66432
25 0.57650 0.58600 0.59533 0.60451 0.61353 0.62241 0.63115

26 0.54288 0.55258 0.56210 0.57147 0.58068 0.58974 0.59865

27 0.50986 0.51976 0.52949 0.53905 0.54845 0.55769 0.56678
28 0.47739 0.48750 0.49743 0.50718 0.51677 0.52620 0.53547
29 0.44542 0.45574 0.46587 0.47582 0.48561 0.49522 0.50468
30 0.41389 0.42443 0.43477 0.44493 0.45491 0.46472 0.47436

31 0.38278 0.39353 0.40409 0.41445 0.42463 0.43464 0.44447

32 0.35203 0.36300 0.37378 0.38436 0.39474 0.40495 0.41498
33 0.32161 0.33281 0.34381 0.35461 0.36520 0.37561 0.38584
34 0.29148 0.30292 0.31415 0.32517 0.33598 0.34660 0.35702
35 0.26162 0.27330 0.28476 0.29601 0.30704 0.31787 0.32850

18–72 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Exhibit 18–2 Expected values of normal order statistics—Continued

K/N 87 88 89 90 91 92 93

36 0.23199 0.24392 0.25562 0.26710 0.27835 0.28940 0.30025

37 0.20256 0.21475 0.22669 0.23841 0.24990 0.26117 0.27223
38 0.17330 0.18576 0.19796 0.20991 0.22164 0.23314 0.24443
39 0.14420 0.15692 0.16938 0.18159 0.19356 0.20530 0.21681
40 0.11521 0.12821 0.14094 0.15341 0.16563 0.17761 0.18936

41 0.08633 0.09961 0.11262 0.12536 0.13783 0.15006 0.16205

42 0.05751 0.07110 0.08439 0.09740 0.11014 0.12262 0.13486
43 0.02874 0.04263 0.05622 0.06952 0.08253 0.09528 0.10777
44 0.0 0.01421 0.02810 0.04169 0.05499 0.06801 0.08076
45 0.0 0.01389 0.02748 0.04078 0.05381

46 0.0 0.01359 0.02689

47 0.0

K/N 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

1 2.48540 2.48920 2.49297 2.49669 2.50036 2.50400 2.50759

2 2.12321 2.12749 2.13172 2.13590 2.14003 2.14411 2.14814
3 1.91953 1.92414 1.92869 1.93318 1.93763 1.94201 1.94635
4 1.77341 1.77828 1.78309 1.78784 1.79254 1.79718 1.80176
5 1.65749 1.66259 1.66763 1.67261 1.67752 1.68238 1.68718

6 1.56033 1.56564 1.57089 1.57607 1.58118 1.58624 1.59123

7 1.47600 1.48151 1.48695 1.49232 1.49762 1.50286 1.50803
8 1.40103 1.40673 1.41235 1.41790 1.42338 1.42879 1.43414
9 1.33321 1.33909 1.34489 1.35061 1.35626 1.36183 1.36734
10 1.27104 1.27708 1.28305 1.28894 1.29475 1.30049 1.30615

11 1.21342 1.21964 1.22577 1.23182 1.23779 1.24368 1.24950

12 1.15958 1.16596 1.17226 1.17847 1.18459 1.19064 1.19661
13 1.10891 1.11546 1.12191 1.12827 1.13455 1.14075 1.14687
14 1.06095 1.06765 1.07426 1.08078 1.08721 1.09356 1.09982
15 1.01531 1.02217 1.02894 1.03561 1.04219 1.04868 1.05509

16 0.97170 0.97872 0.98564 0.99246 0.99919 1.00583 1.01238

17 0.92986 0.93704 0.94411 0.95109 0.95797 0.96475 0.97145
18 0.88959 0.89693 0.90416 0.91129 0.91831 0.92524 0.93208
19 0.85072 0.85822 0.86560 0.87288 0.88006 0.88713 0.89411
20 0.81310 0.82075 0.82829 0.83572 0.84305 0.85027 0.85739

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 18–73

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Exhibit 18–2 Expected values of normal order statistics—Continued

K/N 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

21 0.77659 0.78441 0.79210 0.79968 0.80716 0.81452 0.82179

22 0.74110 0.74907 0.75692 0.76466 0.77228 0.77980 0.78720
23 0.70651 0.71464 0.72266 0.73055 0.73832 0.74598 0.75353
24 0.67275 0.68105 0.68922 0.69727 0.70519 0.71301 0.72070
25 0.63974 0.64821 0.65654 0.66474 0.67282 0.68079 0.68863

26 0.60742 0.61605 0.62454 0.63291 0.64115 0.64926 0.65725

27 0.57572 0.58452 0.59318 0.60170 0.61010 0.61837 0.62651
28 0.54459 0.55356 0.56239 0.57108 0.57963 0.58805 0.59635
29 0.51398 0.52312 0.53212 0.54097 0.54969 0.55827 0.56672
30 0.48384 0.49316 0.50233 0.51136 0.52024 0.52898 0.53758

31 0.45414 0.46364 0.47299 0.48218 0.49123 0.50013 0.50890

32 0.42483 0.43452 0.44404 0.45341 0.46263 0.47170 0.48062
33 0.39588 0.40576 0.41547 0.42501 0.43440 0.44364 0.45273
34 0.36727 0.37733 0.38722 0.39695 0.40652 0.41593 0.42518
35 0.33895 0.34921 0.35929 0.36920 0.37895 0.38853 0.39796

36 0.31090 0.32136 0.33163 0.34173 0.35166 0.36142 0.37102

37 0.28309 0.29375 0.30423 0.31452 0.32464 0.33458 0.34436
38 0.25550 0.26637 0.27705 0.28754 0.29785 0.30797 0.31793
39 0.22810 0.23919 0.25008 0.26077 0.27127 0.28159 0.29173
40 0.20088 0.21219 0.22328 0.23418 0.24488 0.25539 0.26572

41 0.17380 0.18533 0.19665 0.20776 0.21866 0.22937 0.23990

42 0.14685 0.15861 0.17015 0.18148 0.19259 0.20351 0.21423
43 0.12001 0.13201 0.14378 0.15533 0.16666 0.17778 0.18870
44 0.09325 0.10550 0.11750 0.12928 0.14083 0.15217 0.16330
45 0.06656 0.07906 0.09131 0.10332 0.11510 0.12666 0.13800

46 0.03992 0.05267 0.06518 0.07743 0.08944 0.10123 0.11279

47 0.01330 0.02633 0.03909 0.05159 0.06385 0.07586 0.08765
48 0.0 0.01303 0.02579 0.03829 0.05055 0.06257
49 0.0 0.01276 0.02527 0.03753
50 0.0 0.01251

18–74 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Exhibit 18–3 Tables of Percentage Points of the
Pearson Type III Distribution

(Exhibit 18–3 is a reprint of the March 1976 revision of Technical Release 38, Tables of Percentage Points of the
Pearson Type III Distribution.)

Introduction Warning
Table 1 in exhibit 18–3 was computed on the IBM The presence of high outliers may cause the coeffi-
70941 by Dr. H. Leon Harter, senior scientist (math- cient of skewness to be close to zero or positive when
ematical statistician), Applied Mathematics Research a plot of the raw data indicates a negative skewness.
Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio These are special cases of the log-Pearson Type III
45433. Table 2 was computed from table 1 on the IBM distribution for which it may be desirable to submit a
360/40 by the Central Technical Unit of the Soil Con- plot of the raw data and the calculations of the statis-
servation Service (now the Natural Resources Conser- tics to the state hydrologist for interpretation and
vation Service). Tables 1 and 2 as published in "A should be reported to the National Water and Climate
Uniform Technique for Determining Flood Flow Fre- Center Water Science Technology Team. The variation
quencies," Bulletin No. 15, Water Resources Council, alone in some data may be responsible for positive
Washington, DC, December 1967, are an abbreviated skewness, too, when the full period of record without
form of the new tables. Bulletin No. 17B, "Guidelines outliers is negatively skewed. (See Bulletins 15 and
for Determining Flood Flow Frequencies," Water 17B, pages 12 and 13 and pages 16 and 17, respec-
Resources Council, Washington, DC, 1982, includes tively).
Appendix 3, "Tables of K Values" for skewness of 0 to
+9.0 and 31 levels of probability.

Purpose of these tables

Tables 1 and 2 are intended for use in computer appli-
cations where 3- or 4-point Lagrangian (parabolic)
interpolation will be sufficiently accurate in any case,
while linear interpolation is good enough if the value
of the coefficient of skewness (G1) is near one of the
tabular values or if only three-decimal place accuracy
is required.

Manual computations, using tables 1 and 2 of Bulletins

15 and 17B (WRC) with linear interpolations and 4 or 5
place log tables, should in most cases be suitable for
preliminary estimates in the field. However, statistics
computed in this manner may not be sufficiently
accurate for regional studies, etc.

1 Trade names mentioned are for specific information and do not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the
Department of Agriculture or an endorsement by the Department over other products not mentioned.
2 Since Gl is an inefficient estimator of the skewness, rounding up of Gl to the next tabulated value will usually be sufficient
for manual computations.

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 18–75

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Table l.—Percentage Points of Pearson Type III Distribution, P(Kp, Gl)1

For Positive Skewness
Gl = 0.0(0.1) 9.0

The values in the body of the table are the values of Kp, standardized units, that correspond to these values of Gl
for P = 0.0001, 0.0005, 0.0010, 0.0020, 0.0050, 0.0100, 0.0200, 0.0250, 0.0400, 0.0500, 0.1000, 0.2000, 0.3000, 0.4000,
0.4296, 0.5000, 0.5704, 0.6000, 0.7000, 0.8000, 0.9000, 0.9500, 0.9600, 0.9750, 0.9800, 0.9900, 0.9950, 0.9980, 0.9990,
0.9995, and 0.9999 cumulative probability equal to or less than. Five decimals have been retained. The Return
Period (T) is defined as 1/Q, and P + Q = 1.0.

Example: Given Gl= + 1.0 Find Kp for P = 0.9900 and Q = .0100 or T = 100
Gl = + 1.0 Kp = + 3.02256
Find Kp for P = Q = 0.5000 or T = 2
Gl = + 1.0 Kp = - 0.16397

Where: Gl is the coefficient of skewness

P is the cumulative probability equal to or less than
Q is the cumulative probability equal to or greater than
T is the return period and/or recurrence interval
Kp is the K-value for selected percentage points and skewness

This table was computed on the IBM 7094 by Dr. H. Leon Harter, senior scientist (mathematical statistician), Ap-
plied Mathematics Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 45433, by special arrangements for
the Soil Conservation Service, USDA, Central Technical Unit, 269 Federal Building, Hyattsville, Maryland 20782.
This table was published in Technometrics, Vol 11, No. 1, Feb. 1969, pp 177-187, and Vol 13, No. 1 Feb. 1971, pp 203-
20h, "A New Table of Percentage Points of the Pearson Type III Distribution" and "More Percentage Points of the
Pearson Distribution," respectively.

3/17/76

18–76 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Table 1 Percentage points of Pearson Type III distribution (pos skewness)

p Gl=0.0 Gl=0.1 Gl=0.2 Gl=0.3 Gl=0.4 Gl=0.5 Gl=0.6 Q T

0.000100 -3.71902 -3.50703 -3.29921 -3.09631 -2.89907 -2.70836 -2.52507 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -3.29053 -3.12767 -2.96698 -2.80889 -2.65390 -2.50257 -2.35549 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -3.09023 -2.94834 -2.80786 -2.66915 -2.53261 -2.39867 -2.26780 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -2.87816 -2.75706 -2.63672 -2.51741 -2.39942 -2.28311 -2.16884 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -2.57583 -2.48187 -2.38795 -2.29423 -2.20092 -2.10825 -2.01644 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -2.32635 -2.25258 -2.17840 -2.10394 -2.02933 -1.95472 -1.8B029 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -2.05375 -1.99973 -1.94499 -1.88959 -1.83361 -1.77716 -1.72033 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -1.95996 -1.91219 -1.86360 -1.81427 -1.76427 -1.71366 -1.66253 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -1.75069 -1.71580 -1.67999 -1.64329 -1.60574 -1.56740 -1.52830 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -1.64485 -1.61594 -1.58607 -1.55527 -1.52357 -1.49101 -1.45762 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -1.28155 -1.27037 -1.25824 -1.24516 -1.23114 -1.21618 -1.20028 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 -0.84162 -0.84611 -0.84986 -0.85285 -0.85508 -0.85653 -0.85718 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 -0.52440 -0.53624 -0.54757 -0.55839 -0.56867 -0.57840 -0.58757 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 -0.25335 -0.26882 -0.28403 -0.29897 -0.31362 -0.32796 -0.34198 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 -0.17733 -0.19339 -0.20925 -0.22492 -0.24037 -0.25558 -0.27047 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 0.0 -0.01662 -0.03325 -0.04993 -0.06651 -0.08302 -0.09945 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 0.17733 0.16111 0.14472 0.12820 0.11154 0.09478 0.07791 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 0.25335 0.23763 0.22168 0.20552 0.18916 0.17261 0.15589 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 0.52440 0.51207 0.49927 0.48600 0.47228 0.45812 0.44352 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 0.84162 0.83639 0.83044 0.82377 0.81638 0.80829 0.79950 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 1.28155 1.29178 1.30105 1.30936 1.31671 1.32309 1.32850 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 1.64485 1.67279 1.69971 1.72562 1.75048 1.77428 1.79701 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 1.75069 1.78462 1.81756 1.84949 1.88039 1.91022 1.93896 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 1.95996 2.00688 2.05290 2.09795 2.14202 2.18505 2.22702 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 2.05375 2.10697 2.15935 2.21081 2.26133 2.31084 2.35931 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 2.32635 2.39961 2.47226 2.54421 2.61539 2.68572 2.75514 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 2.57583 2.66965 2.76321 2.85636 2.94900 3.04102 3.13232 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 2.87816 2.99978 3.12169 3.24371 3.36566 3.48737 3.60872 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 3.09023 3.23322 3.37703 3.52139 3.66608 3.81090 3.95567 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 3.29053 3.45513 3.62113 3.78820 3.95605 4.12443 4.29311 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 3.71902 3.93453 4.15301 4.37394 4.59687 4.82141 5.04718 0.0001 10000.

p Gl=0.7 Gl=0.8 Gl=0.9 Gl=1.0 Gl=1.1 Gl=1.2 Gl=1.3 Q T

0.000100 -2.35015 -2.18448 -2.02891 -1.88410 -1.75053 -1.62838 -1.51752 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -2.21328 -2.07661 -1.94611 -1.82241 -1.70603 -1.59738 -1.49673 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -2.14053 -2.01739 -1.89894 -1.78572 -1.67825 -1.57695 -1.48216 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -2.05701 -1.94806 -1.84244 -1.74062 -1.64305 -1.55016 -1.46232 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -1.92580 -1.83660 -1.74919 -1.66390 -1.58110 -1.50114 -1.42439 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -1.80621 -1.73271 -1.66001 -1.58838 -1.51808 -1.44942 -1.38267 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -1.66325 -1.60604 -1.54886 -1.49188 -1.43529 -1.37929 -1.32412 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -1.61099 -1.55914 -1.50712 -1.45507 -1.40314 -1.35153 -1.30042 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -1.48852 -1.44813 -1.40720 -1.36584 -1.32414 -1.28225 -1.24028 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -1.42345 -1.38855 -1.35299 -1.31684 -1.28019 -1.24313 -1.20578 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -1.18347 -1.16574 -1.14712 -1.12762 -1.10726 -1.08608 -1.06413 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 -0.85703 -0.85607 -0.85426 -0.85161 -0.84809 -0.84369 -0.83841 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 -0.59615 -0.60412 -0.61146 -0.61815 -0.62415 -0.62944 -0.63400 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 -0.35565 -0.36889 -0.38186 -0.39434 -0.40638 -0.41794 -0.42899 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 -0.28516 -0.29961 -0.31368 -0.32740 -0.34075 -0.35370 -0.36620 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 -0.11578 -0.13199 -0.14807 -0.16397 -0.17968 -0.19517 -0.21040 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 0.06097 0.04397 0.02693 0.00987 -0.00719 -0.02421 -0.04116 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 0.13901 0.12199 0.10486 0.08763 0.07032 0.05297 0.03560 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 0.42851 0.41309 0.39729 0.38111 0.36458 0.34772 0.33054 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 0.79002 0.77986 0.76902 0.75752 0.74537 0.73257 0.71915 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 1.33294 1.33640 1.33889 1.34039 1.34092 1.34047 1.33904 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 1.81864 1.83916 1.85856 1.87683 1.89395 1.90992 1.92472 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 1.96660 1.99311 2.01848 2.04269 2.06573 2.08758 2.10823 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 2.26790 2.30764 2.34623 2.38364 2.41984 2.45482 2.48855 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 2.40670 2.45298 2.49811 2.54206 2.58480 2.62631 2.66657 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 2.82359 2.89101 2.95735 3.02256 3.08660 3.14944 3.21103 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 3.22281 3.31243 3.40109 3.48874 3.57530 3.66073 3.74497 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 3.72957 3.84981 3.96932 4.08802 4.20582 4.32263 4.43839 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 4.10022 4.24439 4.38807 4.53112 4.67344 4.81492 4.95549 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 4.46189 4.63057 4.79899 4.96701 5.13449 5.30130 5.46735 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 5.27389 5.50124 5.72899 5.95691 6.18480 6.41249 6.63980 0.0001 10000.

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 18–77

Table 1 Percentage points of Pearson Type III distribution (pos skewness)—Continued

p Gl=1.4 Gl=1.5 Gl=1.6 Gl=1.7 Gl=1.8 Gl=1.9 Gl=2.0 Q T

0.000100 -1.41753 -1.32774 -1.24728 -1.17520 -1.11054 -1.05239 -0.99990 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -1.40413 -1.31944 -1.24235 -1.17240 -1.10901 -1.05159 -0.99950 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -1.39408 -1.31275 -1.23805 -1.16974 -1.10143 -1.05068 -0.99900 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -1.37981 -1.30279 -1.23132 -1.16534 -1.10465 -1.04898 -0.99800 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -1.35114 -1.28167 -1.21618 -1.15477 -1.09749 -1.04427 -0.99499 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -1.31815 -1.25611 -1.19680 -1.14042 -1.08711 -1.03695 -0.98995 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -1.26999 -1.21716 -1.16584 -1.11628 -1.06864 -1.02311 -0.97980 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -1.25004 -1.20059 -1.15229 -1.10537 -1.06001 -1.01640 -0.97468 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -1.19842 -1.15682 -1.11566 -1.07513 -1.03543 -0.99672 -0.95918 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -1.16827 -1.13075 -1.09338 -1.05631 -1.01973 -0.98381 -0.94871 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -1.04144 -1.01810 -0.99418 -0.96977 -0.94496 -0.91988 -0.89464 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 -0.83223 -0.82516 -0.81720 -0.80837 -0.79868 -0.78816 -0.77686 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 -0.63779 -0.64080 -0.64300 -0.64436 -0.64488 -0.64453 -0.64333 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 -0.43949 -0.44942 -0.45873 -0.46739 -0.47538 -0.48265 -0.48917 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 -0.37824 -0.38977 -0.40075 -0.41116 -0.42095 -0.43008 -0.43854 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 -0.22535 -0.23996 -0.25422 -0.26808 -0.28150 -0.29443 -0.30685 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 -0.05803 -0.07476 -0.09132 -0.10769 -0.12381 -0.13964 -0.15516 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 0.01824 0.00092 -0.01631 -0.03344 -0.05040 -0.06718 -0.08371 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 0.31307 0.29535 0.27740 0.25925 0.24094 0.22250 0.20397 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 0.70512 0.69050 0.67532 0.65959 0.64335 0.62662 0.60944 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 1.33665 1.33330 1.32900 1.32376 1.31760 1.31054 1.30259 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 1.93836 1.95083 1.96213 1.97227 1.98124 1.98906 1.99573 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 2.12768 2.14591 2.16293 2.17873 2.19332 2.20670 2.21888 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 2.52102 2.55222 2.58214 2.61076 2.63810 2.66413 2.68888 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 2.70556 2.74325 2.77964 2.81472 2.84848 2.88091 2.91202 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 3.27134 3.33035 3.38804 3.44438 3.49935 3.55295 3.60517 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 3.82798 3.90973 3.99016 4.06926 4.14700 4.22336 4.29832 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 4.55304 4.66651 4.77875 4.88971 4.99937 5.10768 5.21461 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 5.09505 5.23353 5.37087 5.50701 5.64190 5.77549 5.90776 0.0010 1000.0
0.999560 5.63252 5.79673 5.95990 6.12196 6.28285 6.44251 6.60090 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 6.86661 7.09277 7.31818 7.54272 7.76632 7.98688 8.21034 0.0001 10000.

p Gl=2.1 Gl=2.2 Gl=2.3 Gl=2.4 Gl=2.5 Gl=2.6 Gl=2.7 Q T

0.000100 -0.95234 -0.90908 -0.86956 -0.83333 -0.80000 -0.76923 -0.74074 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -0.95215 -0.90899 -0.86952 -0.83331 -0.79999 -0.76923 -0.74074 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -0.95188 -0.90885 -0.86945 -0.83328 -0.79998 -0.76922 -0.74074 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -0.95131 -0.90854 -0.86929 -0.83320 -0.79994 -0.76920 -0.74073 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -0.94945 -0.90742 -0.86863 -0.83283 -0.79973 -0.76909 -0.74067 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -0.94607 -0.90521 -0.86723 -0.83196 -0.79921 -0.76878 -0.74049 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -0.93878 -0.90009 -0.86371 -0.82959 -0.79765 -0.76779 -0.73987 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -0.93495 -0.89728 -0.86169 -0.82817 -0.79667 -0.76712 -0.73943 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -0.92295 -0.88814 -0.85486 -0.82315 -0.79306 -0.76456 -0.73765 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -0.91458 -0.88156 -0.84976 -0.81927 -0.79015 -0.76242 -0.73610 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -0.86938 -0.84422 -0.81929 -0.79472 -0.77062 -0.74709 -0.72422 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 -0.76482 -0.75211 -0.73880 -0.72495 -0.71067 -0.69602 -0.68111 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 -0.64125 -0.63833 -0.63456 -0.62999 -0.62463 -0.61854 -0.61176 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 -0.49494 -0.49991 -0.50409 -0.50744 -0.50999 -0.51171 -0.51263 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 -0.44628 -0.45329 -0.45953 -0.46499 -0.46966 -0.47353 -0.47660 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 -0.31872 -0.32999 -0.34063 -0.35062 -0.35992 -0.36852 -0.37640 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 -0.17030 -0.18504 -0.19933 -0.21313 -0.22642 -0.23915 -0.25129 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 -0.09997 -0.11590 -0.13148 -0.14665 -0.16138 -0.17564 -0.18939 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 0.18540 0.16682 0.14827 0.12979 0.11143 0.09323 0.07523 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 0.59183 0.57383 0.55549 0.53683 0.51789 0.49872 0.47934 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 1.29377 1.28412 1.27365 1.26240 1.25039 1.23766 1.22422 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 2.00128 2.00570 2.00903 2.01128 2.01247 2.01263 2.01177 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 2.22986 2.23967 2.24831 2.25581 2.26217 2.26743 2.27160 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 2.71234 2.73451 2.75541 2.77506 2.79345 2.81062 2.82658 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 2.94181 2.97028 2.99744 3.02330 3.04787 3.07116 3.09320 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 3.65600 3.70543 3.75347 3.80013 3.84540 3.88930 3.93183 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 4.37186 4.44398 4.51467 4.58393 4.65176 4.71815 4.78313 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 5.32014 5.42426 5.52694 5.62818 5.72796 5.82629 5.92316 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 6.03865 6.16816 6.29626 6.42292 6.54814 6.67191 6.79421 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 6.75798 6.91370 7.06804 7.22098 7.37250 7.52258 7.67121 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 8.43064 8.64971 8.86753 9.08403 9.29920 9.51301 9.72543 0.0001 10000.

18–78 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Table 1 Percentage points of Pearson Type III distribution (pos skewness)—Continued

p Gl=2.8 Gl=2.9 Gl=3.0 Gl=3.1 Gl=3.2 Gl=3.3 Gl=3.4 Q T

0.000100 -0.71429 -0.68966 -0.66667 -0.64516 -0.62500 -0.60606 -0.58824 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -0.71429 -0.68966 -0.66667 -0.64516 -0.62500 -0.60606 -0.58824 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -0.71428 -0.68965 -0.66667 -0.64516 -0.62500 -0.60606 -0.58824 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -0.71428 -0.68965 -0.66667 -0.64516 -0.62500 -0.60606 -0.58824 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -0.71425 -0.69964 -0.66666 -0.64516 -0.62500 -0.60606 -0.58824 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -0.71415 -0.68959 -0.66663 -0.64514 -0.62499 -0.60606 -0.58823 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -0.71377 -0.68935 -0.66649 -0.64507 -0.62495 -0.60603 -0.58822 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -0.71348 -0.68917 -0.66638 -0.64500 -0.62491 -0.60601 -0.58821 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -0.71227 -0.68836 -0.66585 -0.64465 -0.62469 -0.60587 -0.58812 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -0.71116 -0.68759 -0.66532 -0.64429 -0.62445 -0.60572 -0.58802 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -0.70209 -0.68075 -0.66023 -0.64056 -0.62175 -0.60379 -0.58666 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 -0.66603 -0.65086 -0.63569 -0.62060 -0.60567 -0.59096 -0.57652 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 -0.60434 -0.59634 -0.58783 -0.57887 -0.56953 -0.55989 -0.55000 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 -0.51276 -0.51212 -0.51073 -0.50863 -0.50585 -0.50244 -0.49844 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 -0.47888 -0.48037 -0.48109 -0.48107 -0.48033 -0.47890 -0.47682 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 -0.38353 -0.38991 -0.39554 -0.40041 -0.40454 -0.40792 -0.41058 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 -0.26292 -0.27372 -0.28395 -0.29351 -0.30238 -0.31055 -0.31802 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 -0.20259 -0.21523 -0.22726 -0.23868 -0.24946 -0.25958 -0.26904 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 0.05746 0.03997 0.02279 0.00596 -0.01050 -0.02654 -0.04215 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 0.45980 0.44015 0.42040 0.40061 0.38081 0.36104 0.34133 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 1.21013 1.19539 1.18006 1.16416 1.14772 1.13078 1.11337 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 2.00992 2.00710 2.00335 1.99869 1.99314 1.98674 1.97951 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 2.27470 2.27676 2.27780 2.27785 2.27693 2.27506 2.27229 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 2.84134 2.85492 2.86735 2.87865 2.88884 2.89795 2.90599 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 3.11399 3.13356 3.15193 3.16911 3.18512 3.20000 3.21375 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 3.97301 4.01286 4.05138 4.08859 4.12452 4.15917 4.19257 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 4.84669 4.90884 4.96959 5.02897 5.08697 5.14362 5.19892 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 6.01858 6.11254 6.20506 6.29613 6.38578 6.47401 6.56084 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 6.91505 7.03443 7.15235 7.26881 7.38382 7.49739 7.60953 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 7.81839 7.96411 8.10836 8.25115 8.39248 8.53236 8.67079 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 9.93643 10.14602 10.35418 10.56090 10.76618 10.97001 11.17239 0.0001 10000.

p Gl=3.5 Gl=3.6 GI=3.7 Gl=3.8 GI=3.9 Gl=4.0 Gl=4.1 Q T

0.000100 -0.57143 -0.55556 -0.54054 -0.52632 -0.51282 -0.50000 -0.48780 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -0.57143 -0.55556 -0.54054 -0.52632 -0.51282 -0.50000 -0.48780 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -0.57143 -0.55556 -0.54054 -0.52632 -0.51282 -0.50000 -0.48780 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -0.57143 -0.55556 -0.54054 -0.52632 -0.51282 -0.50000 -0.48780 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -0.57143 -0.55556 -0.54054 -0.52632 -0.51282 -0.50000 -0.48780 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -0.57143 -0.55556 -0.54054 -0.52632 -0.51282 -0.50000 -0.48780 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -0.57142 -0.55555 -0.54054 -0.52631 -0.51282 -0.50000 -0.48780 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -0.57141 -0.55555 -0.54054 -0.52631 -0.51282 -0.50000 -0.48780 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -0.57136 -0.55552 -0.54052 -0.52630 -0.51281 -0.50000 -0.48780 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -0.57130 -0.55548 -0.54050 -0.52629 -0.51281 -0.49999 -0.48780 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -0.57035 -0.55483 -0.54006 -0.52600 -0.51261 -0.49986 -0.48772 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 -0.56242 -0.54867 -0.53533 -0.52240 -0.50990 -0.49784 -0.48622 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 -0.53993 -0.52975 -0.51952 -0.50929 -0.49911 -0.48902 -0.47906 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 -0.49391 -0.48888 -0.48342 -0.47758 -0.47141 -0.46496 -0.45828 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 -0.47413 -0.47088 -0.46711 -0.46286 -0.45819 -0.45314 -0.44777 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 -0.41253 -0.41381 -0.41442 -0.41441 -0.41381 -0.41265 -0.41097 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 -0.32479 -0.33085 -0.33623 -0.34092 -0.34494 -0.34831 -0.35105 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 -0.27782 -0.28592 -0.29335 -0.30010 -0.30617 -0.31159 -0.31635 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 -0.05730 -0.07195 -0.08610 -0.09972 -0.11279 -0.12530 -0.13725 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 0.32171 0.30223 0.28290 0.26376 0.24484 0.22617 0.20777 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 1.09552 1.07726 1.05863 1.03965 1.02036 1.00079 0.98096 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 1.97l47 1.96266 1.95311 1.94283 1.93186 1.92023 1.90796 Q.0500 20.000
0.960000 2.26862 2.26409 2.25872 2.25254 2.24558 2.23786 2.22940 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 2.91299 2.91898 2.92397 2.92799 2.93107 2.93324 2.93450 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 3.22641 3.23800 3.24853 3.25803 3.26653 3.27404 3.28060 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 4.22473 4.25569 4.28545 4.31403 4.34147 4.36777 4.39296 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 5.25291 5.30559 5.35698 5.40711 5.45598 5.50362 5.55005 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 6.64627 6.73032 6.81301 6.89435 6.97435 7.05304 7.13043 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 7.72024 7.82954 7.93744 8.04395 8.14910 8.25289 8.35534 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 8.80779 8.94335 9.07750 9.21023 9.34158 9.47154 9.60013 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 11.37334 11.57284 11.77092 11.96757 12.16280 12.35663 12.54906 0.0001 10000.

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 18–79

Table 1 Percentage points of Pearson Type III distribution (pos skewness)—Continued

p Gl=4.2 Gl=4.3 Gl=4.4 Gl=4.5 Gl=4.6 Gl=4.7 Gl=4.8 Q T

0.000100 -0.47619 -0.46512 -0.45455 -0.44444 -0.43478 -0.42553 -0.41667 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -0.47619 -0.46512 -0.45455 -0.44444 -0.43478 -0.42553 -0.41667 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -0.47619 -0.46512 -0.45455 -0.44444 -0.43478 -0.42553 -0.41667 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -0.47619 -0.46512 -0.45455 -0.44444 -0.43478 -0.42553 -0.41667 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -0.47619 -0.46512 -0.45455 -0.44444 -0.43478 -0.42553 -0.41667 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -0.47619 -0.46512 -0.45455 -0.44444 -0.43478 -0.42553 -0.41667 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -0.47619 -0.46512 -0.45455 -0.44444 -0.43478 -0.42553 -0.41667 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -0.47619 -0.46512 -0.45455 -0.44444 -0.43478 -0.42553 -0.41667 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -0.47619 -0.46512 -0.45455 -0.44444 -0.43478 -0.42553 -0.41667 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -0.47619 -0.46511 -0.45454 -0.44444 -0.43478 -0.42553 -0.41667 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -0.47614 -0.46508 -0.45452 -0.44443 -0.43477 -0.42553 -0.41666 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 -0.47504 -0.46428 -0.45395 -0.44402 -0.43448 -0.42532 -0.41652 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 -0.46927 -0.45967 -0.45029 -0.44114 -0.43223 -0.42357 -0.41517 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 -0.45142 -0.44442 -0.43734 -0.43020 -0.42304 -0.41590 -0.40880 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 -0.44212 -0.43623 -0.43016 -0.42394 -0.41761 -0.41121 -0.40477 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 -0.40881 -0.40621 -0.40321 -0.39985 -0.39617 -0.39221 -0.38800 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 -0.35318 -0.35473 -0.35572 -0.35619 -0.35616 -0.35567 -0.35475 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 -0.32049 -0.32400 -0.32693 -0.32928 -0.33108 -0.33236 -0.33315 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 -0.14861 -0.15939 -0.16958 -0.17918 -0.18819 -0.19661 -0.20446 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 0.18967 0.17189 0.15445 0.13737 0.12067 0.10436 0.08847 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 0.96090 0.94064 0.92022 0.89964 0.87895 0.85817 0.83731 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 1.89508 1.88160 1.86757 1.85300 1.83792 1.82234 1.80631 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 2.22024 2.21039 2.19988 2.18874 2.17699 2.16465 2.15174 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 2.93489 2.93443 2.93314 2.93105 2.92818 2.92455 2.92017 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 3.28622 3.29092 3.29473 3.29767 3.29976 3.30103 3.30149 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 4.1706 4.44009 4.46207 4.48303 4.50297 4.52192 4.53990 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 5.59528 5.63934 5.68224 5.72400 5.76464 5.80418 5.84265 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 7.20654 7.28138 7.35497 7.42733 7.49847 7.56842 7.63718 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 8.45646 8.55627 8.65479 8.75202 8.84800 8.94273 9.03623 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 9.72737 9.85326 9.97784 10.10110 10.22307 10.34375 10.46318 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 12.74 0l0 12.92977 13.11808 13.30504 13.49066 13.67495 13.85794 0.0001 10000.

p Gl=4.9 Gl=5.0 Gl=5.1 Gl=5.2 Gl=5.3 Gl=5.4 Gl=5.5 Q T

0.000100 -0.40816 -0.40000 -0.39216 -0.38462 -0.37736 -0.37037 -0.36364 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -0.40816 -0.40000 -0.39216 -0.38462 -0.37736 -0.37037 -0.36364 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -0.40816 -0.40000 -0.39216 -0.38462 -0.37736 -0.37037 -0.36364 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -0.40816 -0.40000 -0.39216 -0.38462 -0.37736 -0.37037 -0.36364 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -0.40816 -0.40000 -0.39216 -0.38462 -0.37736 -0.37037 -0.36364 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -0.40816 -0.40000 -0.39216 -0.38462 -0.37736 -0.37037 -0.36364 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -0.40816 -0.40000 -0.39216 -0.38462 -0.37736 -0.37037 -0.36364 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -0.40816 -0.40000 -0.39216 -0.38462 -0.37736 -0.37037 -0.36364 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -0.40816 -0.40000 -0.39216 -0.38462 -0.37736 -0.37037 -0.36364 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -0.40816 -0.40000 -0.39216 -0.38462 -0.37736 -0.37037 - 0.36364 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -0.40816 -0.40000 -0.39216 -0.38462 -0.37736 -0.37037 -0.36364 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 -0.40806 -0.39993 -0.39211 -0.38458 -0.37734 -0.37036 -0.36363 0.8000 1.2500
0.300 000 -0.40703 -0.39914 -0.39152 -0.38414 -0.37701 -0.37011 -0.36345 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 -0.40177 -0.39482 -0.38799 -0.38127 -0.37469 -0.36825 -0.36196 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 -0.39833 -0.39190 -0.38552 -0.37919 -0.37295 -0.36680 -0.36076 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 -0.38359 -0.37901 -0.37428 -0.36945 -0.36453 -0.35956 -0.35456 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 -0.35343 -0.35174 -0.34972 -0.34740 -0.34481 -0.34198 -0.33895 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 -0.33347 -0.33336 -0.33284 -0.33194 -0.33070 -0.32914 -0.32729 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 -0.21172 -0.21843 -0.22458 -0.23019 -0.23527 -0.23984 -0.24391 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 0.07300 0.05798 0.04340 0.02927 0.01561 0.00243 -0.01028 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 0.81641 0.79548 0.77455 0.75364 0.73277 0.71195 0.69122 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 1.78982 1.77292 1.75563 1.73795 1.71992 1.70155 1.68287 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 2.13829 2.12432 2.10985 2.09490 2.07950 2.06365 2.04739 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 2.91508 2.90930 2.90283 2.89572 2.88796 2.87959 2.87062 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 3.30116 3.30007 3.29823 3.29567 3.29240 3.28844 3.28381 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 4.55694 4.57304 4.58823 4.60252 4.61594 4.62850 4.64022 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 5.88004 5.91639 5.95171 5.98602 6.01934 6.05169 6.08307 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 7.70479 7.77124 7.83657 7.90078 7.96390 8.02594 8.08691 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 9.12852 9.21961 9.30952 9.39827 9.48586 9.57232 9.65766 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 10.58135 10.69829 10.81401 10.92853 11.04186 11.15402 11.26502 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 14.03963 14.22004 14.39918 14.57706 14.75370 14.92912 15.10332 0.0001 10000.

