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Using plastic in pavement construction
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
272 views47 pagesMini Project On Plastic Roads
Using plastic in pavement construction
Uploaded by
TarunCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
ABSTRACT
We face Challenges and for developing countries like India, china, ete, The major
problem they are suffering is the disposal of plastic waste and establishing a road
network which is economical and durable with the help of this presentation we are
trying to introduce various ways in which plastic can be utilized and since our project
is mainly focusing on plastic roads we have also explained various steps 10 be
followed for using plastic in roads. With the help of this technology a major problem
of disposal of plastics waste can be solved at the same time, using plastic in roads
inereases the strength and durability of roads, On the other hand it ts economic
pollution free and safe. Plastic technology has a wide range of scope. Since this can
be used in cloth making, Rail Sleepers and also plastic can be used as construction
‘material and if plastic roads are brought into regular practice this will inerease the
demand of transportation engineer who are aware of this technology. Increasing
demand of plastics will also enhance the work of plastics pickers, hence solving the
problem of employment
Scanned with CamScanner CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES.
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTERL
INTRODUCTION
1.1 WHY USE PALSTIC
1.2 NEED TO STUDY
1.3 WASTE PLASTIC- AS BINDER
CHAPTER2
2.1 BANGALORE'’S KK PROCESS
2.2 FLOW CHART
CHAPTER3
3.1 AGGREGATE
2 BITUMEN
3.3 WASTE PLASTIC
CHAPTER 4
4.1 COLLECTION OF WASTE PLASTIC
4.2 CLEANING & SHREDDING OF WASTE PLASTIC
4.3 MIXING
4.4 LAYING OF BITUMINOUS MIX
CHAPTERS
S.1 IMPACT VALUE TEST
5.2 LA ABRASION TEST
5.3 PENETRATION TEST OF BITUMEN
5.4 PENETRATION TEST OF BITUMEN POLYMER MIX
5 STRIPPING VALUE TEST
5.6 MARSHALL TEST
CHAPTER 6
6.1 DRY PROCESS
Scanned with CamScanner 6.2 WET PROCESS
CHAPTERT
7.1 ADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC ROADS
7.2 DISADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC ROADS,
7.3 COST ANALYSIS
CHAPTERS
‘CASE STUDIES IN INDIA
CHAPTERS
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES,
40
4l
4
a
Scanned with CamScanner ol
02
03
04.
05
06
07
08
09.
10
LIST OF FIGURES
Plastic Bitumen Road
Figure
Flowchart
Aggregate
Bitumen
Rag Pickers
Cleaning Process
Shredding Machine
Central Mixing Plant
Impact Test Setup
Penetration Test Setup
Wet Process
vil
37
Scanned with CamScanner LIST OF TABLES
DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
‘Avg. Municipal Solid Waste Production 2
2 Plastic Consumption in India 3
3 Population Growth and Impact on Overall Waste 3
Generation and Future Predictions until 2041
4 Aggregate test 10
5 ste Plastic & its source 19
6 Impact Value 26
7 Avg. LA Abrasion Value 27
8 Penetration test of Bitumen 28
9 Penetration test of Bitumen-Polymer mix 28
10 Stripping Value 30
n Optimum Bitumen Content 32
12 Plastic content vis Stability 3
13 Comparison between ordinary bituminous roads and 38
waste plastic bituminous roads.
4 Cost Analysis for Road Construction au
Scanned with CamScanner CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
India has a road network of over 4,689,842 kilometers (2,91
33 mi) in 2013, the second
largest road network in the world, Adjusted for its large population, India has less than 3.8
kilometers of roads per 1000 people, including all its paved and unpaved roads. In terms of
quality, all season, 4 or more lane highways, India has less than 0.07 kilometers of
highways per 1000 people, as per 2010 statistics.
Plastic products are an integral part in our daily life as a basic need. One such method is
using of municipal plastic waste as binder in flexible pavements. Municipal waste,
commonly known as trash or garbage, is a combination of all of a city's solid and semisolid
‘waste, It includes mainly household or domestic waste, but it can also contain commercial
and industrial waste. Much of itis not recyeted, and ends up in landfills or as litter on land,
in waterways and the ocean,
The estimate of eight million tonnes of plastic being dumped into the oceans by 192 coastal
countries in 2010 may appear staggeringly high, in reality the quantity would be many
times more. Municipal plastic waste comprises of 65-75 percent of the total plastic waste
generated in India. At twelfth position, India is one of the worst performers. It has dumped
up to 0.24 million tons of plastic into the ocean every year; the amount of mismanaged
plastic waste per year is 0.6 million tons. In the case of China, the No. 1 polluter, the coastal
popula
n sends up to 3.53 million tons of plastic waste into the oceans each year
Plastic coated may have same or even higher stiffness than conventional bitumen, but
Without a large increase in flexibility. These modified mixes reduce the permanent
deformation or rutting of the bituminous surface course under traffic loads. These offer
better resistance to deformation under at higher temperatures.
