GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Name: _________________________________________
Grade and Section:_______________________________
Learning Module No. 2
Subatomic Particles
What is this module about?
The small particle of matter is atom that contains sub atomic particles electrons, protons, and neutrons.
They are credited to Joseph John Thomson, Eugen Goldstein, James Chadwick, and Ernest Rutherford
respectively. In this module, you will learn that atomic number of atoms is the number of protons in the nucleus
and atomic mass is the number of protons and neutrons.
Lesson 1: Separating Mixtures
Lesson 2: Atomic Mass, Atomic Number, and Isotopes
Lesson 3: Ionic Compound
Lesson 4: Molecular Compound
What do you need to learn?
At the end of this module, you will be able to:
1. describe various simple separation techniques such as distillation, chromatography;
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2. recognize atomic number and atomic mass and recognize common isotopes and their uses;
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3. represent compounds using chemical formulas, structural formulas and models; and
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4. name compounds given their formula and write formula given the name of the compound.
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Let’s examine your prior knowledge!
Directions: Read the following questions carefully. Write only the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
A. Atomos can be divided into smaller particles according to Democritus.
B. Plum pudding model for electron model is made by Earnest Rutherford
C. Neutral charge of neutrons was discovered by James Chadwick
D. Gold foil experiment for protons was discovered by Joseph John Thomson
2. Which of the following serves as the identity of an element?
A. atomic mass C. nucleus
B. atomic number D. neutrons
3. Which of the following has the same number of protons but different number of neutrons?
A. element C. nucleus
B. compound D. isotopes
4. Which of the following subatomic particle is equal to the number of protons?
A. electrons C. nucleus
B. neutrons D. isotopes
5. Which of the following experiments leads to the discovery of the electrons?
A. gold foil experiment C. cathode ray tube experiment
B. plum pudding experiment D. oil- drop experiment
6. Which of the following process is used for separating homogenous mixtures of
different boiling point?
A. decantation C. distillation
B. evaporation D. filtration
7. Which of the following is NOT included in the group?
A. nucleus C. protons
B. neutrons D. ions
8, How can an atom be electrically neutral?
A. The number of electrons is equal to the number of neutrons.
B. The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons but have opposite charges.
C. The number of protons and number of neutrons in nucleus are the same.
D. The number of protons, neutrons, ad electrons have the same masses.
9. Which of the following mixtures can be separated by filter paper?
A. sand and powder C. cornstarch and water
B. powder and flour D. iron fillings and mongo beans
10. Which of the following is TRUE about Rutherford’s alpha scattering experiment in gold coil experiment?
A. Protons and electrons are located in the nucleus.
B. Nucleus is at the center of an atom where positively charge(protons) were mainly concentrated.
C. Positively charge charged particles are dispersed throughout the atom.
D. Nucleus of an atom occupies most an atom’s center.
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DAY 1
Activity Title: Separating Mixture
Learning Targets: The learners will be able to describe various simple separation techniques such as
distillation, and chromatography.
Values/Graduate Attributes: The learners will become keen observer and critical thinkers.
Reference & Authors: CSB General Chemistry by Rodil and Cuarto Pages: 10-13
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I. CONCEPT NOTE
Different methods of separating mixtures:
Filtration - It is a process of separating components of suspension using filter paper.
Example: flour and water
Decantation or centrifugation - It allows the solid particles to settle at the bottom and liquid pour
into another container leaving behind the residue or solid particles.
Example: sand and water
Magnetic separation - It is a process of using magnet to remove magnetic solids from nonmagnetic
components.
Example: sulfur and paperclip
Evaporation - It is a process in which the mixture is heated, the water is vaporize leaving the
particles in the dish or pan.
Example: brine solution
Distillation - It is a process of separating homogenous mixtures of different boiling point.
Example: extracting ethanol from wine.
Chromatography - It is a process of separation complex mixture using filter paper or chromatogram
paper.
Example: ink-water
II. EXERCISE
Directions: Complete the diagram by writing in the appropriate box the two substances that are extracted
or those that remain when the separation method indicated is applied.
staple wire, salt, soil, sugar, naphthalene, mongo beans
magnetic separation
sublimation add water + decantation add water + filtration
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DAY 2
Activity Title: Atomic Mass, Atomic Number and Isotopes
Learning Targets: The learners will be able to recognize atomic number and atomic mass and recognize
common isotopes and their uses.
Values/Graduate Attributes: The learners will become keen observant and critical thinkers.
Reference & Authors: CSB General Chemistry by Rodil and Cuarto Pages: 44-45
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I. CONCEPT NOTE
Atomic number, Z – It refers to the number of protons (p) in its nucleus; equal to the number of electrons.
Z = p = eˉ
Atomic mass, A – It is the sum of protons (p) and neutrons (n) in the nucleus.
A=p+n
Example:
Example
Directions: Determine the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons of carbon.
Element Atomic number Atomic mass protons electrons neutrons
Z A p e n
C 6 12 6 6 ?
To solve for neutrons, n:
A=p+n
12 = 6 + n
n = 6 number of neutrons
Isotopes are the same elements with the same of number protons but different number of neutrons.
.
Example:
Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14
Nuclear no. Nuclear no. Nuclear no.
6p + 6n = 12 6p + 7n = 13 6p + 8n = 14
Stable Stable Radioactive
Stable isotopes have a stable proton-neutron combination and do not display any sign of decay.
They do not produce radiation or its associated health risks.
Radioisotopes are issued and highly valuable in medicine, particularly in the diagnosis and treatment
of disease.
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DAY 3
Activity Title: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons
Learning Targets: The learners will be able to recognize atomic number and atomic mass.
