SOUTHERN MINDANAO COLLEGES

Jamisola Street, Sta Lucia District

Pagadian City
1st Semester Academic Year 2020-2021

2020-2021 COURSE MODULE IN KNOWLEDGE

AND PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS
OF THE SOCIAL WORK PROFESSION
SW111
Prepared by: Charry R. Manliguis, RSW
 Course Code SW111

Descriptive Title Knowledge and Philosophical

Units 3

Pre-Requisite -

Academic Year A.Y. 2020-2021

Semester/ 1st Semester Class 2020

Summer (Preliminary Period)
Course Generalist Perspective; History, philosophy, values, principles, and
Description ethics with special reference to the profession’s global, regional and
national standards, social work code of ethics; knowledge base/
foundations of social work e.g., human behavior and social environment,
social work practice including adaptation to cross-cultural settings, and
social welfare policies, programs and services

Course Learning 1. Cognitive

Outcomes 1.1 Define Social Work as a profession.
1.2 Critically analyze the history and development of the Social
Work profession from its Western and Philippine
perspectives.
1.3 Explain how Social Work knowledge, philosophy, values and
ethics and practice have evolved through the
decades as a response to particular challenges in the social
environment.
1.4 Identify the core functions and roles of Social Workers across
diverse fields of practice and contexts.

2. Affective
2.1 Demonstrate appreciation of the social work profession.
2.2 Clarify personal motivation in taking up BS Social Work.
2.3 Identify self with the profession.

3. Psychomotor
3.1 Produce a historical map of the evolution of social work in
the Philippines and local communities
3.2 Produce a documentary of local forms of helping, mutual
support, social responsibility both formal and informal
3.3 Define the distinct contribution of Social Work as profession
to improve people’s quality of life.
Instructor Charry R. Manliguis

Email Address chamanliguis@[Link]

Facebook Cha Ratilla

Contact Number 09177155332

Module Topics Coverage

Module 1 Purpose of Social Work goal 1st Preliminary Period

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 SW as defined in RA 4373 as amended by RA 10847; August 2020
Global Definition by IASSW and IFSW

Basic concepts related to social work definition;

Interrelationships of:
Social Work and Social Welfare
Social Services
Social Functioning
Person-in-Environment Configuration

Historical development perspective: evolution of social

welfare in UK, USA and Philippines and selected ASEAN
countries
Module 2 Legal Bases of Social Work 2nd Preliminary
RA 4373 Period
RA 5416
RA 10847

Attributes of the profession

Functions of Social Work
-Preventive
-Curative/ Remedial/
Rehabilitative
-Facilitative/ Developmental
-Transformative

Module 3 Midterm Period

Common Base of SW Practice

Philosophical Foundations of social work

Core Filipino Values based on Sikolohiyang Pilipino and

Gender Informed Value Perspective
Filipino value systems
● Gender informed value perspective

Theories and
Perspectives in Social Work

A. Systems Through
1. Structural Fundamentalisms
2. Ecological Theory

B. Critical Theories
1. Anti-Oppressive
2. Structural Social Work
3. Feminist
4. Post Modern
Anti-oppressive, Feminist/
gender-sensitive and Structural social work

Module 4 A. Generalist Social Work Practice Framework, Semi-Finals Period

Characteristics, Elements

Direct and indirect methods

Approaches in working with individuals, groups and
communities
-Specific approaches (gender responsive case
management)

Essential elements of SW Practice

-Person

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 -Place
-Problem
-Process

Planned Change and the Social Work Helping Process

Engagement
Assessment
Planning
Intervention
Monitoring
Evaluation
Termination

Module 5 Final Period

Social Work Interventions
- Techniques
● Direct Treatment/
psychological support
● Environmental Modification
● Small Talk
● Ventilation
● Clarification
● Confrontation
● Insight Development
● Direct Provision of Practical Services
-Tools
*the SW interview
*case recording and documentation
*communication
*programs/services

Social Workers in Practice

Issues in the Social Work Profession
Global Agenda for Social Work and Social Development
Is Social Work for you?