‘The process involved in laying plastic roads begins with collection of plastic waste (bags,
cups, thermocole) made out of PE, PP, & PS which are separated, cleaned if needed and
shredded to small pieces (pi
ing through 4.3mm sieve) The aggregate (granite) is heated
to 170°C in the Mini hot Mix Plant and the shredded plas softened
ic waste is added. it gets
nd coated over the aggregate, Immediately the hot Bitumen (160°C) is added and mixed
well, As the polymer and the bitumen are is the molten state (liquid state) they get mixed
and the blend is formed at surface of the aggregate. The mixture is transferred to the road
and the road is laid. This technique is extended to Central Mixing Plant too.
Scanned with CamScanner ‘The durability of the roads laid out with pl
stie waste is much more compared with roads
ith asphalt with the ordinary mix. Roads laid with plastic waste mix are found to be better
than the conventional ones. The binding property of plastic makes the road last longer
besides giving added strength to withstand more loads,
In recent years, applications of plastic wastes have been considered in road construction
with great interest in many developing countries. The use of these materials in road making
is based on technical, economic, and ecological criteria, In the state of Maharashtra they
the test road of length up to 1,500 km, Other states like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,
Pondicherry, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh have also laid test roads. These roads have
withstand loads due to heavy traffic, rain and temperature variation.
Data on plastic consumption and generation of plastic waste
A material that contains one or more organic polymers of large molecular weight, solid in
its finish state and at some state while manufacturing or processing into finished articles,
can be shaped by its flow is termed as plasties. The plastic constitutes two major category
of plastics; (i) Thermoplasties and (ii) Thermoset plastics. The thermoplastics, constitutes
80% and thermoset constitutes approximately 20% of total postconsumer plastics waste
generated. The following table describes the average municipal solid waste produ
from 0.21 to 0.50 Kg per capita per day in India,
Population Range (Millions) Average Per Capita Value
0.1-0.5 0.21
0.25
0.27
0.38
5 0.50
Scanned with CamScanner Plastic Consumption in India’ "7
Consumption (Tones)
61,000
2001 4,00,000
2006 7,00.000
2011 13500000
Population Growth and Impact on Overall Waste Generation and Future Predictions
until 2041:
Year Per Capita Total Waste
ssneration Thousand
Tonsiyear
2001 3 0a39 31.03
2011 260.1 0.498 473
2021 328 0509 mas
2031 4518 09 lo701
2036 S186 0693 i124
2041 5984 o7at 160.96
Scanned with CamScanner 1.1 WHY USE OF PLASTIC
1. Disposal of waste plastic is a major problem
2. It is non-biodegradable
3. Burning of these waste plastic bags causes environmental pollution,
4. Itmainly consi
5. Tofind
ts of low-density polyethylene
S utility in bituminous mixes for road construction
6. Laboratory performance studies were conducted on bituminous mixes. Labora
studies proved that waste plastic enhances the property of the mix
7. Improvement in properties of bituminous mix provides the solution for disposal in an
useful way.
9, Good insulation for cold, heat & sound saving energy and reducing noise pollution.
10. It is economical and has a longer life.
II. Maintenance free.
12, Hygienic & problems.
13, Ease of processing/ installation
14, Light weight.
Scanned with CamScanner 1.2 NEED OF STUDY
1) Disposal of waste plastic is a major problem.
2) It is non-biodegradable.
3) It mainly consists of low-density polyethylene
4) To find its utility in bituminous mixes for road construction.
5) Burning of these waste plastic bags causes
environmental pollution,
6) Laboratory performance studies were conducted on bituminous mixes
7) Studies proved that waste plastic enhances the property of the mix
8) Improvement in properties of bituminous mix provides the solution for disposal in an
useful way.