18–80 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Table 1 Percentage points of Pearson Type III distribution (pos skewness)—Continued

p Gl=5.6 C1=5.7 Gl=5.8 Gl=5.9 Gl=6.0 Gl=6.1 Gl=6.2 Q T

0.000100 -0.35714 -0.35088 -0.34483 -0.33898 -0.33333 -0.32787 -0.32258 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -0.35714 -0.35088 -0.34483 -0.33898 -0.33333 -0.32781 -0.32258 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -0.35714 -0.35088 -0.34483 -0.33898 -0.33333 -0.32787 -0.32258 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -0.35714 -0.35088 -0.34483 -0.33898 -0.33333 -0.32787 -0.32258 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -0.35714 -0.35088 -0.34483 -0.33898 -0.33333 -0.32787 -0.32258 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -0.35714 -0.35088 -0.34483 -0.33898 -0.33333 -0.32787 -0.32258 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -0.35714 -0.35088 -0.34483 -0.33898 -0.33333 -0.32787 -0.32258 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -0.35714 -0.35088 -0.34483 -0.33898 -0.33333 -0.32787 -0.32258 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -0.35714 -0.35088 -0.34483 -0.33898 -0.33333 -0.32787 -0.32258 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -0.35714 -0.35088 -0.34483 -0.33898 -0.33333 -0.32787 -0.32258 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -0.35714 -0.35088 -0.34483 -0.33898 -0.33333 -0.32787 -0.32258 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 -0.35714 -0.35087 -0.34483 -0.33898 -0.33333 -0.32787 -0.32258 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 -0.35700 -0.35078 -0.34476 -0.33893 -0.33330 -0.32784 -0.32256 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 -0.35583 -0.34985 -0.34402 -0.33836 -0.33285 -0.32750 -0.32230 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 -0.35484 -0.34903 -0.34336 -0.33782 -0.33242 -0.32715 -0.32202 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 -0.34955 -0.34455 -0.33957 -0.33463 -0.32974 -0.32492 -0.32016 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 -0.33573 -0.33236 -0.32886 -0.32525 -0.32155 -0.31780 -0.31399 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 -0.32519 -0.32285 -0.32031 -0.31759 -0.31472 -0.31171 -0.30859 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 -0.24751 -0.25064 -0.25334 -0.25562 -0.25750 -0.25901 -0.26015 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 -0.02252 -0.03427 -0.04553 -0.05632 -0.06662 -0.07645 -0.08580 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 0.67058 0.65006 0.62966 0.60941 0.58933 0.56942 0.54970 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 1.66390 1.64464 1.62513 1.60538 1.58541 1.56524 1.54487 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 2.03073 2.01369 1.99629 1.97855 1.96048 1.94210 1.92343 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 2.86107 2.85096 2.84030 2.82912 2.81743 2.80525 2.79259 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 3.27854 3.27263 3.26610 3.25898 3.25128 3.24301 3.23419 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 4.65111 4.66120 4.67050 4.67903 4.68680 4.69382 4.70013 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 6.11351 6.14302 6.17162 6.19933 6.22616 6.25212 6.27723 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 8.14683 8.20572 8.26359 8.32046 8.37634 8.43125 8.48519 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 9.74190 9.82505 9.90713 9.98815 10.06812 10.14706 10.22499 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 11.37487 11.48360 11.59122 11.69773 11.80316 11.90752 12.01082 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 15.27632 15.44813 15.61878 15.78826 15.95660 16.12380 16.28989 0.0001 10000.

p Gl=6.3 Gl=6.4 Gl=6.5 Gl=6.6 Gl=6.7 Gl=6.B Gl=6.9 Q T

0.000100 -0.31746 -0.31250 -0.30769 -0.30303 -0.29851 -0.29412 -0.28986 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -0.31746 -0.31250 -0.30769 -0.30303 -0.29851 -0.29412 -0.28986 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -0.31746 -0.31250 -0.30769 -0.30303 -0.29851 -0.29412 -0.28986 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -0.31746 -0.31250 -0.30769 -0.30303 -0.29851 -0.29412 -0.28986 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -0.31746 -0.31250 -0.30769 -0.30303 -0.29851 -0.29412 -0.28986 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -0.31746 -0.31250 -0.30769 -0.30303 -0.29851 -0.29412 -0.28986 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -0.31746 -0.31250 -0.30769 -0.30303 -0.29851 -0.29412 -0.28986 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -0.31746 -0.31250 -0.30769 -0.30303 -0.29851 -0.29412 -0.28986 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -0.31746 -0.31250 -0.30769 -0.30303 -0.29851 -0.29412 -0.28986 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -0.31746 -0.31250 -0.30769 -0.30303 -0.29851 -0.29412 -0.28986 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -0.31746 -0.31250 -0.30769 -0.30303 -0.29851 -0.29412 -0.28986 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 -0.31746 -0.31250 -0.30769 -0.30303 -0.29851 -0.29412 -0.28986 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 -0.31745 -0.31249 -0.30769 -0.30303 -0.29850 -0.29412 -0.28985 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 -0.31724 -0.31234 -0.30757 -0.30294 -0.29844 -0.29407 -0.28982 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 -0.31702 -0.31216 -0.30743 -0.30283 -0.29835 -0.29400 -0.28977 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 -0.31549 -0.31090 -0.30639 -0.30198 -0.29766 -0.29344 -0.28931 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 -0.31016 -0.30631 -0.30246 -0.29862 -0.29480 -0.29101 -0.28726 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 -0.30538 -0.30209 -0.29875 -0.29537 -0.29196 -0.28854 -0.28511 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 -0.26097 -0.26146 -0.26167 -0.26160 -0.26128 -0.26072 -0.25995 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 -0.09469 -0.10311 -0.11107 -0.11859 -0.12566 -0.13231 -0.13853 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 0.53019 0.51089 0.49182 0.47299 0.45440 0.43608 0.41803 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 1.52434 1.50365 1.48281 1.46186 1.44079 1.41963 1.39839 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 1.90449 1.88528 1.86584 1.84616 1.82627 1.80618 1.78591 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 2.77947 2.76591 2.75191 2.73751 2.72270 2.70751 2.69195 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 3.22484 3.21497 3.20460 3.19374 3.18241 3.17062 3.15838 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 4.70571 4.71061 4.71482 4.71836 4.72125 4.72350 4.72512 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 6.30151 6.32497 6.34762 6.36948 6.39055 6.41086 6.43042 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 8.53820 8.59027 8.64142 8.69167 8.74102 8.78950 8.83711 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 10.30192 10.37785 10.45281 10.52681 10.59986 10.67197 10.74316 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 12.11307 12.21429 12.31450 12.41370 12.51190 12.60913 12.70539 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 16.45487 16.61875 16.78156 16.94329 17.10397 17.26361 17.42221 0.0001 10000.

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 18–81

Table 1 Percentage points of Pearson Type III distribution (pos skewness)—Continued

P Gl=7.0 Gl=7.1 Gl=7.2 Gl=7.3 Gl=7.4 Gl=7.5 Gl=7.6 Q T

0.000100 -0.28571 -0.28169 -0.27778 -0.27397 -0.27027 -0.26667 -0.26316 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -0.28571 -0.28169 -0.27778 -0.27397 -0.27027 -0.26667 -0.26316 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -0.28571 -0.28169 -0.27778 -0.27397 -0.27027 -0.26667 -0.26316 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -0.28571 -0.28169 -0.27778 -0.27397 -0.27027 -0.26667 -0.26316 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -0.28571 -0.28169 -0.27778 -0.27397 -0.27027 -0.26667 -0.26316 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -0.28571 -0.28169 -0.27778 -0.27397 -0.27027 -0.26667 -0.26316 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -0.28571 -0.28169 -0.27778 -0.27397 -0.27027 -0.26667 -0.26316 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -0.28571 -0.28169 -0.27778 -0.27397 -0.27027 -0.26667 -0.26316 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -0.28571 -0.28169 -0.27778 -0.27397 -0.27027 -0.26667 -0.26316 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -0.28571 -0.28169 -0.27778 -0.27397 -0.27027 -0.26667 -0.26316 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -0.28571 -0.28169 -0.27778 -0.27397 -0.27027 -0.26667 -0.26316 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 -0.28571 -0.28169 -0.27778 -0.27397 -0.27027 -0.26667 -0.26316 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 -0.28571 -0.28169 -0.27778 -0.27397 -0.27027 -0.26667 -0.26316 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 -0.28569 -0.28167 -0.27776 -0.27396 -0.27026 -0.26666 -0.26315 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 -0.28565 -0.28164 -0.27774 -0.27394 -0.27025 -0.26665 -0.26315 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 -0.28528 -0.28135 -0.27751 -0.27376 -0.27010 -0.26654 -0.26306 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 -0.28355 -0.27990 -0.27629 -0.27274 -0.26926 -0.26584 -0.26248 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 -0.28169 -0.27829 -0.27491 -0.27156 -0.26825 -0.26497 -0.26175 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 -0.25899 -0.25785 -0.25654 -0.25510 -0.25352 -0.25183 -0.25005 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 -0.14434 -0.14975 -0.15478 -0.15942 -0.16371 -0.16764 -0.17123 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 0.40026 0.38277 0.36557 0.34868 0.33209 0.31582 0.29986 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 1.37708 1.35571 1.33430 1.31287 1.29141 1.26995 1.24850 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 1.76547 1.74487 1.72412 1.70325 1.68225 1.66115 1.63995 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 2.67603 2.65977 2.64317 2.62626 2.60905 2.59154 2.57375 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 3.14572 3.13263 3.11914 3.10525 3.09099 3.07636 3.06137 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 4.72613 4.72653 4.72635 4.72559 4.72427 4.72240 4.71998 0.0100 100.00
0995000 6.44924 6.46733 6.48470 6.50137 6.51735 6.53264 6.54727 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 8.88387 8.92979 8.97488 9.01915 9.06261 9.10528 9.14717 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 10.81343 10.88281 10.95129 11.01890 11.08565 11.15154 11.21658 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 12.80069 12.89505 12.98848 13.08098 13.17258 13.26328 13.35309 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 17.57979 17.73636 17.89193 18.04652 18.20013 18.35278 18.50447 0.0001 10000.

p Gl=7.7 Gl=7.8 Gl=7.9 Gl=8.0 Gl=8.1 Gl=8.2 Gl=8.3 Q T

0.000100 -0.25974 -0.25641 -0.25316 -0.25000 -0.24691 -0.24390 -0.24096 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -0.25974 -0.25641 -0.25316 -0.25000 -0.24691 -0.24390 -0.24096 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -0.25974 -0.25641 -0.25316 -0.25000 -0.24691 -0.24390 -0.24096 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -0.25974 -0.25641 -0.25316 -0.25000 -0.24691 -0.24390 -0.24096 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -0.25974 -0.25641 -0.25316 -0.25000 -0.24691 -0.24390 -0.24096 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -0.25974 -0.25641 -0.25316 -0.25000 -0.24691 -0.24390 -0.24096 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -0.25974 -0.25641 -0.25316 -0.25000 -0.24691 -0.24390 -0.24096 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -0.25974 -0.25641 -0.25316 -0.25000 -0.24691 -0.24390 -0.24096 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -0.25974 -0.25641 -0.25316 -0.25000 -0.24691 -0.24390 -0.24096 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -0.25974 -0.25641 -0.25316 -0.25000 -0.24691 -0.24390 -0.24096 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -0.25974 -0.25641 -0.25316 -0.25000 -0.24691 -0.24390 -0.24096 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 -0.25974 -0.25641 -0.25316 -0.25000 -0.24691 -0.24390 -0.24096 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 -0.25974 -0.25641 -0.25316 -0.25000 -0.24691 -0.24390 -0.24096 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 -0.25974 -0.25641 -0.25316 -0.25000 -0.24691 -0.24390 -0.24096 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 -0.25973 -0.25640 -0.25316 -0.25000 -0.24691 -0.24390 -0.24096 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 -0.25966 -0.25635 -0.25312 0.24996 -0.24689 -0.24388 -0.24095 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 -0.25919 -0.25596 -0.25280 -0.24970 -0.24667 -0.24371 -0.24081 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 -0.25857 -0.25544 -0.25236 -0.24933 -0.24637 -0.24345 -0.24060 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 -0.24817 -0.24622 -0.24421 -0.24214 -0.24003 -0.23788 -0.23571 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 -0.17450 -0.17746 -0.18012 -0.18249 -0.18459 -0.18643 -0.18803 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 0.28422 0.26892 0.25394 0.23929 0.22498 0.21101 0.19737 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 1.22706 1.20565 1.18427 1.16295 1.14168 1.12048 1.09936 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 1.61867 1.59732 1.57591 1.55444 1.53294 1.51141 1.48985 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 2.55569 2.53737 2.51881 2.50001 2.48099 2.46175 2.44231 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 3.04604 3.03038 3.01439 2.99810 2.98150 2.96462 2.94746 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 4.71704 4.71358 4.70961 4.70514 4.70019 4.69476 4.68887 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 6.56124 6.57456 6.58725 6.59931 6.61075 6.62159 6.63183 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 9.18828 9.22863 9.26823 9.30709 9.34521 9.38262 9.41931 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 11.28080 11.34419 11.40677 11.46855 11.52953 11.58974 11.64917 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 13.44202 13.53009 13.61730 13.70366 13.78919 13.87389 13.95778 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 18.65522 18.80504 18.95393 19.10191 19.24898 19.39517 19.54046 0.0001 10000.

18–82 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Table 1 Percentage points of Pearson Type III distribution (pos skewness)—Continued

p Gl=8.4 Gl=8.5 Gl=8.6 Gl=8.7 Gl=8.8 Gl=8.9 Gl=9.0 Q T

0.000100 -0.23810 -0.23529 -0.23256 -0.22989 -0.22727 -0.22472 -0.22222 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -0.23810 -0.23529 -0.23256 -0.22989 -0.22727 -0.22472 -0.22222 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -0.23810 -0.23529 -0.23256 -0.22989 -0.22727 -0.22472 -0.22222 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -0.23810 -0.23529 -0.23256 -0.22989 -0.22727 -0.22472 -0.22222 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -0.23810 -0.23529 -0.23256 -0.22989 -0.22727 -0.22472 -0.22222 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -0.23810 -0.23529 -0.23256 -0.22989 -0.22727 -0.22472 -0.22222 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -0.23810 -0.23529 -0.23256 -0.22989 -0.22727 -0.22472 -0.22222 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -0.23810 -0.23529 -0.23256 -0.22989 -0.22727 -0.22472 -0.22222 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -0.23810 -0.23529 -0.23256 -0.22989 -0.22727 -0.22472 -0.22222 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -0.23810 -0.23529 -0.23256 -0.22989 -0.22727 -0.22472 -0.22222 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -0.23810 -0.23529 -0.23256 -0.22989 -0.22727 -0.22472 -0.22222 0.9000 1.1111
0.20000 -0.23810 -0.23529 -0.23256 -0.22989 -0.22727 -0.22472 -0.22222 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 -0.23810 -0.23529 -0.23256 -0.22989 -0.22727 -0.22472 -0.22222 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 -0.23810 -0.23529 -0.23256 -0.22988 -0.22727 -0.22472 -0.22222 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 -0.23809 -0.23529 -0.23256 -0.22988 -0.22727 -0.22472 -0.22222 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 -0.23808 -0.23528 -0.23255 -0.22988 -0.22727 -0.22472 -0.22222 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 -0.23797 -0.23520 -0.23248 -0.22982 -0.22722 -0.22468 -0.22219 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 -0.23779 -0.23505 -0.23236 -0.22972 -0.22714 -0.22461 -0.22214 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 -0.23352 -0.23132 -0.22911 -0.22690 -0.22469 -0.22249 -0.22030 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 -0.18939 -0.19054 -0.19147 -0.19221 -0.19277 -0.19316 -0.19338 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 0.18408 0.17113 0.15851 0.14624 0.13431 0.12272 0.11146 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 1.07832 1.05738 1.03654 1.01581 0.99519 0.97471 0.95435 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 1.46829 1.44673 1.42518 1.40364 1.38213 1.36065 1.33922 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 2.42268 2.40287 2.38288 2.36273 2.34242 2.32197 2.30138 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 2.93002 2.91234 2.89440 2.87622 2.85782 2.83919 2.82035 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 4.68252 4.67573 4.66850 4.66085 4.65277 4.64429 4.63541 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 6.64148 6.65056 6.65907 6.66703 6.67443 6.68130 6.68763 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 9.45530 9.49060 9.52521 9.55915 9.59243 9.62504 9.65701 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 11.70785 11.76576 11.82294 11.87938 11.93509 11.99009 12.04437 0.0010 1000.0
0.9999500 14.04086 14.12314 14.20463 14.28534 14.36528 14.44446 14.52288 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 19.68489 19.82845 19.97115 20.11300 20.25402 20.39420 20.53356 0.0001 10000.

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 18–83

Chapter 18 Selected Statistical Methods Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Table 2.—Percentage Points of Pearson Type III Distribution, P(Kp, Gl)1

For Negative Skewness
Gl = -0.0(-0.l) -9.0

The values in the body of the table are the values of Kp, standardized units, that correspond to these
values of Gl for P = 0.0001, 0.0005, 0.0010, 0.0020, 0.0050, 0.0100, 0.0200, 0.0250, 0.01400, 0.0500, 0.1000,
0.2000, 0.3000, 0.14000, 0.14296, 0.5000, 0.57014, 0.6000, 0.7000, 0.8000, 0.9000, 0.9500, 0.9600, 0.9750,
0.9800, 0.9900, 0.9950, 0.9980, 0.9990, 0.9995, and 0.9999 cumulative probability equal to or less than.
Five decimals have been retained. The Return Period (T) is defined as l/Q, and P + Q 1.0.

Example: Given Gl = - 1.0 Find Kp for P = 0.9900 and Q = .0100 or T = 100

Gl = - 1.0 Kp = + 1.58838

Find Kp for P = Q = 0.5000 or T = 2

Gl = - 1.0 Kp = + 0.16397

Where: Gl is the coefficient of skewness

P is the cumulative probability equal to or less than
Q is the cumulative probability equal to or greater than
T is the return period and/or recurrence interval is the
Kp value for selected percentage points and skewness

1This table was produced on the IBM 360/140 by the Central Technical Unit, SCS. The K-values for negative coeffi-
cient of skewness were obtained by inverting the K-values in Table 1 and changing the signs of the K-values.

3/17/76

18–84 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Table 2 Percentage points of Pearson Type III distribution (neg skewness)

p Gl=-0.0 Gl=-0.1 Gl=-0.2 Gl=-0.3 Gl=-0.4 Gl=-0.5 Gl=-0.6 Q T

0.000100 -3.71902 -3.93453 -4.15301 -4.37394 -4.59687 -4.8214i -5.04718 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -3.29053 -3.45513 -3.62113 -3.78820 -3.95605 -4.12443 -4.29311 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -3.09023 -3.23322 -3.37703 -3.52139 -3.66608 -3.81090 -3.95567 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -2.87816 -2.99978 -3.12169 -3.24371 -3.36566 -3.48137 -3.60872 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -2.57583 -2.66965 -2.76321 -2.85636 -2.94900 -3.04102 -3.13232 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -?.32635 -2.39961 -2.47226 -2.54421 -2.61539 -2.68572 -2.75514 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -2.05375 -2.i0697 -2.15935 -2.21081 -2.26133 -2.31084 -2.35931 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -1.95996 -2.00688 -2.05290 -2.09795 -2.14202 -2.18505 -2.22702 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -1.75069 -1.78462 -1.81756 -1.84949 -1.88039 -1.91022 -1.93896 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -1.64485 -1.67279 -1.69971 -1.72562 -1.75048 -1.77428 -1.79701 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -1.28155 -1.29178 -1.30105 -1.30936 -1.31671 -1.32309 -1.32850 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 -0.84162 -0.83639 -0.83044 -0.82377 -0.81638 -0.80829 -0.79950 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 -0.52440 -0.51207 -0.49927 -0.48600 -0.47228 -0.45812 -0.44352 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 -0.25335 -0.23763 -0.22168 -0.20552 -0.18916 -0.17261 -0.15589 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 -0.17733 -0.16111 -0.14472 -0.12820 -0.11154 -0.09478 -0.07791 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 0.0 0.01662 0.03325 0.04993 0.06651 0.08302 0.09945 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 0.17733 0.19339 0.20925 0.22492 0.24037 0.25558 0.27047 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 0.25335 0.26882 0.28403 0.29897 0.31362 0.32796 0.34198 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 0.52440 0.53624 0.54757 0.55839 0.56867 0.57840 0.58757 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 0.84162 0.84611 0.84986 0.85285 0.85508 0.85653 0.85718 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 1.28155 1.27037 1.25824 1.24516 1.23114 1.21618 1.20028 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 1.64485 1.61594 1.58607 1.55527 1.52357 1.49101 1.45762 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 1.75069 1.71580 1.67999 1.64329 1.60574 1.56740 1.52830 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 1.95996 1.91219 1.86360 1.81427 1.76427 1.71366 1.66253 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 2.05375 1.99973 1.94499 1.88959 1.83361 1.77716 1.72033 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 2.32635 2.25258 2.17840 2.10394 2.02933 1.95472 1.88029 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 2.57583 2.48187 2.38795 2.29423 2.20092 2.10825 2.01644 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 2.87816 2.75706 2.63672 2.51741 2.39942 2.28311 2.16884 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 3.09023 2.94834 2.80786 2.66915 2.53261 2.39867 2.26780 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 3.29053 3.12767 2.96698 2.80889 2.65390 2.50257 2.35549 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 3.71902 3.50703 3.29921 3.09631 2.89907 2.70836 2.52507 0.0001 10000.

p Gl=-0.7 Gl=-0.8 Gl=-0.9 Gl=-1.0 Gl=-1.1 Gl=-1.2 Gl=-1.3 Q T

0.000100 -5.27389 -5.50124 -5.72899 -5.95691 -6.18480 -6.41249 -6.63980 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -4.46189 -4.63057 -4.79899 -4.96701 -5.13449 -5.30130 -5.46735 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -4.10022 -4.24439 -4.38807 -4.53112 -4.67344 -4.81492 -4.95549 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -3.72957 -3.84981 -3.96932 -4.08802 -4.20582 -4.32263 -4.43839 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -3.22281 -3.31243 -3.40109 -3.48874 -3.57530 -3.66073 -3.74497 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -2.82359 -2.89101 -2.95735 -3.02256 -3.08660 -3.14944 -3.21103 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -2.40670 -2.45298 -2.49811 -2.54206 -2.58480 -2.62631 -2.66657 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -2.26790 -2.30764 -2.34623 -2.38364 -2.41984 -2.45482 -2.48855 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -1.96660 -1.99311 -2.01848 -2.04269 -2.06573 -2.08758 -2.10823 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -1.81864 -1.83916 -1.85856 -1.87683 -1.89395 -1.90992 -1.92472 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -1.33294 -1.33640 -1.33889 -1.34039 -1.34092 -1.34047 -1.33904 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 -0.79002 -0.77986 -0.76902 -0.75752 -0.74537 -0.73257 -0.71915 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 -0.42851 -0.41309 -0.39729 -0.38111 -0.36458 -0.34772 -0.33054 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 -0.13901 -0.12199 -0.10486 -0.08763 -0.07032 -0.05297 -0.03560 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 -0.06097 -0.04397 -0.02693 -0.00987 0.00719 0.02421 0.04116 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 0.11578 0.13199 0.14807 0.16397 0.17968 0.19517 0.21040 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 0.28516 0.29961 0.31368 0.32740 0.34075 0.35370 0.36620 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 0.35565 0.36889 0.38186 0.39434 0.40638 0.41794 0.42899 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 0.59615 0.60412 0.61146 0.61815 0.62415 0.62944 0.63400 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 0.85703 0.85607 0.85426 0.85161 0.84809 0.84369 0.83841 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 1.18347 1.16574 1.14712 1.12762 1.10726 1.08608 1.06413 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 1.42345 1.38855 1.35299 1.31684 1.28019 1.24313 1.20578 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 1.48852 1.44813 1.40720 1.36584 1.32414 1.28225 1.24028 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 1.61099 1.55914 1.50712 1.45507 1.40314 1.35153 1.30042 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 1.66325 1.60604 1.54886 1.49188 1.43529 1.37929 1.32412 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 1.80621 1.73271 1.66001 1.58838 1.51808 1.44942 1.38267 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 1.92580 1.83660 1.74919 1.66390 1.58110 1.50114 1.42439 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 2.05701 1.94806 1.84244 1.74062 1.64305 1.55016 1.46232 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 2.14053 2.01739 1.89894 1.78572 1.67825 1.57695 1.48216 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 2.21328 2.07661 1.94611 1.82241 1.70603 1.59738 1.49673 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 2.35015 2.18448 2.02891 1.88410 1.75053 1.62838 1.51752 0.0001 10000.

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 18–85

Table 2 Percentage points of Pearson Type III distribution (neg skewness)—Continued

p Gl=-1.4 Gl=-i.5 Gl=-1.6 Gl=-1.7 Gl=-1.8 Gl=-1.9 Gl=-2.0 Q T

0.000100 -6.86661 -7.09277 -7.31818 -7.54272 -7.76632 -7.98888 -8.21034 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -5.63252 -5.79673 -5.95990 -6.12196 -6.28285 -6.44251 -6.60090 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -5.09505 -5.23353 -5.37087 -5.50701 -5.64190 -5.77549 -5.90776 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -4.55304 -4.66651 -4.77875 -4.88971 -4.99937 -5.10768 -5.21461 0.9980 0.0020
0.005000 -3.82798 -3.90973 -3.99016 -4.06926 -4.14700 -4.22336 -4.29832 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -3.27134 -3.33035 -3.38804 -3.44438 -3.49935 -3.55295 -3.60517 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -2.70556 -2.74325 -2.77964 -2.81472 -2.84848 -2.88091 -2.91202 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -2.52102 -2.55222 -2.58214 -2.61076 -2.63810 -2.66413 -2.68888 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -2.12768 -2.14591 -2.16293 -2.17873 -2.19332 -2.20670 -2.21888 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -1.93836 -1.95083 -1.96213 -1.97227 -1.98124 -1.98906 -1.99573 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -1.33665 -1.33330 -1.32900 -1.32376 -1.31760 -1.31054 -1.30259 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 -0.70512 -0.69050 -0.67532 -0.65959 -0.64335 -0.62662 -0.60944 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 -0.31307 -0.29535 -0.27740 -0.25925 -0.24094 -0.22250 -0.20397 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 -0.01824 -0.00092 0.01631 0.03344 0.05040 0.06718 0.08371 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 0.05803 0.07476 0.09132 0.10769 0.12381 0.13964 0.15516 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 0.22535 0.23996 0.25422 0.26808 0.28150 0.29443 0.30685 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 0.37824 0.38977 0.40075 0.41116 0.42095 0.43008 0.43854 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 0.43949 0.44942 0.45873 0.46739 0.47538 0.48265 0.48917 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 0.63779 0.64080 0.64300 0.64436 0.64488 0.64453 0.64333 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 0.83223 0.82516 0.81720 0.80837 0.79868 0.78816 0.77686 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 1.04144 1.01810 0.99418 0.96977 0.94496 0.91988 0.89464 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 1.16827 1.13075 1.09338 1.05631 1.01973 0.98381 0.94871 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 1.19842 1.15682 1.11566 1.07513 1.03543 0.99672 0.95918 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 1.25004 1.20059 1.15229 1.10537 1.06001 1.01640 0.97468 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 1.26999 1.21716 1.16584 1.11628 1.06864 1.02311 0.97980 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 1.31815 1.25611 1.19680 1.14042 1.08711 1.03695 0.98995 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 1.35114 1.28167 1.21618 1.15477 1.09749 1.04427 0.99499 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 1.37981 1.30279 1.23132 1.16534 1.10465 1.04898 0.99800 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 1.39408 1.31275 1.23805 1.16974 1.10743 1.05068 0.99900 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 1.40413 1.31944 1.24235 1.17240 1.10901 1.05159 0.99950 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 1.41753 1.32774 1.24728 1.17520 1.11054 1.05239 0.99990 0.0001 10000.

p Gl=-2.1 Gl=-2.2 Gl=-2.3 GI=-2.4 Gl=-2.5 Gl=-2.6 Gl=-2.7 Q T

0.000100 -8.43064 -8.64971 -8.86753 -9.08403 -9.29920 -9.51301 -9.72543 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -6.75798 -6.91370 -7.06804 -7.22098 -7.37250 -1.52258 -7.67121 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -6.03865 -6.16816 -6.29626 -6.42292 -6.54814 -6.67191 -6.79421 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -5.32014 -5.42426 -5.52694 -5.62818 -5.72796 -5.82629 -5.92316 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -4.37186 -4.44398 -4.51467 -4.58393 -4.65176 -4.71815 -4.78313 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -3.65600 -3.70543 -3.75347 -3.80013 -3.84540 -3.88930 -3.93183 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -2.94181 -2.97028 -2.99744 -3.02330 -3.04787 -3.07116 -3.09320 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -2.71234 -2.73451 -2.75541 -2.77506 -2.79345 -2.81062 -2.82658 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -2.22986 -2.23967 -2.24831 -2.25581 -2.26217 -2.26743 -2.27160 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -2.00128 -2.00570 -2.00903 -2.01128 -2.01247 -2.01263 -2.01177 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -1.29377 -1.28412 -1.27365 -1.26240 -1.25039 -1.23766 -1.22422 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 -0.59183 -0.57383 -0.55549 -0.53683 -0.51789 -0.49872 -0.47934 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 -0.18540 -0.16682 -0.14827 -0.12979 -0.11143 -0.09323 -0.07523 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 0.09997 0.11590 0.13148 0.14665 0.16138 0.17564 0.18939 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 0.17030 0.18504 0.19933 0.21313 0.22642 0.23915 0.25129 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 0.31872 0.32999 0.34063 0.35062 0.35992 0.36852 0.37640 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 0.44628 0.45329 0.45953 0.46499 0.46966 0.47353 0.47660 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 0.49494 0.49991 0.50409 0.50744 0.50999 0.51171 0.51263 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 0.64125 0.63833 0.63456 0.62999 0.62463 0.61854 0.61176 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 0.76482 0.75211 0.73880 0.72495 0.71067 0.69602 0.68111 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 0.86938 0.84422 0.81929 0.79472 0.77062 0.74709 0.72422 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 0.91458 0.88156 0.84976 0.81927 0.79015 0.76242 0.73610 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 0.92295 0.88814 0.85486 0.82315 0.79306 0.76456 0.73765 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 0.93495 0.89728 0.86169 0.82817 0.79667 0.76712 0.73943 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 0.93878 0.90009 0.86371 0.82959 0.79765 0.76779 0.73987 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 0.94607 0.90521 0.86723 0.83196 0.79921 0.76878 0.74049 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 0.94945 0.90742 0.86863 0.83283 0.79973 0.76909 0.74067 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 0.95131 0.90854 0.86929 0.83320 0.79994 0.76920 0.74073 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 0.95188 0.90885 0.86945 0.83328 0.79998 0.76922 0.74074 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 0.95215 0.90899 0.86952 0.83331 0.79999 0.76923 0.74074 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 0.95234 0.90908 0.86956 0.83333 0.80000 0.76923 0.74074 0.0001 10000.

18–86 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Table 2 Percentage points of Pearson Type III distribution (neg skewness)—Continued

p Gl=-2.8 Gl=-2.9 Gl=-3.0 Gl=-3.1 Gl=-3.2 Gl=-3.3 Gl=-3.4 Q T

0.000100 -9.93643 -10.14602 -10.35418 -10.56090 -10.76618 -10.97001 -11.17239 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -7.81839 -7.96411 -8.10836 -8.25115 -8.39248 -8.53236 -8.61079 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -6.91505 -7.03443 -7.15235 -7.26881 -7.38382 -7.49739 -7.60953 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -6.01858 -6.11254 -6.20506 -6.29613 -6.38578 -6.47401 -6.56084 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -4.84669 -4.90884 -4.96959 -5.02897 -5.08697 -5.14362 -5.19892 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -3.97301 -4.01286 -4.05138 -4.08859 -4.12452 -4.15917 -4.19257 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -3.11399 -3.13356 -3.15193 -3.16911 -3.18512 -3.20000 -3.21375 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -2.84134 -2.85492 -2.86735 -2.87865 -2.88884 -2.89195 -2.90599 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -2.27470 -2.27676 -2.27780 -2.27785 -2.27693 -2.27506 -2.27229 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -2.00992 -2.00710 -2.00335 -1.99869 -1.99314 -1.98674 -1.97951 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -1.21013 -1.19539 -1.18006 -1.16416 -1.14772 -1.13078 -1.11337 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 -0.45980 -0.44015 -0.42040 -0.40061 -0.38081 -0.36104 -0.34133 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 -0.05746 -0.03997 -0.02279 -0.00596 0.01050 0.02654 0.04215 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 0.20259 0.21523 0.22726 0.23868 0.24946 0.25958 0.26904 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 0.26282 0.27372 0.28395 0.29351 0.30238 0.31055 0.31802 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 0.38353 0.38991 0.39554 0.40041 0.40454 0.40792 0.41058 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 0.47888 0.48037 0.48109 0.48107 0.48033 0.47890 0.47682 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 0.51276 0.51212 0.51073 0.50863 0.50585 0.50244 0.49844 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 0.60434 0.59634 0.58783 0.57887 0.56953 0.55989 0.55000 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 0.66603 0.65086 0.63569 0.62060 0.60567 0.59096 0.57652 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 0.70209 0.68075 0.66023 0.64056 0.62175 0.60379 0.58666 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 0.71116 0.68759 0.66532 0.64429 0.62445 0.60572 0.58802 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 0.71227 0.68836 0.66585 0.64465 0.62469 0.60587 0.58812 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 0.71348 0.68917 0.66638 0.64500 0.62491 0.60601 0.58821 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 0.71377 0.68935 0.66649 0.64507 0.62495 0.60603 0.58822 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 0.71415 0.68959 0.66663 0.64514 0.62499 0.60606 0.58823 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 0.71425 0.68964 0.66666 0.64516 0.62500 0.60606 0.58824 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 0.71428 0.68965 0.66667 0.64516 0.62500 0.60606 0.58824 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 0.71428 0.68965 0.66667 0.64516 0.62500 0.60606 0.58824 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 0.71429 0.68966 0.66667 0.64516 0.62500 0.60606 0.58824 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 0.71429 0.68966 0.66667 0.64516 0.62500 0.60606 0.58824 0.0001 10000.

p Gl=-3.5 Gl=-3.6 Gl=-3.7 Gl=-3.8 Gl=-3.9 Gl=-4.0 Gl=-4.1 Q T

0.000100 -11.37334 -11.57284 -11.77092 -11.96757 -12.16280 -12.35663 -12.54906 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -8.80779 -8.94335 -9.07750 -9.21023 -9.34158 -9.47154 -9.60013 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -7.72024 -7.82954 -7.93744 -8.04395 -8.14910 -8.25289 -8.35534 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -6.64627 -6.73032 -6.81301 -6.89435 -6.97435 -7.05304 -7.13043 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -5.25291 -5.30559 -5.35698 -5.40711 -5.45598 -5.50362 -5.55005 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -4.22473 -4.25569 -4.28545 -4.31403 -4.34147 -4.36777 -4.39296 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -3.22641 -3.23800 -3.24853 -3.25803 -3.26653 -3.27404 -3.28060 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -2.91299 -2.91898 -2.92397 -2.92799 -2.93107 -2.93324 -2.93450 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -2.26862 -2.26409 -2.25872 -2.25254 -2.24558 -2.23786 -2.22940 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -1.97147 -1.96266 -1.95311 -1.94283 -1.93186 -1.92023 -1.90796 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -1.09552 -1.07726 -1.05863 -1.03965 -1.02036 -1.00079 -0.98096 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 -0.32171 -0.30223 -0.28290 -0.26376 -0.24484 -0.22617 -0.20777 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 0.05730 0.07195 0.08610 0.09972 0.11279 0.12530 0.13725 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 0.27782 0.28592 0.29335 0.30010 0.30617 0.31159 0.31635 0.6000 1.6661
0.429624 0.32479 0.33085 0.33623 0.34092 0.34494 0.34831 0.35105 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 0.41253 0.41381 0.41442 0.41441 0.41381 0.41265 0.41097 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 0.47413 0.47088 0.46711 0.46286 0.45819 0.45314 0.44777 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 0.49391 0.48888 0.48342 0.47758 0.47141 0.46496 0.45828 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 0.53993 0.52975 0.51952 0.50929 0.49911 0.48902 0.47906 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 0.56242 0.54867 0.53533 0.52240 0.50990 0.49784 0.48622 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 0.57035 0.55483 0.54006 0.52600 0.51261 0.49986 0.48772 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 0.57130 0.55548 0.54050 0.52629 0.51281 0.49999 0.48780 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 0.57136 0.55552 0.54052 0.52630 0.51281 0.50000 0.48780 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 0.57141 0.55555 0.54054 0.52631 0.51282 0.50000 0.48780 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 0.57142 0.55555 0.54054 0.52631 0.51282 0.50000 0.48780 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 0.57143 0.55556 0.54054 0.52632 0.51282 0.50000 0.48780 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 0.57143 0.55556 0.54054 0.52632 0.51282 0.50000 0.48780 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 0.57143 0.55556 0.54054 0.52632 0.51282 0.50000 0.48780 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 0.57143 0.55556 0.54054 0.52632 0.51282 0.50000 0.48780 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 0.57143 0.55556 0.54054 0.52632 0.51282 0.50000 0.48780 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 0.57143 0.55556 0.54054 0.52632 0.51282 0.50000 0.48780 0.0001 10000.