Grading System
Grade Equivalent Interpretation

Grade is computed using Grading Points System (150ponts)

Final Grade = Midterm Grade + Tentative Final Grade

To Compute the Tentative Final Grade:

Quizzes = 40
Assignment =20
Reflection = 20
Attendance = 20
Semi Final Exam = 25
Final Exam = 25___
Total = 150 points

To Compute Midterm Grade:

Quizzes = 40
Assignment = 20
Reflection = 20
Attendance = 20
Prelim exam = 25
Midterm exam = 25____

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 Total = 150 points

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MODULE 1

INTRODUCTION

This modules focuses on the methodical process for future social workers in order for
them to understand and be effective in the professional field. It is presented the
Philosophical and Knowledge based of the profession indicated the relationship of its
theory into actual practice. As you go through the lesson you will analyse how theory is
being presented in the actual practice stipulated the baseline knowledge of the profession;
Social Welfare, social service and social work continue to be used interchangeably today.
While these concepts are interrelated, each has its own particular meaning, what matters
most is we can distinguish one from the other from a common frame of reference.

Lesson 2: Basic concepts related to social work definition; Interrelationships of:

a. Social Work and Social Welfare
b. Social Services
c. Social Functioning
d. Person-in-Environment Configuration
Lesson 3: Historical development perspective: evolution of social welfare in UK, USA and
Philippines and selected ASEAN countries

OBJECTIVES 1:
1. Discuss the vision, mission, goals/objectives (Discuss the purpose of the SW
program in relation to the VMG of the school.)
2. Define SW as a profession

Lesson 1;
Purpose of Social Work program and Social Work as defined in RA 4374 as amended by
RA 10847; Global Definition by IASSW and IFSW

Purpose of Social Work Program

With the integration of the institution goals to the goals of Social Work Department The
mission of the Department of Social Work is to prepare future social workers into the
professional world implementing the generalist social work approach in a global, national
and local with varied social work settings. The Department aims to prepare students to
integrate knowledge, skills, and values into practice by fulfilling the following goals.

In relation to the VMG of SMC-Pagadian City giving it’s best in nurturing the aspirations of
its students and helping them to live, learn, and graduate as competent and responsible
citizens preferred by the local and international hospitality and tourism, maritime,
criminal justice system, engineering, teacher education, social welfare and other industry
sectors.

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Our institution provides students comprehensive relevant quality education, technical-
vocational training, research and extension services through meaningful and purposeful
developmental activities and experiences as they become fully transformed professionals
and citizens of the global community.

Now as Social Work Students graduating from Southern Mindanao Colleges should
demonstrate the following attributes:

1. Excellence- A commitment to excellence in all scholarly and intellectual

activities.
2. Competence-Acquisition of adequate knowledge and skills necessary for
the effective deliberation of the theories into practice
3. Social Responsibility- Man for others concept focusing on the awareness
of the cultural, environmental and economic level of the people to
effectively deal with the social issues.
4. Compassion-The ability to perform work effectively with compassion and
dedication.
5. Self-respect-Have an understanding of ethical standards and
professionalism.
6. Creativity-Be creative, innovative and critical thinkers with highly
developed problem solving skills.
7. Cooperation-Have an understanding of team dynamics and the ability to
work with diverse culture.
8. Discipline-Exhibit a positive work attitude and work ethics to the highest
level of professionalism.
9. God-fearing -Morally upright as demonstrated in actual practice in daily
live.

SW as defined in RA 4373 as amended by RA 10847; Global Definition by IASSW and

IFSW. Definition was approved by the IASSW General Assembly and IFSW General
Meeting in July 2014:

As stipulated in article 1 section1 of Republic Act 4373 aslo known as Social Work Law ;
Social Defines as;
Social work is the profession which is primarily concerned with organized social service
activity aimed to facilitate and strengthen basic social relationships and the mutual
adjustment between individuals and their social environment for the good of the
individual and of society by the use of social work methods.

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Global Definition of the Social Work Profession

“Social work is a practice-based profession and an academic discipline that promotes

social change and development, social cohesion, and the empowerment and liberation of
people. Principles of social justice, human rights, collective responsibility and respect for
diversities are central to social work.  Underpinned by theories of social work, social
sciences, humanities and indigenous knowledge’s, social work engages people and
structures to address life challenges and enhance wellbeing.

Social work profession promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships,
empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. ” -IASSW and IFSW, 2004

Activity 1: Score:
Instruction: Read each question carefully. Write your answer in whole sheet of paper.
1. Why did you choose social work?
2. What motivates you to take up the course?