Scanned with CamScanner 1.3 WASTE PLASTICS - AS BINDER AND MODIFIER
Waste plastics (polythene carry bags, etc.) on heating soften at around 130°C. Thermo
gravimetric analysis has shown that there is no gas evolution in the temperature range
of 130-180°C. Moreover, the softened plastics have a binding property. Hence, the
molten plastics materials can be used as a binder and/or they can be mixed with binder
like bitumen to enhance their binding property. This may be a good modifier for the
bitumen, used for road construction.
DIFFERENT TYPE OF WASTE PLASTIC (POLYMER) AND ITS ORIG!
‘Type of waste plastic (polymer) Origin
Low density polyethylene (LDPE): bags, sacks, bin lining and squeezable
detergent bottles ete
High density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles of pharmaceuticals, disinfectants,
milk, fruit juices, bottle caps ete
Polypropylene (PP): bottle cap and closures, film wrapping for
microwave trays for ready-made
Meals ete,
Polystyrene (PS): yoghurt pots, clear egg packs, bottle caps.
Foamed Polystyrene food trays, egg boxes, disposable cups,
protective packaging ete
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): mineral water bottles, credit cards, toys,
pipes and gutters; electrical fittings, ete
6
Scanned with CamScanner CHAPTER 2
~ CONCEPT OF UTILISATION OF WASTE
PLASTIC IN BITUMINOUS MIXES FOR ROAD
CONSTRUCTION
This Concept of Utilization of Waste Plastic in Bituminous Mixes for Road Construction
has been done since 2000 in India,
2.1 BANGALORE’S KK PROCESS
Atthe in
‘iative of M/s KK. Poly Flex Pvt. Ltd., a study on the possible use of the processed
plastic waste bags with the bituminous mixes was carried out at the R.V. College of
Engineering Bangalore. A group of students of B.E. degree course in Chemical Engineering
of this college under the guidance of the concemed teaching staff carried out their final year
project work for studying the possibility of using of the processed plastic bags with bitumen
and bituminous mixes. As some encouraging results were reported in this study, M/s K.K.
Poly Flex Pvt. Ltd. later approached the Centre for Transportation Engineering of Bangalore
University with the request to carry out further research studies on the effects of using the
processed plastic bags with bituminous vad cot
mixes struction works.
In practice, such a “plastic road” laid in Bangalore (at the busy Rajarajeshwari Junction) in
March 2001 as a technology demonstration for the Chief Minister, showed superior
smoothness and uniformity and less rutting as compared to a plastics-free road laid at the
same time, which has begun to develop “crocodile cracks”, As a result, by now 25 km of
“plastic roads” have been laid in Bangalore, unfortunately without another same-day
plastics-free normal road. All these 25 km are performing well. The process was also
approved in 2003 by the CRRI=Central Road Research Institute Delhi, and has thereafter
been included in the Govt of Karnataka
s PWD Schedule of Rates. Road life improves
through improved tackiness and viscosity of the bituminous mix, thereby binding the stones
more firmly together and improving the water-resistance of the mix to rain ete.
Scanned with CamScanner 2.2 FLOW CHART SHO" 'G METHOD FOR
CONSTRUCTION OF ROAD
Raw Material
YY
Bitumen Polymer Waste
(60/70 & 8/100) (canny bag,cups, Thermocole)
Segregation
— PE,PP & PS Pye
Study of properties
| Waste Plastic Blending with Bitumen
¥ Waste plastic blending with
Charsctenzation] = —* | aggregate Bitumen
Proceess fox zvad laying,
Road laying
Monitoring the road
Scanned with CamScanner CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS USED
3.1 AGGREGATE
The aggregates are bound together either by bituminous materials or by cement. In a few
cases, the rock dust itself when mixed with water forms slurry which acts as a binding
medium,
The aggregates may be classified into natural and artificial aggregates. The natural
aggregates again are classified as coarse aggregates consisting of crushed rock aggregates or
gravels and fine aggregates or sand, The blast furnace slag obtained as by-product from blast
furnaces is the one extensively used as road construction material,
Stone aggregate used for road work should be hard, tough, durable and hydrophobic for
bituminous surface. Gravel should be well graded (6.4mm to 38mm) and should have a
fineness modulus of not less than 5.75. Sand should be sharp, well graded, clean of all silts,
clay and organic matter.
