1.

4 Angles and Their Relationships

KEY CONCEPTS Angle: Sides of Angle, Angle-Addition Complementary Angles
Vertex of Angle Postulate Supplementary Angles
Protractor Postulate Adjacent Angles Vertical Angles
Acute, Right, Obtuse, Congruent Angles
Straight, and Reflex Bisector of an Angle
Angles

This section introduces you to the language of angles. Recall from Sections 1.1 and 1.3 that
the word union means that two sets or figures are joined.

A DEFINITION

An angle is the union of two rays that share a common endpoint.

1
! !
B C The preceding definition is illustrated in Figure 1.46, in which BA and BC have the
Figure 1.46 common endpoint B.
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 1.4 ■ Angles and Their Relationships 29

As shown, this angle is represented by ∠ABC or ∠CBA. The rays BA and BC

are known as the sides of the angle. B, the common endpoint of these rays, is known as the
vertex of the angle. When three letters are used to name an angle, the vertex is always
named in the middle. Recall that a single letter or numeral may be used to name the angle.
The angle in Figure 1.46 may be! described
! as ∠ B (the vertex of the angle) or as ∠1. In set
notation, we see that ∠B ⫽ BA BC.

POSTULATE 8 ■ Protractor Postulate

The measure of an angle is a unique positive number.

NOTE: In Chapters 1 to 10, the measures of most angles will be between 0⬚ and 180⬚,
including 180⬚. Angles with measures between 180⬚ and 360⬚ are introduced in this
section; these angles are not often encountered in our study of geometry.

TYPES OF ANGLES
F An angle whose measure is less than 90⬚ is an acute angle. If the angle’s measure is
D exactly 90⬚, the angle is a right angle. If the angle’s measure is between 90⬚ and 180⬚, the
A angle is obtuse. An angle whose measure is exactly 180⬚ is a straight angle; alternatively,
E a straight angle is one whose sides form opposite rays (a straight line). A reflex angle is
B C one whose measure is between 180⬚ and 360⬚. See Table 1.4 on page 30.
Figure 1.47 In Figure 1.47, ∠ABC contains the noncollinear points A, B, and C. Unless otherwise
stated or indicated (by an arc), ∠ ABC is an acute angle. The three points A, B, and C also
determine a plane. The plane containing ∠ABC is separated into three subsets by the angle:
Points such as D are said to be in the interior of ∠ABC.
A
D Points such as E are said to be on ∠ABC.
Points such as F are said to be in the exterior of ∠ABC.
B C
With this description, it is possible to state the Angle-Addition Postulate, which is the coun-
Figure 1.48
terpart of the Segment-Addition Postulate! Consider Figure 1.48 as you read Postulate 9.

POSTULATE 9 ■ Angle-Addition Postulate

If a point D lies in the interior of an angle ABC, then m ∠ABD ⫹ m ∠DBC ⫽ m ∠ABC.

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30 CHAPTER 1 ■ LINE AND ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS

Technology Exploration TABLE 1.4

Angles
Use software if available.
1. Draw ∠RST.
Angle Example
2. Through point V in the interior of
!
∠ RST, draw SV. Acute (1) m ∠1 ⫽ 23⬚
3. Measure ∠ RST, ∠RSV, and ∠VST. 1

4. Show that m ∠ RSV ⫹ m ∠ VST ⫽

Right (2) m∠ 2 ⫽ 90⬚
m ∠RST.

Obtuse (3) m∠ 3 ⫽ 112⬚

Straight (4) m∠ 4 ⫽ 180⬚ 4

Reflex (5) m∠ 5 ⫽ 337⬚

5

NOTE: An arc is necessary in indicating a reflex angle, and it can be used to indicate a
straight angle as well.

Discover EXAMPLE 1
When greater accuracy is needed in Use Figure 1.48 on page 29 to find m ∠ABC if:
angle measurement, a degree can be
divided into 60 minutes. In symbols, a) m ∠ABD ⫽ 27⬚ and m∠DBC ⫽ 42⬚
1⬚ = 60’. Convert 22.5⬚ to degrees b) m ∠ABD ⫽ x⬚ and m∠DBC ⫽ (2x ⫺ 3)⬚
and minutes.