You will be graded based on the Rubrics:

No Needs Adequate Quality Exemplary

Answer Improvement 3 pts. 4pts. 5pts.
1 pt. 2 pts.

Content 5 Did not Answers are Answers are not Answers are
answer partial or comprehensive accurate and Answers are

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 question. incomplete. or completely complete. Key comprehensive,
Key points are stated. Key points are accurate and
not clear. points are stated and complete. Key
Question not addressed, but supported. ideas are clearly
adequately not well stated, explained,
answered. supported. and well
supported.

Organization 5
Did not Organization
(Answers are answer and structure Inadequate Organization Well organized,
clearly question. detract from organization or is mostly coherently
thought out the answer. development. clear and developed, and
and Structure of the easy to easy to follow.
articulated.) answer is not follow.
easy to follow.

Reference
1. Thelma Lee Mendoza, Social Welfare and Social Work Third edition, 2007
Online reference:

1. [Link]
%20following%20definition%20was%20approved,empowerment%20and
%20liberation%20of%20people.

Objectives:

1. Discuss basic core concepts in social work and the interrelationship of this
terminologies.
2. Compare different social work definition with the given terminologies.

Lesson 1: Let us look into the basic concepts related to social work definition with the
following terminologies;

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 1. Social Welfare
2. Social Work
3. Social Functioning
4. Person in Environment Configuration
5. Social Services

What is Social Welfare

Social welfare covers practically

everything that men do for the good of
society, Gertrude Wilson characterizes
social welfare as an organized concern of
all people for all people.
Walter Friedlander defines as organized
system of social services and institution,
designed to aid individuals and groups
to attain satisfying standards of life and health.

According to Elizabeth Wickenden, this includes those laws, program, benefits and
services which assure or strengthen provisions for meeting social needs recognized as
basic to the wellbeing of the population and the better functioning of the social order.
These provisions may be directed toward strengthening existing arrangement mitigating
the hardship or handicapped of particular individuals and groups: pioneering new service;
stimulating a better adaptation of the social structure including the creation of new
programs as needed; or combination of all of these approaches to social needs.

Social Welfare as all the organized social arrangement which have as their direct and
primary objective the well-being of people in a social context. It includes the broad range
of policies and services which are concerned with various aspects of people’s lives-their
income, security, health, housing, education, recreation, cultural traditions etc. (Pre-
Conference Working Committee for the XVth International Conference on Social Welfare)
This is how society responds to unmet needs or problems through the following ways;
1. Individual and group efforts- These refers to the systematic and voluntary efforts
undertaken by individuals and/or groups in response to the unmet needs of people
in a community.
2. Major societal institution which have their designated roles and responsibilities in
meeting human needs. The family, church, the government, cooperative and labor
union are major institutions
3. Social Agency- whether public or private supports, a social agency is a major
provision for helping people with their problems.

There are two views or conceptions of social welfare;

1. Residual- this conceives of the social welfare structure as temporary, offered
during emergency situation and withdrawn when the regular system is again
working properly.
Social Welfare activities of this kind often carry the stigma of “dole-out” or
charity

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 2. Institutional- in contrast, sees social welfare as a proper, legitimate function in
modern society. That some individuals are not able to meet all the basic their
needs is considered a “normal’ condition, and helping agencies are accepted as
“regular” social institution.
To support this, it is stated in the Philippine Constitution (1987) reflects the
institutional view that “The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order
that will ensure the prosperity and
Important to remember that in the Philippines today, many institutions and agencies
under the government as well as private auspices, combine the two views because of the
nature of the people’s needs and problems. Social welfare also involves the combination of
many people with different competencies.

What is Social Service?

Social Service is a collective concern of society for the wellbeing of its members, in turn, is
expressed in the provision of concrete social service. Social Service refers to the programs,
services and other activities provided under various auspices to concretely answer the
needs and problems of the members of society.
These may take the form of services to individual and families, service to groups, service
to people with special problems as well as community service.
Why there is a need for social service?
At all times everywhere, there are people who have needs and problems beyond their own
capacity for solution. Social Welfare and therefore, social service has been accepted as
legitimate function of modern industrial society in helping people fulfil themselves.