The quantity of aggregates used in first coat of surface dressing should be 0.15 m3 per 10
m2 area of 12mm nominal size. On the other hand, the quantity of aggregate used in second
coat of surface dressing should be 0.15 m3 per 10 m2 areas and of 10mm nominal size.
sr. Test Permissible
No values
I Abrasion test
a. Using Los Angeles machine (max
b, Aggregates impact test (imax)
2 Stripping test (max)
‘Water absorption (expect in the case of slag) max. 1%
4] Soundness test: Loss with sodium sulphate 5 cycles (in
case of slag only) max
Scanned with CamScanner 5 Weight unit or Bulk density (in slag only) 1120 perm?
Fig 4: Aggregate
3.2 BITUMEN
Bitumen is used as binders in pavements constructions, Bitumen may be derived from the
residue left by the refinery from naturally occurring asphalt. As per definition given by the
American Society of Testing Materials bitumen has been defined as “Mixtures of
hydrocarbons of natural or pyrogenous origin, or combination of both, frequently
mi-solid or
accompanied by their non-metallic derivatives, which may be gaseous, liquid,
solid, and which are completely soluble in carbon di-sulphide.” Bitumen found in natural
state known as asphalt contains large quantities of solid mineral matter.
When petroleum crude is refined in a refinery, they are separated by fractional distillation in
the order of decreasing volatility, On distillation of the residual bituminous residue, straight-
run bitumen is obtained. This
men is known as penetration grade bitumen or steam
refined petroleum bitumen
The grades of bitumen used for pavement construction is known as paving grades and that
used for water proofing of structures is known as industrial grades. The grade of straight run
bitumen is chosen depending upon the climatic conditions of the region in which surface
Scanned with CamScanner dressi
x is to be constructed. In most parts of India 80/100 and 180/200 grade bitumen is
Bitumen: 60/70, 80/100
ade bitumen,
3.3 WASTE PLASTIC
Plastics are durable and degrade very slowly; the chemical bonds that make plastic so durable
make it equally resistant to natural processes of degradation. Since the 1950s, one billion
tons of plastic have been discarded and may persist for hundreds or even thousands of years.
Perhaps the biggest environmental threat from plastic comes from nurdles, which are the raw
material from which all plastics are made. They are tiny pre-plastic pellets that kill large
numbers of fish and birds that mistake them for food. Prior to the ban on the use of CFCs in
extrusion of polystyrene (and general use, except in life-critical fire suppression syst
ms; see
Montreal Protocol), the production of polystyrene contributed to the depletion of the ozone
layer; however, non-CFCs are currently used in the extrusion process.
‘Thermoplastics can be remolded and reused, and thermoset plastics can be ground up and
used as filler, although the purity of the material tends to degrade with each reuse cycle,
There are methods by which plastics can be broken back down to a feedstock state,
Scanned with CamScanner Classification of Plastie Waste:
« THERMOPLASTICS
Thermoplastic is a material whose structure and viscosity can be modified both ways through
heating or cooling. This large family of materials is commonly used by many industries and
is easily integrated into France’s recycling cycles. The following polymers are some
examples of plastic material:
* POLYOLEFINS:
This type of plas
c includes materials such as polyethylene (PE, the world’s most commonly
used thermoplastic resin), ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA), as well as
polypropylene (PP) which, like PE, is processed by Paprec’s recycling factories. Obtained
through the polymerisation of ethylene, polyethylene is a waxy solid, colourless and
odourless. Itis soluble at 60 to 80°C in some organic solvents, and is not usually plasticised
‘ity PE (LDPE), and high density PE (HDPE). It
is used to make plastic bags, cling films (future recyclable plastic waste), flasks, bottle
Polyethylene comes in two types: low de
containers, toys, buckets, basins, flexible tubing, or cisterns. Tupperware also contains PE.
Bags for industrial use, household waste, or bottles for cleaning products are commonly
made from recycled LDPE and HDPE. EVA copolymers are used in their pure form or mixed
with other thermoplastic materials, for use in the manufacturing of industrial glues, among
other things. Certain additives, such as calcium fillers, organic or mineral pigments,
antioxidants, surface modifiers (for smoothing the surface of resins and improving electrical
conductivity), or pore-forming agents (to create alveolar material) are added to polyethylene
befor use,
Polypropylene (PP) on the other hand is a solid obtained through the polymerisation of
propylene which offers good heat-resistance, only melting at 160 or 170°C. It comes in the
form of powder, fibres, or granules, and is used most notably for various filtering products,
pumps, fenders, automobile reservoirs, or various packaging films. Asa matter of fact, some
of these products, after going through the p!
ic packaging recycling cycle, will be used to
make wrapping for industrial liquids. Additives used during its manufacturing are the same
as for PE. The “injection” of PP creates plastics that are easily recycled, except for “film”
Scanned with CamScanner PP. It can be noted that thermoplastic elastomers can be obtained by combining EPDM
rubber (ethylene propylene diene monomer) with polypropylene.