ANSWER
22⬚ 30’
SOLUTION
a) Using the Angle-Addition Postulate,
m ∠ABC ⫽ m∠ABD ⫹ m∠DBC. That is, m∠ABC ⫽ 27⬚ ⫹ 42⬚ ⫽ 69⬚.
b) m∠ABC ⫽ m ∠ABD ⫹ m ∠DBC ⫽ x⬚ ⫹ (2x ⫺ 3)⬚ ⫽ (3x ⫺ 3)⬚.

Discover

An index card can be used to categorize the types of angles displayed. In each sketch, an index card is placed
over an angle. A dashed ray indicates that a side is hidden. What type of angle is shown in each figure? (Note the
placement of the card in each figure.)

One edge of the Sides of the angle Card hides the Card exposes
index card coin- coincide with two second side of the second side
cides with both of edges of the card the angle of the angle
the angle’s sides

ANSWER

EXS. 1–6
Straight Angle Right Angle Acute angle Obtuse angle

CLASSIFYING PAIRS OF ANGLES

Many angle relationships involve exactly two angles (a pair)—never more than two angles
and never less than two angles!
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 1.4 ■ Angles and Their Relationships 31

A
In Figure 1.48, ∠ABD and ∠DBC are said to be adjacent angles. In this description,
D the term adjacent means that angles lie “next to” each other; in everyday life, one might say
that the Subway sandwich shop is adjacent to the Baskin-Robbins ice cream shop. When
two angles are adjacent, they have a common vertex and a common side between them. In
B C
Figure 1.48, ∠ABC and ∠ABD are not ! adjacent because they have interior points in com-
Figure 1.48
mon; notice that the common side (BA) does not lie between ∠ABC and ∠ABD.

DEFINITION

Two angles are adjacent (adj. ∠s) if they have a common vertex and a common side
between them.

We now recall the meaning of congruent angles.

DEFINITION

Congruent angles ( ∠ s) are two angles with the same measure.

Congruent angles must coincide when one is placed over the other. (Do not consider
that the sides appear to have different lengths; remember that rays are infinite in length!) In
symbols, ∠1  ∠2 if m ∠1 ⫽ m ∠2. In Figure 1.49, as well as in later figures, similar
1 2
markings (arcs) indicate that two angles are congruent; thus, ∠1  ∠ 2.
Figure 1.49

EXAMPLE 2

GIVEN: ∠1  ∠2
m ∠1 ⫽ 2x ⫹ 15
m ∠2 ⫽ 3x ⫺ 2
FIND: x

SOLUTION ∠ 1  ∠2 means m ∠1 ⫽ m ∠2. Therefore,

2x ⫹ 15 ⫽ 3x ⫺ 2
17 ⫽ x or x ⫽ 17

NOTE: m ∠1 ⫽ 2(17) ⫹ 15 ⫽ 49° and m∠2 ⫽ 3(17) ⫺ 2 ⫽ 49°.

DEFINITION

The bisector of an angle is the ray that separates the given angle into two congruent angles.

!
With P in the interior! of ∠MNQ so that ∠MNP  ∠PNQ, NP is said to bisect
M
P
∠MNQ. Equivalently, NP is the bisector or angle-bisector of ∠MNQ. On the basis of
Figure 1.50, possible consequences of the definition of bisector of an angle are
m ∠MNP ⫽ m∠PNQ m∠MNQ ⫽ 2(m ∠ PNQ) m ∠MNQ ⫽ 2(m ∠ MNP)
m∠PNQ ⫽ 2(m ∠MNQ) m∠MNP ⫽ 12(m ∠MNQ)
1
N Q
Figure 1.50
DEFINITION

Two angles are complementary if the sum of their measures is 90°. Each angle in the
pair is known as the complement of the other angle.