There are motivations for providing social (welfare) services, among many and legitimate
and vitally important goals of social welfare which often compete for scarce resource are
the following;

1. Humanitarian and Social Justice Goals

This goal of social welfare is rooted in the democratic ideal of social justice and it is
based on the belief that man has the potential to realize himself except that
physical, social, economic, psychological and other factors sometimes hinder or
prevent him/her from realizing his potentials.

●This concept submits that it is right and just for man to help man.
2. Social Control Goal
This goal is based on the recognition that the needy, deprived, or disadvantaged
groups may strike out, individually and/or collectively, against what they consider to be
alienating or offending society. Society therefore has to secure itself against the threats to
life, property and political stability in the community which are usually presented by
those who are deprived of resources and opportunities to achieve a satisfying life.
2. Economic Development Goal
It places priority on those program designed to support increase in the production
of goods and services and other resources that will contribute to economic

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 development. The immediate beneficiaries of such programs may be the able
bodied, relatively better-off members of the community.
Examples of social services which pursue economic development goals are;
a. Certain types of social service which directly contribute to increased
productivity among individuals, groups and communities such as counselling
service for youth, adjustment of worker to industrial settings; labor welfare
service and facilities etc.
b. Certain social service which prevent or relieve the burden of dependence on
adult worker of such dependent: young children, old age, sick, the disabled, etc.
example of these are; Day Care Center, Old Age, health clinics, rehabilitation
c. Certain Social Service which prevent or counteract the disruptive effects of
urbanization and industrialization on family and community life and help the
community develop local leadership.
Having defined social welfare and social service, what then is social work?
What is social work?

1. Social Work is the profession which is concerned with man’s adjustment to his
environment; a person (or groups) in relation to person’s ( or theirs) social
situation. This is referred to as a person’s “social functioning” which results from
the performance of his various social roles in the society, e.g son father, mother,
employer, patient, employee, committee chairman, citizen.

2. Some people have difficulties in the performance of any or several or even all of
their social roles and therefore have inadequate or ineffective social functioning.

3. Why do people experience these difficulties? In general, social functioning problems

are caused by any of the following:

a. Personal inadequacies or sometimes pathologies which may make it difficult

for amn to cope with the demand of his environment.
b. Situational inadequacies and other conditions which are beyond man’s
coping capacities: and
c. Both personal and situational inadequacies.

Personal inadequacies may be due to physiological factors like poor physical constitution,
wrong attitudes and values, poor or unrealistic perception of unrealistic perspective of
reality, ignorance and lack of skills.
Situational inadequacies on the other hand refer to lack of resources and opportunities in
society, the existence of resources or opportunities which, however are beyond the reach
or coping capacities of people and existence of unjust or exploitive situation such as in the
workplace, or in the community.
All social worker efforts are therefore focused on either helping a person adjust to or cope
with his environment (if it is his inadequate coping capacities which prevent him from the
effective performance of his social role), or modifying or changing his
environment/situation (if this is the source of his problem), or both. Social work is not a
hit—or-miss or trial and error method of helping people, but a professional service which
makes use of scientific knowledge and skills as bases for engaging people in problem-
solving, whether individually, in groups, or as communities.

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The United States Council on Social Work Education has this definition of social work”
Social work seeks to enhance the social functioning of individuals, singly and in groups,
by activities focused upon their social relationships which constitutes the interaction
between man and his environment.

What is Person in Environment Configuration?

Activity No. 3
Write your answer in one whole sheet of paper
Score:_______________
Case Presentation

Ms. Jona Perez is a 30 years old English teacher. He has more than 10 years of experience in
teaching English to high school students, but recently the school where he was working at,
was closed due to lack of budget cuts. That means that Ms. Jona Perez is currently
unemployed.
In this case, what would be the role of a social welfare system to help Ms. Jona Perez ?

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Rubric for Assessment of the Essay

(maximum of 15 points for each essay)

  3 2 1 0  

INTRODUCTION Well-developed Introduction Introduction Background details

Background introduction engages creates interest. adequately are a random
the reader and Sufficient explains the collection of
creates interest. background background, but information,
Contains detailed information is may lack unclear, or not
background provided. It clearly detail. It states related to the topic.
information. It states the position the position or It is vague or
clearly states a or belief. belief. unclear.
 
significant and Conclusion Conclusion is Conclusion does
compelling position effectively recognizable and not summarize
or belief. summarizes ties up almost main points.
Conclusion topics.   all loose ends.
effectively wraps up
and goes beyond
restating the written
work. 