«VINYL POLYMERS
The vinyl polymer family contains a great number of thermoplastic materials, among which
a
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) that can come in many shapes powdered, granules, a paste, an
emulsion, or dissolved. Supple PVC can be used to make coated textiles for clothing and
leather goods
ulation sheathing, adhesive tape, or tarpaulin (some of these will become
recyclable products). The rigid PVC can be used for sanitation pipes, windows, blinds,
gutters, electrical cables, surfacing, and food or chemical packaging (these are also future
recyclable plastic material). When making this type of plastic, stabilizers, lubricants,
plasticisers, fillers, and pigments can also be added. And although some PVC products, stich
as plumbing, cannot be recycled, most can undergo the plastic recycling cycle (such
construction waste).
~ Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) comes in the form of a white water-soluble resin, and is
particularly used as a binder coating for paper and cardboard, for industrial glues, of
textile
- Polyvinyl acetate (PVAC), whose polymer is a transparent resin, is commercialised as
granules, cartons, pearls, and various solutions. It is used mainly for paints, or quick-dry
vamishes.
ince and is
- Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) is a powder with strong chemical re:
highly impermeable to water vapour, certain gases and oils. Industries uses it to make
certain complex paper-based materials (such aluminium foil) or plastic films.
- Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or formal (PVF) come
n the form of powder, emulsions, or
leaves, and, due to its strong adhesive power to metal, is used to make various varnishes
for copper or aluminium wi
Scanned with CamScanner © POLYSTYRENES
There are only two major types of polystyrenes: polystyrene (PS), and styrene copolymers
(SAN, ABS, MBS, SBS, or SIS). However, there different PS categories: standard PS, or
“erystal’ due to its transparent aspect (it is particularly ri
id and fragile), the suppler high-
impact PS, heat resistant PS, and expanded PS (gas bubbles)
Solid up to 140°C after which it liquefies, PS can be delivered
s powder, granules, peat
paste, solution, or semi-finished products (sheets, tubes, planks...). Chemical additives can
sers or solvents, some fillers, and
also be used in its manufacturing, such various plast
certain pigments. It is used for making yoghurt pots, food containers, bathroom cabinets, the
inside of fridge and freezer doors. A styrene copolymers is a chemically or physically
improved polystyrene. It is used to make a many products, such as computer casings, coffee
filters, jars, cosmetic packaging, vacuum cleaner cowlings, and even toothbrushes. Some PS
and ABS plastic waste are part of the list of recyclable plastics and are recycled by Paprec.
PS waste can be recovered into plastic films, packaging, or insulation material
* ACRYLATE AND METHACRYMATE POLYMERS
This type is divided into only two categories, poly(methy! methacrylate) (PMMA) and
polyacrilonitrile (PAN). PMMA is obtained by the polymerisation of methyl methacrylate,
and is characterised by its transparency, the ease with which it can be used, and its resistance
to time, Delivered as sheets, casts, bracers, disks, rods, powder, granules, or syrup, itis used
to make synthetic fibres, lenses for glasses, windows, angle brackets, rulers, contact lenses,
and various hair dressing items. It is one of the plastic industry’s recyclable materials. PAN
is particularly used as a synthetic fibre, as itis soluble in certain solvents, which allow it to
be spun. But it is also used for certain food-grade films and jars. PAN is made using only
few additives. PMMA on the other hand uses polymerising catalysers, colorants or pigments,
plasticisers, silica fillers, or solvents.
* POLYAMIDE
Polyamide (PA) are alone in their category, but their names indicate the number of carbon
atoms cids or lactams,
in their monomers (PA 6, PA 11, PA 12, ete). Obtained from amino-
this very special material does not gradually soften under heat, like other thermoplasties, but
4
Scanned with CamScanner goes very quickly from a solid to a gaseous state. Though polyamides are mainly used to
make textile fibres, they are also used in s\
itch, electrical plugs, gears, screws, household
appliances, syringes, or automobile parts, and can undergo the plastic recycling cycle.