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 18–87

Table 2 Percentage points of Pearson Type III distribution (neg skewness)—Continued

p Gl=-4.2 Gl=-4.3 Gl=-4.4 Gl=-4.5 Gl=-4.6 Gl=-4.7 Gl=-4.8 Q T

0.000100 -12.74010 -12.92977 -13.11808 -13.30504 -13.49066 -13.67495 -13.85794 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -9.72737 -9.85326 -9.97784 -10.10110 -10.22307 -10.34375 -10.46318 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -8.45646 -8.55627 -8.65479 -8.75202 -8.84800 -8.94273 -9.03623 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -7.20654 -7.28138 -7.35497 -7.42733 -7.49847 -7.56842 -7.63718 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -5.59528 -5.63934 -5.68224 -5.72400 -5.76464 -5.80418 -5.84265 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -4.41706 -4.44009 -4.46207 -4.48303 -4.50297 -4.52192 -4.53990 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -3.28622 -3.29092 -3.29473 -3.29767 -3.29976 -3.30103 -3.30149 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -2.93489 -2.93443 -2.93314 -2.93105 -2.92818 -2.92455 -2.92017 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -2.22024 -2.21039 -2.19988 -2.18874 -2.17699 -2.16465 -2.15174 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -1.89508 -1.88160 -1.86757 -1.85300 -1.83792 -1.82234 -1.80631 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -0.96090 -0.94064 -0.92022 -0.89964 -0.87895 -0.85817 -0.83731 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 -0.18967 -0.17189 -0.15445 -0.13737 -0.12067 -0.10436 -0.08847 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 0.14861 0.15939 0.16958 0.17918 0.18819 0.19661 0.20446 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 0.32049 0.32400 0.32693 0.32928 0.33108 0.33236 0.33315 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 0.35318 0.35473 0.35572 0.35619 0.35616 0.35567 0.35475 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 0.40881 0.40621 0.40321 0.39985 0.39617 0.39221 0.38800 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 0.44212 0.43623 0.43016 0.42394 0.41761 0.41121 0.40477 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 0.45142 0.44442 0.43734 0.43020 0.42304 0.41590 0.40880 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 0.46927 0.45967 0.45029 0.44114 0.43223 0.42357 0.41517 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 0.47504 0.46428 0.45395 0.44402 0.43448 0.42532 0.41652 .0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 0.47614 0.46508 0.45452 0.44443 0.43477 0.42553 0.41666 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 0.47619 0.46511 0.45454 0.44444 0.43478 0.42553 0.41667 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 0.47619 0.46512 0.45455 0.44444 0.43478 0.42553 0.41667 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 0.47619 0.46512 0.45455 0.44444 0.43478 0.42553 0.41667 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 0.47619 0.46512 0.45455 0.44444 0.43478 0.42553 0.41667 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 0.47619 0.46512 0.45455 0.44444 0.43478 0.42553 0.41667 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 0.47619 0.46512 0.45455 0.44444 0.43478 0.42553 0.41667 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 0.47619 0.46512 0.45455 0.44444 0.43478 0.42553 0.41667 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 0.47619 0.46512 0.45455 0.44444 0.43478 0.42553 0.41667 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 0.47619 0.46512 0.45455 0.44444 0.43478 0.42553 0.41667 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 0.47619 0.46512 0.45455 0.44444 0.43478 0.42553 0.41667 0.0001 10000.

p Gl=-4.9 Gl=-5.0 Gl=-5.1 Gl=-5.2 Gl=-5.3 Gl=-5.4 Gl=-5.5 Q T

0.000100 -14.03963 -14.22004 -14.39918 -14.57706 -14.75370 -14.92912 -15.10332 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -10.58135 -10.69829 -10.81401 -10.92853 -11.04186 -11.15402 -11.26502 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -9.12852 -9.21961 -9.30952 -9.39827 -9.48586 -9.57232 -9.65766 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -7.70479 -7.77124 -7.83657 -7.90078 -7.96390 -8.02594 -8.08691 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -5.88004 -5.91639 -5.95171 -5.98602 -6.01934 -6.05169 -6.08307 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -4.55694 -4.57304 -4.58823 -4.60252 -4.61594 -4.62850 -4.64022 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -3.30116 -3.30007 -3.29823 -3.29567 -3.29240 -3.28844 -3.28381 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -2.91508 -2.90930 -2.90283 -2.89572 -2.88796 -Z.87959 -2.87062 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -2.13829 -2.12432 -2.10985 -2.09490 -2.07950 -2.06365 -2.04739 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -1.78982 -1.77292 -1.75563 -1.73795 -1.71992 -1.70155 -1.68287 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -0.81641 -0.79548 -0.77455 -0.75364 -0.73277 -0.71195 -0.69122 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 -0.07300 -0.05798 -0.04340 -0.02927 -0.01561 -0.00243 0.01028 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 0.21172 0.21843 0.22458 0.23019 0.23527 0.23984 0.24391 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 0.33347 0.33336 0.33284 0.33194 0.33070 0.32914 0.32729 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 0.35343 0.35174 0.34972 0.34740 0.34481 0.34198 0.33895 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 0.38359 0.37901 0.37428 0.36945 0.36453 0.35956 0.35456 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 0.39833 0.39190 0.38552 0.37919 0.37295 0.36680 0.36076 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 0.40177 0.39482 0.38799 0.38127 0.37469 0.36825 0.36196 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 0.40703 0.39914 0.39152 0.38414 0.37701 0.37011 0.36345 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 0.40806 0.39993 0.39211 0.38458 0.37734 0.37036 0.36363 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 0.40816 0.40000 0.39216 0.38462 0.37736 0.37037 0.36364 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 0.40816 0.40000 0.39216 0.38462 0.37736 0.37037 0.36364 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 0.40816 0.40000 0.39216 0.38462 0.37736 0.37037 0.36364 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 0.40816 0.40000 0.39216 0.38462 0.37736 0.37037 0.36364 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 0.40816 0.40000 0.39216 0.38462 0.37736 0.37037 0.36364 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 0.40816 0.40000 0.39216 0.38462 0.37736 0.37037 0.36364 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 0.40816 0.40000 0.39216 0.38462 0.37736 0.37037 0.36364 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 0.40816 0.40000 0.39216 0.38462 0.37736 0.37037 0.36364 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 0.40816 0.40000 0.39216 0.38462 0.37736 0.37037 0.36364 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 0.40816 0.40000 0.39216 0.38462 0.37736 0.37037 0.36364 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 0.40816 0.40000 0.39216 0.38462 0.37736 0.37037 0.36364 0.0001 10000.

18–88 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Table 2 Percentage points of Pearson Type III distribution (neg skewness)—Continued

p Gl=-5.6 Gl=-5.7 Gl=-5.8 Gl=-5.9 Gl=-6.0 Gl=-6.1 Gl=-6.2 Q T

0.000100 -15.27632 -15.44813 -15.61878 -15.78826 -15.95660 -16.12380 -16.28989 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -11.37487 -11.48360 -11.59122 -11.69773 -11.80316 -11.90752 -12.01082 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -9.74190 -9.82505 -9.90713 -9.98815 -10.06812 -10.14706 -10.22499 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -8.14683 -8.20572 -8.26359 -8.32046 -8.37634 -8.43125 -8.48519 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -6.11351 -6.14302 -6.17162 -6.19933 -6.22616 -6.25212 -6.27723 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -4.65111 -4.66120 -4.67050 -4.67903 -4.68680 -4.69382 -4.70013 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -3.27854 -3.27263 -3.26610 -3.25898 -3.25128 -3.24301 -3.23419 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -2.86107 -2.85096 -2.84030 -2.82912 -2.81743 -2.80525 -2.79259 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -2.03073 -2.01369 -1.99629 -1.97855 -1.96048 -1.94210 -1.92343 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -1.66390 -1.64464 -1.62513 -1.60538 -1.58541 -1.56524 -1.54487 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -0.67058 -0.65006 -0.62966 -0.60941 -0.58933 -0.56942 -0.54970 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 0.02252 0.03427 0.04553 0.05632 0.06662 0.07645 0.08580 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 0.24751 0.25064 0.25334 0.25562 0.25750 0.25901 0.26015 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 0.32519 0.32285 0.32031 0.31759 0.31472 0.31171 0.30859 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 0.33573 0.33236 0.32886 0.32525 0.32155 0.31780 0.31399 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 0.34955 0.34455 0.33957 0.33463 0.32974 0.32492 0.32016 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 0.35484 0.34903 0.34336 0.33782 0.33242 0.32715 0.32202 0.4296 2.3216
0.600000 0.35583 0.34985 0.34402 0.33836 0.33285 0.32750 0.32230 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 0.35700 0.35078 0.34476 0.33893 0.33330 0.32784 0.32256 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 0.35714 0.35087 0.34483 0.33898 0.33333 0.32787 0.32258 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 0.35714 0.35088 0.34483 0.33898 0.33333 0.32787 0.32258 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 0.35714 0.35088 0.34483 0.33898 0.33333 0.32787 0.32258 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 0.35714 0.35088 0.34483 0.33898 0.33333 0.32787 0.32258 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 0.35714 0.35088 0.34483 0.33898 0.33333 0.32787 0.32258 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 0.35714 0.35088 0.34483 0.33898 0.33333 0.32787 0.32258 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 0.35714 0.35088 0.34483 0.33898 0.33333 0.32787 0.32258 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 0.35714 0.35088 0.34483 0.33898 0.33333 0.32787 0.32258 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 0.35714 0.35088 0.34483 0.33898 0.33333 0.32787 0.32258 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 0.35714 0.35088 0.34483 0.33898 0.33333 0.32787 0.32258 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 0.35714 0.35088 0.34483 0.33898 0.33333 0.32787 0.32258 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 0.35714 0.35088 0.34483 0.33898 0.33333 0.32787 0.32258 0.0001 10000.

p Gl=-6.3 Gl=-6.4 Gl=-6.5 Gl=-6.6 Gl=-6.7 Gl=-6.8 Gl=-6.9 Q T

0.000100 -16.45487 -16.61875 -16.78156 -16.94329 -17.10397 -17.26361 -17.42221 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -12.11307 -12.21429 -12.31450 -12.41370 -12.51190 -12.60913 -12.70539 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -10.30192 -10.37785 -10.45281 -10.52681 -10.59986 -10.67197 -10.74316 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -8.53820 -8.59027 -8.64142 -8.69167 -8.74102 -8.78950 -8.83711 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -6.30151 -6.32497 -6.34762 -6.36948 -6.39055 -6.41086 -6.43042 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -4.70571 -4.71061 -4.71482 -4.71836 -4.72125 -4.72350 -4.72512 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -3.22484 -3.21497 -3.20460 -3.19374 -3.18241 -3.17062 -3.15838 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -2.77947 -2.76591 -2.75191 -2.73751 -2.72270 -2.70751 -2.69195 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -1.90449 -1.88528 -1.86584 -1.84616 -1.82627 -1.80618 -1.78591 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -1.52434 -1.50365 -1.48281 -1.46186 -1.44079 -1.41963 -1.39839 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -0.53019 -0.51089 -0.49182 -0.47299 -0.45440 -0.43608 -0.41803 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 0.09469 0.10311 0.11107 0.11859 0.12566 0.13231 0.13853 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 0.26097 0.26146 0.26167 0.26160 0.26128 0.26072 0.25995 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 0.30538 0.30209 0.29875 0.29537 0.29196 0.28854 0.28511 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 0.31016 0.30631 0.30246 0.29862 0.29480 0.29101 0.28726 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 0.31549 0.31090 0.30639 0.30198 0.29766 0.29344 0.28931 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 0.31702 0.31216 0.30743 0.30283 0.29835 0.29400 0.28977 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 0.31724 0.31234 0.30757 0.30294 0.29844 0.29407 0.28982 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 0.31745 0.31249 0.30769 0.30303 0.29850 0.29412 0.28985 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 0.31746 0.31250 0.30769 0.30303 0.29851 0.29412 0.28986 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 0.31746 0.31250 0.30769 0.30303 0.29851 0.29412 0.28986 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 0.31746 0.31250 0.30769 0.30303 0.29851 0.29412 0.28986 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 0.31746 0.31250 0.30769 0.30303 0.29851 0.29412 .0.28986 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 0.31746 0.31250 0.30769 0.30303 0.29851 0.29412 0.28986 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 0.31746 0.31250 0.30769 0.30303 0.29851 0.29412 0.28986 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 0.31746 0.31250 0.30769 0.30303 0.29851 0.29412 0.28986 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 0.31746 0.31250 0.30769 0.30303 0.29851 0.29412 0.28986 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 0.31746 0.31250 0.30769 0.30303 0.29851 0.29412 0.28986 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 0.31746 0.31250 0.30769 0.30303 0.29851 0.29412 0.28986 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 0.31746 0.31250 0.30769 0.30303 0.29851 0.29412 0.28986 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 0.31746 0.31250 0.30769 0.30303 0.29851 0.29412 0.28986 0.0001 10000.

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 18–89

Table 2 Percentage points of Pearson Type III distribution (neg skewness)—Continued

p Gl=-7.0 Gl=-7.1 Gl=-7.2 Gl=-7.3 Gl=-7.4 Gl=-7.5 Gl=-7.6 Q T

0.000100 -17.57979 -17.73636 -17.89193 -18.04652 -18.20013 -18.35278 -18.50447 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -12.80069 -12.89505 -12.98848- 13.08098 -13.17258 -13.26328 -13.35309 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -10.81343 -10.88281 -10.95129 -11.01890 -11.08565 -11.15154 -11.21658 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -8.88387 -8.92979 -8.97488 -9.01915 -9.06261 -9.10528 -9.14717 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -6.44924 -6.46733 -6.48470 -6.50137 -6.51735 -6.53264 -6.54727 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -4.72613 -4.72653 -4.72635 -4.72559 -4.72427 -4.72240 -4.71998 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -3.14572 -3.13263 -3.11914 -3.10525 -3.09099 -3.07636 -3.06137 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -2.67603 -2.65977 -2.64317 -2.62626 -2.60905 -2.59154 -2.57375 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -1.76547 -1.74481 -1.72412 -1.70325 -1.68225 -1.66115 -1.63995 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -1.37708 -1.35571 -1.33430 -1.31287 -1.29141 -1.26995 -1.24850 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -0.40026 -0.38277 -0.36557 -0.34868 -0.33209 -0.31582 -0.29986 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 0.14434 0.14975 0.15478 0.15942 0.16371 0.16764 0.17123 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 0.25899 0.25785 0.25654 0.25510 0.25352 0.25183 0.25005 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 0.28169 0.27829 0.27491 0.27156 0.26825 0.26497 0.26175 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 0.28355 0.27990 0.27629 0.27274 0.26926 0.26584 0.26248 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 0.28528 0.28135 0.27751 0.27376 0.27010 0.26654 0.26306 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 0.28565 0.28164 0.27774 0.27394 0.27025 0.26665 0.26315 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 0.28569 0.28167 0.27776 0.27396 0.27026 0.26666 0.26315 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 0.28571 0.28169 0.27778 0.27397 0.27027 0.26667 0.26316 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 0.28571 0.28169 0.27778 0.27397 0.27027 0.26667 0.26316 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 0.28571 0.28169 0.27778 0.27397 0.27027 0.26667 0.26316 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 0.28571 0.28169 0.27778 0.27397 0.27027 0.26667 0.26316 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 0.28571 0.28169 0.27778 0.27397 0.27027 0.26667 0.26316 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 0.28571 0.28169 0.27778 0.27397 0.27027 0.26667 0.26316 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 0.28571 0.28169 0.27778 0.27397 0.27027 0.26667 0.26316 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 0.28571 0.28169 0.27778 0.27397 0.27027 0.26667 0.26316 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 0.28571 0.28169 0.27778 0.27397 0.27027 0.26667 0.26316 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 0.28571 0.28169 0.27778 0.27397 0.27027 0.26667 0.26316 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 0.28571 0.28169 0.27778 0.27397 0.27027 0.26667 0.26316 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 0.28571 0.28169 0.27778 0.27397 0.27027 0.26667 0.26316 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 0.28571 0.28169 0.27778 0.27397 0.27027 0.26667 0.26316 0.0001 10000.

p Gl=-7.7 Gl=-7.8 Gl=-7.9 Gl=-8.0 Gl=-8.1 Gl=-8.2 Gl=-8.3 Q T

0.000100 -18.65522 -18.80504 -18.95393 -19.10191 -19.24898 -19.39517 -19.54046 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -13.44202 -13.53009 -13.61730 -13.70366 -13.78919 -13.87389 -13.95778 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -11.28080 -11.34419 -11.40677 -11.46855 -11.52953 -11.58974 -11.64917 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -9.18828 -9.22863 -9.26823 -9.30709 -9.34521 -9.38262 -9.41931 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -6.56124 -6.57456 -6.58725 -6.59931 -6.61075 -6.62159 -6.63183 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -4.71704 -4.71358 -4.70961 -4.70514 -4.70019 -4.69476 -4.68887 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -3.04604 -3.03038 -3.01439 -2.99810 -2.98150 -2.96462 -2.94746 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -2.55569 -2.53737 -2.51881 -2.50001 -2.48099 -2.46175 -2.44231 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -1.61867 -1.59732 -1.57591 -1.55444 -1.53294 -1.51141 -1.48985 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -1.22706 -1.20565 -1.18427 -1.16295 -1.14168 -1.12048 -1.09936 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -0.28422 -0.26892 -0.25394 -0.23929 -0.22498 -0.21101 -0.19737 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 0.17450 0.17746 0.18012 0.18249 0.18459 0.18643 0.18803 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 0.24817 0.24622 0.24421 0.24214 0.24003 0.23788 0.23571 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 0.25857 0.25544 0.25236 0.24933 0.24637 0.24345 0.24060 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 0.25919 0.25596 0.25280 0.24970 0.24667 0.24371 0.24081 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 0.25966 0.25635 0.25312 0.24996 0.24689 0.24388 0.24095 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 0.25973 0.25640 0.25316 0.25000 0.24691 0.24390 0.24096 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 0.25974 0.25641 0.25316 0.25000 0.24691 0.24390 0.24096 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 0.25974 0.25641 0.25316 0.25000 0.24691 0.24390 0.24096 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 0.25974 0.25641 0.25316 0.25000 0.24691 0.24390 0.24096 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 0.25974 0.25641 0.25316 0.25000 0.24691 0.24390 0.24096 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 0.25974 0.25641 0.25316 0.25000 0.24691 0.24390 0.24096 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 0.25974 0.25641 0.25316 0.25000 0.24691 0.24390 0.24096 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 0.25974 0.25641 0.25316 0.25000 0.24691 0.24390 0.24096 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 0.25974 0.25641 0.25316 0.25000 0.24691 0.24390 0.24096 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 0.25974 0.25641 0.25316 0.25000 0.24691 0.24390 0.24096 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 0.25974 0.25641 0.25316 0.25000 0.24691 0.24390 0.24096 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 0.25974 0.25641 0.25316 0.25000 0.24691 0.24390 0.24096 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 0.25974 0.25641 0.25316 0.25000 0.24691 0.24390 0.24096 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 0.25974 0.25641 0.25316 0.25000 0.24691 0.24390 0.24096 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 0.25974 0.25641 0.25316 0.25000 0.24691 0.24390 0.24096 0.0001 10000.

18–90 (210-VI-NEH, September 2000)

Table 2 Percentage points of Pearson Type III distribution (neg skewness)—Continued

p Gl=-8.4 Gl=-8.5 Gl=-8.6 Gl=-8.7 Gl=-8.8 Gl=-8.9 Gl=-9.0 Q T

0.000100 -19.68489 -19.82845 -19.97115 -20.11300 -20.25402 -20.39420 -20.53356 0.9999 1.0001
0.000500 -14.04086 -14.12314 -14.20463 -14.28534 -14.36528 -14.44446 -14.52288 0.9995 1.0005
0.001000 -11.70785 -11.76576 -11.82294 -11.87938 -11.93509 -11.99009 -12.04437 0.9990 1.0010
0.002000 -9.45530 -9.49060 -9.52521 -9.55915 -9.59243 -9.62504 -9.65701 0.9980 1.0020
0.005000 -6.64148 -6.65056 -6.65907 -6.66703 -6.67443 -6.68130 -6.68763 0.9950 1.0050
0.010000 -4.68252 -4.67573 -4.66850 -4.66085 -4.65277 -4.64429 -4.63541 0.9900 1.0101
0.020000 -2.93002 -2.91234 -2.89440 -2.87622 -2.85782 -2.83919 -2.82035 0.9800 1.0204
0.025000 -2.42268 -2.40287 -2.38288 -2.36273 -2.34242 -2.32197 -2.30138 0.9750 1.0256
0.040000 -1.46829 -1.44673 -1.42518 -1.40364 -1.38213 -1.36065 -1.33922 0.9600 1.0417
0.050000 -1.07832 -1.05738 -1.03654 -1.01581 -0.99519 -0.97471 -0.95435 0.9500 1.0526
0.100000 -0.18408 -0.17113 -0.15851 -0.14624 -0.13431 -0.12272 -0.11146 0.9000 1.1111
0.200000 0.18939 0.19054 0.19147 0.19221 0.19277 0.19316 0.19338 0.8000 1.2500
0.300000 0.23352 0.23132 0.22911 0.22690 0.22469 0.22249 0.22030 0.7000 1.4286
0.400000 0.23779 0.23505 0.23236 0.22972 0.22714 0.22461 0.22214 0.6000 1.6667
0.429624 0.23797 0.23520 0.23248 0.22982 0.22722 0.22468 0.22219 0.5704 1.7532
0.500000 0.23808 0.23528 0.23255 0.22988 0.22727 0.22472 0.22222 0.5000 2.0000
0.570376 0.23809 0.23529 0.23256 0.22988 0.22727 0.22472 0.22222 0.4296 2.3276
0.600000 0.23810 0.23529 0.23256 0.22988 0.22727 0.22472 0.22222 0.4000 2.5000
0.700000 0.23810 0.23529 0.23256 0.22989 0.22727 0.22472 0.22222 0.3000 3.3333
0.800000 0.23810 0.23529 0.23256 0.22989 0.22727 0.22472 0.22222 0.2000 5.0000
0.900000 0.23810 0.23529 0.23256 0.22989 0.22727 0.22472 0.22222 0.1000 10.000
0.950000 0.23810 0.23529 0.23256 0.22989 0.22727 0.22472 0.22222 0.0500 20.000
0.960000 0.23810 0.23529 0.23256 0.22989 0.22727 0.22472 0.22222 0.0400 25.000
0.975000 0.23810 0.23529 0.23256 0.22989 0.22727 0.22472 0.22222 0.0250 40.000
0.980000 0.23810 0.23529 0.23256 0.22989 0.22727 0.22472 0.22222 0.0200 50.000
0.990000 0.23810 0.23529 0.23256 0.22989 0.22727 0.22472 0.22222 0.0100 100.00
0.995000 0.23810 0.23529 0.23256 0.22989 0.22727 0.22472 0.22222 0.0050 200.00
0.998000 0.23810 0.23529 0.23256 0.22989 0.22727 0.22472 0.22222 0.0020 500.00
0.999000 0.23810 0.23529 0.23256 0.22989 0.22727 0.22472 0.22222 0.0010 1000.0
0.999500 0.23810 0.23529 0.23256 0.22989 0.22727 0.22472 0.22222 0.0005 2000.0
0.999900 0.23810 0.23529 0.23256 0.22989 0.22727 0.22472 0.22222 0.0001 10000.

(210-VI-NEH, September 2000) 18–91

United States
Department of Part 630
Agriculture

Natural
National Engineering Handbook
Resources
Conservation
Service

Chapter 19 Transmission Losses

Rain clouds
Cloud formation

Precipitation

n
iratio
Evaporation
n

ean
tio

Transp
s o il
ta

from oc
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ve

fr o m
m

n
fro

ti o

s
am
n

ir a
ti o

tr e
sp
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Tr

Surfa E
fr o

ce ru
noff

Infiltration

Soil
Percolation

Rock Ocean
Ground water
Deep percolation

(210–VI–NEH, August 2007)

Chapter 19 Transmission Losses Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Issued August 2007

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all

its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age,
disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental
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tact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720–2600 (voice and TDD). To file a
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provider and employer.

(210–VI–NEH, August 2007)

Acknowledgments

Chapter 19 was originally prepared by Victor Mockus (retired) in 1956 and

revised in 1972. In 1983, it was revised by Leonard J. Lane, Agriculture Re-
search Service (ARS), Tucson, Arizona, in cooperation with George Comer
(retired), Gary Conaway (retired), Herman McGill (retired), and Harry
Millsaps (retired) of the Soil Conservation Service; and Virginia Ferreira
(retired), Edward Shirley (retired), and Delmer Wallace (retired) of the
Agriculture Research Service. This version was prepared by the Natural
Resources Conservation Service under guidance of Donald E. Woodward,
(retired), Washington, DC, and reviewed and edited by Helen Fox Moody,
hydraulic engineer, Beltsville, Maryland.

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Chapter 19 Transmission Losses

Contents: 630.1900 Introduction 19–1

630.1901 Assumptions and limitations 19–1

(a) Assumptions..................................................................................................19–1
(b) Limitations ....................................................................................................19–1

630.1902 Symbols and notation 19–2

630.1903 Applications 19–3

(a) Summary of procedure ................................................................................19–3
(b) Estimating parameters from observed inflow-outflow data ...................19–4
(c) Estimating parameters in the absence of observed inflow- ....................19–5
outflow data
(d) Summary of parameter estimation techniques .........................................19–6

630.1904 Examples 19–6

19–1 No lateral inflow or out-of-bank flow ...................................................19–7
19–2 Uniform lateral inflow ..........................................................................19–10
19–3 Approximations for out-of-bank flow .................................................19–11
19–4 Transmission losses limited by available storage .............................19–14

630.1905 Summary 19–16

630.1906 References 19–17

Appendices
19A Derivation of Procedures for Estimating Transmission Losses ..... 19A–1
When Observed Data are Available
19B Analysis of Selected Data Used to Develop the Procedure ........... 19B–1
for Estimating Transmission Losses
19C Estimating Transmission Losses When No Observed Data ........... 19C–1
are Available

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Tables Table 19–1 Relationships between bed material characteristics 19–5

and parameters for a unit channel

Table 19–2 Procedures to use when observed inflow-outflow data 19–6

are available

Table 19–3 Procedures to use when no observed inflow-outflow 19–6

data are available

Table 19–4 Outline of examples and comments on their 19–16

applications

Table 19B–1 Hydrologic data used in analyzing transmission losses 19B–1

Table 19B–2 Parameters for regression model and differential 19B–2

equation model for selected channel reaches

Table 19B–3 Unit length, unit width, and unit length and width 19B–3
parameters for selected channel reaches

Table 19C–1 Data for analysis of relations between effective 19C–2

hydraulic conductivity and model parameters

Table 19C–2 Auxiliary transmission loss data for selected 19C–3

ephemeral streams in southern Arizona

Table 19C–3 Range of seepage rates in unlined canals 19C–4

Figures Figure 19A–1 Observed versus computed peak discharge of the 19A–3
outflow hydrograph

Figure 19C–1 Relation between KD and regression intercept 19C–2

Figure 19C–2 Relation between KD/P and decay factor 19C–2

19–iv (210–VI–NEH, August 2007)

Chapter 19 Transmission Losses

630.1900 Introduction 630.1901 Assumptions and

limitations
Natural stream channels in arid and semiarid regions
are generally ephemeral. Flow is occasional and fol- (a) Assumptions
lows storms, which are infrequent. When flows occur
in normally dry stream channels, the volume of flow The methods described in this chapter are based on
is reduced by infiltration into the bed, the banks, and the following assumptions:
possibly the flood plain. These losses to infiltration,
called transmission losses, reduce not only the volume • Water is lost in the channel; no streams gain
of the hydrograph, but also the peak discharge. water.
• Infiltration characteristics and other channel
This chapter describes a procedure for estimating properties are uniform with distance and width.
the volume of runoff and peak discharge for ephem-
eral streams; it can be used with or without observed • Sediment concentration, temperature, and ante-
inflow-outflow data. If available, observed inflow-out- cedent flow affect transmission losses, but the
flow data can be used to derive regression equations equations represent the average conditions.
for the particular channel reach. Procedures based • The channel reach is short enough that an aver-
on the derived regression equations enable a user to age width and an average duration represent the
determine prediction equations for similar channels of width and duration of flow for the entire channel
arbitrary length and width. reach.
Chapter 19 also gives the procedures for estimating • Once a threshold volume has been satisfied, out-
parameters of the prediction equations in the absence flow volumes are linearly proportional to inflow
of observed inflow-outflow data. These procedures are volumes.
based on characteristics of the bed and bank material. • Once an average loss rate is subtracted and the
Approximations for lateral inflow and out-of-bank flow inflow volume exceeds the threshold volume,
are also presented. peak rates of outflow are linearly proportional to
peak rates of inflow. Moreover, the rate of change
in outflow peak discharge with changing inflow
peak discharge is the same as the rate of change
in outflow volume with changing inflow volume.
• Lateral inflow can be either lumped at points of
tributary inflow or uniform with distance along
the channel.
• For volume and peak discharge calculations, lat-
eral inflow is assumed to occur during the same
time as the upstream inflow.

(b) Limitations
The main limitations of the procedures are:
• Hydrographs are not specifically routed along the
stream channels; predictions are made for vol-
ume and peak discharge.
• Peak flow equations do not consider storage at-
tenuation effects or steepening of the hydrograph
rise.

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Chapter 19 Transmission Losses Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

• Analyses on which the procedures are based

represent average conditions or overall trends. 630.1902 Symbols and notation
• Influences of antecedent flow and sediment
concentration in the streamflow have not been Upstream inflow
quantified.
P = inflow volume (acre-feet)
• Estimates of effective hydraulic conductivity in p = peak rate of inflow (cubic feet per second)
the streambed are empirically based and repre-
sent average rates. Lateral inflow
• Peak discharge of outflow is decreased by the QL = lateral inflow volume (acre-feet per mile)
average loss rate for the duration of flow. qL = peak rate of lateral inflow (cubic feet per second
per foot)
• Procedures for out-of-bank flow are based on the
assumption of a weighted average for the effec- Outflow
tive hydraulic conductivity.
Q(x,w) = outflow volume (acre-feet)
q(x,w) = peak rate of outflow (cubic feet per second)

Channel reach
D = duration of flow (hours)
K = effective hydraulic conductivity (inches per hour)
V = total available storage volume of alluvium in the
channel reach (acre-feet)
w = average width of flow (feet)
x = length of reach (miles)

Prediction equations (parameters)

a = regression intercept for unit channel
(acre-feet)
a(D) = regression intercept for unit channel with a
flow of duration D (acre-feet)
a(x,w) = regression intercept for a channel reach of
length x and width w (acre-feet)
b = regression slope for unit channel
b(x,w) = regression slope for a channel reach of
length x and width w
k = decay factor (foot-miles)-1
k(D,P) = decay factor for unit channel with a flow
duration D and volume P (foot-miles)-1
PO = threshold volume or amount of inchannel
loss above which channel outflow occurs
for a unit channel (acre-feet). Channel
outflow is 0.0 until the threshold volume is
achieved.
PO(x,w) = threshold volume or amount of inchannel
loss above which channel outflow occurs
for a channel reach of length x and width w
(acre-feet). Channel outflow is 0.0 until the
threshold volume is achieved.

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converts from acre-feet per hour to cubic feet per

630.1903 Applications second.

If lateral inflow is uniform, the volume equation is that

The simplified procedures are summarized here; shown in equation 19–4 at the bottom of the page.
additional details and derivations are given in the
appendices. Methods have been developed for two The corresponding equation for peak discharge is
situations—when observed inflow-outflow data are shown in equation 19–5 at the bottom of this page.
available and when no observed data are available. In this equation the factor 5,280 converts cubic feet
per second per foot to cubic feet per second per mile.
(a) Summary of procedure Derivations and background information are in appen-
dix 19A.
The prediction equation for outflow volume, without
lateral inflow, is For a channel reach with only tributary lateral inflow,
equations 19–1 and 19–3 would be applied on the
P ≤ Po ( x, w )
tributary channel and the main channel to the point
⎧0
⎪ of tributary inflow. Then the sum of the outflows from
Q ( x, w ) = ⎨ these two channel reaches would be the inflow to the
⎪ a ( x, w ) + b ( x, w ) P P > Po ( x, w ) lower reach of the main channel.
⎩
(eq. 19–1) The procedures described by equations 19–1, 19–3,
where the threshold volume is 19–4, and 19–5 require that the upstream inflow vol-
umes and lateral inflow volumes along the channel
( )
−a x , w reach be estimated using the procedures described in
(
Po x, w = ) b( x, w ) (eq. 19–2)
National Engineering Handbook, part 630 (NEH 630),
chapter 10. Peak flow rates and flow durations are
estimated by use of procedures described in NEH 630,
The corresponding equation for peak discharge is chapter 16.
shown in equation 19–3 below. In this equation, 12.1

⎧0 Q ( x, w ) = 0
⎪
q ( x, w ) = ⎨12.1
⎪
⎩ D
{ }
a ( x, w ) − ⎡⎣1 − b ( x, w )⎤⎦ P + b ( x, w ) p Q ( x, w ) > 0
(eq. 19–3)

⎧0 P ≤ Po ( x, w )
⎪
⎪
Q ( x, w ) = ⎨ (eq. 19–4)
⎪ QL
⎪⎩ a ( x, w ) + b ( x, w ) P + kw ⎡⎣1 − b ( x, w )⎤⎦ P > Po ( x, w )

⎧0 Q ( x, w ) = 0
⎪
⎪
q ( x, w ) = ⎨ (eq. 19–5)
⎪12.1 q L (5, 2800 )
{ }
⎪⎩ D a ( x, w ) − ⎡⎣1 − b ( x, w )⎤⎦ P + b ( x, w ) p + kw
⎡⎣1 − b ( x, w )⎤⎦ Q ( x, w ) > 0

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Chapter 19 Transmission Losses Part 630
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(b) Estimating parameters from observed ticular attention to any data points far from the
inflow-outflow data regression line, especially those points that may
be strongly influencing the slope or intercept.
If a channel reach has an assumed length x and aver- 4. Correct data points that are in error; remove
age width w, then n observations on Pi and Qi (without points that are not representative.
lateral inflow) can be used to estimate the parameters
in equation 19–1. Parameters of the linear regression 5. Recompute the regression slope and intercept
equation can be estimated as using equations 19–6 to 19–9 and the corrected
data.
∑ (Qi − Q )( Pi − P )
n

b( x, w ) = i =1
(eq. 19–6) A great deal of care and engineering judgment must be
( )
n 2 exercised in finding and eliminating errors from the set
∑ Pi − P
and i =1 of observed inflow-outflow observations.

a( x, w ) = Q − b( x, w )P (eq. 19–7) (1) Unit channels

A unit channel is defined as a channel of length x =
where: 1 mile and width w = 1 foot. Parameters for the unit
Q = mean outflow volume channel are required to compute parameters for chan-
P = mean inflow volume nel reaches with arbitrary length and width. The unit
n = number of observations on Pi and Qi channel parameters are computed by the following
equations:
Alternative formulas recommended for computation ln b( x, w ) (eq. 19–10)
are k=−
xw
n ⎛ n ⎞⎛ n ⎞
n ∑ Pi Qi − ⎜ ∑ Pi ⎟ ⎜ ∑ Qi ⎟ b = e −k (eq. 19–11)
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
∑ (Qi − Q )( Pi − P ) =
n
i =1 i =1 i =1
i =1 n a( x, w )(1 − b)
(eq. 19–8) a=
[1 − b(x, w )] (eq. 19–12)

and
2 where a(x,w) and b(x,w) are the regression param-
n ⎛ n ⎞
n ∑ Pi2 − ⎜ ∑ Pi ⎟ eters derived from the observed data. In this case the
⎝ i =1 ⎠ (eq. 19–9)
∑ ( Pi − P )
n 2
= i =1 length x and width w are fixed known values. Par-
i =1 n ticular care must be taken to maintain the maximum
number of significant digits in determining k, b, and a.
Linear regression procedures are available on most Otherwise, significant round-off errors can result.
computer systems and on many handheld calculators.
(2) Reaches of arbitrary length and width
Constraints on the parameters are Given parameters for a unit channel, parameters for a
channel reach of arbitrary length x and arbitrary width
a( x, w ) < 0 and 0 ≤ b( x, w ) ≤ 1 w are computed by the following equations:

When one or both of the constraints are not met, the b( x, w ) = e −kxw (eq. 19–13)
following procedure is suggested:
1. Plot the observed data on rectangular coordinate a( x, w ) =
a
1− b
[
1 − b( x, w ) ] (eq. 19–14)
paper: Pi on the X-axis and Qi on the Y-axis.
( )
−a x , w
2. Plot the derived regression equation on the graph
with the data.
(
Po x, w = ) b( x, w )
(eq. 19–2)

3. Check the data for errors (such as events with

lateral inflow or computational errors). Pay par-

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(c) Estimating parameters in the absence and for the decay factor on ungaged reaches
of observed inflow-outflow data
⎡ KD ⎤
k ( D, P ) = −1.09 ln ⎢1.0 − 0.00545 (eq. 19–16)
When inflow-outflow data are not available, an esti- ⎣ P ⎥⎦
mate of effective hydraulic conductivity is needed to
predict transmission losses. Effective hydraulic con- Given values of a and k from equations 19–15 and
ductivity, K, is the infiltration rate averaged over the 19–16, equations 19–13, 19–14, and 19–2 are used to
total area wetted by the flow and over the total dura- compute parameters for a particular x and w. Derived
tion of flow. Because effective hydraulic conductivity relationships between bed material characteristics,
represents a space-time average infiltration rate, it effective hydraulic conductivity, and the unit channel
incorporates the influence of temperature, sediment parameters a and k are shown in table 19–1. These
concentration, flow irregularities, errors in the data, data can be used to estimate parameters for ungaged
and variations in wetted area. For this reason it is not channel reaches.
the same as the saturated hydraulic conductivity for
clear water under steady-state conditions. Analysis of
observed data results in equations for the unit channel
intercept

a ( D) = −0.00465KD (eq. 19–15)

Table 19–1 Relationships between bed material characteristics and parameters for a unit channel (average moisture condi-
tions)

Bed material group Bed material characteristics Effective - - - - - - - - - Unit channel parameters - - - - - - - - -
hydraulic Intercept 2/ Decay factor 3/
conductivity 1/ a k
K (in/h) (acre-ft) (ft-mi)–1

1: Very high loss rate Very clean gravel and large >5 <– 0.023 >0.030
sand
2: High loss rate Clean sand and gravel, field 2.0 to 5.0 –0.0093 to –0.023 0.0120 to 0.030
conditions
3: Moderately high loss Sand and gravel mixture with 1.0 to 3.0 –0.0047 to –0.014 0.0060 to 0.018
rate low silt-clay content
4: Moderate loss rate Sand and gravel mixture with 0.25 to 1.0 –0.0012 to –0.0047 0.0015 to 0.0060
high silt-clay content
5: Insignificant to low Consolidated bed material; 0.001 to 0.10 –5 x 10-6 to –5 x 10-4 6 x 10-6 to 6 x 10-4
loss rate high silt-clay content
1/ See appendix 19C for sources of basic data.
2/ Values are for unit duration, D = 1 hour. For other durations, a(D) = –0.00465KD.
3/ Values are for unit duration and volume, D/P = 1. For other durations and volumes, use:
⎡
k ( D, P ) = −1.09 ln 1.0 − 0.00545
KD ⎤
⎢⎣ P ⎥⎦

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Chapter 19 Transmission Losses Part 630
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(d) Summary of parameter estimation

techniques 630.1904 Examples
Suggested procedures for use when observed data are
available are summarized in table 19–2. Procedures for The following examples illustrate application of the
use on ungaged channel reaches are summarized in procedures for several cases under a variety of circum-
table 19–3. Again, whatever procedure is used, the pa- stances. As in any analysis, all possible combinations
rameter estimates must satisfy the constraints a(x,w) of circumstances are impossible to consider, but the
< 0 and 0 ≤ b(x,w) ≤ 1. examples presented here should provide an overview
of useful applications of the procedures. Use of these
procedures requires judgment and experience. At each
step of the process, care should be taken to ensure
that the results are reasonable and consistent with
sound engineering practice.