MAIN POINTSThe main ideaThe main idea canThe main ideaMore than one of  

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Body Paragraphs statement is clearly be identified. The can be identified. the following
defined. There may student shares The student problems may be
be more than one relevant shares some evident: The main
key point. information, facts information, idea is not
Appropriate relevant and experiences.  facts and identifiable. The
information and There is a clear experiences, but student shares
details are shared distinction between may show some information,
from a variety of general problems going but it is limited or
sources prior observations and from general unclear. Details are
knowledge etc. specifics.  observations to missing or
Supporting details Supporting details specifics. repetitious.
are accurate, are relevant and Stronger support
relevant, and helpful explain the main and greater
in clarifying the main idea. attention to
idea(s). details would
strengthen this
paper.

ORGANIZATION Logical progression Logical progression Organization is No discernable

Structure of ideas with a clear of ideas.  clear. organization. 
Transitions structure that Transitions are Transitions are Transitions are not
enhances the written present equally present.  present. Connection  
work.  Transitions throughout essay. s between ideas
are mature and seem confusing or
graceful. incomplete.

STYLE in The written work is Sentences have Sentence Writing is

presenting the honest and varied structure. structure shows confusing, hard to
topic enthusiastic. The some variety. follow.  Language is
language is natural   vague.   No variety
yet clear. It brings in sentence
the topic to life. structure.
 
Writing is smooth,
skilful, and
coherent.  Sentences
are strong and
expressive with
varied structure

MECHANICS Punctuation, Punctuation, A few errors in Distracting errors

Spelling, spelling, spelling, punctuation, in punctuation,
punctuation, capitalization are capitalization are spelling, spelling,
 
capitalization correct.  No errors. generally correct, capitalization. capitalization.
with few errors. (1- (3-4)
2)

Introduction/Conclusion _______ Grade Equivalent (15 points maximum):

                   Main Points _______ A =  13 - 15 points
                Organization  _______ B =  10 - 12 points
 
                             Style _______ C =  7 - 9 points
                    Mechanics _______ D =  4 - 6 points
F =  0 - 3
Total Points ______ = grade of ______

Assignment:
1. Write a two to three paragraph essay on each of the following topics. Present and
discuss;
a. There will always be people, at all times, everywhere, with needs and problems
beyond their own capacity for solution.
b. If people’s basic needs are met, they will have no use for social services.
References

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 1. Thelma Lee Mendoza “ Social Welfare and Social Work Third Edition, 2008

Objectives:

1. Explain critically the evolution and development of social work and social
welfare.

2. Describe the significant contribution of women in the evolution of major

perspectives of social work in UK , US, and Philippines

Lesson 3. Historical development perspective: evolution of social welfare in UK, USA and
Philippines and selected ASEAN countries

Evolution of social welfare in UK, USA and Philippines and selected ASEAN
countries;
A. Historical and Philosophical Evolution of Social Welfare

1. Helping the needy and the distressed is as old a civilization itself although
not necessarily on a formal organized basis.
2. In ancient China refuge was provided for the sick and the poor; also,
provision for distributing clothing and feeding the unfortunate.
3. In Greece and Rome there were “Xenodochia” or guest houses for the
custody and care of the various classes for the unfortunate.
4. Almsgiving was recognized by the religious as a duty or means of obtaining
grace for the giver.

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It was slightly more than 100 years ago that the magnitude of social problems made it
necessary to organize under private and public initiative services for the needy.

Problems of destitution, maladjustment, physical, and mental illness were dealt with by:

1st: The family and the tribe

2nd: The church
3rd: Private Philanthropy
4th: The Government

Old World Background (European Beginnings)

Religious motivation became the most powerful incentive for benevolence and charity,
particularly in Jewish and Christian religious teaching.
Charity was motivated primarily by the desires of the merits of goods deeds for eternal life.

According to Christian teachings charity gave the recipient of alms dignity whereas
almsgiving ennobled the generous giver.

1. The early Christian helped one another one another when facing poverty.
2. Medieval church entrusted the administration of charity to the bishops, local
priests, and the deacons.
3. With the acceptance of Christianity as state religion, institutions for the poor were
establish in monasteries, serving as orphanages, as homes for the old, the sick,
and the handicapped, and as refuge for the homeless.