* POLYCARBONATES
Obtained from bisphenol A, polycarbonates (PC) is very rigid and hardly combustible, and
is used in technical products. It comes in the shape of granules, sheets, leaves, or films, and
is used to make CDs, motoreycle helmets, or security glass, and can undergo one of the
recycling cycles.
* CELLULOID
Celluloid acetate (CA) is a transparent, supple, and stable material that allows industries to
make fibres, varnishes, or photographic films, among other things. Celluloid nitrate (CN)
was used to make celluloid (now considered to unstable), and is now used to make various
varnishes, paints, inks, glues, and certain artificial coatings
* LINEAR POLYESTER
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), and polytetramethylene
terephthalate (PTMT), are three of the main linear polyesters, materials synthesized from
ethylene glycol or butylene glycol. With little additives, these were first used to make fabrics
or films (such as terphane), until its resistance to abrasion, oils, saline solutions, and impact
lead the plastic industry to use PET in the composition of ribbons, electronic components,
and recyclable PET bottles, and to use PBTB in mechanical or insulations products that were
submitted to high temperatures. Recycling PET (and specifically PET bottles) is one of
Papree’s many activities in plastic waste recycling. Plas
ic bottles are recycled into slee
bags, fabries for the car industry, and, of course, new bottles.
© POLYFLUORETHANE
There 3 types of polyfluorethanes:
Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE), polychlorotrifluorethylene (PCTFE), and polyvinyl! fluoride
(PVDF).PTFE comes in a granulated powder form. It has good heat-resistance despite the
Is
Scanned with CamScanner fact that it is not really a thermoplastic (when heated to a certain temperature, its irreversibly
turns into a gel), and is known for absorbing very little water, anti-adhesive properties, high
flexibility, and @ good resistance to light and bad weather. It is used to make no-stick coating,
pipes, bearings, pads, seals, and technical textile. PCTFE comes in two forms: high-polymer
plastics (granules or powder), and low-polymer liquids. PVDF is a very recent discovery,
still in development stages. Both of them chemically and thermally more stable than PTFE,
and are used to make certain artificial coatings.
* POLYACETAL,
Polyoxymethylene (POM) and its similar copolymers are the only polyacetals.
Rigid, very resistant, especially to organic solvents and strong charges, a good electric
conductor, POM comes in the form of moulding powder, granules, and semi-finished
products (rods, sticks, tubes, ete). It is used to make gears, screws, small connecting rods,
sliding parts, piping, o portable tools.
* POLYSULFONE
Polysulfones, trademarked under such names as Sulfover or Surfil, are macromolecules
containing sulphur dioxide. They are used in paints and varnishes and have a good resistance
to chemical acids and bases, oils, and fats
* POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE
PPS is a dark and stiff polysulfide. It has good heat and chemical resistance. It is used to
make non-corroding parts, cooking utensils, or non-stick coating.
* MODIFIED POLYPHENYLENE OXIDE (PPO)
Modified PPO is difficult to transform. It must be altered and mixed with polystyrene before
it can be industrialised, hence its name.
@ THERMOSETTING PLASTIC
Thermosetting plastic is a compound that, during condensation polymerization (and/or
implementation), when submitted to a catalyst ora temperature increase, irreversibly cures.
16
Scanned with CamScanner the structure, shape, or rigidity of the manufactured plastic object can not be modified again,
and the material is rarely recycled. This type of plastic includes the following types of
compounds
* UNSATURATED POLYSTER
Unsaturated polyesters are reticulum polymers made from dibasic organic acids (capable of
giving off protons with 2 acid functions). The resin is used to make varnishes, moulded
objects, glues, and various binding agents.
+ PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE RESINS
Obtained by condensation polymerisation of phenol and formaldehyde, they are usually
abbreviated to PF. It comes in the form of powder, granules, liq
id, and solid or liquid resin.
With certain additives, they are used to make some printing inks, foams, abrasive materials,
parts for brakes or clutches, and various paints.
© MELAMINE RESINS.
Melamine, such as Urea-Formaldehyde (UF) or Mel
\e Formaldehyde (MF), are obtained
through condensation polymerisation of formaldehyde and urea or melamine, UF is used as
an adhesive in the wood industry, and MF is known mainly under the trade name Formica.
* POLYEPOXIDES
Afier the condensation polymerisation of epichlorohydrin with poly-alcohol or phenol (such
as bisphenol A), polyepoxides, or epoxy resins, are used in various forms (self-setting resins,
powders, glues, ete) to cover surfaces, for adhesives, and for various paints, allowing them
good resistance to metals.