Example 19–1 illustrates application of the procedures

with and without observed data when flow is within
the channel banks and there is no lateral inflow. Ex-
ample 19–2 is for the same channel reach, but is based
on assumption of uniform lateral inflow between the
inflow and outflow stations. Approximations for out-
of-bank flow are described in example 19–3.

Table 19–2 Procedures to use when observed inflow-outflow data are available

Step Source Result

1. Perform regression analysis Eqs. 19–6, 19–7, 19–2 Prediction equations for the particular reach
2. Derive unit channel parameters Eqs. 19–10 to 19–12 Unit channel parameters
3. Calculate parameters Eqs. 19–13, 19–14, 19–2 Parameters of the prediction equations for
arbitrary x and w

Table 19–3 Procedures to use when no observed inflow-outflow data are available

Step Source Result

1. Estimate inflow Hydrologic analysis Mean duration of flow, D, and volume of inflow P
2. Identify bed material Table 19–1 Effective hydraulic conductivity, K
3. Derive unit channel parameters Eqs. 19–15, 19–16, 19–11 Unit channel parameters
4. Calculate parameters Eqs. 19–13, 19–14, 19–2 Parameters of the prediction equations for
arbitrary x and w

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Example 19–1 No lateral inflow or out-of-bank flow

Given: A channel reach of length x = 5.0 miles, average width w = 70 feet.

Bed material consists of sand and gravel with a small percentage of silt and clay.
Assume a mean flow duration D = 4 hours and a mean inflow volume of P = 34 acre-feet.

Find: The prediction equations for the channel reach. Estimate the outflow volume and peak for an
inflow P = 50 acre-feet and p = 1,000 cubic feet per second.

Case 1 Observed inflow-outflow data

- - - - - Observed inflow-outflow data (acre-feet) - - - - -

Pi 20.0 100.0 25.0 10.0 15.0 P = 34

Qi 6.0 75.0 9.0 0.1 2.5 Q = 18.52

Solution: Follow the procedure outlined in table 19–2, step 1, for x = 5.0 miles and w = 70 feet.

b( x, w ) =
( )(
∑ Qi − Q Pi − P ) = 0.850
( )
2
∑ Pi − P

a ( x, w ) = Q − b ( x, w ) P
= 18.52 − 0.850 ( 34 ) = −10.38 acre-ft

−a ( x, w ) 10.38
Po ( x, w ) = = = 12.21 acre-ft
b ( x, w ) 0.850
Substituting these values in equation 19–1, the prediction equation for volume is

⎧0 P ≤ 12.21
⎪
Q ( x, w ) = ⎨
⎪ −10.38 + 0.850P P > 12.21
⎩

and the prediction equation (from equation 19–3) for peak discharge is

⎧0 Q ( x, w ) = 0
⎪
q ( x, w ) = ⎨
⎪ −31.4 − 0.454P + 0.850 p Q ( x, w ) > 0
⎩

For an inflow volume P = 50 acre-feet and an inflow peak rate p = 1,000 cubic feet per second,
the predicted outflow volume is
Q(x,w) = –10.38 + 0.850(50) = 32.1 acre-ft

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Example 19–1 No lateral inflow or out-of-bank flow—Continued

and the predicted peak rate of outflow is

q ( x, w ) = −31.4 − 0.454 (50 ) + 0.850 (1, 000 )

= 796 ft 3 /s

Case 2 No observed inflow-outflow data

Solution: Follow the procedures outlined in table 19–3. From table 19–1, estimate K = 1.0 inch per hour,
with D = 4.0 hour, P = 34 acre-feet, so:

a = −0.00465KD = −0.01860 acre-ft

⎛ KD ⎞
k = −1.09 ln ⎜ 1.0 − 0.00545
⎝ P ⎟⎠
= 0.000699 ( ft-mi )
−1

and
b = e–k = e–0.000699 = 0.999301

are the unit channel parameters. From equations 19–13, 19–14, and 19–2, the parameters for the
given reach with x = 5.0 miles and w = 70 feet are
( )( )( )
b( x, w ) = e −kxw = e − 0.000699 5.0 70
= 0.783
a
a ( x, w ) = ⎡1 − b ( x, w )⎤⎦
1−b ⎣
−0.01860
= (1 − 0.783 )
(1 − 0.999301)
= −5.788 acre-ft

and
− a ( x, w )
Po ( x, w ) =
b ( x, w )
( −5.78 )
=− = 7.38 acre-ft
0.783
The prediction equation for the volume is
⎧0 P ≤ 7.38
⎪
Q ( x, w ) = ⎨
⎪ −5.78 + 0.783P P > 7.38
⎩

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Example 19–1 No lateral inflow or out-of-bank flow—Continued

and the prediction equation for peak discharge is

⎧0 Q( x , w ) = 0
⎪
q( x, w ) = ⎨
⎪
⎩−17.5 − 0.656 P + 0.783 p Q( x, w ) > 0

For an inflow volume of P = 50 acre-feet and an inflow peak rate of p = 1,000 cubic feet per sec-
ond, the predicted outflow volume is

Q ( x, w ) = −5.78 + 0.783 (50 ) = 33.4 acre-ft

and the predicted peak rate of outflow is

q ( x, w ) = −17.5 − 0.656 (50 ) + 0.783 (1, 000 )

= 733 ft 3 /s

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Chapter 19 Transmission Losses Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Example 19–2 Uniform lateral inflow

Given: The channel reach parameters from example 19–1 and a lateral inflow of 21.3 acre-feet at a peak
rate of 500 cubic feet per second. Assume the lateral inflow is uniformly distributed.

Find: The volume of outflow and peak rate of outflow if P = 50 acre-feet and p = 1,000 cubic feet per
second.

Solution: Compute the lateral rates as follows:

21.3 acre-ft
QL = = 4.26 acre-ft/mi
5.0 mi

and

500 ft 3 /s
qL = = 0.0189 ft 3 /s/ft
(5.0 mi )(5, 280 ft/mi )
Using a(x,w) = –5.78, b(x,w) = 0.783, k = 0.000699, and w = 70 from case 2 of example 19–1 in
equation 19–4, the result is
QL
Q ( x, w ) = −5.78 + 0.783P + (1 − 0.783 )
kw
= 52.3 acre-ft

The corresponding calculations for peak discharge of the outflow hydrograph (eq. 19–5) are
q L (5, 280 )
q ( x, w ) = −17.5 − 0.656P + 0.783 p + (1 − 0.783 )
kw
= 1,175 ft 3 /s

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Example 19–3 Approximations for out-of-bank flow

Given: A channel reach of length x = 10 miles and an average width of inbank flow w1 = 150 feet with
inbank flow up to a discharge of 3,000 cubic feet per second. Once the flow exceeds 3,000 cubic
feet per second, out-of-bank flow rapidly covers wide areas. The bed material consists of clean
sand and gravel, and the out-of-bank material is sandy with significant amounts of silt-clay.

Find: Determine the outflow if the inflow is P = 700 acre-feet with a peak rate of p = 4,000 cubic feet
per second. Assume the mean duration of flow is 12 hours and the total average width of out-of-
bank flow is 400 feet. Also, estimate the distance downstream before the flow is back within the
channel banks.

Solution: Using the procedures outlined in table 19–3, make the following calculations:

Inbank flow:
w1 = 150 ft
K1 = 3.0 in/h (average hydraulic conductivity from table 19–1)

Out-of-bank flow:
w2 = 400 ft (includes width w1)
K2 = 0.5 in/h for width w2 - w1 (average hydraulic conductivity from table 19–1)

The weighted average for effective hydraulic conductivity is

w1 K 1 + ( w 2 − w1 ) K 2
K= (eq. 19–17)
w2
K = 1.44 in/h

Using this average value of K, D = 12 hours, and P = 700 acre-feet in equations 19–15 and 19–16,
the unit channel parameters are
a = −0.00465KD = −0.08035 acre-ft
⎛ KD ⎞
k = −1.09 ln ⎜ 1.0 − 0.00545
⎝ P ⎟⎠
= 0.000147 ( ft -mi )
−1

and

b = e −k = e −0.000147 = 0.99985

Given the unit channel parameters and w2 = 400 feet, the parameters for the channel reach are
( )( )
b( x, w 2 ) = e −kxw 2 = e − 0.000147 400 x = e −0.0588 x
and
a( x, w 2 ) =
a
1− b [
1 − b( x, w 2 )]
−0.08035 (
= 1 − e −0.0588 x )
(1 − 0.99985)

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Example 19–3 Approximations for out-of-bank flow—Continued

Now, estimate the distance downstream until flow is contained within the banks (from equation
19–3) as

q ( x, w ) =
12.1
D
{ }
a ( x, w ) − ⎡⎣1 − b ( x, w )⎤⎦ P + b ( x, w ) p

Use an upper limit as

q ( x, w ) = 3, 000 ft 3 /s ≤ b ( x, w ) p = e −0.0588 x ( 4, 000 )

which means
3, 000
e −0.0588 x ≥ = 0.75
4, 000

−1.0
x≤ ln 0.75 = 4.89 mi
0.0588

Then a trial-and-error solution of the volume and peak discharge equations for various values of
x < 4.89 miles produces a best estimate of x = 3.6 miles. Based on this value, the parameters are

b( 3.6, w 2 ) = 0.809

and
a ( 3.6, w 2 ) = −102.3 acre-ft
Therefore, the predictions for x = 3.6 miles are
Q ( 3.6, w 2 ) = −102.3 + 0.809 (700 )
= 464.0 acre-ft
for the volume, and

q ( 3.6,w 2 ) =-238.0+0.809 ( 4,000 ) =2,998 ft 3 /s

for the peak rate.

For distances beyond this point, the flow will be contained in the channel banks. Using K = 3.0,
D = 12, and P = 464.0 acre-feet (the inflow from the upstream reach), the parameters for inbank
flow with a distance of x = 10.0 – 3.6 = 6.4 miles are
a = −0.00465KD = −0.1674 acre-ft
⎛ KD ⎞
k = −1.09 ln ⎜ 1.0 − 0.00545
⎝ P ⎟⎠
= 0.000461 ( ft -mi )
−1

and
b = e −k = e −0.000461 = 0.99954

19–12 (210–VI–NEH, August 2007)

Chapter 19 Transmission Losses Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Example 19–3 Approximations for out-of-bank flow—Continued

With these unit channel parameters, the parameters for inbank flow are

( ) ( )( )( )
b 6.4, w 1 = e −kxw 1 = e − 0.000461 6.4 150 = 0.642
and
a
a (6.4, w1 ) = ⎡1 − b ( x, w1 )⎤⎦
1−b ⎣
( −0.1674 )
= [1 − 0.642]
(1 − 0.99954 )
= −130.3 acre-ft

The predicted outflow is

Q (6.4, w1 ) = −130.3 + 0.642 ( 464.0 )
= 167.6 acre -ft
for the volume and
q (6.4,w1 ) =-298.9+0.642 ( 2,998 )
=1,626 ft 3 /s

for the peak discharge. Therefore, the prediction is out-of-bank flow for about 3.6 miles and
inbank flow for 6.4 miles, with an outflow volume of 168 acre-feet and a peak discharge of
1,626 cubic feet per second.

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Chapter 19 Transmission Losses Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Example 19–3 illustrates the need for judgment in In some circumstances, an alluvial channel could be
applying the procedure for estimating losses in out-of- underlain by nearly impervious material that might
bank flow. Care must be taken to ensure that transmis- limit the potential storage volume in the alluvium (V)
sion losses do not reduce the flow volume and peak and thereby limit the potential transmission losses.
to the point where flow is entirely within the channel Once the transmission losses fill the available stor-
banks. If this occurs, then the reach length must be age, nearly all additional inflow becomes outflow. The
broken into subreaches, as illustrated in this example. procedure as shown in example 19–4 is modified to
predict and apply this secondary threshold volume, P1.

Example 19–4 Transmission losses limited by available storage

Given: The channel reach in example 19–1 with total available storage (maximum potential transmis-
sion loss) of V = 30 acre-feet.

Find: Given the volume equation from case 1 of example 19–1, compute equations to apply after the
potential losses are satisfied. From example 19–1, a(x,w) = -10.38 acre-feet, b(x,w) = 0.850, and
Po(X,W) = 12.21 acre-feet.

Solution: The total losses are P − Q(x,w) computed as

P − ⎡⎣a ( x, w ) + b ( x, w ) P ⎤⎦ = −a ( x, w ) + ⎡⎣1 − b ( x, w )⎤⎦ P

Equating this computed loss to V and solving for the inflow volume predicts the inflow volume
above which only the maximum alluvial storage is subtracted:
V + a ( x, w )
P1 =
1 − b ( x, w )

For this example, this threshold inflow volume is 130.8 acre-feet. With this additional threshold,
the prediction equation for outflow volume is modified to
⎧0 P ≤ Po ( x, w )
⎪
⎪
⎪
Q( x, w ) = ⎨a x, w + b x, w P
( ) ( ) Po ( x, w ) ≤ P ≤ P1
⎪
⎪
⎪P − V P > P1
⎩ (eq. 19–18)
The solution to this general equation is
⎧0 P ≤ 12.21
⎪
⎪⎪
Q( x, w ) = ⎨−10.38 + 0.850P 12.21 ≤ P ≤ 130.8
⎪
⎪
⎪⎩P − 30 P > 130.8

19–14 (210–VI–NEH, August 2007)

Chapter 19 Transmission Losses Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Example 19–4 Transmission losses limited by available storage—Continued

The slope of the regression line is equal to

Q( x , w )
[P − Po (x, w )]
so an equivalent slope, once the available storage is filled, is
(P − V )
beq =
[P − Po (x, w )]
which for this example is
( P − 30)
beq =
( P − 12.21)
For an inflow volume of P = 300 acre-feet and peak rate of inflow p = 3,000 cubic feet per
second, the equivalent slope is beq = 0.938. Using the equivalent slope, the peak equation is
−12.1
q ( x, w ) = ⎡ P − Q ( x, w )⎤⎦ + beq p
D ⎣
= −90.75 + 0.938 ( 3, 000 ) = 2, 723 ft 3 /s

Therefore, the predicted outflow is Q(x,w) = 270 acre-feet and q(x,w) = 2,723 cubic feet per
second.

If the storage limitation had been ignored, the original equations would have predicted an
outflow volume of 245 acre-feet and a peak rate of outflow of 2,384 cubic feet per second. If a
channel reach has limited available storage, the procedure should be modified, as it was in this
example, to compute losses that do not exceed the available storage.

(210–VI–NEH, August 2007) 19–15

Chapter 19 Transmission Losses Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

630.1905 Summary

The examples presented illustrate the wide range

of applications of the transmission loss procedures
described in this chapter. They were chosen to empha-
size some limitations and the need for sound engineer-
ing judgment. These concepts are summarized in table
19–4.

Table 19–4 Outline of examples and comments on their applications

Example Procedure Special circumstances Comments

19–1 Table 19–2 Observed data available Slope and intercept must satisfy the constraints
(case 1)
19–1 Table 19–3 No observed data Typical application
(case 2)
19–2 Table 19–3 Uniform lateral inflow Importance of lateral inflow demonstrated
Eqs. 19–4, 19–5
19–3 Table 19–3 Out-of-bank flow Judgment required to interpret results
Eq. 19–17
19–4 Table 19–2 Limited available storage Concept of equivalent slope used
Eq. 19–18

19–16 (210–VI–NEH, August 2007)

Chapter 19 Transmission Losses Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Lane, L.J., V.A. Ferreira, and E.D. Shirley. 1980. Esti-

630.1906 References mating transmission losses in ephemeral stream
channels. Proc. Am. Water Resources Assoc.
and Ariz.-Nev. Acad. of Sci., Las Vegas, NV. p.
Babcock, H.M., and E.M. Cushing. 1942. Recharge 193–202.
to ground water from floods in a typical desert
wash. Pinal County, Arizona, Trans. Am. Geo- Matlock, W.G. 1965. The effect of silt-laden water on
phys. U. 23(1):49–56. infiltration in alluvial channels. Ph.D. disserta-
tion, Univ. of AZ, Tucson, AZ. 102 p.
Briggs, P.C., and L.L. Werho. 1966. Infiltration and
recharge from the flow of April 1965 in the Salt Peebles, R.W. 1975. Flow recession in the ephemeral
River near Phoenix, Arizona. Ariz. State Land stream. Ph.D. dissertation, Dep. Hydrology and
Dep. Water Res. Rep. No. 29, 12 p. Water Resources, Univ. of AZ, Tucson, AZ. 88 p.

Burkham, D.E. 1970a. A method for relating infiltration Peterson, H.V. 1962. Discussion, “Transmission losses
rates to streamflow rates in perched streams. in ephemeral streambeds,” by R.V. Keppel and
U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 700 D. p. D266–D271. K.G. Renard. Proc. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., J. Hy-
draulics Div. 88(HY5):339–343.
Burkham, D.E. 1970b. Depletion of streamflow by infil-
tration in the main channels of the Tucson Basin, Renard, K.G. 1970. The hydrology of semiarid range-
southeastern Arizona. U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Sup- land watersheds. U.S. Dept. Agric., Agric.
ply Pap. 1939–B, 36 p. Research Serv. 41–162, 26 p.

Jordan, P.R. 1977. Streamflow transmission losses in Smith, R.E. 1972. Border irrigation advance and
western Kansas. Proc. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., J. ephemeral flood waves. Proc. Am. Soc. Civil
Hydraulics Div. 103(HY8):905–919. Eng., J. Irr. and Drainage Div. 98(IR2):289–307.

Keppel, R.V. 1960. Transmission losses on Walnut Texas Board of Water Engineers. 1960. Channel gain
Gulch Watershed. In Joint ARS–SCS Hydrology and loss investigations, Texas streams, 1918–
Workshop, New Orleans, LA. p. 21.1–21.8. 1958. 270 p.

Keppel, R.V., and K.G. Renard. 1962. Transmission U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources
losses in ephemeral streambeds. Proc. Am. Soc. Conservation Service. 2005. Estimation of direct
Civil Eng., J. Hydraulics Div. 88(HY3):59–68. runoff from storm rainfall. National Engineering
Handbook 630, chapter 10. Washington, DC.
Kraatz, D.B. 1977. Irrigation and canal lining. United
Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources
Rome, Italy. 199 p. Conservation Service. 2006. Hydrographs. Na-
tional Engineering Handbook 630, chapter 16.
Lane, L.J. 1972. A proposed model for flood routing in Washington, DC.
abstracting ephemeral channels. Hydrology and
water resources in Arizona and the Southwest. Wilson, L.G., K.J. DeCook, and S.P. Neuman. 1980.
Proc. Am. Water Resources Assoc. and Ariz. Final report: Regional recharge research for
Acad. of Sci., Prescott, AZ. Vol. 2, p. 439–453. Southwest alluvial basins. Water Resources Re-
search Center, Dep. Hydrol. and Water Res., Univ.
Lane, L.J., M.H. Diskin, and K.G. Renard. 1971. Input- of AZ., Tuscon, AZ.
output relationships for an ephemeral stream
channel system. J. Hydrol. 13:22–40. Wu, I-pai. 1972. Recession flows in surface irrigation.
Proc. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., J. Irr. and Drainage
Div. 98(IR1):77–90.

(210–VI–NEH, August 2007) 19–17

Appendix 19A Derivation of Procedures for
Estimating Transmission Losses
When Observed Data are Available
In much of the southwestern United States, water- By setting Q(x,w) = 0.0 and solving for P, the threshold
sheds are characterized as semiarid with broad al- volume, the volume of losses that occur before out-
luvium-filled channels that abstract large quantities flow begins is

( )
of streamflow (Babcock and Cushing 1942; Burkham
−a x , w
1970a, 1970b; Renard 1970). These abstractions or
transmission losses are important because streamflow
(
Po x, w = ) b( x, w )
(eq. 19–2)

is lost as the flood wave travels downstream, and thus,

runoff volumes are reduced. Although these abstrac-
tions are referred to as losses, they are an important Differential equation for changes in
part of the water balance. They diminish streamflow, volume
support riparian vegetation, and recharge local aqui-
fers and regional ground water (Renard 1970). Linkage with the regression model
Differential equations can be used to approximate the
Simplified procedures have been developed to esti- influence of transmission losses on runoff volumes.
mate transmission losses in ephemeral streams. These Because the solutions to these equations can be ex-
procedures include simple regression equations to pressed in the same form as the regression equations,
estimate outflow volumes (Lane, Diskin, and Renard least-squares analysis can be used to estimate param-
1971) and simplified differential equations for loss rate eters in the transmission loss equations.
as a function of channel length (Jordan 1977). Other,
more complicated methods have also been used (Lane Unit channel
1972; Wu 1972; Smith 1972; Peebles 1975). The rate of change in volume, Q (as a function of arbi-
trary distance), with changing inflow volume, P, can be
Lane, Ferreira, and Shirley (1980) developed a proce- approximated as
dure to relate parameters of the linear regression equa-
tions (Lane, Diskin, and Renard 1971) to a differential
= − c − k Q( x )
dQ
equation coefficient and the decay factor proposed by (eq. 19–19)
dx
Jordan (1977). This linkage between the regression
and differential equations provides the basis of the ap- Substituting the initial condition and defining
plications described in this chapter. P = Q(x = 0), the solution of equation 19–19 is

c(
Empirical basis of the regression Q( x ) = − 1 − e −kx ) + Pe −kx (eq. 19–20)
k
equation
For a unit channel, equation 19–20 becomes
When observed inflow-outflow data for a channel
reach of an ephemeral stream with no lateral inflow c
are plotted on rectangular coordinate paper, the re- Q=− (1 − e − k ) + Pe − k (eq. 19–21)
sult is often no outflow for small inflow events, with k
outflow increasing as inflow increases. When data are
which corresponds to the regression equation
fitted with a straight-line relationship, the intercept on
the X axis represents an initial abstraction. Graphs of Q = a + bP (eq. 19–22)
this type suggest equations of the form
Equating equations 19–21 and 19–22, it follows that
⎧0
⎪⎪
(
P ≤ Po x, w )
Q( x , w ) = ⎨ b = e −k (eq. 19–11)
⎪
( ) ( )
⎪⎩a x, w + b x, w P (
P > Po x, w ) and
(eq. 19–1)
c(
1 − e −k ) = − (1 − b) (eq. 19–23)
c
a=−
k k
are the linkage equations.

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Chapter 19 Transmission Losses Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Equation 19–23 can be solved for c as and through the linkage, the outflow volume equation
for upstream inflow augmented by uniform lateral
a inflow is
c = −k
1−b
Q( x, w ) = a( x, w ) + b( x, w )P +
QL
kw
[
1 − b( x, w ) ]
Channel of arbitrary length and width
For a channel of width w and length x,

Approximations for peak discharge

= −wc − wkQ( x, w )
dQ
dx
The basic assumption for peak discharge, q(x,w), is
that the outflow peak, once an average loss rate has
a
where: c = −k so that the differential equation is been subtracted, is equal to b(x,w) times the peak of
1−b the inflow hydrographs, p. That is, assume that

P − Q( x , w )
dQ a
= wk − wkQ ( x , w ) +
dx 1− b q( x, w ) = − + b( x, w ) p
D

Defining P as Q(x = 0) and substituting this initial con- where:

P − Q ( x, w ) = −a ( x, w ) + ⎡⎣1 − b ( x, w )⎤⎦ P
dition, the solution is

Q ( x, w ) =
a
1− b
( )
1 − e − kxw + Pe − kxw so that

From the linkage q ( x, w ) =

12.1
D
{ }
a ( x, w ) − ⎡⎣1 − b ( x, w )⎤⎦ P + b ( x, w ) p

b( x, w ) = e −kxw (eq. 19–13) where:

D = mean duration of flow, and
and 12.1 converts acre-feet per hour to cubic feet per
a second
a ( x, w ) = ⎡1 − b ( x, w )⎤⎦
1−b ⎣
(eq. 19–14)
For a peak lateral inflow rate of qL (ft3/s/ft), uniform
a ( x, w ) =
a
[1 − e − kxw ] along the reach, the peak discharge equation becomes
1−b
where:
a and b = unit channel parameters
k = decay factor
q ( x, w ) =
12.1
D
{a ( x, w ) − ⎡⎣1 − b ( x, w )⎤⎦ P }
q (5, 280 )
+ b ( x, w ) p + L ⎡⎣1 − b ( x, w )⎤⎦
Influence of uniform lateral inflow kw
If QL is the uniform lateral inflow (acre-feet/mile), this
inflow becomes an additional term in the differential
equation where 5,280 converts cubic feet per second per foot to
cubic feet per second per mile.
dQ a
= wk − wkQ ( x , w ) + Q L For small inflows where the volume of transmission
dx 1− b losses is about equal to the volume of inflow, the peak
discharge equation, equation 19–3, overestimates the
The solution is
peak rate of outflow. The relation between peak rate
a (
Q( x , w ) = 1 − e −kxw ) + Pe −kxw + L (1 − e −kxw )
Q of outflow observed and that computed from equation
1− b kw 19–3 is shown in figure 19A–1. The bias shown in fig-
ure 19A–1 is for small events and tends to overpredict,

19A–2 (210–VI–NEH, August 2007)

Chapter 19 Transmission Losses Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

but the equation does well for the larger events. The Figure 19A–1 Observed versus computed peak discharge
computed values shown in figure 19A–1 were based of the outflow hydrograph
on the mean duration of flow for each channel reach.
10,000
Better agreement of predicted and observed peak
rates of outflow might be obtained by using actual flow

Computed peak discharge (ft3/s)

durations.

1,000

100

Walnut Gulch, AZ reach 11-8

Queen Creek, AZ
Elm Fork of the Trinity River, TX
10
10 100 1,000 10,000
Observed peak discharge (ft3/s)

(210–VI–NEH, August 2007) 19A–3

Appendix 19B Analysis of Selected Data Used to
Develop the Procedure for Estimating
Transmission Losses
Selected data had to be analyzed so that param- The Trinity River data represent pumping diversions
eters of the prediction equations could be related to entirely within the channel banks. Data for the Kansas-
hydrograph characteristics and to effective hydraulic Nebraska streams represent floods of unknown size
conductivity. Events involving little or no lateral inflow and may include out-of-bank flow.
were selected from channel reaches in Arizona, Kan-
sas, Nebraska, and Texas (table 19B–1). Data summarized in table 19B–1 were subjected to
linear regression analysis to estimate the parameters
The data shown in table 19B–1 are not entirely con- a(x,w), b(x,w), Po(x,w), and kxw. These parameters
sistent because the events were floods of different are summarized in table 19B–2. Parameters for the
magnitudes. The Walnut Gulch data are from a series unit channels were computed for 10 channel reaches
of small to moderate events representing inbank flow, and are shown in table 19B–3.
whereas the Queen Creek data are for relatively larger
floods and no doubt include some out-of-bank flow.

Table 19B–1 Hydrologic data used in analyzing transmission losses (Lane, Ferreira, and Shirley 1980)

Location Reach Length, x Average Number - - - Inflow volume - - - - - - Outflow volume - - -

identification width, w of events
Mean Standard Mean Standard
deviation deviation
mi ft acre-ft acre-ft acre-ft acre-ft

Walnut Gulch, AZ 1/ 11-8 4.1 38 11 16.5 14.4 8.7 11.4

8-6 0.9 -- 3 13.7 -- 11.4 --
8-1 7.8 -- 3 16.3 -- 1.6 --
6-2 2.7 107 30 75.1 121.6 59.9 101.0
6-1 6.9 121 19 48.3 51.7 17.1 26.5
2-1 4.2 132 32 49.3 42.7 24.4 31.4
Queen Creek, AZ 2/ Upper to lower 20.0 277 10 4,283 5,150 2,658 3,368
gaging station
Elm Fork of Trinity Elm Fork-1 9.6 -- 3 454 -- 441 --
River, TX 3/ Elm Fork-2 21.3 -- 3 441 -- 424 --
Elm Fork-3 30.9 120 3 454 -- 424 --
Kansas-Nebraska 4/ Prairie Dog 26.0 17 5 1,890 1,325 1,340 1,218
Beaver 39.0 14 7 2,201 2,187 1,265 1,422
Sappa 35.0 23 6 6,189 8,897 3,851 7,144
Smokey Hills 47.0 72 4 1,217 663 648 451

1/ Data file at USDA-ARS, Southwest Rangeland Water Research Center, 442 E. 7th Street, Tucson, AZ 85705.
2/ Data from Babcock and Cushing (1942).
3/ Data from the Texas Board of Water Engineers (1960).
4/ Data from Jordan (1977).

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National Engineering Handbook

Table 19B–2 Parameters for regression model and differential equation model for selected channel reaches (Lane, Ferreira,
and Shirley 1980)

Location Reach Reach Length, Average Regression Model Threshold Decay R2

identification no. x width, w intercept, slope, volume, factor,
a(x,w) b(x,w) Po(x,w) kxw
mi ft acre-ft acre-ft

Walnut Gulch, AZ 11-8 1 4.1 38 –4.27 0.789 5.41 0.2370 .98

8-6 2 0.9 -- –0.34 0.860 0.40 0.1508 .99
8-1 3 7.8 -- –2.38 0.245 9.71 1.4065 .84
6-2 4 2.7 107 –4.92 0.823 5.98 0.1948 .98
6-1 5 6.9 121 –5.56 0.469 11.86 0.7572 .84
2-1 6 4.2 132 –8.77 0.673 13.03 0.3960 .84
Queen Creek, AZ Upper to 7 20.0 277 –117.2 0.648 180.90 0.4339 .98
lower station

Elm Fork of Elm Fork-1 8 9.6 -- –15.0 1.004 1/ -- -- .99

Trinity River, TX Elm Fork-2 9 21.3 -- +7.6 1/ 0.944 -- -- .99
Elm Fork-3 10 30.9 120 –8.7 0.952 9.14 0.0492 .99
Kansas-Nebraska Prairie Dog 11 26.0 17 –353.1 0.896 394.10 0.1098 .95
Beaver 12 39.0 14 –157.3 0.646 243.50 0.4370 .99
Sappa 13 35.0 23 –1,076.3 0.796 1,352.10 0.2282 .98
Smokey Hills 14 47.0 72 –99.1 0.614 161.40 0.4878 .81

1/ Channel reaches where derived regression parameters did not satisfy the constraints.

19B–2 (210–VI–NEH, August 2007)

 Table 19B–3 Unit length, unit width, and unit length and width parameters for selected channel reaches (Lane, Ferreira, and Shirley 1980)
Chapter 19

Location Identification - - - - - - Unit length parameters - - - - - - - - - - - - Unit width parameters - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Unit length and width parameter - - - - - - - -
a(w) b(w) Po(w) a(x) b(x) Po(x) a b Po k
Walnut 11–8 –1.13657 0.94384 1.2042 –0.12587 0.99378 0.1267 –0.03076 0.998480 0.0308 0.001521
Gulch, AZ 6–2 –1.93484 0.93039 2.0796 –0.05059 0.99818 0.0507 –0.01874 0.999326 0.0187 0.000674
6–1 –1.08819 0.89607 1.2144 –0.06541 0.99376 0.0658 –0.00950 0.999094 0.0095 0.000907
2–1 –2.41320 0.91002 2.6518 –0.08046 0.99700 0.0807 –0.01915 0.999286 0.0192 0.000714
Queen Upper to –7.14508 0.97854 7.3018 –0.52273 0.99843 0.5236 –0.02597 0.999922 0.0260 0.0000783
Creek, AZ lower station
Trinity Elm Fork-3 -0.28825 0.99841 0.2887 -0.07427 0.99959 0.0743 –0.002404 0.999987 0.0024 0.0000133
River, TX
Kansas- Prairie Dog –14.30986 0.99579 14.3705 –21.86124 0.99356 22.0029 –0.842008 0.999752 0.8422 0.000248
Nebraska Beaver –4.95071 0.98886 5.0065 –13.65447 0.96927 14.0874 –0.355480 0.999200 0.3558 0.000800
Sappa –34.28091 0.99350 34.5052 –52.07808 0.99013 52.5972 –1.493102 0.999717 1.4935 0.000283
Smokey Hills –2.65060 0.98968 2.6782 –1.73337 0.99325 1.7451 –0.036970 0.999856 0.0370 0.000144
Transmission Losses

(210–VI–NEH, August 2007)

Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

19B–3
Blank
Appendix 19C Estimating Transmission Losses When
No Observed Data are Available

Estimating transmission losses when observed inflow- However, because a and (1 – b)P are in acre-feet and
outflow data are not available requires a technique KD, the product of conductivity and duration, is in
for using effective hydraulic conductivity to develop inches, the dimensionally correct equation is
parameters for the regression analysis.
( )
−a + 1 − b P = 0.0101KD
Estimating effective hydraulic
conductivity where 0.0101 converts inches over a unit channel to
acre-feet. Because this equation is in two unknowns (a
The total volume of losses for a channel reach is KD, and b), an additional relationship is required to solve
where K is the effective hydraulic conductivity and D it. As a first approximation, the total losses are parti-
is the duration of flow. Also, the total losses are tioned between the two terms in the equation.
P–Q(x,w), so that: That is, let

a = − α ( 0.0101KD )
KD = 0.0275 [ P − Q ( x , w )]
and
(1 − b ) = (1 − α ) ⎛ 0.0101 KD ⎞
where 0.0275 converts acre-feet per foot-mile-hour to
inches per hour. Or, solving for K: ⎝ P ⎠

K=
[
0.0275 P − Q( x, w )] Solving for b,
D ⎛ KD ⎞
b = 1 − (1 − α )⎜ 0.0101 ⎟
But ⎝ P ⎠

where 0 ≤ α ≤ 1 is a weighting factor. Solve for k by

[ ]
P − Q( x, w ) = −a( x, w ) + 1 − b( x, w ) P substituting b = e-k and taking the negative natural log
of both sides; i.e.:
so that
⎡ ⎛ KD ⎞ ⎤
k = − ln ⎢1 − (1 − α ) ⎜ 0.0101 ⎟
⎝ P ⎠ ⎥⎦
K=
0.0275
D { [
−a( x, w ) + 1 − b( x, w ) P ]} ⎣
The selected data were analyzed to determine α by
(eq. 19–24) least-squares fitting as shown in table 19C–1. For the
data shown in table 19C–1, the estimate of α was 0.46.
is an expression for effective hydraulic conductivity. If Figures 19C–1 and 19C–2 show the data in table 19C–1
mean values for D and P are used, then equation 19–24 plotted according to the equations
estimates the mean value of the effective hydraulic
conductivity. a ( D) = −0.00465KD (eq. 19–15)
and
Effective hydraulic conductivity versus ⎡ KD ⎤
k ( D, P ) = −1.09 ln ⎢1.0 − 0.00545 (eq. 19–16)
model parameters ⎣ P ⎥⎦
For a unit channel, outflow is the difference between where for each channel reach, mean values were used
inflow and transmission losses: for K, D, and P. These relationships were used to calcu-
late the values shown in table 19–1 of the main text.
Q = P − KD
Auxiliary data compiled in a report by Wilson, De-
Because Q = a + bP, Cook, and Neuman (1980) are shown in table 19C–2.
Although the estimates of infiltration rates were ob-
( )
−a + 1 − b P = KD tained by a variety of methods, most rates were based
on streamflow data. Because these estimates generally
involved longer periods of flow than in the smaller

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Chapter 19 Transmission Losses Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Table 19C–1 Data for analysis of relations between effective hydraulic conductivity and model parameters (Lane, Ferreira,
and Shirley 1980)

Location Unit channel Decay K KD KD/P –ln[1–0.00545(KD/P)] Comments

intercept, a factor, k
acre-ft (ft-mi)-1 in/h in in/acre-ft

Walnut Gulch
11–8 –0.03076 0.001521 1.55 4.96 0.3010 0.001643 Inbank flow
6–2 –0.01874 0.000674 1.36 6.26 0.0834 0.000455
6–1 –0.00950 0.000907 1.03 3.71 0.0768 0.000419
2–1 –0.01915 0.000714 1.11 4.44 0.0901 0.000492
Queen Creek –0.02597 0.0000783 0.54 29.16 0.0068 0.0000371 Mixed flow
Elm Fork –0.00240 0.0000133 0.01 0.84 0.0019 0.0000104 Inbank flow
Kansas-Nebraska
Prairie Dog –0.84201 0.000248 1.28 122.9 0.0650 0.000355 Mixed flow:
Beaver –0.35548 0.000800 1.38 169.7 0.0771 0.000421 average widths
Sappa –1.49310 0.000283 2.57 287.8 0.0465 0.000254 may be under-
Smokey Hills –0.03697 0.000144 0.17 16.3 0.0134 0.000073 estimated

Least-squares fit:

a ( D) = −0.00465KD

⎡
k ( D, P ) = −1.09 ln 1.0 − 0.00545
KD ⎤
⎣⎢ P ⎦⎥

Figure 19C–1 Relation between KD and regression Figure 19C–2 Relation between KD/P and decay factor
intercept
-10 .01
a unit channel regression intercept (acre/ft)

Walnut Gulch
Queen Creek Walnut Gulch
Elm Fork Queen Creek
Kansas-Nebraska Elm Fork
Kansas-Nebraska
-1.0
k decay factor (ft/mi)-1

.001
a (D) = − 0 . 00465KD
-.10

.0001
-.01

¨
k  D, P  1.09 ln 1.0 0.00545
KD ·
ª© P ¹̧
-.001 .00001
0.1 1.0 10 100 1,000 .001 .01 .10 1.0
KD effective conductivity-duration product (in) KD
P Conductivity-duration product normalized
by inflow volume (in/AF)

19C–2 (210–VI–NEH, August 2007)

Chapter 19 Transmission Losses Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

ephemeral streams, they should be representative of For comparison, seepage loss rates for unlined canals
what is called effective hydraulic conductivity. The are shown in table 19C–3. Though these data are not
data show the range of estimates of hydraulic conduc- strictly comparable with loss rates in natural channels,
tivity for various streams within a river basin as esti- they do show the variation in infiltration rates with dif-
mated by several investigators. For this reason, they ferent soil characteristics. Infiltration rates varied by a
should be viewed as qualitative estimates. Improved factor of over 20 (0.12–3.0 in/h) from a clay loam soil
estimates based on site-specific conditions were used to a very gravelly soil.
in developing the prediction equations.