Time started: __________.
Time finished: _________
Directions: Complete table with correct atomic number or atomic mass or subatomic particle (protons
electrons, and neutrons. Use periodic table to find each element.
Elements Atomic number Atomic mass Protons Electrons Neutrons
Z A p e n
59 32
Ge 32 41
45 103
58 82
175 71
DAY 4
Activity Title: Ionic Compound
Learning Targets: The learners will be able to represent compounds using chemical formulas, structural
formulas and models
Values/Graduate Attributes: The learners will become problem solvers and critical thinkers.
Reference & Authors: CSB General Chemistry by Rodil and Cuarto Pages: 46-47
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l. CONCEPT NOTES
Ions- These are atoms that lose and gain electrons in order to become stable.
Example: Family 1A-3A loses electrons--cation
Family 5A-7A gain electrons-- anion
Ionic compound – These are made up of metal (cations) and nonmetal (anions).
Valence electrons- electrons in the outer energy level
OCTET RULE- It states that atoms other than hydrogen tend to form bonds until surrounded by
eight valence electrons.
Example:
Family I-A Family VII-A
Family 1 A- One electron in the outer energy level, Halogen Family – The seven electrons in the outer
becomes +1 charge when it loses electron (cation). energy level, becomes -1 charge when they gain
an electron and stable (anion).
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Neutral atom: 11 p = 11 eˉ Neutral atom: 17 p = 17 eˉ
lose 1eˉ (11 p = 10 eˉ ) gain 1eˉ (17 p = 18 eˉ )
Metal: Na+ Nonmetal: Cl-
Symbol formula of the compound: Na+, Cl- → NaCl
Representative Cation Representative Anion Compound Name of Compound
Family Family Suffix -IDE
(Metals) (Nonmetals)
1A Li⁺ 5A Nˉ³ Li3N Lithium Nitride
2A Ca⁺² 6A Oˉ² CaO Calcium oxide
3A Al⁺³ 7A Clˉ AlCl3 Aluminum Chloride
II. EXERCISE
Directions: Read and answer the following items.
A. Write the formula of the following compounds. B. Name the following compounds.
1. calcium nitride _________ 5. H2S _______________________
2. magnesium iodide _________ 6. Ba3P2 _______________________
3. potassium oxide _________ 7. NaBr _______________________
DAY 5
Activity Title: Molecular Compound
Learning Targets: The learners will be able to represent compounds using chemical formulas, structural
formulas and models.
Values/Graduate Attributes The learners will become keen observers and critical thinkers.
Reference & Authors: CSB General Chemistry by Rodil and Cuarto Pages: 46-47
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I. CONCEPT NOTE
Molecules – It refers to the combination of at least two atoms with definite proportion.
Example: Family 4A-7A
Molecular Compound
These are made up of nonmetal and nonmetal elements, acids and oxy-acids.
The covalent bonds forms by sharing electrons to attain a noble gas electron configuration.
The Lewis structure is a very simplified representation of the valence shell electrons in a
molecule.
Types of Covalent bonds
a. nonpolar covalent bond- This refers to the equal sharing of electrons between two atoms.
Example: F2, O2, N2
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b. polar covalent bond- This refers to the unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms.
Example:
single bond: PCl3 double bond SO2
PREFIX SUFFIX
1- mono 4- tetra 7- hepta
2- di 5- penta 8-octa IDE
3- tri 6- hexa 9- nona
10-deca
Example:
1. phosphorus trichloride PCl3
2. sulfur dioxide SO2
II. EXERCISE
Directions: Read and answer the following items.
A. Write the formula of the following compounds. B. Name the following compounds.
1. chlorine tetrafluoride __________ 5. SeO _____________________
2. iodine tribromide __________ 6. NO2 ________________________________
3. dioxygen diodide __________ 7. BrCl5 ________________________________
4. dinitrogen trioxide __________ 8. S2F2 ________________________________
You are now ready for the Post-test!
Directions: Read and answer the following items.
A. For numbers 1-8. Ionic compounds.
Write the Formula. Name the
compounds.
1.-2 Li⁺ and OHˉ _________ ________________________________________
3-4. Al⁺³ and 𝑆𝑂4ˉ² _________ ________________________________________
5-6 Mg⁺² and 𝐶𝑂3ˉ² _________ ________________________________________
7-8 Zn ⁺² and Oˉ² __________ _____________________________________________
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B. For number 9-14. Molecular compounds.
Write the Formula. Name the compound.
9. chlorine trifluoride ________ 12. SeO ___________________________________
10. sulfur hexaiodide ________ 13. NBr3 ___________________________________
11. dioxygen dibromide ________ 14. P2O5 _____________________________________________________
C. For numbers 15-20. Acid and Base. Write the formula of the following chemical names. Spaces are
provided for your answer.
15. sulfuric acid ___________
16 acetic acid ___________
17. phosphoric acid ___________
18. calcium hydroxide ___________
19 ammonium hydroxide ___________
20. potassium hydroxide ___________
D. Directions: Read and answer the given questions concisely.
1. How were subatomic particles discovered?
2. What are the properties of subatomic particles?
3. Why are isotopes important in medicine?
4. Why are isotopes hazardous?
Answer Key
PRE-TEST:
1. C 6. C
2. B 7. D
3. D 8. B
4. A 9. C
5. C 10. B
Bibliography
Bayquen, Aristea V. and Gardee T. Peña, Exploring life Through Science Series General Chemistry 1.
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2016.
Isotopes,2021. Retrieve from https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/introductorychemistry/chapter/uses-of-
radioactive-isotopes-2/
No part of this publication may be produced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means,
without prior written permission of the author.