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32 CHAPTER 1 ■ LINE AND ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS

Angles with measures of 37⬚ and 53⬚ are complementary. The 37⬚ angle is the comple-
ment of the 53⬚ angle, and vice versa. If the measures of two angles are x and y and it is
known that x ⫹ y ⫽ 90⬚, then these two angles are complementary.

DEFINITION
Two angles are supplementary if the sum of their measures is 180⬚. Each angle in the
pair is known as the supplement of the other angle.

Discover EXAMPLE 3
In a game of billiards, a ball ricochets
Given that m∠1 ⫽ 29⬚, find:
off an end bumper to create
congruent angles BCA and DCE. If a) the complement x of ∠1 b) the supplement y of ∠1
m ∠ BCD = 34 ⴰ , find m∠ DCE.
SOLUTION
E C A a) x ⫹ 29 ⫽ 90, so x ⫽ 61⬚; complement ⫽ 61⬚
b) y ⫹ 29 ⫽ 180, so y ⫽ 151⬚; supplement ⫽ 151⬚

D B

EXAMPLE 4
ANSWER
73° GIVEN: ∠P and ∠Q are complementary, where
x x
m∠P ⫽ and m∠Q ⫽
2 3

FIND: x, m∠ P, and m ∠Q

SOLUTION
m ∠P ⫹ m ∠Q ⫽ 90
x x
⫹ ⫽ 90
2 3
Multiplying by 6 (the least common denominator, or LCD, of 2 and 3), we have
x x
6⭈ ⫹ 6⭈ ⫽ 6 ⭈ 90
2 3
3x ⫹ 2x ⫽ 540
5x ⫽ 540
x ⫽ 108
x 108
m ∠P ⫽ ⫽ ⫽ 54⬚
2 2
x 108
m ∠Q ⫽ ⫽ ⫽ 36⬚
3 3

NOTE: m ∠P ⫽ 54⬚ and m∠Q ⫽ 36⬚, so their sum is exactly 90⬚.

5 When two straight lines intersect, the pairs of nonadjacent angles in opposite positions
7 8 are known as vertical angles. In Figure 1.51, ∠ 5 and ∠6 are vertical angles (as are ∠ 7
6
and ∠8). In addition, ∠5 and ∠7 can be described as adjacent and supplementary angles,
m
as can ∠5 and ∠8. If m ∠7 ⫽ 30°, what is m∠5 and what is m∠8? It is true in general
Figure 1.51
that vertical angles are congruent, and we will prove this in Example 3 of Section 1.6. We
apply this property in Example 5 of this section.

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 1.4 ■ Angles and Their Relationships 33

Recall the Addition and Subtraction Properties of Equality: If a ⫽ b and c ⫽ d, then

a ⫾ c ⫽ b ⫾ d. These principles can be used in solving a system of equations, such as
EXS. 7–12 the following:
x ⫹ y ⫽ 5
2x ⫺ y ⫽ 7
3x ⫽ 12 (left and right sides are added)
x ⫽ 4
We can substitute 4 for x in either equation to solve for y:
x ⫹ y ⫽ 5
4 ⫹ y ⫽ 5 (by substitution)
y ⫽ 1
If x ⫽ 4 and y ⫽ 1, then x ⫹ y ⫽ 5 and 2x ⫺ y ⫽ 7.
When each term in an equation is multiplied by the same nonzero number, the solu-
tions of the equation are not changed. For instance, the equations 2x ⫺ 3 ⫽ 7 and
6x ⫺ 9 ⫽ 21 (each term multiplied by 3) both have the solution x ⫽ 5. Likewise, the
values of x and y that make the equation 4x ⫹ y ⫽ 180 true also make the equation
16x ⫹ 4y ⫽ 720 (each term multiplied by 4) true. We use this method in Example 5.