Table 19C–2 Auxiliary transmission loss data for selected ephemeral streams in southern Arizona (Wilson, DeCook, and
Neuman 1980)

River basin Stream reach Estimation method Effective Source of

hydraulic estimates
conductivity
(in/h)

Santa Cruz Santa Cruz River, Tucson to Continental Streamflow data 1/ 1.5 – 3.4 Matlock (1965)
Santa Cruz River, Tucson to Cortero Streamflow data 3.2 – 3.7 Matlock (1965)
Rillito Creek, Tucson Streamflow data 0.5 – 3.3 Matlock (1965)
Rillito Creek, Cortero Streamflow data 2.2 – 5.5 Matlock (1965)
Pantano Wash, Tucson Streamflow data 1.6 – 2.0 Matlock (1965)
Average for Tucson area — 1.65 Matlock (1965)
Gila Queen Creek Streamflow data:
Summer flows 0.07 – 0.52 Babcock and
Cushing (1942)
Winter flows 0.37 – 1.05 Babcock and
Cushing (1942)
Average for 0.54 Babcock and
all events Cushing (1942)
Seepage losses >2.0 Babcock and
in pools 2/ Cushing (1942)
Salt River, Granite Reef Dam to 7th Ave. Streamflow data 0.75 – 1.25 Briggs and
Werho (1966)
San Pedro Walnut Gulch Streamflow data 1.1 – 4.5 Keppel (1960)
Keppel and
Renard (1962)
Walnut Gulch Streamflow data 2.4 Peebles (1975)
San Simon San Simon Creek — 0.18 Peterson (1962)

1/ Transmission losses estimated from streamflow data.

2/ Measurement of loss rates from seepage in isolated pools.

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Chapter 19 Transmission Losses Part 630
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Table 19C–3 Range of seepage rates in unlined canals 1/

Effective hydraulic Description of materials 2/

conductivity (in/h)

0.12–0.18 Clay-loam, described as impervious

0.25–0.38 Ordinary clay loam
0.38–0.50 Sandy loam or gravelly clay-loam
with sand and clay
0.50–0.75 Sandy loam
0.75–0.88 Loose sandy soil
1.0–1.25 Gravelly sandy soils
1.5–3.0 Very gravelly soils

1/ Data from Wilson, DeCook, and Neuman (1980) after Kraatz

(1977).
2/ Does not reflect the flashy, sediment-laden character of many
ephemeral streams.

19C–4 (210–VI–NEH, August 2007)

United States
Department of Part 630 Hydrology
Agriculture

Natural
National Engineering Handbook
Resources
Conservation
Service

Chapter 20 Watershed Yield

Rain clouds
Cloud formation

Precipitation

n
iratio
Evaporation
n

ean
tio

Transp
soil
ta

from oc
ge
ve

fr o m
m

n
fr o

ti o

s
am
n

ir a
ti o

tr e
sp
ra
po

an

ms
va

Tr

Surfa E
ce ru
fr o

noff

Infiltration

Soil
Percolation

Rock Ocean
Ground water
Deep percolation

(210–VI–NEH, April 2009)

Chapter 20 Watershed Yield Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Issued April 2009

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its

programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability,
and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion,
sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all
or a part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program.
(Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who
require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille,
large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202)
720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA,
Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington,
DC 20250–9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA
is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

(210–VI–NEH, April 2009)

 Acknowledgments

Chapter 20 was originally prepared by Victor Mockus (retired) in 1956

and was reprinted with minor revisions in 1971. This version was prepared
by Gary L. Conaway (retired), and Dr. David C. Garen, hydrologist, U.S.
Department of Agriculture (USDA), Natural Resources Conservation Ser-
vice (NRCS), Portland, OR, and under the guidance of Donald E. Wood-
ward (retired). It was finalized under the guidance of Claudia C. Hoeft,
national hydraulic engineer, USDA, NRCS, Washington, DC.

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20–ii (210–VI–NEH, April 2009)

Chapter 20 Watershed Yield

Contents: 630.2000 Introduction 20–1

630.2001 Water balance 20–1

630.2002 Methods of computing water yield 20–2

(a) Runoff map . ................................................................................................... 20–2
(b) Regression equations .................................................................................... 20–2
(c) Water balance ................................................................................................ 20–2

630.2003 Reservoir storage planning 20–6

(a) Determination of storage requirements to meet supply-demand............ 20–6
relations

630.2004 Data Sources 20–22

(a) Streamflow data............................................................................................ 20–22
(b) Precipitation data......................................................................................... 20–22
(c) Evaporations data........................................................................................ 20–22

­630.2005 References 20–23

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Chapter 20 Watershed Yield Part 630
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Tables Table 20–1 Council Creek near Stillwater, OK, storage required 20–11
to meet supply-demand relationship

Table 20–2 Reservoir seepage losses 20–18

Table 20–3 Water budget analysis for Council Creek Watershed 20–19
near Stillwater, OK

Figures Figure 20–1 Water yield October through May 1935 to 1958, 20–9
80 percent chance 810 acre-feet near Stillwater, OK

Figure 20–2 Reservoir site on Council Creek, near Stillwater, OK 20–10

Figure 20–3 Accumulated 80 percent supply for October through 20–13

May for proposed reservoir near Council Creek, OK

Figure 20–4 Council Creek near Still Water, OK, reservoir seepage 20–16

Figure 20–5 Results of Council Creek near Stillwater, OK, storage 20–17

20–iv (210–VI–NEH, April 2009)

Chapter 20 Watershed Yield

630.2000 Introduction 630.2001 Water balance

Watershed yield, or water yield, is useful in some plan- Considering hydrologic processes taking place con-
ning and design activities. The term, however, is some- tinuously in the watershed, the water yield, i.e., the net
what loosely used in the literature and can refer either amount of water flowing past a given point on a stream
to a long-term average (e.g., 1971–2000 average annual during a given period, can be described by a basic
streamflow) or can be synonymous with runoff volume water balance equation:
for a specific period (e.g., flow for May 1999). The pe-
riod referred to is most often either a year or a month, Q = P + I − ET − G − ∆S − D (eq. 20–1)

but one could also consider a day or any other period
in between. For the purposes of this chapter, consider where:
water yield to be long-term average flow, although the Q = streamflow
concepts described are not limited to this. The term P = precipitation
yields is used to convey the idea that only a volume of I = import of water into the watershed
water is being referred to, as opposed to a hydrograph; ET = evapotranspiration
i.e., no information is given about the time distribution G = net export of ground water
of flow within the period. ∆S = change in moisture storage
D = diversions out of the watershed
Long-term averages provide sufficient information
to determine representative conditions without any The unit used in this equation is arbitrary as long as it
knowledge of the expected variation in the record. is applied consistently to all parameters.
Without estimates of variability, these average val-
ues are of fairly restricted usage. For some planning Several of the terms in the equation are themselves an
and design purposes, the flows for certain exceeding integration of many subprocesses and can be difficult
probabilities, such as 10 percent or 90 percent, may be to evaluate. The shorter the time period considered,
more important to know. For this, distribution func- the more important the short-term dynamics become,
tions are necessary, requiring the application of statis- and therefore, quantifying some of these terms, par-
tical methods. See NEH630.18, Statistics, for a descrip- ticularly ∆S and G, is more complex. Over long peri-
tion of statistical methods. ods, such as a year or more, these two terms generally
become small because of time averaging and are often
NEH630.20 reviews basic water balance concepts as considered to be negligible. The net export of ground
well as some general calculation methods and sug- water, however, can be important, particularly in areas
gested data sources. of unique geology, such as the lava fields in the Snake
River Plain of Idaho or in karst areas. The I and D
terms are important in irrigated areas, or where large
water supply works divert water into or out of the
watershed. A more detailed consideration of each term
in the water balance equation is given later.

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Chapter 20 Watershield Yield Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

data layers developed in the PRISM project, sponsored

630.2002 Methods of computing by the NRCS National Water and Climate Center in
Portland, Oregon. See 630.2003, Data sources, for
water yield details.

Estimating water yield can be done in several ways. Other watershed characteristics, such as mean eleva-
The method chosen depends on the data availability, tion or watershed area, can be obtained by analyzing
the time period desired, and whether long-term aver- topographic maps, or better yet, by using digital eleva-
ages or estimates for a given period are to be made. tion models within a GIS.
Methods used to estimate water yield include:
The National Water and Climate Center provides
• runoff map seasonal water yield estimates of 700 locations in the
• regression equations Western States and have information about past events
which can be helpful to determine monthly and annual
• water balance water yields.

(a) Runoff map

(c) Water balance
The simplest method is to read a value from a map,
if one exists. In some States and regions, maps with The most comprehensive method to estimate water
contours of equal average annual or monthly runoff (in yield is to quantify each term in the water balance
terms of depth) have been produced. There is no com- equation. The simplest and most feasible case is for
prehensive set of such maps, nor is there a uniform average annual water yield, in which some simplify-
method for their production, so those that exist vary ing assumptions can be made to make the problem
widely in content and quality. To find out if a particular more manageable. If, however, all terms of the water
one exists, one should consult local technical experts. balance can be reliably estimated, a water balance for
A basic reference is U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) monthly averages or for annual, monthly, or even daily
Hydrologic Atlas 71, Average Annual Runoff in the time series can be computed. A hydrologic model is
United States 1951–1980. required, however, for time series computation, when
determining monthly or shorter duration water bal-
ances.
(b) Regression equations
Thornthwaite and Mather (1955) first developed the
In some areas, special studies have been conducted to concept of a climatological water balance and a stan-
develop multiple regression equations to predict water dard method for calculating it. Their method was
yield from precipitation and watershed characteristics. originally applied at a monthly time step to obtain
For example, Hawley and McCuen (1982) developed long-term averages of each term in the water balance
an equation to predict average annual water yield for equation (although it did not explicitly consider the
each of five regions in the Western United States. The I, D, or G terms). It has also been applied at a daily
equations from these studies, however, are location time step and has been used to simulate monthly time
specific and should not be used in any other areas. Lo- series. The Thornthwaite and Mather model, and other
cal experts should be consulted for information on the similar models, represented an important step in esti-
existence and applicability of regional equations. mating water yield. More recent hydrologic simulation
models predict daily or subdaily time series, hence
The most important variable in the regression equa- requiring a great deal of input data and giving detailed
tions is precipitation; therefore, the key to using this output, which is beyond the scope of what is usually
method is to have a good estimate of watershed aver- referred to as annual water yield. These models have
age precipitation for the time period of interest. The the potential to provide more detailed estimates of wa-
best current source for annual and monthly averages ter yield if there is enough data to calibrate the model.
are the maps and geographic information system (GIS)

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Evaluating the water balance terms for a given time tion on this procedure is available from the NRCS
period is not simple because the variances are the National Water and Climate Center in Portland, Ore-
integration of many complex processes operating at gon.) For annual or monthly averages or monthly time
different spatial and temporal scales. This is why a series at somewhat larger spatial scales (watershed to
monthly water balance model needs to be used with regional), the best method is to use the PRISM maps
care. These models can compute the water balance to a and GIS layers, as mentioned previously. This would
certain approximation, of course, but some variability be the recommended procedure in most watershed
will be masked because the time scale of the processes yield analyses.
is much smaller than the time scale of the model.
Evapotranspiration—Evapotranspiration (ET) is
The easiest situation is to make the assumption that difficult to estimate because it is a complex process.
∆S and G are near zero, in which case the most impor- It is determined by the atmospheric demand for water
tant loss becomes ET, and water yield is simply what vapor (potential ET) and the availability of water to
is left of water input (precipitation plus water import be evaporated. ET is a sum of pure evaporation from
minus export) after subtracting evapotranspiration free water surfaces, such as wet vegetation, puddles,
losses. As with the regression equation method, the and lakes, and the transfer of soil moisture through
most important input is to have an accurate estimate plants and out their leaves (transpiration). The former
of watershed average precipitation. In irrigated areas process depends only on the atmospheric conditions
and where water diversion projects exist, good data (temperature, humidity, wind), whereas the latter also
are required to estimate the I and D terms in the wa- depends on plant characteristics (stomatal resistance)
ter balance equation so that all watershed inputs are and on soil moisture availability.
known.
Many models are available for estimating potential
A few comments about each of the water balance evapotranspiration from meteorological data (Jensen,
terms follow. Burman, and Allen 1990; ASCE 1996). They vary in
their assumptions, the processes described, the input
Precipitation (P)—A fundamental issue in comput- data required, and the temporal scale for which they
ing a water balance is to estimate accurately the total are appropriate. Potential ET can also be estimated
precipitation input to the watershed. This can be done from pan evaporation data if a suitable pan coeffi-
in a variety of ways depending on the available data cients are available.
and the spatial variability of precipitation in the water-
shed of interest. Even if potential ET is adequately estimated, the
actual ET is less than or equal to this amount and de-
In areas of relatively uniform terrain and little spatial pends primarily on soil moisture availability. Because
variability of precipitation, classical textbook pro- of this interplay between the atmospheric demand and
cedures, such as Thiessen polygons or the isohyetal the soil moisture, determining actual ET is problem-
method, can be used and are generally adequate. atic without a detailed hydrologic model operated at a
These procedures are simple methods of developing short time step (i.e., a day or less). If adequate assump-
spatial averages from point measurements, but are tions can be made, however, reasonable estimates of
inadequate to describe orographic or other spatially actual ET as a fraction of potential ET are possible.
variable behavior of any appreciable complexity. In
these cases, such as in mountainous areas, more com- Net ground water export (G)—Knowing whether
prehensive algorithms are needed to develop spatial an appreciable net export (or import) of ground
averages from point measurements that describe the water even exists requires a good knowledge of the
elevational (vertical) and horizontal variability. For geology of the watershed. Even in areas where sig-
time series at the watershed scale, the algorithm based nificant ground water phenomena are known to exist,
on detrended kriging developed by Garen, Johnson, estimates of the amount of these losses are difficult
and Hanson (1994) is an example. (Further informa- to make and to differentiate from other losses to the
watershed.

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Channel transmission losses are also included in this Imports and diversions (I, D)—Imports of water
term. These losses are particularly important in arid from other watersheds or diversions out of the wa-
areas where a significant amount of streamflow is tershed occur typically in dry areas where irrigated
absorbed by the porous streambank and streambed agriculture is important or where large facilities for
material. They represent a net loss from the channel urban water supply have been developed. Since these
system. are human works, rather than natural processes, they
can only be evaluated using measured flow data from
Storage change (∆S)—Storage change encompasses the operating agencies.
any place where water can be temporarily stored in
the watershed and can include plant surfaces, snow- Various State and Federal agencies have produced re-
pack, puddles, and the soil depressions, lakes and ports describing the development of water budgets for
reservoirs, ponds, wetlands, soil moisture, and aqui- selected areas. USGS Circular 1308 has a good descrip-
fers. The capacity of some of these is relatively small tion of water budget development and includes many
and can be safely ignored as long as the time consid- examples. The Thornthwaite-Mather procedure for cal-
ered is sufficiently large. For example, if a period that culating recharge from the soil moisture balance can
begins and ends with dry plant surfaces were consid- be used to develop monthly and annual water budgets.
ered, then this would contribute nothing to a change Soil-Plant-Atmosphere-Water (SPAW) is a daily hydro-
in storage. Similarly, no snowpack change in storage logic budget model for agricultural field and ponds
occurs if the period began and ended with no snow on (wetland, lagoons, ponds, and reservoirs). This model
the ground. For an annual water balance, the change was developed by Agricultural Research Service (ARS)
in soil moisture and aquifer storage is often assumed and has the capabilities to estimate both monthly and
to be small because the period begins and ends at the annual watershed yield. It also has an option to evalu-
same point in the annual cycle. This is appropriate for ate wetlands and make a reservoir operation study.
the average annual water balance, but may not be true
for specific sequential years. It is certainly not true for
periods of less than a year. If a watershed contains a
large storage reservoir (or perhaps even a natural lake
whose level can fluctuate significantly), the change in
storage must be accounted for, requiring data on the
volume of water stored at the beginning and end of the
period.

20–4 (210–VI–NEH, April 2009)

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Example
A water budget is needed for a proposed site in southern New Jersey. It can be assumed that the coefficient to con-
vert pan evaporation to ET is 0.7, and that National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Technical
Report NWS 34 will be used as the source of evaporation data. It can be assumed is that the storage at the begin-
ning of the calendar year is full and the deficient moisture will be taken from the storage. The annual yield is about
19 inches. Develop a monthly budget for the site.

• Determine the average monthly precipitation from the nearest rain gage.
• Determine the monthly pan evaporation from the NOAA Technical Report NWS 34.
• Determine the monthly ET using a 0.7 coefficient.
• Develop the monthly runoff assuming the storage is full in January and there will be no change in storage
during the months when precipitation exceed ET and the change in storage for the year will be zero.

Month Precipitation Pan evaporation ET Change in storage Runoff

(in) (in) (in) (in) (in)
January 3.43 1.58 1.11 0.00 2.32
February 3.66 1.78 1.25 0.00 2.41
March 4.28 2.99 2.09 0.00 2.17
April 3.46 3.52 2.46 0.00 1
May 3.53 5 3.50 –0.97 1
June 3.88 5.47 3.83 –1.15 1.2
July 4.83 5.32 3.72 –0.39 1.5
August 5.12 4 2.80 0.32 2
September 4.88 4.56 3.19 –0.81 2.5
October 3.35 3.22 2.25 0.97 0.13
November 3.67 2.21 1.55 1.57 0.55
December 3.66 1.56 1.09 0.47 2.1
Totals 47.75 47.77 28.85 0.00 18.88

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Supply
630.2003 Reservoir storage Monthly and annual runoff amounts—The monthly
and annual runoff values must be determined for a
planning period of time long enough to reflect the “long-time”
variability of runoff. Mean monthly values should be
computed and used to determine the monthly percent-
ages of the mean annual runoff. A frequency curve
(a) Determination of storage require-
should be developed for the series of annual runoff
ments to meet supply-demand relations (NEH630.18).

Purpose and scope Distribution of monthly values for any given percent
The purpose is to demonstrate techniques and proce- chance annual yield is made according to the monthly
dures for determining the storage of water for use at a percentages of the mean annual flow. This is not
later date. The increasing demands for surface-water exactly true, but furnishes reasonable estimates for
supplies for irrigation, recreation, municipal, indus- short-cut procedures.
trial, and urban developments have emphasized the
need for more information and study on the storage of Mass-flow diagram—The mass-flow diagram is ex-
water. tremely valuable in the study of storage requirements
or the determination of the flow which could be as-
The storage provided depends upon the interrelation- sured with a given amount of storage. The mass-flow
ship between supply, losses, demand, and their respec- curve is the integral of the hydrograph; the abscissa
tive distributions throughout the year, as well as the being in units of time and the ordinate at any point
economics based upon the cost of storage against the being the total volume of flow that passed that point
benefits from use. This section provides examples since zero time. The time unit is days, which may be
using varying intensities of analyses to solve storage accumulated by months and plotted versus the volume
problems and consider some of the important factors. unit second-foot-day. The slope for the curve at any
point indicates the rate of change of volume with re-
Nomenclature and description of terms used are: spect to time and is thus a rate of flow. Since the units
are second-foot days and days, the rate of flow be-
• supply—inflow at proposed site of reservoir comes cubic feet per second. Many kinds of data can
• losses—reservoir seepage and net lake evapo- be studied by the mass-diagram technique, but proper
ration (lake evaporation minus precipitation) conversion units are essential.
• water use—the amount of water available at Watershed condition—The drainage area above the
the reservoir site. Losses between the reservoir reservoir site should be examined to determine im-
outlet and the point of actual beneficial use portant hydrologic characteristics such as soils, land
should be included as part of the water use. use, and climatic variability. Possible future changes
The solution of the storage problem requires the con- in land use that may affect runoff should be consid-
sideration of the following factors. ered. Other upstream changes that would influence
future runoff, such as additional storage, irrigation,
municipal, domestic, and industrial uses should also
Legal aspects of water storage be considered.
The State and local laws governing the storage and
use of water transcends all other considerations and Frequency of supply criteria—A frequency of total an-
complicate the study of water storage. Therefore, it nual supply should be selected based on the intended
is essential to first determine specifically the condi- use and the adverse results of supply shortages during
tions under which water can be stored and used. This some years. For irrigation, it is common NRCS prac-
will answer the questions of by whom, when, and to a tice to use the 80 percent probability as a minimum
degree, how much water can be stored for future use. criteria. This criteria provides, on the average, a com-
plete annual supply 4 in 5 years and would permit a
shortage during 1 in 5 years. There are some irrigated

20–6 (210–VI–NEH, April 2009)

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crops that may indicate the probability should be The actual monthly demand may be determined by
raised to 90 or 95 percent and others where a design the product of the monthly percent and the selected
probability of 70 percent or less will be adequate to total annual demand. Determining the monthly de-
provide an economical design. The hydrologist should mand in percent will facilitate the computations of
be certain the water user has a complete understand- actual monthly demand when several values of total
ing of the probability of supply criteria used. annual demand are being considered. The demand
distribution should be compared with the average
monthly runoff distribution. If the runoff distribution
Storage
is predominantly during one period of the year, the
Storage, as used here, is net storage and does not
comparison will be of assistance in estimating storage
include the amount required to provide for future
required to provide a given supply. For example, in
sediment accumulation. Net storage does include use,
many areas, a high percent of the annual runoff occurs
reservoir evaporation, and seepage. Estimates of sedi-
during the winter and spring seasons. If the water use
ment storage requirements will be furnished by the
is for irrigation during July, August, and September, it
geologist.
will be necessary to store an amount nearly equal to
total demand plus reservoir losses due to evaporation
Survey of reservoir site—A survey of the reservoir
and seepage.
site is made to determine elevation, surface area, and
capacity relationships. The required capacity must
Reservoir losses—All possible reservoir losses must be
provide storage for sediment, use, losses, and flood
considered. The principal losses are generally evapora-
water. Specific site conditions, such as spillway loca-
tion and seepage. A geologist should be requested to
tion, may place limitations on the available storage.
furnish estimated rates of permeability and/or trans-
missibility. The hydrologist will determine seepage
Demand losses using monthly values of surface area and the
Potential annual demand—An estimate of the po- associated permeability and/or transmissibility rates.
tential annual demand consisting of use, reservoir Evaporation losses may be estimated on a monthly
evaporation, and seepage will have to be made. The basis if past evaporation and precipitation records are
use value should reflect all losses associated with the available. Evaporation, like many climatic elements, is
transit of water from the reservoir to the point of use a variable. The past record should be long enough to
and the actual efficiency of use to show the demand at reflect the long-time variability of net evaporation.
the reservoir. This information is normally provided by
the irrigation engineer or other engineers concerned Adequate evaporation data will not be available for
with the water use requirement. The potential annual many reservoir locations. Where this is the case, it is
supply value is then compared with the annual runoff suggested that evaporation estimates should be made
values. The average annual runoff is the average maxi- on an annual, seasonal, or monthly basis using the
mum amount that could be supplied through “carry- NOAA publication, Technical Report NWS 34, Mean
over” storage. Reservoir evaporation and seepage Monthly, Seasonal, and Annual Pan Evaporation for
losses would reduce this maximum amount. The aver- the United States.
age potential demand may be larger than the average
annual runoff. In this case, it is known that demand If average annual evaporation, precipitation, and water
cannot be satisfied and lower amounts will have to be surface area are used in estimating annual evapora-
considered. The potential demand may be less than tion losses, these estimates will be too low during the
the minimum year of record. In this case, the annual years of above normal net evaporation. The standard
supply is adequate, but the seasonal distribution of deviation of evaporation is available in NOAA Techni-
supply and demand are important items. cal Report NWS 34. This value may be added to the
average value to obtain an evaporation that represents
Distribution of demand during year—This distribu- conditions during the years of higher losses.
tion will normally be furnished to the hydrologist by
other engineers concerned with the intended use of The average surface area may be determined from the
the water supply. The monthly demand should be storage-surface area relationship and the mean stor-
determined in units of percent of total annual demand. age. If there is a definite change in storage during the

(210–VI–NEH, April 2009) 20–7

Chapter 20 Watershield Yield Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

seasons, the evaporation and seepage losses may be Frequency of supply criteria—A frequency curve was
computed separately for the May through October pe- developed for runoff from October through May for
riod and the November through April period. Evapora- water years 1935 through 1958. The 80 percent proba-
tion data on the two periods are obtained from NOAA bility from this curve was used as the minimum supply
Technical Report NWS 34. In this case, a different aver- (fig. 20–1).
age surface area is used for each period.
The distribution of the 80 percent supply was made
according to the percentage distribution of the mean
Example
monthly values of October through May for the period
The construction of a storage reservoir on Council
of record, 1935 through 1958.
Creek near Stillwater, Oklahoma, has been proposed.
The purpose of the storage is to provide irrigation wa-
Storage—A survey of the reservoir site provided in-
ter during the summer months. The area to be irrigated
formation for the preparation of the elevation-surface
is located downstream from the reservoir site.
area and elevation-storage curves (fig. 20–2). The ge-
ologist estimated the sedimentation rate to be 0.2 acre-
Legal aspects of water storage—In this example,
foot per square mile per year. With a life expectancy
water appropriation rights authorize the storage of the
of 50 years and a drainage area of 31 square miles, the
total runoff that occurs from October 1 through May
required storage for the sediment pool is 310 acre-feet.
31 of any year. An amount equivalent to the runoff that
The invert of the intake is set at the elevation of the
occurs from June 1 through September 30 must be
top of the sediment pool. The principal spillway crest
released from the reservoir as it occurs.
is set at the indicated maximum required storage and
the emergency spillway crest at the elevation dictated
Supply—The drainage area at the reservoir site is 31
by design criteria. Flood water is detained between
square miles (19,840 acres). A recording stream gage is
the crest of the principal spillway and the emergency
located immediately below the structure site. Records
spillway crest.
are available from April 1934 through 1958. Analysis of
the double mass curves of surrounding stations indi-
Demand—The estimate of the potential annual de-
cates this period to be representative of the long-term
mand consisted of making estimates of the net lake
average.
evaporation and reservoir seepage losses plus the
intended use by months. Net lake evaporation was
A nonrecording precipitation gage with records from
computed by subtracting mean monthly precipitation
1931 to 1958 is located at Stillwater, Oklahoma. Pan
at Stillwater from the mean monthly lake evaporation.
evaporation and wind records are available from
The mean monthly use requirements for the proposed
1948 through 1957 at Stillwater. A first-order Weather
project are shown in line 8 of table 20–1.
Bureau Station record is available at Oklahoma City,
Oklahoma, where all the climatalogical factors are
A water budget equation can be written as follows:
recorded that are necessary in the determination of
watershed yield at point of storage plus precipitation
evaporation from reservoir.
on reservoir minus dead storage, required releases,
evaporation, transpiration, and seepage equal the
Monthly and annual runoff amounts—The monthly
amount available for use. When any of these items are
and annual runoff amounts for October through May
small, they may be omitted for simplicity.
for water years 1935 through 1958 were determined
from the records. This period of time reflects the long-
Approximation using annual values—For approxi-
time variability of runoff.
mations, it is possible to use annual values developed
from regionalizations of specific data. This involves
Watershed condition—For this example, land use and
the use of isolines of annual runoff and evaporation.
climate are not considered. Additional demands for use
USGS presents the distribution of average pan annual
are not foreseen during life expectancy of the project.
runoff in the United States. NOAA Technical Report
NWS 34 shows the distribution of average annual
evaporation in the United States. With a map study of
the proposed site and estimates of annual losses based

20–8 (210–VI–NEH, April 2009)

 Chapter 20 Watershield Yield Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Figure 20–1 Water yield October through May 1935 to 1958, 80 percent chance 810 acre-feet near Stillwater, OK

+2

+1

-1

-2
0
10,000
Runoff (acre-ft)

1,000

100
99.5 99 98 95 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5 2 1

Percent equal to or greater than:

(210–VI–NEH, April 2009) 20–9

Chapter 20 Watershield Yield Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Figure 20–2 Reservoir site on Council Creek, near Stillwater, OK

10,000
1,000
Elevation–storage area

Surface area (acre)

Storage (acre-ft)
Elevation–surface area

100
10
890

880

870

860

850

845

841

835

Elevation (msl-ft)

20–10 (210–VI–NEH, April 2009)

 Table 20–1 Council Creek near Stillwater, OK, storage required to meet supply-demand relationship
Chapter 20

Line Item Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Year
1 Mean monthly sup- 493 179 134 107 144 494 926 1571 1248 620 508 439
ply acre-ft
2 Accumulated mean 493 672 806 913 1057 1551 2477 4048 No storage allowed
monthly acre-ft
3 Accumulated mean 12.2 16.6 19.9 22.6 26.1 38.3 61.2 100
monthly %
4 Accumulated 80% 99 134 161 183 211 310 496 810 810 810 810 810 66
probability acre-ft
5 Lake evaporation 6.3 3.5 2 1.5 1.9 3.1 4.7 5.5 7.8 10.2 10.7 8.8
(ES–1016) in
6 Precipitation (Still- 2.85 2.01 1.35 1.14 1.27 2.16 3.53 4.83 4.08 2.98 3.05 3.62 32.87
water, OK) in
7 Net lake evapora- 0.287 0.124 0.054 0.030 0.052 0.078 0.098 0.056 0.310 0.602 0.638 0.432 2.761
tion ft
Watershield Yield

8 Mean monthly use 288 362 362 294 192 1498

acre-ft
9 Accumulated mean 288 650 1012 1306 1498
monthly use acre-ft
10 Accumulated mean 19.23 43.39 67.56 87.18 100.0

(210–VI–NEH, April 2009)

monthly use %
11 Average mean 50 116 148 172 197 260 403 653 810 810 810 810
monthly 80% prob.
supply acre-ft
Trial No. 1
12 Use acre-ft 125 157 157 128 83 650
Part 630

13 Accumulated use 125 282 439 567 650

acre-ft
14 Mean monthly use 62 204 360 503 608
acre-ft
15 Accumulated mean 50 116 148 172 197 260 403 591 606 450 307 202
monthly storage
(line 11–14)
National Engineering Handbook

16 Elevation assoc. with 841.7 843.7 844.6 845.2 845.8 847.3 849.5 852 852.2 850.3 848 845.9
15 ft

20–11
 Table 20–1 Council Creek near Stillwater, OK, storage required to meet supply-demand relationship—Continued

20–12
Line Item Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Year
Chapter 20

17 Surface area assoc. 18 30 35 38 42 50 67 86 88 73 56 42

with 16 acres
18 Seepage acre-ft 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1
19 Evaporation 5 4 1 1 2 4 7 5 27 44 36 18
(line 7×17) acre-ft
20 Use acre-ft — — — — — — — 125 157 157 128 83
21 Demand acre-ft 6 5 2 2 3 6 10 134 188 204 166 102
22 Accumulated 6 11 13 15 18 24 34 168 356 560 726 828
Demand acre-ft
Trial No. 2
12 Use acre-ft 121 152 152 124 81 630
13 Accumulated use 121 273 425 549 630
acre-ft
Watershield Yield

14 Mean monthly use 60 197 349 487 590

acre-ft
15 Line 11–14 (Est. stor- 50 116 148 172 197 260 403 593 613 461 323 202
age) acre-ft
16 Elevation assoc. with 841.7 843.7 844.6 845.2 845.8 847.3 849.5 852 852.3 850.4 848.1 846.3

(210–VI–NEH, April 2009)

line 15 ft
17 Surface area assoc. 18 30 35 38 42 50 67 86 89 74 57 45
with line 16 acres
18 Seepage acre-ft 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1
19 Evaporation 5 4 1 1 2 4 7 5 28 45 36 19
(line 7×17) acre-ft
Part 630

20 Use acre-ft — — — — — — — 121 152 152 124 81 630

21 Demand 6 5 2 2 3 6 10 130 184 200 162 101
(line 18+19+20)
acre-ft
22 Accumulated De- 6 11 13 15 18 24 34 164 348 548 710 811
mand acre-ft
23 Required storage 93 123 148 168 193 286 462 646 462 262 100 –1
National Engineering Handbook

(Line 4–22) acre-ft

 Chapter 20 Watershield Yield Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Figure 20–3 Accumulated 80 percent supply for October through May for proposed reservoir near Council Creek, OK

800

Accumulated 80 percent supply

October through May runoff
700

Max required storage ×

646 acre-ft

600

500

Accumulated
× ×
Accumulated acre-ft

demand

400

300
×
×
Required
storage
200 ×
×
×
×
100 × ×

0 ×
Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept.
Time

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Chapter 20 Watershield Yield Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

upon the best knowledge available, a reasonable water it might. A procedure for the estimation of required
budget can be determined by applying the water bud- storage follows with the results shown in figure 20–5.
get formula. This will be an approximate answer to the
question of whether, on the average, the annual stor- • Plot the accumulated runoff for a critical low
age available for use will meet the estimated needs. In flow period (1949–1952).
most cases, however, we are concerned with adequacy
• Superimpose the accumulated use curve on
of the seasonal distribution. The use of average annual
the mass runoff diagram with time ordinates
values will not adequately answer this question, but it
coinciding and the use line tangent to the mass
will indicate feasibility and whether there is justifica-
curve at starting time. The use curve must
tion in making a more detailed study.
intersect the mass runoff curve. The maximum
ordinate value (1800) between the accumulated
Approximation using probability of annual supply
runoff and the accumulated use represents
and estimated losses—The 80 percent probability of
the maximum needed storage without consid-
supply (810 acre-ft) was taken from the frequency
eration of storage needed to satisfy reservoir
curve in and distributed by months according to the
evaporation and seepage losses. This storage
accumulated mean monthly values in table 20–1. The
value is used as the mean storage value to
accumulated 80 percent supply for October through
determine mean surface elevation from which
May is shown in figure 20–3.
estimates can be made of the reservoir evapo-
ration and seepage losses.
An estimate of the accumulated mean monthly stor-
age was made by subtracting the accumulated mean • An accumulated demand curve is developed by
monthly use from the accumulated mean monthly 80 summing the values of use, reservoir evapora-
percent probability of supply (line 15, table 20–1). With tion and seepage losses.
this estimated storage and its associated elevation,
• The accumulated demand curve is superim-
surface area, and figures 20–2 and 20–4, the reservoir
posed on the accumulated mass curve in a
evaporation and seepage were computed. The accu-
similar manner to the use curve. The maximum
mulated demand should be equal to or less than the
ordinate between the accumulated runoff curve
supply, or a new trial must be made after decreasing
and the accumulated demand curve is the re-
the use. The example shown in table 20–1 and figure
quired storage.
20–3 illustrates how the use had to be reduced so the
demand would not exceed the supply. The original The results of this analysis were checked by the water
proposal of use (1,498 acres) exceeded the supply (810 budget approach and found to more than adequately
acre-ft) without considering losses, therefore, the use provide the needed storage for water-short years 1949
had to be reduced. through 1951.

