Mass Timber

Technical Guide
for CrossLam® CLT and GlulamPLUS®
CANADIAN VERSION
V 09.28.2021

UBC Brock Commons - Tallwood House, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada

There’s a Revolution
Happening.
And Structurlam is
Leading the Way.
North America and timber construction have histories
that are inseparable. From our forestry practices and
manufacturing infrastructure to our model building codes
and standards, building with wood is more deeply rooted
here in North America than anywhere else on the planet.

As our structures grew larger and taller, wood

became limited to stick-built construction. Today,
all of that is changing, as wood is now at the forefront
of an exciting, new construction technology with
mass timber construction.

With the power to lock away carbon through the life span
of a building, timber provides a natural and innovative
alternative to steel and concrete. Proven, cost-effective
and renewable, it’s no wonder mass timber construction
is quickly becoming the platform of choice for owners,
architects, engineers and builders.

Structurlam is uniquely positioned to help make this

revolution a reality. With nearly 60 years of experience
as the industry’s leader in innovating with wood, we’re
here to guide you to this next generation of building
design and construction.

So, no matter what your project—whether you’re looking

to make a statement of beauty, technical leadership,
function or environmental responsibility—Structurlam’s
mass timber building products are the answer.

2 INTRODUCTION | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | INTRODUCTION 3
Mica Heli-Ski Lodge, Mica, BC, Canada

Table of Contents

BENEFITS OF MASS TIMBER

MASS TIMBER CONSTRUCTION..........................................7 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS................................................ 41
Economic Benefits ................................................................8 Connections.........................................................................42
Code Approved....................................................................10 CrossLam® CLT Connections........................................................42
Product Quality Assured......................................................11 GlulamPLUS® Connections..........................................................52

Adhesives.............................................................................11 Fire Performance.................................................................54

North American Glulam Standards......................................12 Acoustic Performance..........................................................56
North American CLT Standards............................................13 Thermal and Energy Performance.......................................59
Architectural Benefits..........................................................14 Deflection............................................................................59
Engineered Solution............................................................14 MEP Penetrations................................................................59
Environmental Benefits.......................................................15 Design Layout......................................................................59
Vibration Control.................................................................59
THE STRUCTURLAM ADVANTAGE .................................... 17
CROSSLAM® CLT................................................................. 61
The Structurlam Brand Promise...........................................18
The Structurlam Advantage ................................................19 CrossLam® CLT Product Applications...................................63
Staggered Multiple Piece Lamination vs. Block Glued.........20 Code Approved....................................................................64
Service Options....................................................................22 Product Quality Assured......................................................65
Adhesives.............................................................................65
MASS TIMBER DESIGN PROCESS ......................................23 CrossLam® CLT Product Characteristics................................66
CrossLam® CLT Product Panel Layups...................................67
MASS TIMBER BUILDING SYSTEMS..................................25 Finishes and Appearance Classification...............................68
Post and Panel.....................................................................27 The CrossLam® CLT Series....................................................69
Benefits........................................................................................ 27 Name Convention........................................................................69
System Components . .................................................................28 Name Designation.......................................................................69
Grid Patterns................................................................................28 Panel Orientation........................................................................69
MEP Routing................................................................................29 Allowable Design and Structural Panel Properties...............70
Building Typology.........................................................................29
Load Span Tables.................................................................71
Post-Beam-Panel................................................................. 31
Benefits........................................................................................ 31 GLULAMPLUS® BEAMS AND COLUMNS............................77
System Components....................................................................32
Code Approved....................................................................79
Grid Patterns ............................................................................... 33
MEP Routing................................................................................ 33
Product Quality Assured......................................................80
Building Typology......................................................................... 33 Adhesives.............................................................................80
Hybrid Light-Frame..............................................................35 GlulamPLUS® Product Characteristics..................................82
Benefits........................................................................................35 Appearance Classifications..................................................83
System Components....................................................................36 GlulamPLUS® Camber Standards.........................................86
Grid Patterns................................................................................36 GlulamPLUS® Allowable Design Stress Properties................87
MEP Routing................................................................................36
GlulamPLUS® Load Capacity Tables......................................89
Building Typology.........................................................................36
GlulamPLUS® Engineering Properties..................................90
Mass Timber System Selection Chart...................................38
CROSSLAM® AND GLULAMPLUS®
CARE, HANDLING, RIGGING AND INSTALLATION.............92