EXAMPLE 5

GIVEN: In Figure 1.51 on page 32, ᐍ and m intersect so that

m∠5 ⫽ 2x ⫹ 2y
m∠8 ⫽ 2x ⫺ y
m ∠6 ⫽ 4x ⫺ 2y

FIND: x and y

SOLUTION ∠5 and ∠8 are supplementary (adjacent and exterior sides form a

Discover
straight angle). Therefore, m ∠5 ⫹ m ∠8 ⫽ 180. ∠5 and ∠6 are congruent
On the grid shown, points are uni- (vertical). Therefore, m ∠5 ⫽ m∠6. Consequently, we have
formly spaced. Name two congruent
line segments in figure (a). Name two (2x ⫹ 2y) ⫹ (2x ⫺ y) ⫽ 180 (supplementary ⬔s 5 and 8)
congruent angles in figure (b). 2x ⫹ 2y ⫽ 4x ⫺ 2y (  ∠s 5 and 6)
B
C
Simplifying, 4x ⫹ y ⫽ 180
A C 2x ⫺ 4y ⫽ 0
A E F B
H D Using the Multiplication Property of Equality, we multiply the equation
G D 4x ⫹ y ⫽ 180 by 4. Then the equivalent system allows us to eliminate variable y by
(a) (b) addition.

(a) AB  CD (b) ∠A  ∠D ANSWER 16x ⫹ 4y ⫽ 720

2x ⫺ 4y ⫽ 0
18x ⫽ 720 (adding left, right sides)
x ⫽ 40
Using the equation 4x ⫹ y ⫽ 180, it follows that
4(40) ⫹ y ⫽ 180
160 ⫹ y ⫽ 180
y ⫽ 20
Summarizing, x ⫽ 40 and y ⫽ 20.
NOTE: It follows that m∠5 ⫽ 120⬚, m ∠8 ⫽ 60⬚, and m ∠6 ⫽ 120⬚.

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34 CHAPTER 1 ■ LINE AND ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS

CONSTRUCTIONS WITH ANGLES

In Section 1.2, we considered Constructions 1 and 2 with line segments. Now consider two
constructions that involve angle concepts. In Section 3.4, it will become clear why these
methods are valid. However, intuition suggests that the techniques are appropriate.

R CONSTRUCTION 3 To construct an angle congruent to a given angle.

GIVEN: ∠RST in Figure 1.52(a)
!
CONSTRUCT: With PQ as one side, ∠ NPQ  ∠RST
CONSTRUCTION: Figure 1.52(b): With a compass, mark an arc to intersect both
S T
sides of ∠RST at points G and H.
(a) !
Figure 1.52(c): Without changing the radius, mark an arc to intersect PQ at K and
the “would-be” second side of ∠ NPQ.
R Figure 1.52(b): Now mark an arc to measure the distance from G to H.
H Figure 1.52(d): Using the same radius as in the preceding step, mark an arc with
K as center to intersect the would-be second side of the desired angle. Now
draw the ray from P through the point of intersection of the two arcs.
S G T The resulting angle (∠NPQ) is the one desired, as we will prove in Section 3.4,
(b) Example 1.
Just as a line segment can be bisected, so can an angle. This takes us to a fourth con-
struction method.

CONSTRUCTION 4 To construct the bisector of a given angle.

P K Q GIVEN: ∠PRT in Figure 1.53(a)
!
(c) CONSTRUCT: RS so that ∠PRS  ∠SRT

N P P P
M M
S

R T R N T R N T
P K Q
(a) (b) (c)
(d)
Figure 1.53
Figure 1.52

CONSTRUCTION: Figure 1.53(b): Using a compass, mark an arc to intersect the

sides of ∠PRT at points M and N.
EXS. 13–20 Figure 1.53(c): Now, with M and N as centers, mark off two arcs with equal radii
to intersect at point S in the interior of ∠PRT, as shown. Now draw ray RS, the
desired angle bisector.
Reasoning from the definition of an angle bisector, the Angle-Addition Postulate, and
the Protractor Postulate, we can justify the following theorem.

THEOREM 1.4.1

There is one and only one bisector for a given angle.

This theorem is often stated, “The bisector of an angle is unique.” This statement is proved
in Example 5 of Section 2.2.