© POLYIMIDE
Polyimides (PI) are made from the reaction of a diamine and a dianhydride, and are among
the more recently synthesized plastics. They have very high heat-resistance, as well as good
resistance to radiation and chemicals. They are mainly used in the form of films, as well as
making supple cireuit boards or wiring for electronics.
"7
Scanned with CamScanner * POLYURETHANE
These complex compounds are made from polyols, chemical catalysts, polyisocyanates or
expanding agents. Polyurethane (PUR) are used in the manufacturing of many products
(foams, paints, condoms, varnishes, glues, and many types of solutions). The textile industry
uses it
* POLYSULFONE
i an elastomer form to make Lycra.
Polysulfones, trademarked under such names as Sulfover or Surfil, are macromolecules.
containing sulphur dioxide. They are used in paints and varnishes and have a good resistance
to chemical acids and bases, oils, and fats.
Waste plastic and its source:
Waste Plastic
Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
Polyethylene Teryphthalate (PET)
Polypropylene (PP)
Polystyrene (PS)
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Origin
Carry bags. sacks, milk pouches, bin lining. cosmetic and
detergent bottles.
Carry bags. bottle caps, house hold articles ete.
Drinking water bottles etc.,
Bottle caps and closures. wrappers of detergent. biscuit,
‘vapors packets. microwave trays for readymade meal ete
‘Yoghurt pots. clear egg packs, bottle caps. Foamed
Polystyrene: food trays. egg boxes, disposable cups,
protective packaging et
Mineral water bottles. credit cards. toys. pipes and,
gutters: electrical fittings, furniture, folders and pens.
medical disposables: ete
‘Table No: 5
Scanned with CamScanner CHAPTER 4
PROCESSING DETAILS.
i, Collection of waste plastic.
ii, Cleaning and shredding of waste plastic
iii, Mixing of shredded waste plastic, aggregate and bitumen in central mixing plant
iv. Laying of bituminous mix
4.1 COLLECTION OF WASTE PLASTI
Waste plastic is collected from roads, garbage trucks, dumpsites or compost plants, or from
school collection programs, or by purchase from rag-pickers or waste-buyers at Rs 5-6 per
kg.
19
Scanned with CamScanner 4.2 CLEANING AND SHREDDING OF WASTE PLASTIC:-
+ Waste plastic litter in the form of thin-film carry-bags, use-and-throw cups, PET
bottles, ete. these are sorted, de-dusted, washed if necessary,
+ Plastic waste which is cleaned is cut into a size between 118mm using
shredding machine as shown below.
Scanned with CamScanner 43 MIXING OF SHREDDED WASTE PLASTIC, AGGREGATE AND
BITUMIN IN CENTRAL MIXING PLAN
regate mix is heated to 165° (as per the HRS specification) in central mixing
plant. Similarly the bitumen is to be heated up to a maximum of 160".
+ The 8% of waste plastic to the weight of bitumen are added in the conveyor belt or special
mechanical device is developed which will spray the plastics inside the chamber to coat
the plasties effectively
+ Central mixing plant helps to have better eontrol of temperature and better mixing of this
material thus helping to have a uniform coating and heated bitumen is also sprayed
Scanned with CamScanner 44 LAYING OF BITUMENOUS MIX:~
The plastics waste coated aggregate is mixed with hot bitumen and the resulted mix is
used for road construction, The road laying temperature is between 110¢ to 1200
The roller used is 8-ton capacity
Scanned with CamScanner CHAPTER 5
TESTS CONDUCTED ON MATERIALS
5.1 IMPACT VALUE TEST OF AGGREGATE
The aggregate impact test is carried out to evaluate the resistance to impact of aggregates
Aggregates passing 20 mm sieve and retained on 12.5 mm sieve is filled in a cylindrical steel
cup of internal dia 10.2 mm and depth 5 em which is attached to a metal base of impact
testing machine, The material is filled in 3 layers where each layer is tamped for 25 number
of blows. Metal hammer of weight 13.5 to 14 Ky is arranged to drop with a free fall of 38.0
‘cm by vertical guides and the test specimen is subjected to 15 number of blows. The crushed
aggregate is allowed to pass through 2.36 mm IS sieve. And the impact value is measured as
percentage of aggregates passing sieve (Wz) (0 the total weight of the sample (Wi).
W
Aggregate impact value ze x 100
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