The results of using the 80 percent probability of an- Water budget analysis—The water budget computa-
nual supply and estimated losses were checked by tion is a trial-and-error procedure. One must estimate
the water budget analysis using observed data. During the average monthly water budget from which the
water-short years of 1950 and 1951, the required stor- average monthly elevation can be obtained. This is
age estimate of 646 acre-feet was sufficient to satisfy then compared with the computed average monthly
the indicated use, but this was far below the proposed water surface elevation. This should be in agreement;
use of 1,498 acre-feet. if not, a new estimate of elevation should be made and
the computed elevation recalculated.
Approximation using storage—The original proposal
was to provide 1,498 acre-feet of use distributed by
months as shown in line 8, table 20–1. It has been
shown the 80 percent probability of supply would not
supply the proposed use, but with carry-over storage,

20–14 (210–VI–NEH, April 2009)

 Chapter 20 Watershield Yield Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Figure 20–4 Council Creek near Still Water, OK reservoir seepage

800

875

870

(acre-ft)
Stage–seepage loss
month

865
Elevation (msl-ft)

860

855

850

845
20 40 60 80 100 120
Seepage loss (acre-ft)
month

(210–VI–NEH, April 2009) 20–15

 Chapter 20 Watershield Yield Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Figure 20–5 Results of Council Creek near Stillwater, OK,. storage

81

Accumulated demand curve

(seepage, evaporation, and use)
80

79
Accumulated acre-ft (thousands)

78
3050
acre-ft

77
Accumulated
Accumulated use observed runoff

1800
acre-ft

76

75

74
D J F M A M J J A S O N D
1949 1950 1951 1952
Years

20–16 (210–VI–NEH, April 2009)

Chapter 20 Watershield Yield Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

The basic water budget equation can be written as It is expected that laboratory tests of undis-
follows: turbed samples for the reservoir site and the
borrow area will be available for making the
U = S + I − E − Es − QS − R (eq. 20–2) estimate of seepage loss.
Col. 6 Incremental seepage loss (acre-ft/mo)
where:
column 6 equals column 3 times column 5.
U = water available for use, acre-ft
S = water storage above the intake elevation, Example: Elevation 846
acre-ft
I = inflow watershed yield, acre-ft Col. 6 6 = ( 43 )(.03 ) = 1.29 acre-ft/mo
E = evaporation, acre-ft Col. 7 Summation seepage loss (acre-ft) This is
Es = seepage out of reservoir, acre-ft the accumulation of incremental seepage
Qs = spillway discharge, acre-ft losses.
R = required reservoir release, acre-ft
Example: Elevation 848
The geologist provided a geologic cross section
Col. 7 7 = (13 )(.03 ) + 1.29 + 1.68 acre-ft/mo
through the reservoir site with log-borings indicating
the type of materials present and their permeability Figure 20–4 is plotted from items 1 and 7 of table 20–2.
rates. These rates were associated with stratum eleva- Figure 20–5 is a plot of the resulting graphical solution
tions and appear in column 5 of table 20–2. to the water budget of Council Creek near Stillwater,
OK.
The assumptions for this example are as follows:
Water budget computations were prepared as illustrat-
• Seepage into the ground occurs in this particu- ed in table 20–3. An explanation of the column head-
lar reservoir site. ings and the method of computing the data in each
column are described:
• The laws of seepage apply.
• Hydraulic gradient developed is assumed to be Col. 1 Year
1:1 or 100 percent.
Col. 2 Month
• Seepage loss equilibrium exists.
Col. 3 Runoff (acre-ft) total watershed yield
• The site consists of uniform material. from recording stream gage record at site
or from regional estimate
Table 20–2 for reservoir seepage losses was prepared
as follows: Col. 4 Estimated average water surface eleva-
tion for the month (ft). An estimate is
Col. 1 Elevation (ft) mean sea level (msl) datum. made of the water budget as follows:
Col. 2 Surface area (acre) (fig. 20–2) Summation for month in question (Σ)
col. 12 (previous month+col. 3–col. 7
Col. 3 Incremental surface area (acre): differ-
–col. 8–col. 9–col. 10–col. 11=col. 12
ence in surface area associated with the
storage at end of current month (acre-ft)
elevation in question and the previous
Determine stage associated with the aver-
elevation
age of col. 12 (previous month) and col.
Col. 4 Storage (acre-ft) total storage associated 12 current month storage. This estimated
with elevation in question. (fig. 20–2) stage col. 4 is then used for computing
actual values.
Col. 5 Seepage loss (ft/mo) (furnished by geolo-
gists) Col. 5 Water surface area in reservoir (acre) for
stage in col. 4 (from stage-area curve for
the reservoir)

(210–VI–NEH, April 2009) 20–17

Chapter 20 Watershield Yield Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Table 20–2 Reservoir seepage losses

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 Column 7

Elevation Surface area ∆ surface area Storage Seepage rate ∆ seepage Σ monthly seepage
(ft msl) (acre) (acre-ft) (ft/mo) (acre-ft/mo) (acre-ft)
43 0.03 1.29
846 43 211 1.29
13 .03 .39
848 56 310 1.68
14 .09 1.26
850 70 436 2.94
16 .09 1.44
852 86 592 4.38
18 .09 1.62
854 104 782 6.00
21 .09 1.89
856 125 1011 7.89
23 .09 2.07
858 148 1284 9.96
25 .12 3.00
860 173 1605 12.96
30 .12 3.60
862 203 1981 16.56
37 .12 4.44
864 240 2424 21.00
40 .12 4.80
866 280 2944 25.80
45 .12 5.40
868 325 3549 31.20
55 .15 8.25
870 380 4254 39.45
60 .15 9.00
872 440 5074 48.45
70 .15 10.50
874 510 6024 58.95
85 .21 17.85
876 595 7129 76.80
95 .21 19.95
878 690 8414 96.75
110 .21 23.10
880 800 9904 119.85

20–18 (210–VI–NEH, April 2009)

 Table 20–3 Water budget analysis for Council Creek Watershed near Stillwater, OK
Chapter 20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Year Month Runoff Est. avg. Est. avg. Evaporation Evapora- Seepage Res- Spillway Demand Storage Water Comput- Elev.
monthly water tion ervoir discharge at end of surface ed avg. for avg.
water surface release month elev. at storage monthly
surface area end of for month storage
elevation month
(acre-ft) (ft) (acre) (ft) (acre-ft) (acre-ft) (acre-ft) (acre-ft) (acre-ft) (acre-ft) (ft) (acre-ft) (ft)
Mar. 0 0
1949 Apr. 85 841.3 15 0.459 7 0 0 0 0 78 842.9 39 841.3
May 4470 859.9 173 0.51 88 13 0 1397 0 3050 866.5 1564 859.9
June 121 865.6 270 0.68 184 24 121 0 274 2568 864.7 2809 865.6
July 105 863.8 237 0.721 171 20 105 0 238 2139 862.9 2354 863.8
Aug. 6 861.9 202 0.685 138 17 6 0 242 1742 860.9 1940 861.9
Sept. 289 860.5 182 0.507 92 14 289 0 0 1636 860.2 1689 860.5
Oct. 38 860.2 178 0.309 55 13 0 0 0 1606 860.1 1621 860.2
Watershield Yield

Nov 13 860 175 0.202 35 13 0 0 0 1571 589.9 1588 860

Dec 24 859.9 173 151 26 13 0 0 0 1556 859.8 1563 859.9
Subtotal 5151 796 127 521 1397 754 1556 Check
1950 Jan. 72 860 175 0.122 21 13 0 0 0 1596 860 1575 860

(210–VI–NEH, April 2009)

Feb. 64 860.1 177 0.166 29 13 0 0 0 1616 860.2 1605 860.1
Mar. 54 860.1 177 0.371 29 13 0 0 0 154 860.7 1604 860.1
Apr. 157 860.1 177 0.606 107 13 0 0 0 1628 860.2 1610 860.1
May 498 860.7 184 0.531 98 14 0 0 184 1830 861.3 1729 860.7
June 382 859.7 168 0.641 108 13 382 0 413 1296 858.2 1513 859.7
July 5020 858 148 0.415 61 10 5020 0 0 1225 857.7 1260 858
Part 630

Aug. 1170 857.1 137 0.497 68 9 1170 0 107 1041 856.4 1133 857.1
Sept. 104 855.8 123 0.352 43 8 104 0 100 890 835.1 966 855.8
Oct. 21 855 114 0.386 44 7 0 0 0 860 854.8 875 855
Nov. 35 854.8 113 0.228 26 7 0 0 0 862 854.8 861 854.8
Dec. 32 854.8 113 0.14 16 7 0 0 0 1 854.9 866 854.8
Subtotal 7609 687 127 6676 0 804 1 Check
National Engineering Handbook

1951 Jan. 75 855.1 117 0.17 20 7 0 0 0 919 855.3 895 855.1

20–19
 Table 20–3 Water budget analysis for Council Creek Watershed near Stillwater, OK—Continued

20–20
Chapter 20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Year Month Runoff Est. avg. Est. avg. Evaporation Evapora- Seepage Res- Spillway Demand Storage Water Comput- Elev.
monthly water tion ervoir discharge at end of surface ed avg. for avg.
water surface release month elev. at storage monthly
surface area end of for month storage
elevation month

(acre-ft) (ft) (acre) (ft) (acre-ft) (acre-ft) (acre-ft) (acre-ft) (acre-ft) (acre-ft) (ft) (acre-ft) (ft)
Feb. 514 857.2 139 0.155 22 9 0 0 0 1402 858.9 1160 857.2
Mar. 167 859.2 163 0.367 60 12 0 0 0 1497 859.5 1450 859.2
Apr. 277 860 175 0.373 65 13 0 0 0 1696 860.6 1596 860
May 1560 863.9 238 0.421 100 21 0 72 13 3050 866.5 2372 869.9
June 762 866 280 0.512 143 26 762 0 100 2781 865.4 2916 866
Subtotal 3355 410 88 762 72 113 2781 Check
Watershield Yield

(210–VI–NEH, April 2009)

Part 630
National Engineering Handbook
Chapter 20 Watershield Yield Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

Col. 6 Evaporation on average water surface Example: April 1940

area in reservoir (ft).
7 = 15 × 0.459 (eq. 20–4)
Pan evaporation for station at Stillwater was fragmen-
tary, record necessitating correlation with first-order
Col. 8 Total seepage using average monthly
station at Oklahoma City.
water surface elevation.
Steps used in arriving at lake evaporation at Stillwater: Example: November 1949
From climatological records at Oklahoma City. Month-
Estimated average monthly water surface
ly pan and lake evaporations for Oklahoma City were
elevation 860.0 (msl). From stage–seep-
computed using climatological factors.
age loss curve (fig. 20–4) the total seepage
equals 13.0 acre-ft.
A correlation equation was written between the com-
puted pan evaporation at Oklahoma City and the mea- Col. 9 Reservoir release (acre-ft) released to
sured monthly pan evaporation at Stillwater. meet prior appropriations or maintain
low flows. In this example, all runoff that
Y = 0.4 + 1.17 X (eq. 20–3) occurs from June 1 through September
30 must be passed through the reservoir
where: without depletion.
X = computed pan evaporation, using adjusted
Col. 10 Spillway discharge computed for the
wind for Oklahoma City
month (acre-ft) computed from mean
Y = measured monthly pan evaporation at Stillwa-
stage over crest of spillway and hydrau-
ter, Oklahoma
lics of the spillway.
The next assumption was that the pan-lake evapora- Col. 11 Gross water needed for month (acre-ft).
tion relationship at Oklahoma City would be a reason- This information will be provided by the
able estimate of the pan-lake evaporation relationship user or the agents.
at Stillwater.
Col. 12 Storage at end of month (acre-ft). Current
month (column 12) equals the summation
Monthly lake evaporation at Stillwater was computed
of the previous month’s storage at end of
by multiplying the computed monthly lake evaporation
the month. Storage equals column 12 plus
at Oklahoma City by the ratio of the observed monthly
column 3 minus the sum of columns 7, 8,
pan evaporation at Stillwater to the computed monthly
9, 10, and 11.
pan evaporation at Oklahoma City.
Pos Example: April 1940
Es = Eo

Poc
(eq. 20–4)
0 + 85 − (7 − 10 + 0 + 0 + 0 ) = 78

Col. 13 Water elevation at end of month (ft).

where:
Mean sea level (msl) from stage-storage
E s = computed monthly lake evaporation at Still-
curve with storage at the end of month,
water
(col. 12).
Pos = observed monthly pan evaporation at Still-
water Col. 14 Computed average storage for the month
Poc = computed monthly pan evaporation at (acre-ft). Computed as average of previ-
Oklahoma City ous end of month storage and current end
E o = computed monthly lake evaporation at Okla- of month storage.
homa City
Col. 15 Elevation for the average monthly storage
(ft). msl: stage (ft) msl associated with
Col. 7 Evaporation from average water surface
average monthly storage (acre-ft)
area (acre-ft). Evaporation (col) equals
column 15 times column 16 in acre feet.

(210–VI–NEH, April 2009) 20–21

Chapter 20 Watershield Yield Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

The water budget analysis for the period March 1949

through June 1951 indicated that carry-over storage of 630.2004 Data Sources
3,050 acre-feet provided for all the necessary require-
ments. In July of 1954 and 1956, 3,050 acre-feet of
storage were not sufficient to provide for the demand. Some primary data source for the retrieval of stream
The determination of whether the storage is adequate, flow, reservoir, diversion, and climate data used in
inadequate, or excessive is a judgment decision based watershed yield analysis are described in this section.
upon this kind of analysis and the nature of the intend- Other specific sources may be required depending on
ed use. In this example, if the use were water supply, the site situation.
fire protection, or recreation, the storage might not be
considered adequate. The storage could be considered
adequate for irrigation, livestock water, or orchard (a) Stream flow data
spray water where periods of low supply can be toler-
ated. The USGS is responsible for collecting and maintain-
ing daily stream flow data and reservoir levels within
Water stored below the elevation of sediment pool the United States These data are available on a current
cannot be used; however, if depletion has lowered and historic basis in their National Water Information
the water level to the elevation of the sediment pool, System Web site (NWISWeb). Selected water-resources
evaporation and seepage will continue to deplete this data for approximately 1.5 million sites across the
storage, and the storage would have to be replaced United States from 1857 to the present. The USGS
before water would be available for beneficial use. The NWISWeb tutorial includes step-by-step guides for the
reservoir operations study program (RESOP) or other first-time user of NWISWeb. The current Web address is
reservoir operation computer program can be used in [Link] Some State and local gov-
lieu of manual computations. ernment agencies maintain their stream gage networks
which may or may not be incorporated into NWIS.
Streamflow data collection by other Federal agencies is
generally incorporated in the to NWIS Web site.

(b) Precipitation data

The National Weather Service is responsible for col-

lecting climate data. The National Climate Data Center
(NCDC) stores this data and their Web site is http://
[Link]/oa/[Link]. The NRCS has
some precipitation data available which is a download
from NCDC. The operators and owners of reservoirs
and sewage treatment plants may have collected pre-
cipitation data that is not included in the NCDC data-
bases. The state climatologist should have a good idea
of what precipitation data is available.

(c) Evaporations data

The NOAA technical reports NWS 33 and NWS 34

contain the best evaporation data available. Various
state universities and agricultural agencies may have
collected evaporation data at selected locations. The
state climatologist should have a good idea of what
evaporation data is available.

20–22 (210–VI–NEH, April 2009)

Chapter 20 Watershield Yield Part 630
National Engineering Handbook

U.S. Geological Survey. 2007. A monthly water-balance

­630.2005 References model driven by a graphical interface. Open-file
report 2007, 1088. Washington, DC.

American Society of Civil Engineers. 1996. Hydrology U.S. Geological Survey. 1987. Average annual runoff
handbook. ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engi- in the United States 1951–1980. Hydrologic atlas
neering Practice No. 28 (2nd ed.). 710.

Daly, C., R.P. Neilson, and D.L. Phillips. 1994. A statis-

tical-topographic model for mapping climatologi-
cal precipitation over mountainous terrain. J.
Appl. Meteor. 33(2):140-158.

Garen, D.C., G.L. Johnson, and C.L. Hanson. 1994.

Mean areal precipitation for daily hydrologic
modeling in mountainous regions. Water Re-
sourc. Bul. 30(3):481-491.

Gebert, W.A., D.J. Graczyk, and W.R. Krug. 1987. Aver-

age annual runoff in the United States 1951–80.
U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 710.
Washington, DC.

Hawley, M.E., and R.H. McCuen. 1982. Water yield esti-

mation in western United States. Amer. Soc. Civ.
Eng., J. Irrig. and Drain. Div. 108(IR1):25-34.

Healy, R.W., T.C. Winter, J.W. LaBaugh, and O.L.

Franke. 2007. Water budgets: Foundations for
effective water-resources and environmental
management. U.S. Geological Survey Circular
1308. Washington, DC. 90 p.

Jensen, M.E., R.D. Burman, and R.G. Allen (eds.). 1990.

Evapotranspiration and irrigation water require-
ments. Amer. Soc. Civ. Eng. Manuals and Reports
on Engineering Practice No. 70.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

1982. Mean monthly seasonal and annual pan
evaporation for the United States. Technical
report NWS 34. Washington, DC.

Saxton, K.E., and P.A.H. Willey. 2005. Soil-plant-air-

water Users Manual. 37 pp.

Thornthwaite, C.W., and J.R. Mather. 1955. The water

balance. In Climatology, Vol. VIII, No.1, Lab. of
Climatol., Drexel Instit. Tech. Centerton, NJ.

(210–VI–NEH, April 2009) 20–23

 NATIONAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK

SECTION 4

HYDROLOGY

CHAFTER 21. DESIGN HYDROGRAPHS

Victor Mockus
Eydraulic Engineer

Revisions by

Vincent McKeever
William Owen
Robert Rallison
Hydraulic Engineers

Reprinted with minor revisions, 1972

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 NATIONAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK

SECTION 4
HYDROLOGY

CHAPTER 2 1 . DESIGN HYDROGRAPHS

Contents &
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.1
P r i n c i p a l Spillways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.1
Runoff curve number procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2
Sources of r a i n f a l l d a t a
. . . . . . . . . 21.2
Areal adjustment of r a i n f a l l amount
Runoff curve numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2
Climatic index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.5
Channel l o s s e s
Quickreturnflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 . 5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.5
Upstream r e l e a s e s
Combination of channel l o s s . quick r e t u r n flow.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.5
and upstream r e l e a s e
Runoff volume maps procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.8
Areas of mapped runoff volume . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.8
Deep snowpack a r e a s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.8
Construction of p r i n c i p a l spi1lwa;- hydrographs and
mass curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.9
Development of Table 21.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.9
Use of Table 21.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.10
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.12
Examples

Faergency Spillways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hydrologic c r i t e r i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Source of design storm r a i n f a l l am0un.t .....
.....
Duration adjustment of r a i n f a l l amount
.......
A r e a l adjustment of r a i n f a l l amount
Runoff determination ..............
Dimensionless hydrographs ............
Construction of emergency s p i l l w a y an$ freeboard
hydrographs .................
Figures

Figure

[Link] Quick r e t u r n flow combine? w i t h p r i n c i p a l

s p i l l w a y hydrograph f o r t h e runoff volume map
procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21.9
 Figures

Figure

. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .:
Mass curves of runoff
ES-1003 .......................
323-1011 .......................
ES-1012 ......................
ES-1020 (Contiguous s t a t e s )
Sheet 1 of 5 ....................
Sheet 2 of 5 .....................
Sheet 3 of 5 ....................
Sheet 4 of 5 .....................
Sheet 5 of 5 ....................
ES-1021 (Hawaii)
Sheet 1 of 5 ....................
Sheet 2 of 5 ....................
Sheet 3 of 5 ......................
Sheet 4 of 5 ....................
Sheet 5 of 5 ....................
ES-1022 (Alaska)
Sheet 1 of 5 ....................
Sheet 2 of 5 ....................
Sheet 3 of 5 ....................
Sheet 4 of 5 ....................
Sheet 5 of 5 ....................
ES-1023 (Puerto Rico)
Sheet 1 of 5 ....................
Sheet 2 of 5 ....................
Sheet 3 of 5 .....................
Sheet 4 of 5 ....................
Sheet 5 of 5 ....................
. . . Croix Islands )
ES-1024 (St Thomas. S t John. S t
Sheet 1 of 5 ....................
Sheet 2 of 5 ....................
Sheet 3 of 5 ....................
Sheet 4 of 5 ....................
Sheet 5 of 5 .....................
Tables

Tables

21.1 ....
Ratios f o r a r e a l adjustment of r a i n f a l l amount
21.2 ............
Ten-day runoff curve numbers
21.3 Channel-loss f a c t o r s f o r reduction of d i r e c t
runoff ......................
21.4 Minimum quick r e t u r n flow f o r PSH derived from
rainfall .....................
 Tables

Table

Arrangement of increments b e f o r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of
PSHandPSMC .................... 21.11
PSH and PSMC f o r example 21.1 ............. 21.14
PSH and PSMC f o r example 21.2 ............. 21.16
PSH f o r example 21.3 ............ ..... 21.18
............
S e r i a l numbers of PSH and PSMC 21.19
Time, r a t e , and mass t a b u l a t i o n f o r p r i n c i p a l
spillway hydrographs (PsH) and mass curves (PSMC) .. 21.20
.....
Equations used i n c o n s t r u c t i o n of ESH and FH 21.52
Hydrograph computation ................ 21.54
Hydrograph computation ................ 21.56
...........
R a i n f a l l p r i o r t o excess r a i n f a l l 21.57
R a i n f a l l and time r a t i o s f o r determining To
....
when storm duration i s g r e a t e r than 6 hours 21.58
Hydrograph f a m i l i e s and To/Tp r a t i o s f o r which
dimensionless hydrograph r a t i o s a r e given i n
Table 21.17 ................... .21.59
Time, discharge, and accumulated runoff :-atios
...........
f o r dimensionless hydrographs 21.60

Exhibits

Exhibit

21.1 100-year 10-day runoff f o r developing t h e p r i n c i p a l

spillway hydrograph ( e a s t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.48a
.
21.2 Ratios of volumes of runoff ( Q 1 / Q l O ) f o r developing
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.48b
t h e PSH ( e a s t )
21.3 Quick r e t u r n flow f o r developing t h e p r i n c i p a l
spillway hydrograph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.48~
21.4 100-year 10-day runoff f o r developing t h e p r i n c i -
. . . . . . . . . . . 21.48d
p a l spillway hydrograph ( w e s t )
21.5 Ratios of volumes of runoff (Q,/Qlo)for develop-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.48e
i n g t h e PSH ( w e s t )
 NATIONAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK

SECTION 4
HYDROLOGY

CHAPTER 21. DESIGN HYDROGRAPHS

Introduction

This chapter contains a systematic approach t o t h e development of

design hydrographs f o r use i n proportioning e a r t h dams and t h e i r s p i l l -
ways according t o SCS c r i t e r i a . Included a r e d a t a o r sources of d a t a
f o r design r a i n f a l l amount, d u r a t i o n , and d i s t r i b u t i o n ; methods of
modifying design runoff t o include e f f e c t s of channel l o s s e s , quick
r e t u r n flow, o r upstream r e l e a s e s ; and methods f o r r a p i d c o n s t r u c t i o n
of hydrographs..
L
The methodology presented i n t h i s chapter i s s u i t a b l e f o r t h e design
of many t y p e s of water c o n t r o l s t r u c t u r e s , i n c l u d i n g channel works,
but t h e emphasis i s on hydrology f o r design of e a r t h dams t h a t pro-
vide temporary s t o r a g e f o r f l o o d prevention i n a d d i t i o n t o permanent
s t o r a g e f o r o t h e r uses. I t s c h i e f purpose i s t o c o n t r i b u t e t o s a f e
design. Although t h e methods are based on d a t a of a c t u a l storms and
f l o o d s , they a r e not intended f o r reproducing hydrographs of a c t u a l
f l o o d s ; more s u i t a b l e methods f o r a c t u a l floods a r e found i n e a r l i e r
chapters.

The remainder of t h i s chapter i s divided i n t o two major p a r t s . The

f i r s t i s concerned with hydrologic design f o r p r i n c i p a l s p i l l w a y s ,
t h e second f o r emergency spillways. The examples i n each p a r t go
only a s f a r a s t h e completion of hydrographs. Methods of r o u t i n g
hydrographs through spillways a r e given i n c h a p t e r 17. Uses of hyd-
rographs a r e i l l u s t r a t e d i n o t h e r SCS p u b l i c a t i o n s .

P r i n c i p a l Spillways

The SCS c r i t e r i a r e q u i r e p r i n c i p a l spillway c a p a c i t y and t h e associa-

t e d floodwater r e t a r d i n g s t o r a g e t o be such t h a t p r o j e c t o b j e c t i v e s
a r e 'met and t h a t t h e frequency of emergency s p i l l w a y o p e r a t i o n i s
within s p e c i f i e d l i m i t s . The c r i t e r i a a r e met by use of a P r i n c i p a l
Spillway Hydrograph (PSH) o r i t s mass curve (PSMC), which a r e devel-
L oped a s shown i n t h i s p a r t of t h e chapter. D e t a i l s of SCS hydrologic
c r i t e r i a a r e given f i r s t , t h e n d e t a i l s of t h e PSH and PSMC develop-
ment a r e given i n examples.

NEH Notice 4-1, January 1971

Any one of four methods of runoff determination is suitable for the
design of principal spillway capacity and retarding storage. They are
(1) the runoff cunre number procedure using rainfall data and the water-
shed's characteristics, (2) the use of runoff yolume maps covering
specific areas of the United States, (3) the regionalization and trans-
position of volume-duration-probability analyses made by the SCS Central
Technical Unit, and (4) the use of local streamflow data with provision
of sufficient documentation on the method and results. The latter two
methods are not discussed in this chapter because they vary in procedure
from @ w e to case, due to conditions of local data, and standard pro-
cedures have not yet been established.

Runoff Curve Number Procedure

The runoff curve number procedure uses certain climatic data and the
characteristics of a watershed to convert rainfall data to runoff vol-
me. This procedure should be used for those areas of the country not
covered by runoff volume and rate maps. (Exhibit 21.1 through 21.5. )

SOURCES OF RAINFALL DATA. Rainfall data for the determination of di-

rect runoff may be obtained from maps in U.S. Weather Bureau technical
papers :

For durations to 1 day.--

TP-40. 48 contiguous States.
TP-42. Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands.
TP-43. Hawaii.
TP-47. Alaska.

For durations from 2 to 10 days.--

=-49. 48 contiguous States
TP-51. Hawaii.
TP-52. Alaska.
TP-53. Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands.
AREAL AWUSTMEWl OF R A I N F U AMOUNT. If the drainage area above a
structure is not over 10 square miles, no adjustment in rainfall
amount is made. If it is over 10 square miles, the area-point ratios
of table 21.1 may be used to reduce the rainfall amount. The table
applies to all geographical locations serviced by SCS. The ratios
are based on the 1- and 10-day depth-area curves of figure 10, U.S.
Weather Bureau TP-49, but are modified to give a ratio of 1 at 10
square miles.

RUNOFF CURVE NUMBERS. The runoff curve number (CN) for the drainage
area above a structure is determined and runoff is estimated as de-
scribed in chapters 7 through 10. The CN is for atltecedent moisture
condition I1 and it applies to the 1-day storm used in development of
the PSH or PSMC. If the 100-year frequency 10-day duration point

NEH Notice 4-1, January 1971

Table 21. i . - - ~ a t i o s f o r a r e a l adjustment of r a i n f a l l amount

Area Area/point r a t i o f o r Area/point ratio for

Area
1 day 10 days 1 day 10 days
3. m i .
10 or l e s s
15
20
25
30

r a i n f a l l f o r t h e s t r u c t u r e s i t e i s 6 or more inches, t h e CN f o r t h e 10-

day storm i s taken from t a b l e 21.2. If it i s . l e s s than 6 inches, t h e CN
f o r t h e 10-day storm i s t h e same a s t h a t f o r t h e 1-day storm. The
10-day CN i s used only with t h e t o t a l 10-day r a i n f a l l .

CLIMATIC IIVDEX. The climatic index used i n t h i s part of t h e chapter

is:

where C i = climatic index

Pa = average annual p r e c i p i t a t i o n i n inches
Ta = average annual temperature i n degrees Fahrenheit

P r e c i p i t a t i o n and temperature data f o r U.S. Weather Bureau s t a t i o n s

can be obtained f r o m t h e following Weather Bureau publications:

Climatological Data. Issued annually and monthly f o r each S t a t e

o r a combination of S t a t e s and for Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands.
The annual issues contain annual and monthly data and averages o r
departures; monthly issues contain similar information f o r indi-
vidual months.
Climatic Summary of t h e United S t a t e s -
Supplement f o r 1931-1952.
Issued once f o r each S t a t e o r a combination of States.
Climates of t h e S t a t e s . Issued once f o r each S t a t e and f o r Puerto
Rico and Yirgin Islands.
Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating
Degree Days. Issued once f o r each S t a t e o r a combination of
States. Also contains annual averages.

(210-VI-NM-4, Amend. 6, March 1985)

Table 21.2. --Ten-day runoff curve numbers*

Runoff curve numbers for:

1 day 10 days lday lodays 1 day 10 days

* This t a b l e i s used only i f the 100-year frequency lO-day p o i n t rain-

f a l l is 6 or more inches. I f it i s l e s s , t h e 10-day CIi i s t h e same

as t h a t f o r 1 day.

(210-VI-NEH-4, Amend. 6, March 1985)

 Climatic Maps f o r t h e National Atlas. Maps with a scale of one
i n t e n million. A map f o r ayerage annual p r e c i p i t a t i o n i s avail-
able but t h e r e i s no map f o r average annual temperature.

SCS personnel may obtain these publications thPough t h e i r Regional

Technical Service Center.

CHANNEL LOSSES. I f t h e drainage a r e a above a s t r u c t u r e has a climatic

index l e s s than 1, then t h e d i r e c t runoff from r a i n f a l l may be decreased
t o account f o r channel l o s s e s of i n f l u e n t streams. Channel l o s s e s can
be determined from l o c a l data but t h e ' l o s s e s must not be more than de-
termined by use of t a b l e 21.3. When adequate l o c a l d a t a a r e not a v a i l -
able, t a b l e 21.3 i s t o be used. Example 21.1 gives t h e procedure f o r
making t h e channel l o s s reduction of d i r e c t runoff.

Channel l o s s e s i n areas where t h e c l i m a t i c index i s 1 o r more w i l l

require s p e c i a l study; r e s u l t s must be approved by t h e Director,
Engineering Division, before being used i n f i n a l design hydrology.

QUICK RETURN FLOW. Quick r e t u r n flow (QRF) i s t h e r a t e of discharge t h a t

P e r s i s t s f o r some period beyond t h a t f o r which t h e 10-day PSH i s derived.
It includes base flow and other flows t h a t become a p a r t of t h e flood
hydrograph such a s ( 1 ) r a i n f a l l t h a t has i n f i l t r a t e d and reappeared
soon afterwards a s surface flow; ( 2 ) drainage from marshes and potholes;
and ( 3 ) delayed drainage from snow banks. I f t h e drainage a r e a above
a s t r u c t u r e has a climatic index g r e a t e r than 1, then QRF must be
added t o t h e hydrograph o r mass curve of d i r e c t runoff from r a i n f a l l .
QRF can be determined from l o c a l data but it must not be l e s s than t h e
steady r a t e determined by use of t a b l e 21.4. When adequate l o c a l data
a r e not a v a i l a b l e , t a b l e 21.4 i s t o be used. Example 21.2 gives t h e
procedure f o r adding QRF t o t h e hydrograph or mass curve of d i r e c t run-
off derived from r a i n f a l l .

UPSTREAM RELEASES. Releases from upstream s t r u c t u r e s must be added t o

t h e hydrograph o r mass curve of runoff. This addition must be made re-
gardless of other additions o r subtractions of flow. Upstream r e l e a s e
r a t e s a r e determined from routinns of applicable hydrographs o r mass
curves through t h e upstream s t r u c t u r e s and t h e reaches downstream from
them.

COMBINATIONS OF CHANNEL LOSS, QUICK RETURN FLOW AND UPSTREAM RELEASE.

In t h e introduction it was s t a t e d t h a t t h e chief Purpose of t h e method-
ology i n t h i s chapter i s t o contribute t o safe design and t h a t these
methods a r e not intended f o r reproctucing a c t u a l floods. Equation 21.1
and t a b l e s 21.1 through 21.4 must be considered i n t h a t l i g h t .

For l a r g e watersheds t h e topography may be such t h a t two climatic in-

dexes a r e needed, f o r example where a semiarid p l a i n i s surrounded by
mountains. In such cases t h e design storm i s determined f o r t h e water-
shed a s a whole, t h e d i r e c t runoff i s estimated separately f o r t h e two

NM Notice 4-1, January 1971

 TABLE 21.3--CHANNEL-LOSS FhCTGRS FOR REDUCTION O f DIRECT RUNOFF
.......................................................................
.
ORAlN&Gt
.:--------------------------------------------------
C L I R A T I C INDEX C I

AREA
.:
:
1.0 0.9 t 08 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 OR
LESS

-------
SP. MI.

1. OR LESS
2.
3.
4.
5.

20.
SO.
40.
SO.
60.

200.
250.
500.
350.
roo.

NXU Notice 4-103, June 1981

Sable 21.4. Minimum quick return flow for PSH derived from
rainfall.

Ci Qm Ci &RF
in./aax p=l i n . 1 ~

+ Change in tabulation interval.

For C i greater than 3, uee:

QRF -
= g ( ~ i1)O*5 for QRF it. csm

or &RF = 0.335 ( C i - 1)0'5 f o r w i n

inches per day.

(210-VI-NEH-4, Amend. 6, March 1985)

p a r t s by use of appropriate CN and then combined, t h e channel l o s s re-
duction i s based on t h e a r e a of t h e semiarid p l a i n and i t s c l i m a t i c
index, t h e hydrograph o r mass curve of d i r e c t runoff i s constructed,
and QRF from t h e mountain a r e a i s added.

I f t h e r e a r e upstream s t r u c t u r e s , t h e i r r e l e a s e s a r e always added re-

gardless of t h e downstream c l i m a t i c index or o t h e r considerations.

Rmoff Volume Maps Procedure

The runoff volume and r a t e maps, e x h i b i t s 21.1 through 21.5, a r e pro-

vided f o r areas of t h e United S t a t e s where measured runoff volumes vary
s i g n i f i c a n t l y from those obtained from t h e curve number procedure f o r
converting r a i n f a l l t o runoff. The mapped areas a r e of two gener,al
types: ( 1 ) t h e areas where runoff from e i t h e r snowmelt, dormant season
r a i n f a l l , o r a combination of t h e two produce g r e a t e r runoff volumes
than growing season r a i n f a l l and ( 2 ) t h e deep snowpack areas of high
mountain elevations.

AREAS OF bIAPPED RUNOFF VOLUME. The 100-year 10-day runoff volume maps,
e x h i b i t s 21.1 and 21.4, represent regionalized values derived from
gaged streamflow data &d supplementk with climatological data and
l o c a l observations. These values should be used f o r estimating flood-
water detention storage within t h e map a r e a where l o c a l streamflow
d a t a a r e not adequate.

Areal reduction should not be made on t h e 10-day runoff volumes shown

i n t h e maps. Since these-amounts were derived from stream gage d a t a ,
base flow and channel l o s s w i l l be automatically included i n t h e map
values and i n Table 21.10.

Quick r e t u r n flow i n t h i s procedure i s used as t h e r a t e of discharge

expected t o p e r s i s t beyond t h e flood period described under t h e 10-day
PSH. The r a t e s of discharge, e x h i b i t 21.3, were derived by averaging
t h e accumulated depths of runoff between t h e 1 5 t h and 30th day on
volume-duration-probability (VDP) accumulation graphs. They were ob-
t a i n e d from t h e same VDP s t a t i o n d a t a from which t h e 100-year 10-day
runoff volumes i n e x h i b i t 21.1 were obtained.

When using t h e Runoff Volume Maps Procedure, t h e quick r e t u r n flow

r a t e , exhibit 21.3, is made an extension t o t h e PSH before routing it
through t h e r e s e r v o i r , f i g u r e [Link].

DEEP SNOWPACK AREAS. Flood volume estimates from t h e deep snowpack

areas may be calculated from l o c a l streamflow d a t a o r by regionali-
zation and t r a n s p o s i t i o n of streamflow data.