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 1.4 ■ Angles and Their Relationships 35

Exercises 1.4
1. What type of angle has the given measure? 12. What, if anything, is wrong with the claim
a) 47⬚ b) 90⬚ c) 137.3⬚ m∠ FAB ⫹ m∠ BAE ⫽ m∠ FAE?
! !
2. What type of angle has the given measure? 13. ∠ FAC and ∠ CAD are adjacent and AF and AD are oppo-
a) 115⬚ b) 180⬚ c) 36⬚ site rays. What can you conclude about ∠ FAC and ∠CAD?
3. What relationship, if any, exists between two angles For Exercises 14 and 15, let m⬔1 = x and m⬔2 = y.
a) with measures of 37⬚ and 53⬚?
b) with measures of 37⬚ and 143⬚? 14. Using variables x and y, write an equation that expresses the
fact that ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are:
4. What relationship, if any, exists between two angles a) supplementary b) congruent
a) with equal measures?
b) that have the same vertex and a common side between 15. Using variables x and y, write an equation that expresses the
them? fact that ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are:
a) complementary b) vertical
In Exercises 5 to 8, describe in one word the relationship
16. Given: m∠ RST ⫽ 39⬚
between the angles.
m∠ TSV ⫽ 23⬚
5. ∠ ABD and ∠DBC 6. ∠ 7 and ∠ 8 Find: m∠ RSV
R
A
D
5 T
7 8 S
6 V
B C m

Exercises 16–24
7. ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 8. ∠ 3 and ∠ 4
17. Given: m ∠RSV ⫽ 59⬚
A m ∠ TSV ⫽ 17⬚
D
H
Find: m ∠ RST
1
3 4
18. Given: m∠ RST ⫽ 2x ⫹ 9
2
B C E F G
m∠ TSV ⫽ 3x ⫺ 2
m∠ RSV ⫽ 67⬚
Find: x
Use drawings as needed to answer each of the following
questions. 19. Given: m∠ RST ⫽ 2x ⫺ 10
m∠ TSV ⫽ x ⫹ 6
9. Must two rays with a common endpoint be coplanar? Must m∠ RSV ⫽ 4(x ⫺ 6)
three rays with a common endpoint be coplanar? Find: x and m∠ RSV
! ! ! ! !
10. Suppose that AB , AC, AD, AE, and AF are coplanar. 20. Given: m∠ RST ⫽ 5(x ⫹ 1) ⫺ 3
m∠ TSV ⫽ 4(x ⫺ 2) ⫹ 3
B m ∠RSV ⫽ 4(2x ⫹ 3) ⫺ 7
C Find: x and m∠ RSV
x
D 21. Given: m∠ RST ⫽ 2
x
F A
E
m∠ TSV ⫽ 4
m ∠RSV ⫽ 45⬚
Find: x and m∠ RST
Exercises 10–13
2x
22. Given: m∠ RST ⫽ 3
Classify the following as true or false: x
m∠ TSV ⫽
a) m∠BAC ⫹ m ∠CAD ⫽ m∠BAD 2

b) ∠ BAC  ∠CAD m∠ RSV ⫽ 49⬚

c) m∠ BAE ⫺ m ∠DAE ⫽ m ∠ BAC Find: x and m∠ TSV
d) ∠ BAC and ∠ DAE are adjacent
e) m∠ BAC ⫹ m ∠CAD ⫹ m∠ DAE ⫽ m ∠ BAE
11. Without using a protractor, name the type of angle repre-
sented by:
a) ∠BAE b) ∠FAD c) ∠BAC d) ∠ FAE

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36 CHAPTER 1 ■ LINE AND ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS

For Exercises 23 and 24, see figure on page 35. In Exercises 33 to 40, use only a compass and a straightedge
! to perform the indicated constructions.
23. Given: ST bisects ∠ RSV
m ∠RST ⫽ x ⫹ y
m∠ TSV ⫽ 2x ⫺ 2y M
m ∠RSV ⫽ 64⬚
Find: x and y
!
24. Given: ST bisects ∠ RSV R P
m∠ RST ⫽ 2x ⫹ 3y
Exercises 33–35
m∠ TSV ⫽ 3x ⫺ y ⫹ 2
m ∠RSV ⫽ 80⬚ 33. Given: Obtuse ∠
! MRP
Find: x and y Construct: With OA as one side, an angle  ∠ MRP
—! —!
25. Given: AB and AC in plane P as shown 34. Given: Obtuse ∠ MRP
—! !
AD intersects P at point A Construct: RS, the angle bisector of ∠ MRP
∠CAB  ∠DAC
35. Given: Obtuse !∠ MRP
∠ DAC  ∠ DAB ! !
Construct: Rays RS, RT, and RU so that ∠MRP is
What can you conclude?
divided into four  angles
D 36. Given: Straight ∠ DEF
Construct: A right angle with vertex at E
C
(HINT: Use Construction 4.)
A
B P
F
E
D
26. Two angles are complementary. One angle is 12⬚ larger than
the other. Using two variables x and y, find the size of each 37. Draw a triangle with three acute angles. Construct angle
angle by solving a system of equations. bisectors for each of the three angles. On the basis of the
appearance of your construction, what seems to be true?
27. Two angles are supplementary. One angle is 24⬚ more than
twice the other. Using two variables x and y, find the mea- 38. Given: Acute ∠ 1 and AB
sure of each angle. Construct: Triangle ABC with ∠ A  ∠ 1, ∠ B  ∠1,
and side AB
28. For two complementary angles, find an expression for the
measure of the second angle if the measure of the first is:
a) x⬚
b) (3x ⫺ 12)⬚ 1
c) (2x ⫹ 5y)⬚ A B

29. Suppose that two angles are supplementary. Find expres-

39. What seems to be true of two of the sides in the triangle you
sions for the supplements, using the expressions provided in constructed in Exercise 38?
Exercise 28, parts (a) to (c). !
! 40. Given: Straight ∠ ABC and BD
30. On the protractor shown, NP bisects ∠ MNQ. Find x.
Construct: Bisectors of ∠ABD and ∠ DBC
What type of angle is formed by the bisectors of the two
P
angles?
92° Q
53
x °
M
D

N
A B C
Exercises 30, 31

31. On the protractor shown for Exercise 30, ∠ MNP and

∠PNQ are complementary. Find x.
32. Classify as true or false:
a) If points P and Q lie in the interior of ∠ ABC, then PQ
lies in the interior of ∠ABC.
—!
b) If points P and Q lie in the interior of ∠ ABC, then PQ
lies in the interior of ∠ABC. !
c) If points P and Q lie in the interior of ∠ ABC, then PQ
lies in the interior of ∠ ABC.

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 1.5 ■ Introduction to Geometric Proof 37

41. Refer to the circle with center O. 44. Refer to the circle with center P.
a) Use a protractor to find m∠ B. a) Use a protractor to find m∠ 1.
b) Use a protractor to find m∠ D. b) Use a protractor to find m∠ 2.
c) Compare results in parts (a) and (b). c) Compare results in parts (a) and (b).
B R

P
O C 1
A S V

T
D
45. On the hanging sign, the three angles ( ∠ ABD, ∠ABC, and
42. If m∠ TSV ⫽ 38⬚, m ∠ USW ⫽ 40⬚, and m ∠TSW ⫽ 61⬚, ∠ DBC) at vertex B have! the sum of measures 360⬚. If
find m ∠USV. m∠ DBC ⫽ 90⬚ and BA bisects the indicated reflex angle,
find m∠ ABC.
T
A
U
D
B
S
V
C

Exercises 42, 43

43. If m∠ TSU ⫽ x ⫹ 2z, m∠ USV ⫽ x ⫺ z, and

m∠ VSW ⫽ 2x ⫺ z, find x if m∠TSW ⫽ 60. 46. With 0 ⬍ x ⬍ 90, an acute angle has measure x. Find
Also, find z if m∠ USW ⫽ 3x ⫺ 6. the difference between the measure of its supplement and
the measure of its complement.

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