Missionaries devoted their time to missionary teaching, collecting alms and distributing
relief to the destitute. They established charitable institution.
Later on, institution were replaced by “ hospitals: for old and sick persons, orphan
abandoned children and pregnant women.

Beginning concepts of social welfare

The common chest concept (1520): Luther's contribution to 16th century poor relief
reform. The prototype of the modern community chest. It was Martin Luther conceived
that there should be a common chest for the receipt of food, money, and clothing to assist
the needy.
The responsibility for the collection of funds and distribution of relief to the destitute, the
sick and orphans was assumed by local authorities but the church wardens played the
leading role in relief administration.

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 Individualization
During 16th century the Spanish Philosopher Juan Luis de Vives advanced
that the fate of the individual poor deserved attention. There should be
investigation of the local conditions of every pauper family. He
recommended that aid should be provided through vocational training,
employment, and rehabilitation instead of customary distribution of alms.
Hamburg Experiment (1788)
Professor Busch, Commissioner for Public Relief introduced a district system of
investigation and distribution of relief to individual paupers through volunteer committee.
The poor were interviewed and the individual needs of each family were determined.
Children and Youth were trained in elementary courses and industrial school was
attached to the central orphan asylum.
Military Workhouse (1790)
It was established in Munich by Benjamin Thompson later Count of Rumford to prevent
begging by able bodied paupers. The Workhouse manufactured clothing for the army by
utilizing the employable poor.
Both Hamburg and the Munich relief systems were financed by taxation and by collection
of voluntary gifts.
Elberfeld System (1853)
The city of Elberfeld introduced the idea of financing relief exclusively by public taxation.
Daughter of Charity (1633) Were the forerunners of social work profession. The
organization was founded by St. Vincent de Paul who recruited young women of the
peasant class for charitable. They were trained in nursing the poor.

Father Vincent de Paul was the most important reformer of the charities of the Catholic
church during the 17th century.

English Social Welfare

Philosophical Base
I.1 Religious Foundation
In medieval England care of the poor was an activity of the church. The main motive for
almsgiving was the salvation of the soul of the donor. Consequently, the almsgivers had
little concern for the human who received charity. The church devoted from one forth
(1/4) to one third (1/3) of the tithes and offering collected from parishioners for charity.

Early Charities
A. Relief to the destitute was first distributed by the priest of the parish, with the help
of the church warden and deacons.
B. In the 13th and 14th centuries, religious orders and church institutions relieved
the parish churches from most of the duties of caring for the poor.
C. From the 12th to the 15th century the work of the church was supplemented by
the relief activities by the guilds. Craft and merchant, guilds, rural fraternities, and

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 social or church guilds were organized primarily for the purpose of mutual self-
help, brotherhood and fellowship.

Political Foundation
The English ( Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601) remained for a long time hthe basis of
English Social Welfare. It was a codification of preceding poor relief legislation starting
with the Statute of Laborers in 1349.

Its salient points were:

1. Primary responsibility for the care of the poor belonged to the individual’s family
and relatives.
2. Those who would not be supported by relatives had to be cared for by the parish or
local community.
3. Only the poor who were bonafide residents of the parish were eligible for the
assistance.
4. The parish must maintain the impotent poor from voluntary contributions of the
parishioners through collection.
5. A general tax was the levied to provide the “ poor tax” and was the main source for
the financing of poor relief.
The poor law distinguished the classes of poor;
1. The able-bodied poor
2. The impotent poor
3. Dependent children

In England up to the early 20th century “personal failure” was considered the main
cause of poverty.
Emerging concepts of social welfare;

Principles of Investigation

Thomas Chalmers (1780-1847) a parish minister in Scotland introduced

the philosophy of personal parochial Relief. He organized a program of
private charity on the principle of neighbourly aid. He developed the
principle of investigation of each cases of destitution on an individual
basis and of attempting a solution to the cause of the distress. He stressed
that a person a personal interest in the fate of destitute is essential.
Individual Approach (prototype of casework)
Fifty years Chalmers’s pioneers work, the London Charity Organization Society organized
a program of relief based on his idea, and laid the foundation of the individual approach
in social work now known as “casework”.
Founded in 1869, the Charity Organization Society (COS) made a deep impact on social
work through its advocacy and codification of emerging methods. This, with its focus on
the family, and upon a scientific approach provided a key foundation for the development
of social work as profession in Britain.

