INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
THAT DEFINED SOCIETY
Learning Objective
After studying this module, you
should be able to: technology in different eras and
civilization; and
1. Articulate ways by which society is 3. Enumerate scientific and
transformed by science and technological advancement made by
technology; people and some civilizations of the
seventeenth century.
2. Trace the history of science and
Introduction The term "Intellectual Revolution" is
used to refer to Greek speculation about
the "nature" in the period before
Socrates.
• Also know as Age of Reason
• Historians place the Enlightenment in
Europe during the late 17th and the
18th centuries when many writers and
thinkers commenced to question
established beliefs.
• Equal value and Equal rights
Copernican
Revolution
Thomas Kuhn
• He published a book entitled “The Copernican
Revolution”.
• To establish an idea of scientific development
through a series of paradigm shifts.
Copernican
Revolution
Nicholas Copernicus
He was an interesting renaissance
man who overcame the existing
paradigm placing earth in the center
of the solar system to the new earth and the planets revolved
paradigm of heliocentric view that around the sun.
Copernican
Claudius Ptolemy
Revolution Proposed
that the earth is at
the center of the solar system.
Copernican Revolution
In the table show the
remarkable contributions
of ancient astronomers to
the development of the
universe.
Aristotle ( 384-322 B.C., GreDarwinian
Aristarchus (310-230 B.C.,
Revolution
Greek)
Hipparchus (190-120 B.C., G
Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642,
Italian)
Johannes Kepler (1571 – 163
German) It is typically taken to be one of the key
events in the history ofWestern science. 1. Individuals in a species vary
Charles Robert Darwin to some degree in traits; and
2. A species produces more
• He proposed natural selection as the
mechanism of descent with modification. offspring than actually
• Adam Sedgwick and John Henslow survives to mature and
brought back his interest in biology and
geology
reproduce.
Four key point of
• Natural Selection (Survival of the Fittest)
Mechanism of Darwin's Theory
Natural Selection of Evolution
[Link] in Lamarck’s Theory
Populations.
[Link].
[Link] Compete.
[Link] of the Fittest. •
Herbert Spencer as the
source of the natural
selection. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
&academic)
▪ Acquired characteristics are inheritable ▪
Law of use and disuse
▪ French Naturalist (soldier, biologist
Freudian
Sigmund Freud
Revolution
❑Father of Modern Psychology
❑ Main developer of the process of
Psychoanalysis.
[Link] mind
TOPOGRAPHICAL
[Link] mind
[Link] mind
STRUCTURAL
MODEL
- Acceptable ways to satisfy the demands
of id
- Operates the conscious and
unconscious mind
2. ID
- Survival instinct
1. EGO
3. SUPEREGO
Age
- Operates based on principles of
Morality that drive man to become
Socially responsible Communication can be defined as the
process of transmitting information and
Information common understanding from one person
to another (Keyton, 2011).
the Latin word, communis, which means
The word communication is derived from common.
Kinds of 2. We will need to understand the
implications of this change.
Challenges 3. We will need to develop timely
1. We will need to recognize that and effective responses.
something has changed.
Stewart ❑ “Welcome to the Revolution”
The Information Age is placing a premium on "the ability
to adjust and learn" that applies both to individuals and
organizations.
Tuyahov
❑ “Historical Impacts of Information
Alberts, Papp and Technologies: An Overview”
❑This period is characterized by the
▪ First Modern Information Revolution ▪
following civilizations:
Second Modern Information Revolution ▪
1. Olmec Empire
Third Modern Information Revolution 2. Mayan Empire
Mesoamerica 3. Aztec Empire; and
4. Incas Empire.
n Olmec
Perio Empire
d (1400-500 BC)
The term Mesoamerica comes from the
• The first major Mesoamerican civilization
Greek word mesos meaning “in the middle.”
• Developed in the tropical rainforests of
Mexico’s gulf coast • Merchants and Artisans
• They invented a calendar and system of writing • Social structure
made up of carved inscription • Ruling Chief
• Strong devoted to religion and priests were • Nobles (Military and Government Officials)
highly respected. Contributions
Mayan
• Architecture – built large pyramids and palaces •
Agriculture – grew enough food to support large
Empire
population
• Science – developed a hieroglyphic style of writing a
(AD 300-900)
accurate calendar, number system and understood the
concept of zero.
Decline
• Complex agricultural society
• (Around 900 AD) they abandoned their cities for
• Established large city sales unknown reasons.