A standard procedure f o r making a regional a n a l y s i s of volumes of

runoff f o r v - w i n g durations and frequencied has not been developed
a t t h i s time. Past experience has indicated t h a t acceptable e s t i -
mates can be made using multiple regression techniques. I f watersheds
can be s e l e c t e d t h a t a r e reasonably homogeneous with regard t o items

NM ~ o t i c e4-1, January 1971

 TIME - DAYS
Figure [Link] Quick Return Flow Combined with P r i n c i p a l Spillway
Hydrograph f o r t h e Runoff Volume Maps Procedure.

such as seasonal p r e c i p i t a t i o n , range of elevation, aspect, cover,

geology, s o i l s , e t c . , estimating equations can be developed with
a minimum number of independent variables. U n t i l techniques a r e
developed t o properly analyze t h e e f f e c t s of a number of v a r i a b l e s ,
t h e s e l e c t i o n of homogeneous gaged watersheds with as much s i m i l a r i t y
t o t h e ungaged watersheds a s possible i s recommended f o r estimating
volume-duration-probability data. St a t i s t i c s from volume-durat ion-
p r o b a b i l i t y studies of gaged watersheds can a l s o be used t o a s s i s t
i n developing estimating equations.

Construction of P r i n c i p a l Spillway Hydrographs and Mass Curves

The p r i n c i p a l spillway capacity and r e t a r d i n g storage amount a r e pro-

poptioned using t h e Principal Spillway Hydrograph (PsH) o r i t s mass
curve (PSMC) developed from tabulations given i n t a b l e 21.10. Examples
i n t h i s s e c t i o n show how t o s e l e c t t h e appropriate s e t of t a b u l a t i o n s
and t o construct t h e PSH or PSMC. One o r more routings of t h e PSH o r
PSMC give t h e required storage and p r i n c i p a l spillway capacity; t h e
routings a r e discussed i n chapter 17.

DEXELOPMENT OF TABLE 21.10. The p r i n c i p l e s of hydrograph development

a r e discussed i n chapter 16 but because t h e standard s e r i e s of PSH
and PSMC i s not described t h e r e , t h e method of preparation w i l l be
b r i e f l y given here.

The PSH and PSMC i n t a b l e 21.10 a r e developed from a continuous 10-day

period of on-site d i r e c t runoff, a l l of a given frequency. Choice of
t h e 10-day period i s based on SCS experience with t h e use of both
stream-flow records and an e a r l i e r system of standardized hydrographs.
I f t h e runoff i n t h e 10-day period i s arranged i n order of decreasing

NEH Notice 4-1, January 1971

rate of flow and then accumulated to form a mass curve, it has the
appearance of c m e A in figure 21.1. Such a curye is a straight
line on log paper and it has the equation:
&D = Qio ~ ~ / 1 0 1 ~ (21.2)
where QD = total runoff at time D in days
Q ~ =Q total runoff at the end of 10 days
D = time in days
a = log ( Q ~ o/&), in which Q1 is the total runoff at the
end of 1 day

Thus, knowing only the 1- and 10-day runoff amounts, a continuous

mass curve can be developed for the entire lO-day period.

Examination of such mass curves of runoff from streamflow stations

in many locations of the United States showed that the exponent
varied from 0.1 to 0.5. Extremes of 0.0458 and 0.699 were chosen for
the standard curves; these extremes correspond to Qi/Qlo ratios of
0.9 and 0.2 respectively. The ratio Ql/Qlo is used hereafter in this
chapter as a parameter in preference to a or Qlo/Ql because Qlo is
more satisfactory as a divisor in preparing PSH and PSMC with dimen-
sionless rates and amounts of flow. Ql/Qlo ratios of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4,
0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 were selected to give representative
degrees of curvature for the runoff curves.

The 10-day on-site runoff for each Qi/Qlo ratio was rearranged as shown
in table 21.5to provide a moderately critical distribution of the
10-day runoff. This gave a distribution midway between extremes that
are theoretically possible. On figure 21.1, curves A and B show the
extremes and c w e C shows the rearranged distribution for a Ql/Qlo
ratio of 0.4.

The effects of watershed lag were included by taking increments of

runoff for each of the eight typical mass curves, making incremental
hydrographs, and summing these to give total hydrographs for water-
sheds with times of concentration of 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36,
42, 48, 54, 60, 66, and 72 hours. This gave 112 hydrographs , each of
which was redueed to unit rates of runoff and afterwards accumulated
and reduced to unit mass curves. Curve D in figure 21.1 is the mass
curve developed from curve C for a watershed with a t h e of concentra-
tion of 24 hours, Runoff for curve D went on for more than a day past
the termination point E but because the rate was so small, the mass
curve was terminated as shown. Other PSH and PSMC in table 21.10 are
similarly terminated. The time interval is varied to reduce the size
of the table and at the same time give enough points for reproducing
the PSH and PSMC accurately. Straight-line connection of points is
accurate enough for graphical work and linear interpolation for tabu-
lar work.

USE OF TABLE 21.10. The parameters for selecting a set of tabulations

from table 21.10 are the Ql/Qlo ratio and the time of concentration Tc
in hours. The ratio and Tc of a watershed will seldom be values for

NEH Notice 4-1, [Link] 1971

Table 21.5.--Arrangement of increments before construction of PSH
and PSMC
Time Increment

19th largest 1/2 day

11 1,
17th
,I I,
15th "
11 It
13th "
I? 1,
11th "

I1
9th "
I,

It TI it

7th
5th ,, II 11

t1 ?t
3rd "
9th largest 1/10 day
7th " I, 1,

5th " 11 I,

3rd " I, 11

Largest 1/10 day

2nd largest 1/10 day
*I I,
4th I'
It it
6th "
8th " It 11

It 1,
10th "
4th largest 1/2 day

NEE Notice 4-1, January 1971

which t h e t a b l e i s prepared, t h e r e f o r e choose t h a t s e t having a Q i / Q l o
r a t i o and Tc nearest those of t h e watershed. It i s e a s i e r t o make
t h e choice on t a b l e 21.9, which gives available PSH and PSMC and t h e i r
s e r i a l numbers, and then t o look up t h e s e r i a l number i n t a b l e 21.10
f o r t h e tabulations.

Examples

The procedure by which a PSH o r PSMC i s developed w i l l be i l l u s t r a t e d

by four examples. I n example 21.1, channel l o s s e s a r e taken from
d i r e c t runoff before development of a PSH and PSMC; i n example 21.2,
i s added t o a PSH and PSMC; i n example 21.3, runoff volume and
r a t e maps ( e x h i b i t 21.1through 21.5) a r e used t o obtain runoff; and
i n example 21.4, upstream r e l e a s e s a r e added t o a PSH.

Example 21.1.--Develop t h e 50-year frequency PSB and PSMC f o r a

watershed l o c a t e d a t l a t i t u d e , longitude
The watershed has a drainage a r e a of 15.0 square miles, time of
concentration of 7.1 hours, average annual p r e c i p i t a t i o n of 22.8
inches, average annual temperature of 61.5OF, and a runoff curve
number (CN) of 80. There a r e no upstream s t r u c t u r e s .

1. Compile t h e 1- and 10-day point r a i n f a l l amounts from U.S.

Weather Bureau maps. For t h i s l o c a t i o n TP-40 and TP-49 a r e used.
The 50-year frequency 1- and 10-day amounts a r e 6.8 and 11.0
inches respectively.

2. Determine t h e a r e a l r a i n f a l l . Get t h e adjustment f a c t o r s from

t a b l e 21.1. For t h e drainage a r e a of 15.0 square miles they a r e
0.978 and 0.991 f o r t h e 1- and 10-day r a i n s respectively. The
a r e a l r a i n f a l l is 0.978(6.8) = 6.65 inches f o r t h e 1-day r a i n
and 0.991(11.0) = 10.9 inches f o r t h e 10-day r a i n .

3. Determine t h e CN f o r t h e 10-day r a i n . F i r s t check whetker

t h e 100-year frequency 10-day point r a i n f a l l amount i s 6 or more
inches. The appropriate map- i n TP-49 shows it i s , therefore
e n t e r t a b l e 21.2 with t h e 1-day CN of 80 and f i n d t h e 10-day
CN i s 65.

4. Estimate t h e d i r e c t runoff f o r 1 and 10 days. Enter figure

1 0 . 1 w i t h t h e r a i n f a l l amounts from s t e p 2 and t h e appropriate
CN from s t e p 3 and f i n d Q1 = 4.37 and Q l o = 6.34 inches.

5. Comp~tet h e c l i m a t i c index. Using t h e given d a t a and equa-

t i o n 21.1, t h e index C i i s 1 0 0 ( 2 2 . 8 ) / 6 1 . 5 ~= 0.603. Because
t h e C i i s l e s s than l t h e channel l o s s may be used t o reduce
d i r e c t runoff.

6. Estimate t h e n e t runoff. The net runoff i s t h e d i r e c t run-

o f f minus t h e channel l o s s but when t a b l e 21.3
- i s used t h e net
runoff is obtained by a m u l t i p l i c a t i o n not a subtraction. Enter

NEH Notice 4-1', January 1971

 t a b l e 21.3 with t h e drainage area 15.0 square miles and t h e C i
of 0.603 and by i n t e r p o l a t i o n f i n d a reduction f a c t o r of 0.75.
Multiply Q1 and Qlo of s t e p 4 by t h e f a c t o r t o get net runoffs
of 3.28 and 4.76 inches respectively. The n e t runoffs w i l l be
Q1 and Qlo i n t h e r e s t of t h i s example.

7. Compute t h e QIIQIOr a t i o . From s t e p 6, Q1/Q10 = 3.28/4.76 =

0.689.

8. Find t h e PSH and PSMC tabulations i n t a b l e 21J.Q. Enter

t a b l e 21.9 with t h e r a t i o 0.689 and Tc of 7.1 hours and f i n d t h a t
t h e PSH with values nearest those i s No. 22. Locate t h e appro-
p r i a t e t a b u l a t i o n s i n t a b l e 21.10 by looking up PSH No. 22. Col-
umns 1, 2, and 4 of t a b l e 21.6 show t h e time, r a t e , and mass
t a b u l a t i o n s taken from t a b l e 21.10.

9. Compute PSH discharges i n c f s . F i r s t f i n d t h e product of

drainage a r e a and 810. This i s 15.0(4.76) = 71.40 mile2-inches.
Multiply t h e e n t r i e s i n column 2, t a b l e 21.6 by 71.40, t o get
t h e discharges i n c f s i n column 3.

10. Compute PSMC amounts i n inches. Multiply t h e e n t r i e s i n

column 4 , t a b l e 21.6,~. by t o get accumulated runoff i n
inches a s shown i n column 5. I f amounts i n acre-feet o r another
u n i t a r e desired, convert Q l o t o t h e desired u n i t before making
t h e s e r i e s of multiplications.

The example i s completed with s t e p 10. m e next s t e p i s t h a t of rout-

ing t h e PSH o r PSMC through t h e s t r u c t u r e ; see chapter 17 f o r routing
methods.

In t h e second example t h e s t e p s concerning channel l o s s a r e omitted

and s t e p s concerning &RF a r e included.

Example 21.2--Develop t h e 25-year frequency PSH and PSMC f o r a water-

shed a t l a t i t u d e , longitude .The watershed has a
drainage a r e a of 8.0 square miles, time of concentration of 2.0 hours,
average annual p r e c i p i t a t i o n of 30.5 inches, average annual tempera-
t u r e of 53.1°F, and a runoff curve number of 75. QRF during flood
periods i s estimated t o be 5 c f s . There a r e no upstream s t r u c t u r e s
i n t h e watershed.

1. Compile the 1- and 10-day point r a i n f a l l amounts from U.S.

Weather Bureau maps. For t h i s location TP-40 and TP;49 a r e used.
The 25-year frequency
- 1- and 10-day amounts a r e 5.6 and 12.5 i n -
ches respectively.

2. Determine the a r e a l r a i n f a l l . Because t h e drainage a r e a i s

not over 10 square miles t h e a r e a l r a i n f a l l i s t h e same as t h e
point r a i n f a l l . The amounts i n s t e p 1 w i l l be used.

NEH Notice 4-1, January 1971

Table 21.6. --PSH and PSMC f o r example 2l.1

Time -cfs
A 4 0
PSH Acc.
40
ppsm

csmlinch cfs inches

NEH Notice 4-1, January 1971

3. Determine t h e CN f o r t h e 10-day r a i n . The 10-day amount i n
s t e p 1 i s over 6 inches t h e r e f o r e t h e 100-year 10-day amount i s
t o o , and t a b l e 21.2 may be used. Enter t h e t a b l e with t h e CN of
75 f o r 1 day and f i n d t h e CN i s 58 a t 1 0 days.

4. ~ 6 t i m a t et h e d i r e c t runoff f o r 1 and 1 0 days. Enter f i g u r e

1 0 . 1 with t h e r a i n f a l l amounts from s t e p 2 and t h e a p p r o p r i a t e
CN from s t e p 3 and f i n d Q1 = 2.94 and Q l o = 6.68 inches. Because
t h e r e a r e no channel l o s s e s , t h e d i r e c t runoff i s t h e n e t runoff.

5. Compute t h e QlIQlor a t i o . From s t e p 4, Q 1 / Q l o = 2.9416.68 =

0.440.

6. Find t h e PSH and PSMC t a b u l a t i o n s i n t a b l e 21.10. Enter t a b l e

21.9 with t h e r a t i o of 0.440 and T, of 2 . 0 hours and f i n d t h a t t h e
PSH and PSMC w i t h v a l u e s n e a r e s t t h o s e i s No. 3. Locate t h e
a p p r o p r i a t e t a b u l a t i o n s i n t a b l e 21.10 by looking up PSH No. 3.

7. Compute PSH d i s c h a r g e s i n c f s . F i r s t f i n d t h e product of

drainage a r e a and Q l o . This i s 8 . 0 ( 6 . 6 8 ) = 53.44 mile2-inches.
Multiply t h e e n t r i e s i n t a b l e 21.10 f o r PSH No. 3 by 53.44 t o
g e t aischarges i n c f s . These a r e shown i n column 2 , t a b l e 21.7,
under t h e heading of " ~ r e l i m i n a r yPSH" because t h e f i n a l PSH must
contain QRF.

8. Compute PSMC amounts i n inches. Multiply t h e e n t r i e s i n t a b l e

21.10 f o r PSMC No. 3 by Ql0 (6.68 inches) t o g e t accumulated
runoff i n inches. The r e s u l t s a r e shown i n column 5, t a b l e 21.7,
under t h e heading "Preliminary PSMC" because t h e f i n a l PSMC must
c o n t a i n accumulated QBF. I f t h e PSMC i s t o be i n a c r e - f e e t o r
another u n i t , convert $10 t o t h e d e s i r e d u n i t b e f o r e making t h e
s e r i e s of m u l t i p l i c a t i o n s .

9. Determine t h e minimum p e r m i s s i b l e quick r e t u r n flow. F i r s t

compute t h e c l i m a t i c index: using t h e average annual p r e c i p i t a -
t i o n and temperature m d equation 21.1, t h e index C i i s 100(30.5)/
53.1' = 1.08. Enter t a b l e 21.4 w i t h t h e C i of 1 . 0 8 and f i n d t h a t
t h e minimum &RF is 0.045 inches p e r day o r 1.20 csm, which con-
v e r t s t o 8.0(1.20) = 9.6 c f s . The l o c a l l y e s t i m a t e d QRF i s 5 c f s .
Therefore t h e minimum p e r m i s s i b l e QRF i s 9.6 c f s because it i s
l a r g e r t h a n t h e l o c a l l y estimated flow. Round 9.6 t o 1 0 c f s and
e a b u l a t e i n column 3, t a b l e 21.7.

10. Add &RF t o t h e preliminary PSH. The QRF shown i n column 3,

t a b l e 21.7, i s added t o t h e preliminary PSH, column 2 , t o g i v e t h e
PSH aischarges i n column 4.

11. Add &RF t o t h e preliminary PSMC. The accumulated QRF i n

inches, column 6, t a b l e 21.7, i s added t o t h e p r e l i m i n a r y PSMC
column 5 , t o give t h e PSMC amounts i n column 7.

NEH Notice 4-1, January 1971

21.16
Table 21.7.--PSH and PSMC for example 21.2

Prelim- Prelim-
Time inary QRF* PSH inary Acc.
PSMC
PSH PSMC QRF**

-
cfs cfe
- -
cfs inches inches inches

0 0 10 10 0 0 0
.1 48 10 58 .01 .oo .01
.5 60 10 70 .11 .02 -13
1.0 69 10 79 -26 .04 -30
2.o 78 10 88 .60 -09 -69
3 -0 100 10 110 1.00 .14 1.14
3.5 118 10 128 1.26 .16 1.42
4.0 146 10 156 1.58 .18 1.76
4.2 181 10 191 1.72 .I9 1.91
4.4 230 10 240 1.91 .20 2.11

4.6 259 10 269 2-13 .21 2.34

4.7 298 10 308 2.25 -21 2.46
4.8 370 10 380 2.40 .22 2.62
4.9 512 10 522 2.60 .22 2.82
5.0 1992 10 2002 3.16 -22 3.38
5-1 1039 10 1049 3.84 -23 4.07
5.2 567 10 577 4.20 -23 4.43
5.3 383 10 393 4.42 .24 4.66
5.4 302 10 312 4.57 .24 4.81
5.5 257 10 267 4.69 -25 4.94
5-6 207 10 217 4.80 -25 5005
5.8 174 10 184 4.97 .26 5-23
6.o 154 10 164 5.U -27 5.38
6.5 128 10 138 5.41 .29 5-70
7.0 108 10 U8 5.66 -32 5.98
8.0 84 10 94 6.07 ' .% 6.43
9-0 72 10 82 6.41 .40 6.81
10.0 57 10 67 6.66 .45 7.u
10.1 2 10 12 6.68 .45 7.I3
10.3 0 10 10 6.68 .46 7.14
11.0 0 10 10 6.68 50 7.18
12.o 0 10 10 6.68 .54 7.22
etc. etc. etc. etc. etc . etc. etc.
* 9.6 cfs rounded to 10 cfs.
** At a rate of 0.045 inches per day.

NEH Notice 4-1,January 1971

I n t h e t h i r d example t h e use of the runoff volume maps i s i l l u s t r a t e d .

Example' 21.3--Develop t h e 100-year frequency PSH f o r a water-

shed l o c a t e d a t 43' l a t i t u d e and 77' longitude. The watershed
has a drainage a r e a of 12 square miles, time of concentration of
3.5 hours.

1. Estimate 100-year 10-day runoff volumes from exhibit 21.1.

The i n t e r p o l a t e d value i s 8.8.

2. Select t h e Q ~ / Q r~aOt i o from exhibit 21.2. For t h i s a r e a

t h e value i s 0.4.

3. Calculate 1-day volume of runoff. Ql/Qlo = 0.4, Qi = (0.4)

(8.8') = 3.52 inches.

4. Find t h e PSH t a b u l a t i o n s i n Table 21.10. Enter t a b l e 21.9

with t h e Q l / Q l c r a t i o of 0.4 and Tc of 3.5 hours and f i n d t h a t
t h e P S H t i t h values nearest i s No. 11. Locate appropriate tabu-
l a t i o n s i n t a b l e 21.10 by looking up PSH No. 11.

5. Compute PSH discharges i n c f s . Find t h e product of drainage

a r e a and 4 1 0 . This i s (12) (8.8)' = 105.6 mile2-inches. E n t r i e s
f o r PSH No. 11 a r e multiplied by t h i s value t o obtain discharge
i n cfs. These a r e shown i n column 2, t a b l e 21.8.

6. Determine the'quick-return flow r a t e . From exhibit 21.3 t h e

i n t e r p o l a t e d value i s 5.3 csm.

7. Extension of quick-return flow r a t e s beyond t h e PSH. The

quick-return flow r a t e i s ( 1 2 ) (5.3) = 63.6 c f s , round t o 64
cfs. This constant r a t e of discharge i s an extension t o t h e
PSH as shown i n f i g u r e 21. l a , and column 4, t a b l e 21.8. No
value l e s s than 64 c f s should be used i n t h e recession s i d e of
t h e PSH.
The procedure f o r adding r e l e a s e s from upstream s t r u c t u r e s i s shown
i n t h e following d e s c r i p t i v e example. If a lower s t r u c t u r e has
channel l o s s e s i n i t s contributing area t h e deduction f o r channel l o s s
i s made i n t h e preliminary PSH f o r t h a t area. Deductions may a l s o
be required f o r PSH of t h e upper s t r u c t u r e s but once t h e s e PSH a r e
routed through t h e s t r u c t u r e s no further deductions a r e made i n t h e
release rates.

Example 21.4--~dding r e l e a s e s from upstream s t r u c t u r e s when de-

veloping t h e PSH f o r a lower s t r u c t u r e i n a s e r i e s i s done as
follows :

1. Develop t h e preliminary PSH f o r t h e lower s t r u c t u r e . Use t h e

method of example 21.1 o r 21.2 o r 21.3 whichever i s applicable.

NEH Notice 4-1, January 1971

Table 21.8.--PSH for Example 21.3.

Prelim-
inary
Time PSH QRF PSH

-
cfs -
cf s -
cfs
0 0 0
.1 61 61
.5 116 116
1.0 134 134
2.0 151 151

11.0 0 64 64
12.0 o 64 64
etc. etc. etc. etc;

NM Notice 4-1, Jauary 197i

 2. Flood-route the upstream structure releases or outflows to
the lower structure. Chapter 17 discusses flood-routing
procedures.
3. Add the routed flows to the preliminary PSB to get the PSH
for the lower structure.

Note that if an upstream structure is itself a lower structure in a

series then the procedure of example 21.4 must be followed for it
first.

Table 21.9.-Serial nlahbers of PSH and PSMC

-
hours
Serial numbers

* Use this row for all Tc less than 1.5 hours.

** Use this row for all Tc over 72 hours.

NM Notice 4-1,January 1971

Table 21.10.--Time, r a t e and mass t a b u l a t i o n s f o r P r i n c i p a l Spillway
Iiydrographs (PSH) and Mass Curves (PSMC)

Tc = 1.5 hours
S e r i a l No. : 1 2 3 4
Q ~ / Q ~: ~ 0 2 0.3 0.4 0 05

Time PSH PSMC PSH PSMC PSH PSMC PSH PSK

cfS/AQl0 C~S/AQ,~ a10 cfs/A%O eO
CfSIOa10
Table 2 1 .lo. --(Continued)
T, = 1.5 hours

Serial No. : 5 6 7 8
QJQlo . 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Time PSH P S PSH PSE PSH PSMC PSH PSMC
Table 21 -10.--(Continued)

T, = 3 hours

Serid No.. : 9 10 L
L 12
Q A o : 0.2 0-3 0.4 0.5

Time PSH PSMC PSH PSMC PSH PSMC PSH PSE

Table 21 LO.--(continued)

Tc = 3 hours

Serial No, : 13 14 15 16
~ ~ 1: %0.6~ 0.7 0.8 0.9
Time PSH PSW PSH PSMC PSH PSMC PSH PSMC
U.24

Table 2 l .LO. --(continued)

T, = 6 hours

S e r i a l No. : 17 18 19 20
Q ~ / Q ~ o: 0-2 Oe3 0.4 0 -5
Time PSH PSMC PSH PSMC PSH PEW PSH PSK
Table [Link]. --(continued)

Tc = 6 hours
Serial No. : 21 22 23 24
Q I / Q ~ ~: o .6 0-7 0.8 0.9
Time PSH PSMC PSH PSW PSH PSMC PSH PSMC
days

0
.2
.5
1.0
2-0

3.0
3h
4.0
403
4.6
4.8
4.9
5 00
5.1
5.2
593
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.8
6.0
6.5
7 -0
7.5
8.0

9.0
9.9
10 -1
10.3
10.8
21.26

Table 21.10. --(continued)

hours
S e r i a l No. : 25 26 28

Time PSE PSMC PSH PSH PSB PSMC

Table [Link]. --(continued)

T, = 1 2 hours

S e r i d No. : 29 30 31 32
Q ~ / Q : ~ ~0.6 0.7 0 -8 0.9

Time PSH PSI42 PSH PSMC PSH PSW PSH PSMC

Table 21 .lo. --(Continued)

!i?,18 hours
=

Serial NO. : 33 34 35 36
%/Bl0 : 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time PSR PSMC PSH PSMC PSH PSW PSH PSMC
Table 21.10. --(continued )

T,- = 18 hours
Serial NO. : 37 38 39 40
Q ~ / Q :~ 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Time PSH PSMC PSH PSK PSH PSK PSH PSMC
c f s / ~ & , UlO
~ cfs/AQIO a10 &lo cfs/A%o L%~
Table [Link]. --(continued)

T, = 24 hours
S e r i a l No. : 41 42 43 44
Q ~ / Q :~ ~0.2 0.3 0.4 0 -5

Time PSH PSW PSH PSE PSH PSE PSH PSMC

Table 21.10. --(continued)

Tc = 24 hours
S e r i a l No. : 45 46 47 48
Ql/~lo : 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Time PSH PSMC PSH PSMC PSH PSMC PSH PSbC

2l.32

Table 21.10a--(Continued)

Tc= 30 hours
Serial 4g
No. : 50
Ql/Qlo : 0.2 0*3 51
0.4 52
0.5
Time PSH PSI.c PSH PSE PSH PSIE PSH PEW
e. Q/Q-~ -/AQlo Q&o dAQ,o so cf4AQ1.o%o

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A50 .OOO? -0005 *067 .0003
.Y55 .0103 .0077 -538 .0057 .425 .0046
1.6% a0407 .0306 ,998 .0233 .764 *0181
l.y55 .0747 .0568 1.195 .0437 .937 .Q339
2.252 .1527 .1201 .0932 1.229 -0738
2-574 -2416 .lY55 .1567 ~6% .1263
2.99 .3022 -2528 .2068 2.274 SW3
3.228 -3363 .2865 22339 .1975
3.579 .3614 -3133 :g 4.249 .2232
3.8% .32P .2823 5.520 .2412
4.124 .3474 .3032 .2645
40438 .3682 kgi 443
4.724 .m6 :gE 10.535 .3299
4.935 e4171 .3913 U.666 .3708
5.052 .444G Y-779 .4266 12.218 .4148
04713 9.730 .4626 12.098 .4597
K8 .4982 9a348 .W8 n-502 .5032
4:845 .5241 8e761 .5312 10.630 .544c
4.471 .57l.6 7.337 .5w7 a.5a5 .614g
A126 60050 .6&o 6.816 .6n5
.a81 5.048 .6&S .n67
.6933 3.919 .7302 ?gz .7689
.7312 3.157 .7’@39 31076 ma
.76&z 2.497 .8103 2.2& A69
2.555 .7665 .8106 2.068 1.799 .8768
2.322 .8206 .a576 ~.@ri’ 1.366
2.170 - 8703 .aw 1.457 l-1.16 1%
2.009 . Y470 1.253 ,951
1.530 :gz .9734 .915 ,705 :g$

-702 .416 .9920 .32l .Vv38

.59 :gg :;g ~65 .997Q .127 .9977
.107 . Yy@ .99% -063 .999 .048 .995-Q
0 1.0000 1.0000 0 1 .oooo 0 [Link]
Table [Link].--(continued)

T, = 30 hours
Serial NO. : 53 54 55 56
QI/Q~O : 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Time PSH PSMC PSH PSMC PSH Pix PSH PSMC
Table [Link]. --(Continued)

T, = 36 hours
S e r i d No. : 57 58 59 60
Q&O : 0.2 0 03 Oak 0-5
Time PSH P a PSH PSm PSH PSM: PSH PSW
Table 21 .lo. --(continued)

T, = 36 hours
S e r i a l No. : 61 62 63 64
Ql/Q-,o : 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Time PSH PSMC PSH PSMC PSR' PSMC PSH PSW
U0c
C ~ ~ / A Q , ~ L&10
f ~ / ~ % ~ cfs/A5iO U10 a10
 --(continued)
Table 21-10.

T, = 42 hours
Serial N O . : 65 66 67 68
Ql/Ql0 : 0.2 0.3 0.4 0-5
Time PSH PSMC PSR PSMC PSH PSMC PSH PSK
Table 21.10. --(continued)

T, = 42 hours
Serial No. : 69 70 71 72
Q1/Ql0 : 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Time PSH PSE PSH PSE PSH PSE PSH PSE

21.38

Table [Link].--(continued)

T, = 48 hours
S e r i a l No. : 73 74 75 76
Q : 0.2 0.3 o -4 0-5
Time PSH PSW PSH PSMC PSH PSbE PSH PSW

-
days [Link]%10 a10 *
l
o Ql0 cfs/A!30 L
5L0cfs/A!30 !&30
0
.6
1.3
2-0
3-0
4.o
4.8
5.0
5-2
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.o
6.l
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.6
6-8
7.0
7.3
7.6
8.0
8.5
9.2
10.o
10.5
ll.2
12.0
13.O
15.O
Table 2120.--(Continued)

T, = 48 hours
Serial NO. : 77 78 79 a
Ql/Qlo : o .6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Time PSH PSMC PSH PSMC PSB PSKC PSH PSKC
Table [Link]. --(continued)

T , = 54 hours
Serial NO. : 81 82 83 84
Q ~ / Q ~ :o 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 -5

Time PSH PSMC PSH PSMC PSH PSMC PSH PSM2

Table 21-10. --(continued)

T, = 54 hours

S e r i a l No. : 85 86 87 88
Q1/Q1o : 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Time PSH PSMC PSH PSMC PSH PSE PSH PSMC

21.42

Table 21.10. --(continued)

T, = 60 hours
Serial No. : 89 9 91 9
Ql/Q-l~
: 0.2 0 -3 0.4 0.5
Time PSH PSMC PSH PSM: PSH PSM: PSH PSMC
Table 21 .lo. --(Continued)

T, = 60 hours
Serial No. : 93 94 95 %
Q : 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Time PSH PSMC PSH PSMC PSH PSK PSH PSMC
Table [Link]. --(Continued)

T, = 66 hours
Serial NO. : 97 98 99 100
9/Q10 : 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time PSH PSMC PSH PSMC PSH PSMC PSH PSMC
-
days

0
.6
1.3
2.0
3.0
4.0
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.5
6.6
6*7
6.8
7-0
7.2
7.4
7.7
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.o
10.6
ll.2
12.0
13.O
14.0
17.O
Table 21.10. --(continued)

Tc =66 hours
Serial No. : 101 102 103 104
Q ~ / Q: ~ ~0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Time PSH PSMC PSH PSE PSH PSI42 PSH PSMC
Table 21.10. --(continued)

Serial No. : 105 106 107 108

Ql/%O : 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time PSH PSMC PSH PSMC PSH Psi% PSH PSMC
-
days cfs/AQ10 a10
cfs/AQlo &
Table 21.10. --(continued)

T, = 72 h o u r s

S e r i a l No. : 109 ll0 lll 112

Q1/~,, : 0 -6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Time PSH PSMC PSH PSMC PSH PSMC PSH PSMC

 TIME IN DAYS
FIGURE21.1 - Mass curves o f runoff in various arrangements.
 R A T ~ O SFOR 50 AND 26-YEAR 10-DAY RUNOFF VOLUMES

TO obtain: M u l l i ~ l ymap values by.

~ r e a1 Area 2 Area 3
W-YEAR IO-DAY
~ ~
RUNOFF 0.85 0.90 0.92
25-YEAR 10-DAY RUNOFF 0 70 0.80 0.85 FIGURE 2-1 ( A )
100-YEAR. 10-DAY RUNOFF (INCHES)
PRINCIPAL SPILLWAY HYDROGRAPH

JANUARY 1971. REV. A P R i L 1976

 LEGEND

Q1 - 1-Day Volume Runoff

(Il0. 10-Day Volume Runoff

FIGURE 2-1 (El)

RATIOS OF VOLUMES OF RUNOFF (Ql/Q1,,)
PRINCIPAL SPILLWAY HYDROGRAPH

ANUARY 1971. REV. A P R I L 1976

-
N
,-
 - -.
ANUARY 1971, REV. APRIL 1976 PRINCIPAL SPILLWAY HYDROGRAPH SNOWMELT PRODUCING FLOOD AREAS
 Emergency Spillways L/

Flows larger than those completely controllable by the principal spillway

and retarding storage are safely conveyed past an earth dam by an emer-
gency spillway. The emergency spillway is designed by use of an Emergency
Spillway Eydrograph (ESH) and its m i n i m freeboard determined by use of
a Freeboard Hydrograph (FH). Both kinds of hydrographs are constructed
by the same procedure. There is a small difference in that procedure d e -
periding on whether a watershed's time of concentration is or is not over
six hours.

This part of the chapter presents a manual method of developing ESH and
FH. The method requires the use of the dimensionless hydrographs given in
table 21.17. Methods of routing the ESH or FH through structures are given
in chapter 17.
Alternatives to developing and routihg the hydrographs manually are (i)
use of the SCS electronic computer program, in which basic data are input
and the ESH or FH, the routed hydrograph, and reservoir elevations are out-
put; and (ii) the Upper Darby or UD method, in which no hydrograph is needed
but which uses the hydrograph characteristics of ESH or FH in an indirect
routing procedure with results in terms of spillway elevation and capacity.
The hydrologic criteria given below apply to the manual method and its al-
ternatives. The examples that follow apply only to the manual method.

Hydrologic Criteria
SOURCE OF DESIGN STORM RAINFALL AMOUNT. The basic 6-hour design stom
rainfall amount used in development of ESH and FB is taken from one of
the following maps:

Background information on the material in this part of the chapter is

given in "Central Technical Unit Method of Hydrograph Development," by
M. H. Xleen and R. G. Andrews, Transactions, American Society of Agri-
cultural Engineers, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 180-185,1962; and in "Hydrology of
-
Spillway Design: Small Structures Limited Data," by Harold 0. Ogrosky,
paper no. 3914, Proceedings, American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal
of the EIydraulics Division, &fay 1964.
 ES -1020, 5 sheets. 48 contiguous States. Supplementary sheets
for California and Washington-Oregon are also given.
ES-1021, 5 sheets. Hawaii.
ES-1022, 5 sheets. Alaska.
ES-1023, 5 sheets. Puerto Rico.
ES-1024, 5 sheets. Virgin Islands.
The rainfall amounts on these maps are minimums allowed by SCS criteria for
various classes of structures.

DURATION ADJUSTMEW OF RAINFALL AMOUNT. If the time of concentration of

the drainage area above a structure is more than six hours, the duration
of the design storm is made equal to that time and the rainfall amount is
increased using a factor from figure 2.2, part (c).

AREPL ADJUS!lNEWt OF RAINFALL AMOUNT. If the drainage area above a struc-

ture is 10 square miles or less, the areal rainfall is the same as the rain-
fall taken from the maps of ES-1020 through 1024. If the area is over 10
square miles but not over 100 square miles, the areal rainfall is obtained
by use of a factor from figure 21.2, part (a). If the area is over 100
square miles, the adjustment factor for the area is requested from the En-
gineering Division, Washington, D. C. When a request is submitted the
following info-%ion about the area should also be submitted: (lj location,
preferably the latitude and longitude of the watershed outlet; (2) size in
square miles; ( 3 ) length in miles, following the main valley; (4) time of
concentration in hours; (5) runoff curve number; (6) proposed value of the
adjustment or adjustment factor. If a factor is also needed for a subwater-
shed of that watershed, then similar information about the subwatershed should
also be submitted.

RUNOFF DEERMINATION. Runoff is determined using the methods ~f cbapter 10.

The runoff curve number (CN) for the drainage area above a structure is de-
termined by any of the methods in chapter 10. This CN must be for antecedent
moisture condition I1 or greater and it applies throughout the design storm
regardless of the stom duration.

DIMENSIONLESS HYDROGRAPHS. The ESH and FH are made using the dimensionless
hydrographs given in table 21.17. If a hydrograph is to be developed in an
electronic computer program, then the storm distribution given in figure 21.2.b
(Es-1003-b) must be used to get an equivalent ESH or FB..

Construction of Emergency Spillway and Freeboard Hydrographs

Two examplesof hydrograph construction are given. The first illustrates
the procedure when the watershed time of concentration is not over six hours,
t h e second when it i s . There i s no difference i n procedure f o r ESR and FH.
Equations used i n t h e examples a r e l i s t e d i n table 21.11.

Example 2l.5.--Construct an ESH f o r a c l a s s (b) s t r u c t u r e with a drain-

age a r e a of 1.86 square miles, time of concentration of 1.25 hours,
CN of 82, and l o c a t i o n a t l a t i t u d e , longitude-.

1. Determine t h e 6-hour design storm r a i n f a l l amount, P. For t h i s

s t r u c t u r e class t h e ESH r a i n f a l l amount i s taken from ES-1020, sheet
2 of 5. For t h e given l o c a t i o n t h e map shows t h a t P = 9.4 inches.

2. Determine t h e a r e a l r a i n f a l l amount. The a r e a l r a i n f a l l i s t h e

same a s i n s t e p 1 because t h e drainage area i s n o t over 10 square miles.
Step 2 of example 21.6 shows t h e process.

3. M e the duration adjustment of r a i n f a l l amount. No adjustment i s

made because t h e time of concentration i s not over s i x hours. Step 3
of example a . 6 shows t h e process.

4. Determine t h e -off amount, Q. Enter f i g u r e 10.1 with P = 9.4

inches and CN = 82 and f i n d Q = 7.21 inches.

5. Determine t h e hydrograph family. Enter f i g u r e 21.3 (ES-1011) with

CN = 82 and a t P = 9.4 read hydrograph family 2.

6. Determine t h e duration of excess r a i n f a l l , To. Enter f i g u r e 21.4

(Es-1012) with P = 9.4 inches and a t CN = 82 read by i n t e r p o l a t i o n
t h a t To = 5.37 h o y s .

7. Compute t h e i n i t i a l value of Tp. By equation 21.4 t h i s i s O.T(l.25)

= 0.88 hours.