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Social Reform

Edwin Chadwick the first pioneer in public hygiene, supervised investigation

into the causes of poverty and the means of an effective social reform. He
recommended a system of government providing under central direction
decent aid to the poor, a sound public, health protection, adequate housing,
recreation, and public school for the entire population. He was ahead of his
time. It was many decades before his vision became an accepted concept of society.

Charity Organization Society

The COS encouraged the growth of private charities the giving of donations and bequest in
their behalf, and the initiative among the volunteers for bringing individual aid to families
in individual distress.
The COS believed that the individual was responsible for his poverty and that acceptance
of public relief destroyed the self-respect of the pauper and led him to subsist on alms.
The pauper should therefore be asked to exert all his abilities to maintaining himself.
COS used well-to-do volunteers to give aod to to the poor but their main emphasis was to
exert moral influence that would change the way of life of the poor.
The example of London COS of 1869 was followed in other cities in England and the
United States. It developed cooperation between poor relief and private charities,

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succeeded in eliminating some fraudulent set ups, prevented duplication of support, and
strengthened the concept of rehabilitation of the poor. It formed the groundwork for
casework in individual aid and community organization.

Settlement House (Prototype of the Modern Day Community Center)

It was introduced in London during the latter half of the 19th century and the first was
called Toyn bee Hall. Henrietta and Samuel Barnett opened the doors of Toynbee Hall on
24th December 1884. 

Since 1884, Toynbee Hall has been a catalyst for social change and has worked on the
frontline in the struggle against poverty.
Its basic purposes was to established contact between educated men and women and the
poor for their mutual benefit, so that by common work and studies they could exercise a
cultural influences beyond the teaching of special subjects. It reached out to children and
adults.
The attitude of a superior “ Lady Bountiful” which still prevailed in charity societies was
replaced by cooperation and learning on the part of both instructors and workers
attending lectures and discussion.

Social Research
Social research was the third important factor that influenced the social philosophy and
the practice of poor relief in England. The most important among the survey was made by
Charles Booth started in 1886. The study showed that one third of the London population
was living on or below poverty line. ‘’These findings disproved the previous theory that
poverty was always the fault of individual. ”The studies showed that the deterrent features
of the poor laws were no solution, and that human suffering from destitution was often
created by insufficient wages, environment, inadequate housing and unhealthy sanitary
equipment.
The findings social research showed the necessary of introducing more effective measures
of social reform.
Twentieth Century Developments
Beveridge Report- 1941
The Beveridge Report named after the
man who headed the committee which
prepared the report is the basis of the
present social security program of
England.

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The Beveridge report, which provided the blueprint for the postwar welfare state, was
published 75 years ago. This resource looks at the Manchester Guardian’s response to its
publication and Sir William Beveridge’s subsequent involvement with the Observer
The Social Insurance and Allied Services report, as it was officially known, was produced
by civil servant Sir William Beveridge. He had been involved in drafting the National
Insurance Act for Asquith’s Liberal government in 1911 and had subsequently become
director of the London School of Economics.
Rationing, improvements to the health of the nation such as free milk and cod liver oil to
children, free orange juice and vitamins for pregnant mothers, and the abolition of
the means test, encouraged many politicians in the coalition government to believe that
the state should have a role in ensuring that there would not be a return to the conditions
of depression after the war.
In June 1941, at the height of the war when victory was not assured, Beveridge was
appointed chairman of a special committee set up by the war time coalition government to
evaluate existing social insurance schemes and to make recommendations which could be
implemented once the war was over. The report presented on 30 November 1942 went
much further than the original brief.
The report identified five giants that needed to be addressed in post war reconstruction –
want, disease, ignorance, idleness and squalor. It recommended a plan for social security
services “from the cradle to the grave” through a national insurance system of weekly
contributions. Benefits such as family allowances, maternity grants, pensions,
unemployment payments and free medical treatment would be universal.

England’s Social Security Program

The present structure of the British Social Security Program follows the recommendations
of the Beveridge Report. It consists of the ff.

1. Social Insurance- Health insurance, employment insurance, old age and invalidity
insurance workman’s compensation and special grants for marriage, child birth
and funeral expenses.
2. Family allowances-Upon application these are paid to every family with two or more
children under 16 years of age without regard to the financial condition of the
family. It represents the government support to parents in the bringing up of
children.
3. Public assistance consist of; a. Financial assistance to persons in economic needs
and, b. institutional and individual services.