• Farming and trade
Aztec Empire (1200) • Settled into Mexico in the late 1200 and established their capital
in Tenochtitlan. • Fierce warriors using military conquest to build a
Incas Empire
huge empire. • They became very wealthy from taxes from
conquered people.
• By 1500’s, the empire covered most of Mexico and included
(1400’s)
approx.. 30 million people.
Social structure
• Ruled by a single emperor chosen by a council of priests and • In 1400’s, emerged from the Andes Mountains and conquered a
nobles • Nobility large area that extend over 2500 miles down in the Pacific Coast
• Traders (also acted as military scouts) • They were ruled by an emperor who held absolute power and
also acted as chief religious leader and the son of the Sun God.
• Farmers
• Capital was located at Cuzco
• Slaves
• Government controlled the lives of the people within their
Religion
empire, everyone has to speak the Incan language and worship
• Priests were highly respected individuals Incan Gods.
• Chief God was the sun God Roads
• They offered thousands of human sacrifices to please their Gods • Built a large and elaborate system of roads
Contribution • Runners used these roads to carry new far off provinces and the
• Developed and accurate and established schools capital Religion
• Doctors learned to set broken bones and dentist learned to treat • Worshipped many Gods related to the forces of nature
dental cavities • Architecture – “The capital” was built on the site • Sun God was the most important
of the present day of Mexico City. • Priest were very powerful members of society
Contribution
• Engineering – a system of roads that extend over 12,000 miles
and included bridges and funnels
• Temple of the Sun – built in the capital, it was so strong it could
withstand the power of major earthquakes
Five Basic Pillars
• Agriculture – terrace farming used in mountains region
• Communication – Incan government officials kept records by 1. Witness (Shahada) – to declare one’s faith
means of a knotted, colored string system called quipus. in God and belief in Muhammad
• Incans also excelled in medicine
2. Worship (Salat) – to pray five times a day
Middle East (at dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset and
evening)
The word “Islam” means ‘submission to the 3. Tithing (Zakat) – to give to those in need
will of God” while the followers of Islam
4. Fasting (Sawm) – to fast during Ramadan
are called Muslims.
5. Pilgrimage (Hajj) – to make a pilgrimage
to Mecca at least once during a person’s
❑ Qur’an (or Koran) - major holy text of lifetime if the person is able.
Islam.
Contribution
to Geography• Al Idrisi – produced very accurate maps including a
world map that has continents, mountains, rivers and
famous cities.
• Al Muqdishi – a geographer , who also produced an
accurate colored map
Contributions • TAQI AD-DIN MUHAMMAD IBN MA'RUF ASH
SHAMI AL-ASADI is one of the world's most famous
to
polymaths. He was born in Damascus, now located
in Syria, in 1526.
Mathematics Medical
• They invented symbols to express an unknown
quantity Contributions
• Use of zero and decimal system • Arabs used cadaver in studying and understanding
human anatomy and physiology
• Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī – one of the
first director of the House of Wisdom, Introduced • Abū-Alī al-Husayn ibn-‘Abdallāh Ibn-Sīnā or
algebra in solving equation Avicenna – wrote an encyclopedia of medical
knowledge. This work was translated into latin and
Contributions
used as a textbook in Europe up to 17th century.
• Abū Bark Muhammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī –
sprearheaded the construction of the first Islamic • Used of first method of counting
African
• Modern concepts of mathematics that is globally accepted and
used today in high schools. It was first developed in Africa.
• Used advance techniques for furnace that made it fuel efficient
Revolution
which was 200 to 400 ᵒC hotter compared to 1600ᵒC. Furnace
used by the Romans.
• Created the building of Zimbabwe and the 11 interconnected
Some remarkable works of Africans rock hewn churches of Lalibela in Ethiopa which are considered as
wonders of the world.
were in the field of mathematics, • Observations on Sirius A and B by Dogon people.
metallurgy, architecture, • Cushitic people used their knowledge of stars and constellations
to calculate and establish an accurate calendar.
engineering, astronomy, medicine • Pioneered some medical practices like installation of false teeth,
and navigation. filling of dental cavities, broken bone setting, bone traction,
vaccination, brain surgery, skin grafting and autopsy.
Remarkable • Used of plants like the bark of salix capensis as source of aspirin,
kaopectate for treating diarrhea and Rauwolfia vomitoria as
source or reserpine for hypertension and snakebite.
• Built boats in varying sizes with the largest that can carry a load
of 80 tons.