-
8. c o m p u t e d % r a t i o . This i s 5.37/0.88 = 6.10.

9. S e l e c t a revised To/$ r a t i o from t a b l e 21.16. This t a b l e shows

t h e hydrograph families and r a t i o s f o r which dimensionless hydro-
graphs a r e given i n t a b l e 21.17. E n t e r t a b l e 21.16 with t h e r a t i o
from s t e p 8 and s e l e c t t h e tabulated r a t i o n e a r e s t it. For this ex-
ample t h e selected r a t i o , ( ~ ~ / T ~ ) r e vi .s , 6.

10. Compute Rev. Tp. This i s a revised Tp used because of t h e change

i n ratio. By equation 21.3, Rev. Tp = 5.37/6 = 0.895 hours.

ll. Compute qp. By equation 2l.6 t h i s i s 484(1.86)/0.895 = 1006 c f s .

2 Compute Qqp. Using t h e Q from s t e p 4 and t h e qp from s t e p ll gives

~ ( q p ~ ( ' 1 0 0 =6 7253.26
) c f s . Round t o 7250 cfs.

13. Compute t h e times f o r which hydrograph r a t e s w i l l be computed.

In equation 21.7 u s e Rev. TD from s t e p 10 and t h e e n t r i e s in t h e t/s
c o l of~ the selected hydrograph i n t a b l e 21.17. The computed ti%
a r e shown in c o l m 2 o f t a b l e 21.12.
Table 2l.U--Equations used in construction of ESH and FE
Equation No.

Rev. Tp = To
I W T p rev

sp =
484 A
Rev. Tp

where A = drainage area in square miles

q = hydrograph rate in cfs

9c = hydrograph rate in cfs when Q = 1 inch

9p = hydrograph peak rate in cfs when Q = 1 inch
Q = design storm runoff in inches
Rev. Tp = revised time to peak in hours
t = time in hours at which hydrograph rate is computed
Tc = time of concentration in hours
To = duration of excess rainfall in hours
(To/Tp)rev. = revised ratio from table 21.16
= time to peak in hours for CTU design hydrographs
Tp
 14. Compute t h e hydrograph r a t e s . Use equation 21.8 and t h e qc/qp
column of t h e selected hydrograph i n t a b l e 21.17. The computed
r a t e s a r e shown i n column 3 of t a b l e 21.12.

The hydrograph i s completed with s t e p 14. Bow t h e hydrograph i s further

r e t d ~ U h t e do r p l o t t e d f o r routing through t h e spillway depends on t h e
routing method t o be used. See chapter 17 f o r routing d e t a i l s .

The mass curve f o r t h e hydrograph can be obtained using t h e Q t / ~ column

of t h e selected hydrograph i n t a b l e 21.17. Ratios i n t h a t column a r e
multiplied by t h e Q of s t e p 4 t o give accumulated runoff i n inches a t t h e
time computed i n s t e p 13. For accumulated runoff i n acre-feet o r another
u n i t , convert Q t o t h e desired u n i t before making t h e s e r i e s of m u l t i p l i -
cations.

In t h e following example t h e storm duration i s increased because the time

of concentration i s over six hours. Increasing t h e duration a l s o requires
increasing t h e r a i n f a l l amount but i f t h e drainage a r e a i s over 10 square
miles t h e increase i s p a r t l y o f f s e t by the decrease i n a r e a l r a i n f a l l .

Example 21.6.--Construct a FH f o r a c l a s s ( c ) s t r u c t u r e with a drain-

age a r e a of 23.0 square miles, time of concentration of 10.8 hours,
CN of 77, and l o c a t i o n a t latitude-, longitude-.

1. Determine t h e 6-hour design storm r a i n f a l l amount, P. For t h i s

s t r u c t u r e c l a s s t h e FK r a i n f a l l amount i s taken from ES-1020, sheet
5 of 5 . For t h e given l o c a t i o n the map shows t h a t P = 25.5 inches.
2 Determine t h e a r e a l r a i n f a l l amount. Use t h e appropriate curve
on f i g u r e 2l.2.a (Es-1003-a). For t h i s l o c a t i o n t h e "Humid and sub-
humid climate" curve a p p l i e s and t h e adjustment f a c t o r f o r t h e drain-
age a r e a of 23.0 square miles i s 0.93. The adjusted r a i n f a l l i s
0.93(25.5) = 23.72 inches.

3. Make t h e duration adjustment of r a i n f a l l amount. The duration i s

made equal t o t h e time of concentration, i n t h i s case, 10.8 hours.
Enter f i g u r e 21.2 .c (Es-1003-c) with t h e duration of 10.8 hours and
f i n d an adjustment f a c t o r of 1.18. The adjusted r a i n f a l l i s
1.18(23.72) = 27.99 inches. It i s rounded t o 28.0 inches f o r t h e r e -
mainder of this example.

4. Determine t h e runoff amount, Q. Enter f i g u r e 10.1 with the r a i n -

fall from s t e p 3 (P = 28.0 inches) and a t CN = 77 find Q = 24.7 inches.

5 . Determine t h e hydrograph family. Enter f i g u r e 21.3 ( E S - 1 0 ~ )with

CN = 77 and a t P = 28.0 inches read hydrograph family 1.

6 . Determine t h e duration of excess r a i n f a l l , To. Enter t a b l e 2l.14

with CN = 77 and f i n d t h a t P*, t h e r a i n f a l l p r i o r t o the excess r a i n -
f a l l , i s 0.60 inches. Enter t a b l e 21.15 with t h e r a t i o P/P =
0.60/28.0 = 0.0214 and by i n t e r p o l a t i o n read a time r a t i o of 0.950.
m e n To = (time r a t i o ) x (storm duration) = 0.950(10.8) = 10.26 hours.
SCS-EIIG-319
Rev. 1-70
File Code ENG-13-14

HYDROGRAPH COMPUTATION
DATE --
COMPUTED BY
CHECKED BY

WATERSHED OR PROJECT (zMmm z'*)

STATE

STRUCTURE SITE OR SUBAREA

OR. AREA A36 SQ. MI. STRUCTURE CLASS^

LZC HR. STOWD U R A T I O N HR.

POINT RAINFALL 2IN.

ADJUSTED RAINFALL.

AREAL : FACTOR

DURATION: FACTOR

RUNOFFCURVE NO. ' B2

HYDROGRAPH FAMILY NO. 2

CWUTEO 6.10 .
REVISED T 0,835

X C O L U W = (t/Tp) R N . 5 aCOLUYO = (s/ $XQX$)

T a b l e 21.12 Hydrograph computation

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972
 7. Compute the i n i t i a l value of Tp. By equation 21.4 t h i s i s
o.T(l0.8) = 7.56 hours.

I -
8. Compute the TO/% r a t i o . This i s 10.26/7.56 = 1.357.

1
.
9. Select a revised T,/T r a t i o from table 21.16. Enter table 21.16
with the r a t i o from step %
and s e l e c t the tabulated r a t i o nearest it.
For t h i s example the selected r a t i o , ( ~ ~ / T ~ ) r e ivs. ,1.5.

10. Compute Rev. Tp. This i s a revised Tp used because of the change
i n r a t i o . By equation 21.5, , Rev. Tp = 10.26/1.5 = 6.84 hours.

ll. Compute a. By equation 21.6 this i s 484(23.0)/6.84 = 1627.5

cfs. Round t o 1628 cfs.

2 Compute Qq Usin the Q from step 4 and the q from step

@vesw2t: 7 (16287 = 40,W.6 cfs. Round t o & , a 2 cfs.
13. Compute the times for which hydrograph r a t e s w i l l be computed.
Use equation 21.7 with the Rev. Tp from step 10 and the entries i n
the t/Tp column of the selected hydrograph i n table 21.17. The com-
puted rates are shown i n column 2 of table a.13.

14. Compute the hydrograph rates. Use equation a . 8 with Qqp of step
12 and the qc/q column of the selected hydrograph i n Mole 21.17.
The computed rafes are shown i n coLumn 3 of table 21.13.
 ,;.1-70
l e Code ENG-13-14
--
HYDROGRAPH COMPUTATION
DATE
COMPUTED BY
CHECKED BY - I
Q,=IP,/QR

WATERSHED OR PROJECT ( E x ~ f l P L E 2L 6, Q

STATE P------

STRUCTURE SITE OR SUBAREA

DR. AREA 23.0 SQ. MI. STRUCTURE CLASSC

Tc HR. STORM DURATION 8

POINT RAINFALL 255 IN.
ADJUSTED RAINFALL:

AREAL : FACTOR

DURATION: FACTOR

RUNOFF CURVE NO. 77

Q Z47 IN.

HYDROGRAPH FAMILY NO.

CDMPUTEDTp '.56 HR.

10.26 HR.
To

REVWI T 6-84
P

- W4A
% - REV. T P
- I428 CFS

(QXSY = m.D2 CFS.

r c o L u u o = (1 / Tp) REV. Tp P(C0tUYI) = (\ / sXQXV

UCDLUMM) = (Q,/QN

Table 21.13 Hydrograph computation.

NEII Notice 4-102, August 1972
Table 21.14.--Rainfall prior to excess rainfall.

(inches) (inches) (inches) (inches) (inches)

Table 21.15.--Wnfall and time ratios for determining To when the storm
duration is greater than 6 hours.

Rain- Time Rain- Time Rain- Time Rain- Time

fall ratio fall ratio fall ratio fall ratio
ratio ratio ratio ratio

(Change in
tabulation
increment. )
Table 21.16. --Hydrograph families and T o / ~ pratios for which dimen-
sionless hydrograph ratios are given in table 21.17

- -

Asterisks signify that dimensionless hydrograph tabulations are given

in table 21.17.
 Table 21.17 --Time, discharge, and accmmlated runoff ratios
for dimensionless hydrographs

Hydrograph Family 1

Line t/Tp qc/qp

No.
 Table 21.17 (continued) Eydrograph Family 1

T,/T~ = 4 To/TP = 6

Line
No.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

21
22
23
24
25

26
 Table 2l. .17 (continued) Hydrograph Family 1

No.

1
2 1.22
3 2.44
4 3.66
5 4.88
6 6 .lo
7 7-72
8 8.54
9 9-76
10 lo. 98
ll. 12.20
12 13.42
13 14.64
14 15.%
15 17.08
16 18.30
17 19-52
18 20.74
1-9 u.96
X) 23.18
21 24.40
22 25.62
23 26.84
24 28.06
23 29.28
26
27
28
29
3Q
31
Table 21.17 (Continued) Hydrograph Family 1

To/Tp = 36

Line t/Tp qc/qp Q~/Q

No.
 Table 21.17 (continued)

Hydrograph Family 2

T ~ / T= ~1 To/Tp = 1.5
Line t/Tp qc/qp Q~/Q
No.
 Table 21.17 (continued) Eydrograph Family 2

%/TI, = 3
Line t / ~ ~
No.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

11
12
13
14
15

16
17
18
19
20

21
22
23
24
25

26
27
28
29
70
31
32
 Table 21.17 (continued) Hydrograph Family 2

Line t / ~ ~
qc/qp t / ~ p qc/qp &t/&
No.
Table 2l.17 (continued) Hydrograph Family 2

To/Tp = 36 To/% = 50 To/Tp = 75

 21.68

Table 21.17 (continued)

Hydrograph Family 3

Line
No.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

ll
1 12
13
14
15

1 16
17
18
19
20

21.
22
23

NM Notice 4-102, August 1972

 Table 21.17 (continued) Hydrograph Family 3

TO/rp= 3
Line t / ~ ~
No.

1 0
2 34
3 .68
4 1.02
5 1.36
6 1.70
7 2.04
8 2.38
9 2-72
10 3.06
11 3.40
12 3.74
13 4.08
14 4.42
15 4.76
16 5.10
17 5-44
18 5.78
19 6.12
X, 6.46
u 6.80
22 7.14
23 7.48
24 7.82
25
26
u.70

Table 21.17(~ontinued) Hydrograph Family 3

Line
No.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

U.
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
 Table 21.17 (Continued) Hydrograph Family 3

Line t/Tp qc/qp

No.
 Table 21.17 (Continued)

iiydrograph Family 4

Line
No.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ll
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

21
22
23
Table 2 l . 17 (continued) Hydrograph Family 4
 u.74

Table 21.17 (continued) EIydrograph Family 4

Line t / ~ ~
No.

1 0
2 .50
3 1.00
4 1.50
5 2.00
6 2.50
7 3.00
8 3-50
g 4.00
10 4.50
ll 5.00
12 5.50
13 6.00
14 6.50
115 7.00
16 7.50
17 8.00
18 8.50
19 9.00
20 9.50
21 10.00
22 10.50
23 11.00
24 ll.50
25 12.00
26 12.50
27 13.00
28 U.50
29 14.00
jo 14.50
31
32
33
34

NM Notice 4-102, A w s t 1972

 Table 21.17 (continued)

Hydrograph Family 4 Hydrograph Family 5

Line t/Tp qc/qp

No.
Table 2 l . 17 (continued) Hydrograph Family 5
 Table 21. 17 (continued) Hydrograph Family 5

Line t/Tp
No.

1 0
2 36
3 -72
4 1.08
5 1.44
6 1.80
7 2.16
8 2.52
g 2.88
10 3.24
11 3.60
12 3.96
13 4.32
14 4.68
15 5.04
16 5.40
17 5-76
18 6.12
lg 6.48
20 6.84
 Table 21.17 (continued) Hydrograph Family 5

Line t/Tp d q p Q~/Q

No.
 Table 21.17 (concluded) Hydrograph Family 5

TO/T, = 50

Line t/TP qc/qP Q~/Q

No.
 -
21.81
HYDROLOGY: CRITERIA FOR DESIGN STORMS USED IN DEVELOPING
EMERGENCY SPILLWAY DESIGN AND FREEBOARD HYDROGRAPHS

DRAINAGE AREA HI SOUARE MILES

((1) RAINFALL RATIOS FOR DRAINAGE AREAS OF

10 TO 100 SQUARE MILES

REFERENCE
U. S. DEPAEIMENT OF AGiLICULl'UEE
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE

(210-VI-NEH-4, Amend. 6, March 1985)

 Runoff curve numbers

Figure 21-3. Chart f o r selectin, a hydrograph family f o r a given

I
r a i n f a l l and runoff curve number. i
NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972
 Duration of excess rainfall in hours - To 1
Figure 21-4. Duration of excess r a i n f a l l f o r a &hour r a i n f a l l and
f o r runoff curve numbers 40 t o 100.

NEH Notice 4-102, August 1972

 FIGURE 21.5 (1 of 5 )

(210-VI-NEH-4, Amend. 6, March 1985)

 FIGURG 21.5 ( 2 of 5 )

(210-VI-NEH-4, Amend. 6, March 1985)

 FIGURE 21.5 ( 3 of 5 )

(210-VI-NM-4, Amend. 6, March 1985)

 FIGURE 21.5 ( 5 of 5)

(210-VI-NEH-4, Amend. 6, March 1985)

FIGURE 21.6 ( 5 of 5 )
FIGURE 21.7 (2 of 5 )
 I I I
0 i

FIGURE 21.7 ( 4 of 5)
-.-

FIGURE 21.7 ( 5 of 5 )
A T L A N T I C o C E A N 1
A T L A N T I C 0 C E A N

I (INCHES) WR DEVELOPING THE FREEWARD HYDROGRAPH f O R CLASS lbl STRUPURES

,
A T L A N T
6s. 30'

I
I C 0 C E A N

PL__
.,..,. ---__ iit,.,.

ES 1023 Sheet 4 di'5

- .. --
FIGURE 21.8 ( 5 of 5 )
FIGURE 21.9 (1 of 5 )
 M I N I M U M [Link] PRfCIPITAlION lincherl for derelopfnp lh. FREEeOARD HYDROGRAPH lor
CLASS 101 STRUCTURES or Ih. EMERGENCY SPILLWAY HYDROGRAPH lor CLASS (b) STRUCTURES

..05

C A
- "r
R B B E A
I
N S E
I
A
.I
I
105 I I
-

U S SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE JUNE 1V6I

--
V$S 64-d Bl'S' 6V.0' 61.35'

ES 1024
6.7
FIGURE 21.9 ( 3 of 5 )
FIGURE 21.9 ( 4 of 5)
 3
(AS ISLAND I IJOHN
SK ISLAND

[Link] PRECIQIIAIION [Link] for [Link] the fREElOARD HYDROGnArH lo, CLASS Id SIRUCIURES

Frob. -ax, 6-hour P d p : n t l m I r o n U.S.W.B. I P r q

 NATIONAL E N G I N W I N G HAWB03K

SECTION 4

HYDROLOGY

CHAPTER 22. GLOSSARY

1956

Reprinted with minor revisions, 3971

 NATIONAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK

SECTION 4

HYDROLOGY

CHAPTER 22. GLOSSARY

d l i s t of d e f i n i t i o n s of words and terms used i n hydrologic

evaluations of watershed projects i s given. Other u s e m d e f i n i t i o n s
a r e given in:

National Handbook of Conservation Practices, Information Division,

S o i l Conservation Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C. 20250.
S o i l and Water Conservation Glossal.g, S o i l Conservation Society
of America, 7515 Northeast Ankeny Road, Ankeny, Iowa 50021.

Nomenclature f o r Hvdraulics (1962), ASCE Manual No. 43 ($6.00),

American Society of C i v i l Engineers, United h g i n e e r i n g Center,
345 East 47th S t r e e t , New York, N e w Pork 10017.

Underlined words and terms i n a d e f i n i t i o n a r e defined elsewhere i n t h e

list.
acre-foot -
The amount of water t h a t w i l l cover 1 acre t o a depth of
1 foot. Equals 43,560 cubic f e e t . Abbreviated AF.

AF - Abbreviation f o r [Link] acre-feet.

annual flood -- The highest peak discharge i n a water year.

annual runoff -
The t o t a l natural discharge of a stream f o r a year,
usually expressed i n inches depth o r AF. See water yield.

annual s e r i e s--
A f r e a u e n c ~s e r i e s i n which only t h e l a r g e s t value i n
each year is used, such a s the annual floods.

annual yield --
The total amount of water obtained i n a year from a
stream, spring, artesian well, etc. Usually expressed i n inches
depth, AF, millions of gallons, o r cubic f e e t .
L
antececlent moisture condition (AMC) -
The degree of wetness of a water-
shed a t t h e beginning of a storm. (See Chapter 4, Storm r a i n f a l l
data).
area r a i n f a l l --.The average r a i n f a l l over an area, usually a s derived
from, o r discussed i n contrast with, p o i n t r a i n f a l l .

base flow --
Stream discharge derived from groundwater sources. Some-
times considered t o include flows from regulated lakes o r reservoirs.
Fluctuates much l e s s than storm runoff.

cfs -- Abbreviationf o r cubic f e e t per second. A u n i t of water flow.

Sometimes called [Link]

c f s day --Often called a second-foot-dax. The volume of water

represented by a flow of 1 cubic f o o t per second f o r a period of
one day.

consumptive use --
A term used mainly by i r r i g a t i o n engineers t o mean
t h e .mount of water use3 i n crop growth plus evaporation from the
s o i l . See e v a ~ o t r a n s v i r a t i o n .

cover -- The vegetation, o r vegetational debris such a s mulch, t h a t

e x i s t s on t h e s o i l surface. I n some c l a s s i f i c a t i o n schenes, such
a s t a b l e 9-1, fallow o r bare s o i l i s taken a s t h e minimum cover
class.

cross section (stream o r valley) --

The shape of a channel, stream, o r
valley, viewed across t h e axis. I n watershed investigations it
i s determined by a l i n e approldmately perpendicular t o t h e main
path of water flow, along which measurements of distance and ele-
vation a r e taken t o define t h e cross-sectional area.

damage reach -
A length of floodplain o r valley selected f o r damage
evaluation. (See Chapter 6, Stream reaches and cross sections).

degree-day -- As use3 i n snowmelt s t l d i e s , a day with an average

temperature one degree above 32' F. The average i s usually
o b t a i n d by averaging t h e m a x i m and minimum f o r t h e day. A
day with an average of GO0 F. gives S degree-days.

depth-area curve --
A graph showing t h e change i n average r a i n f a l l
depth as s i z e of a r e a changes.

design storm -- A given r a i n f a l l amount, a r e a l d i s t r i b u t i o n , and time

d i s t r i b u t i o n , used t o estimate runoff. The r a i n f a l l amount i s e i t h e r
a given frequency (25-, 50-year, etc.) o r a s p e c i a l l a r g e value.
(See Chapter 21, Design hydrographs) .
d i r e c t runoff -- The water t h a t e n t e r s t h e stream channels during a
storm o r soon a f t e r , forming a mqoff hydrograph. May c o n s i s t of
r a i n f a l l on t h e stream surface, surface m o f f , and seepage of
i n f i l t r a t e d water (rapid subsurface flow).
double-mass curve -- A graph in which accumulated amounts of item X
are plotted versus accumulated amounts of item Y, the amounts for
given times being used.
drainage area -- The ares draining into a stream at a given point. The
area may be of different sizes for surface rmoff, subsurface flow,
and base flow, but generally the surface runoff area is used as
the drainage area. See watershed.
effective duration -- The time in a storm d-mingwhich the water supply
for direct mnoff is produced. Also used to mean the riuration of
excess rainfall.
effective rainfall --Another term for direct runoff. Usually not the
s m e quantity on upland streams as on downstream rivers because of
variability of seepage flows.
emergency spillway -- A rock or vegetated earth waterway around a dam,
built with its crest above the normally used principal suillwag.
Used to assist the principal spillway in conveying extreme amounts
of m o f f safely past the dam.
SET -- Abbreviation for evapotransoiration.
eviluation series -- A list of floods or storms that produced floods
during a representative period, and used in water project evaluation
to obtain estimates of flood damages.
evapotranspiration - Plant transpiration plus evaporation from the soil.
Difficult to determine separately, therefore used as a unit for
study. See B m t i v e use.
excessive precipitation -Standard USWB term for "Rainfall in which the
rate of fall is greater than certain adopted limits, chosen with
regard to the normal precipitation (excluding snow) of a given
place or area." Not the same as excess rainfall.
excess rainfall -- Direct runoff at the place where it originates.
fallow -Cropland kept free of vegetation during the growing season.
May be a normal part of the cropping system for weed control,
water conservation, soil conditioning, etc.
fc -- Symbol for the low, almost uniform, infiltration rate obtained
after prolonged wetting of the soil.
flood -- I n common usage, an event where a stream overflows i t s normal
banks. I n frequency analysis it means an -ual flood t h a t may not
overflow the banks.

flood routing - Determining t h e changes i n a flood wave a s it moves

downstream through a v a l l e y o r through a reservoir (then sometimes
c a l l e d r e s e r v o i r routing). Graphic o r numerical methods a r e used.

flood pool -- Floodwater storage i n a reservoir. I n a floodwater retarding

r e s w v o i r , t h e temporary storage between t h e c r e s t s of t h e p r i n c i p a l
and a e r a e n c v soillways.

floodwater retarding s t r u c t u r e -- A dam, us-rally with an e a r t h f i l l ,

having a flood pool where incoming flood water i s temporarily
stored and slowly released downstream t h o u g h a p r i n c i p a l spillway.
The reservoir contains a sediment pool and sometimes storage f o r
i r r i g a t i o n o r other purposes.

flood wave -- The r i s e and f a l l i n streamflow during and a f t e r a storm.

frequency -- An expression o r measure of how o f t e n a hydrologic event

of given s i z e o r magnitude should, on an average, be equaled o r
exceeded.. For example a 50-year frequency flood should be equaled
o r exceeded i n s i z e , on t h e average, only once i n 50 years. I n
drought o r deficiency s t u d i e s it usually defines how many years
w i l l , on t h e average, be equal t o o r l e s s than a given s i z e o r
magnitude.

frequency l i n e -- The l i n e on probability paper t h a t represents a

s e r i e s of events and t h e i r frequencies.

frequency s e r i e s -- A sequence o r a r r a y of a c t u a l events (floods, etc.)

s u i t a b l e f o r use i n frequency analysis; o r , a sequence o r a r r a y of
hypothetical events obtained from a frequency analysis.

ground water --
The water i n t h e saturated zone beneath t h e water table.
A source of base flow i n streams.

Hazen equation -- F = (2n - 1 ) /2y. Used to obtain p l o t t i n g positions

f o r p l o t t i n g ffood values on log-normal paper. (See Chapter 18,
Frequency methods).

Hazen method -
A s considered. i n the Hydrology Guide, it c o n s i s t s of
using the Hazen e w a t i o n and log-normal oauer ( o r Hazen paper) to
obtain frequencies. More generally, it c o n s i s t s a l s o of skewness
computations described by Allen Hszen i n h i s book, "Flood flow^,^
published i n 1930 by John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y.
historical series --
A l i s t of a l l a c t u a l storms ( o r floods) t h a t
caused flood damage i n a watershed, i n a given period of years,
with the d a t e of each storm of flood being known.

hydrograph -- A graph showing, f o r a given point on a s t r e m o r f o r a

given point i n dny drainage system, t h e discharge, stage, v e l o c i t y
o r other property of water with respect t o time.

hydrologic soil-cover complex --

A combination of a h-vdroloaic s o 2
and a type of cover.

hydrologic s o i l group -- A group of s o i l s having t h e same runoff

potential under similar storm and cover conditions.

hydrology -- The science t h a t deals with t h e occurrence and behavior of

water i n the atmosphere, on the ground, and underground. Rainfall
i n t e n s i t i e s , r a i n f a l l interception by t r e e s , e f f e c t s of crop
rotations on runoff, floods, droughts, t h e flow of springs and
wells, a r e some of t h e topics studied by a hydrologist.

i n i t i a l abstraction ( I a )- When considering surface runoff, & i s all

t h e r a i n f a l l before -off begins. When considering d i r e c t runoff,
I, consists of interception, evaporation, and the soil-water
storage t h a t must be exhausted before d i r e c t runoff may begin.
Sometimes c a l l e d "initial l o s s , " about which see loss.

infiltration - Rainfall minus interception, evaporation, and surface

runoff. The p a r t of r a i n f a l l t h a t enters the s o i l .

interception -- P r e c i p i t a t i o n retained on plant o r plant residue surfaces

and f i n a l l y abswbed, evaporated, o r sublimated. That which flows
down the plant t o the ground i s called "~temflow'~ and not counted
a s t r u e interception.

-
i r r i g a t i o n pool Reservoir storage used t o s t o r e water f o r r e l e a s e
a s needed i n i r r i g a t i o n .

isohyet -- A l i n e on a map, connecting points 3f equal r a i n f a l l amounts.

l a g ( o r l a g time) - Is t h e time from t h e centroid of r a i n f a l l t o t h e

peak of t h e hydrograph. It can be estimated from time of concentra-
- t i o n a s 0.6 T,.
land treatment measure --A tillage practice, a pattern of tillage or
land use, or any land improvement, with a substantial effect of
reducing runoff and sediment production or of improving use of
drainage and irrigation facilities. Examples are contouring,
improved crop rotations, controlled grazing, land leveling, field
drainage. In hydrologic computations, nonbeneficial measures
(such as straight-row, poor-rotation corn) are included for
convenience in evaluation. See table 9-1. In general conservation
work "land treatment measuren has a broader meaning that includes
measures to improve the soil, control sheet erosion, increase soil
fertility.
land use --
A land classification. m, such as row crops or pasture,
indicates a kind of land use. Roads may also be classified as a
separate land use. For a classification scheme, see table 9-1.
log paper --Short for "rull-logarithmic graph paper," which is a graph
paper (available commercially) that has logarithmic scales on
both horizontal and vertical axes. Sometimes called "log-log paper."
The scales may be any number of cycles, but usually in combinations
like I d , 2x2, 3x3, 3x5, W , etc.
log-normal - Short for "logarithmic-normal probability distribution."
log-normal paper -- Graph paper used in estimating frequemies of floods,
etc. Has a logarithmic scale for the flood (or other) amounts,
and a cumulative distribution scale (also called frequency or
percent chance scale) for the probability plotting positions.
loss -- In hydrology, a loss for one purpose is usually a gain for another,
so that the net effect may be more important than the loss. At
various times, waaotransairation, initial abstraction, infiltration,
surface storaee, direct runoff, seepage, etc. have been called losses
according to the aims of a water user. See water loss.
Manning's n -
A coefficient of roughness, used in a formula for esti-
mating the capacity of a channel to convey water. Generally, Wt
values are determined by inspection of the channel. See Chapter U ,
Stage-discharge relations.
mean daily -The average or mean discharge of a stream for one day.
Usually given in cfs.
NM-L - National Engineering Handbook, Section 4, Hydrology.
NM-5 - National Engineering Handbook, Section 5, Hydraulics.
normal -- A mean or average value established from a series of
observations, for purposes of comparison of some meteorological
or hydrological event.
partial-duration series --
A list of all events, such as floods,
occurring above a selected base, without regard to the number,
within a given period. In the case of floods, the selected base
is usually equal to the smallest annual flood, in order to include
at least one flood in each year.
percent chance - A name often given to the probability scale on log-
normal paper. A 2-percent chance flood is a 50-year frequency
flood ( see fresuencx) since
100 = frequency in years
percent chance
plotting position --
The point computed by an equation and used to
locate given data on probability paper. See Chapter 18, Frequency
methods.
point rainfall -- Rainfall at a single rain gage.
principal spillway -- A concrete or metal pipe or conduit used with a
drop inlet dam or floodwater retarding structure. It conveys,
in a safe and nonerosive manner, all ordinary discharges coming
into a resemoir a d all of an extreme amount that does not pass
through the emeraencv spillwax.
probability paper --
Any graph paper prepared especially for plotting
magnitudes of events versus their frequencies or probabilities.
See log-normal paper.

reach -- A length of stream or valley, selected for convenience in a

study. See damage reach, stream reach.
recession curve --
The receding portion of a hydrograph, occurring
after excess rainfall has stopped.
recurrence interval --
The average number of years within which a given
event will be equaled or exceeded. A 50-year freauencp flood has
a 50-year recurrence interval; and so on.
regional analysis --
Flood frequency lines for gaged watersheds in a
similar area or region are use3 to develop a flood frequency line
for an ungaged watershed in that region. Also used with other
types of hydrologic data. Method is a simple (usually graphical
and freehand) form of "regression analysis1'used by statisticians.
reservoir routing -- Flood routing through a reservoir.
s. d. - Abbreviation f o r standard deviation.
second-foot -- See cfs.
second-foot-day --
The volume of water represented by a flow of one
cubic foot per second f o r a period of one day.

sediment pool -
Reservoir storage provided f o r sediment, thus prolonging
the usef'ulness of floodwater or irrigation pools.

semilog paper --
Short f o r tfsemilogaritbmic graph paper," which i s graph
paper having an arithmetic scale along one axis and a logarithmic
scale along t h e other. Either scale i s used f o r the independent
variable, as the data require. Commercially available paper has
various divisions (5, 6, 7, 10 to the inch) f o r the arithmetic
scale, and various cycles (1, 2, 3 , 4, 5) f o r the logarithmic side.

skew - When data plot i n a curve on l o ~ - n o dDaper the curvature

is skewness. (See Chapter 18, Frequency methodsj.
ccmall grains -- Wheat, oats, barley, flax, rice, and other close-
d r i l l d o r broadcast grain crops.

mil-cover complex - See hsdroloaic soil-cover complex.

soil-water-storage - The amount of water the s o i l s (including geologic

formations) of a watershed w i l l store a t a given time. Amounts
vary from watershed t o watershed. The amount for a given w a t e r
shed i s continually varying as r a i n f a l l or ET takes place.

spillway - See p r i n c i ~ a ls ~ i l l w a yand emergency s ~ i l l w a x .

standard deviation -
Statisticians' name f o r an important measure of
dispersion, abbreviated s.d. Data grouped closely about t h e i r
mean have a small s.d.; grouped l e s s closely, they have a larger
s.d. See table 18-3 f o r calculation of s.d.

standard rain gage -

Also l t s t a n d d gage." The UWB nonrecording rain
gage, having an opening 8 inches i n diameter, and a holding capacity
of 2 inches of rainfall. The gage i s usually examined once daily
a t a regular time, and the catch ( i f any) measured by depth i n
inches and hundredths of an inch.

storageindication method -
Name often given to a flood-routing method
also often called the Puls method ( a f t e r Louis G. Fuls) though it
i s actually a variation of the method devised by Puls.
stream reach -- A length of stream channel selected for use in
hydraulic or other computations.
structural measure -- For flood prevention work, any form of earthwork
(dam, ditch, levee, etc.) or installation of concrete, maso ,
"r
metal or other material (drop spillway, jetties, riprap, etc. ;
or installation for forest fire protection (firetowers, roads,
firebreaks); or, in some cases, a special planting for no~lrarm
purposes (stabilization of critical sediment-praducing area, etc. ) .
subsurface runoff --
Water that infiltrates the soil and reappears
as seepage or spring flow, and forms part of the flood hydrograph
for that storm. Difficult to determine in practice and seldom
worked with separately. See direct runoff.
subwatershed-- A watershed that is part of a larger watershed. It is
worked on separately when necessary in order to improve computa-
tional accuracy for results on a whole watershed basis, or to get
results for that area only.
surface runoff --
Total rainfall minus interception, evaporation, infil-
tration, and surface storace, an& which moves across the ground
surface to a stream or depression.
surface storage - Natural or man-made roughness of a land surface, which
stores some or all of the surface runoff of a storm. Natural
depressions, contour furmws, and terraces are usually considered
as producing surface storage, but stock ponds, reservoirs, stream
channel storage, etc. are generally excluded.
synthetic series --A storm or flood series obtained by taking selected
values from a frequency line based on historical data.
time of concentration (Tc) -- The time it takes water from the most
distant point (hydraulically) to reach a watershed outlet. Tc
varies, but often used as constant.
transmission loss --
A reduction in volume of flow in a stream, canal,
or other waterway, due to infiltration or seepage into the channel
bed and banks. Evaporation is also a transmission loss, but it
is ordinarily neglected under the assumption that it is szall.
travel time -- The average time for water to flow through a reach or
other stream or valley length that is less than the total length.
A travel time is part of a Tc but never the whole Tc.
u n i t hydrograph - A discharge hydrograph coming from 1 inch of d i r e c t
runoff d i s t r i b u t e d uniformly over the watershed, with t h e d i r e c t
runoff generated a t a uniform r a t e during t h e given storm duration.
A watershed may have 1-hour, 2-hour, etc. unit hydrographs.

USGS -- United S t a t e s Department of t h e I n t e r i o r , Geological Survey.

USWB -- United S t a t e s Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau.

water equivalent -- The depth of water, i n inches, t h a t r e s u l t s from

melting a give2 depth of snow.

water l o s s --
Variable meaning, depending on personal i n t e r e s t of water
user. Farmers and ranchers usually think of flood runoff a s a
water loss; many r i v e r engineers think of i n f i l t r a t i o n a s a wlter
loss. I n Hydrology Guide, t h e meaning i s apparent from t h e context.
See loss.

watershed - The area contribdting d i r e c t runoff t o a stream. Usually

it i s assumed t h a t base flow i n t h e stream a l s o comes from t h e
same .area. However, t h e ground-water watershed may be l a r g e r o r
smaller.

watershed measures -
Any vegetative o r s t r u c t u r a l means (including
earthwork) of d i r e c t l y improving o r conserving the s o i l and water
resources of a watershed.. See land treatment measure and s t r u c t u r a l
measure.

- The upper surface of p o u n d water.

wster t a b l e

water year - The year taken a s beginning October 1. Often used f o r

convenience i n streamflow work, since i n many areas streamflow i s
a t i t s lowest a t t h a t time. Used by USGS i n t h e i r WSP.

water yield --
The a c t u a l streamflow, a t a given place, from a watershed.
This i s n a t u r a l annual r m o f f t h a t may be affected by i r r i g a t i o n
uses, reservoir losses, diversions i n t o o r out of t h e watershed,
etc.

WSP - Water-Supply Paper. An annual publication of the USGS, i n which

streamflow f o r t h e water vear i s given f o r all gaged streams i n a
suMivision of t h e United S t a t e s o r i n Hawaii.
 CONVERSIONS

THIS : TIMES THIS: GIVES YOU THIS:

c f s days 1.983 AF
c f s days 0.03719 inches depth on 1 square
mile
c f s days per square mile 0.03719 inches depth
cf s hours 0.08264 AF
c f s hours per square mile 0.001550 inches depth

cf s 1.983 AF per day

cfs 724.0 AF per year (365 days)
cfs 418.8 U. S. gallons per minute
cfs 0.6463 million U. S. gallons
per day
inches depth per day

c sm 13.57 inches depth per year

(365 days)
inches per hour 645.3 cs m
inches per hour 1.038 c f s per acre
inches depth 53.33 AF per square mile
inches depth on 1 sq. mi. 53.33 AF

AF 0.5042 c f s days
AF 12.10 c f s hours
AF 0.01875 inches depth on 1 square
nile
AF 0.3258 million U. S. gallons
AF per day 0.50L2 cfs

AF per square mile 0.01875 inches depth

U. S. gallons per minute 0.002228 cfs
million U. S. gallons per day 1.547 cf s
million U. S. gallons per day 3.069 AF
f e e t per second 0.6818 miles per hour

centimeters 0.3937 inches

he2 t a r e s 2. L71 acres
liters 0.2642 U. S. gallons
kilograms 2.205 pounds
cubic f e e t 7.480 U. S. gallons
imperial gallons 1.200 U. S. gallons

*.U.S. M
T- PRINTING OFFICE, 1985-527:351