American Social Welfare

American Social Welfare was founded on the concepts of the English Poor Law which
remained the basis for public welfare in the US up to the end of the 19th century.
Paupers, beggars, and vagrants were regarded as criminals. Whatever the cause of his
distress, the pauper was regarded as a morally deficient person.
Today the principle continues to be upheld that the individual is primarily responsible for
his welfare but that the community should establish a basic measure of security in areas
beyond the individuals control.

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Historical Development of American Government Social Welfare

First Phase- Poor Relief- Almhouses

a) Relief was given to paupers in various ways:
b) Outdoor relief to paupers in their own homes.
c) Farming out to the lowest bidder who undertook in caring for a single “ Pauper”
d) Contract usually with the lowest bidder for the care of all paupers in a given
locality
e) Care in almhouses which was under the direct control of public officials; and
f) Indenture or binding out a form of apprenticeship
g) The cost of the poor relief was met by the poor tax and later by the public taxes.
Second Phase- State (Public) Institutional Care for the Special Groups.
These programs were designed to remove some groups of inmates from the
undifferentiated misery of incarceration in the local almhouses and indicated recognition
of a special claim these person had on the sympathies of the community. Institution were
set up for:
1. Care for the Insane
2. Care for the Mentally Defficient
3. Care for the Blind
4. Care for the Deaf and Deaf Mute

Third Phase: State Board of Charities and Corrections

The purpose was state supervision of the administration of institutional care. The first
state board was organized in Massachusets in 1863. It emphasized the family system by
placing children and adults in the community whenever it was not absolute necessary to
keep them in almhouses, hospitals, or asylum.
These state agencies had the power to;
1. To recommend institutional changes to legislature.
2. To Compel the institution to carry out the intent of the relevant statutes as
interpreted by the state agency.
Fourth Phase: Aid to the needy without institutionalization
Special measures were enacted by state legislatures to meet the needs of special groups
without placing them in institutions.

a) Pensions for the Blind Illinois, 1903

b) Mother’s Aid- Missouri, 1911
c) Old Age Pension – Montana, 1923
In 1909, President Theodore Roosevelt called the First White House Conference on
Dependent Children. It inspired the creation of the U.S Children’s Bureau. This was the
first tacit assumption of fereal responsibility for social welfare.

Fifth Phase: Federal government entry into social welfare

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The welfare pattern throughout the nation on the eve of the Great Depression was a
patchwork consisting of local, country, state, and private activities. Three fourth of all the
aid to indigent was provided under public measures. However, the services was far from
adequate. They were in a real sense simply a preferential form of poor relief
The Great Depression of the 1930s hit the US with a jarring impact. Millions of
unemployed had no place to go and there are mass destitution. Now the federal
government has to step in with a series of emergency relief measures. Previous to this the
states were mainly responsible for the social welfare.
1. Emergency Relief and Reconstruction Act 1932- to assists industry and
agricultures, to provide funds to state to state for relief work.
2. Civilian Conservation Group- 1933, to provide work opportunities for young men in
the conservation of natural resources.
3. Federal emergency relief Act.

Activity
Create a concept map/ evolution of American and Philippine Social Welfare

You will be graded based on the Rubrics:

No Needs Adequate Quality Exemplary
Answer Improvemen 3 pts. 4pts. 5pts.
1 pt. t
2 pts.

Content 5 Did not Answers are Answers are Answers

answer partial or not are Answers are
question. incomplete. comprehensi accurate comprehensive, accurate
Key points ve or and and complete. Key ideas
are not completely complete. are clearly stated,
clear. stated. Key Key points explained, and well
Question points are are stated supported.
not addressed, and
adequately but not well supported.
answered. supported.

Organizatio 5
n Did not Organizatio
answer n and Inadequate Organizati Well organized, coherently
(Answers question. structure organization on is developed, and easy to
are clearly detract from or mostly follow.
thought out the answer. development. clear and
and Structure of easy to
articulated.) the answer is follow.
not easy to

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 follow.

Online Source:
[Link]
01/beveridge-report-archive-1942#img-1
o Sociocultural (e.g., what happened in pop culture to make smoking weed less
deviant than it used to be?)
o Institutional (e.g., did our cops or the courts do anything to make smoking weed
less dev

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