Note: Glulam is referenced throughout this guide as GlulamPLUS®. CLT is referenced as CrossLam® CLT.
This publication prepared by Structurlam Mass Timber Corporation is intended to serve as a technical guide only. The project designer and professional engineer
of record are responsible for providing final documented design and engineering advice for any general or specific use or application where Structurlam CrossLam®
CLT and GlulamPLUS® beams and columns are being used. Structurlam Mass Timber Corporation will not be held liable for any direct or indirect use or reliance on
information published herein.
Structurlam Mass Timber Corporation

4 INTRODUCTION | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | CONTENTS 5
UBC Earth Systems Science Building, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Benefits of
Mass Timber Construction

Economically Viable and Competitive

Code Approved
Quality Assured
Adhesives
Architecturally Enabling
An Engineered Solution
Environmentally Superior

6 MASS TIMBER CONSTRUCTION BENEFITS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | MASS TIMBER CONSTRUCTION BENEFITS 7
 Mass Timber Construction Is:

Economically Viable and Competitive

Compared to traditional steel and concrete, mass timber construction compresses your project schedule by moving much REDUCTION IN SKILLED LABOUR REQUIRED
of the on-site labour to the factory. Once on-site, it’s more about simple assembly rather than construction. • With more skilled labourers retiring from construction
NOTE: With a portion of the reallocated cost of labour reflected in the mass timber cost of materials, it is important to compare trades than entering, availability of skilled labour is one
the costs of the two systems at an installed-complete/structure stage of the project. of the biggest challenges in the industry today.
The cost benefits of mass timber construction can be summarized as follows: • Mass timber construction repositions a significant portion
of the on-site skilled labour to permanent positions in
REDUCED CONSTRUCTION CYCLE TIME • As a part of the Structurlam Advantage (see pages 17–22), manufacturing, significantly reducing the cost of labour on
• As a fully integrated system supplier, Structurlam delivers the construction schedule can be further compressed by the project.
your mass timber building system ready to assemble with coordinating the delivery schedule with the installation schedule.
all connecting hardware and accessories. • A compressed construction cycle also reduces the risk IMPROVED JOBSITE SAFETY PERFORMANCE
• When specified by the contractor, Structurlam components from delays that can occur through an extended cycle • Fewer jobsite labourers and a compressed cycle time both
arrive on-site with all pick points identified, supporting and the potential for resulting claims and back charges. contribute to improvements in jobsite safety performance.
a safe and efficient lift. This often results in lowered insurance rates and incurred
For a complete list of Structurlam Service Options, see page 22. costs due to claims and recordable incident investigations.
• When compared to traditional reinforced concrete construction
practices where reinforcing steel is manually hand tied on-site,
REDUCED FOUNDATION COSTS
forms and falsework are constructed and concrete is poured
and must be left to set to strengthen, mass timber solutions • As a building material, mass timber components are
can accelerate production schedules by as much as 25%. up to 75% lighter than traditional reinforced concrete
(See graphic below.) components required for the same project.

With this reduction in the total building weight, mass

timber construction systems require smaller and lighter
Compressing the Typical Construction Schedule foundations. This results in the following benefits:

ͧ A cost savings to the project in reduced materials

and labour required for footings and foundations
Less soil remediation + smaller foundations Look for these potential
$$ schedule savings ͧ A solution for development in poor soil locations
Below-grade foundations + soils
with mass timber ͧ More cost-effective seismic solutions
Faster installation
(prefabricated and precise) compared to steel
Mass timber structure and concrete. IMPROVED PROJECT ROI
If prefabricated, • Cost of capital is materially reduced due to accelerated
Construction Start

Earlier start*
savings in enclosure time
Building envelope/exterior build schedule.

Earlier start* MEP fully coordinated

in design phase and
MEP therefore installed faster

Earlier start* Less finishes with

exposed wood
Interior finishes structure
Up to 25%
schedule savings
= Less carrying costs
Overall mass timber construction schedule
+ Less GC overhead
+ Ability to lease/occupy sooner
Construction
Mass Timber
Construction
Finish

Finish
Steel/Concrete

*Earlier start for follow-up trades;

no waiting for cure times +

UBC Brock Commons - Tallwood House,

Vancouver, BC, Canada

Figure 1: Mass timber vs. Steel/concrete construction schedule. Mass timber cost and design optimization checklists.
WoodWorks – Wood Products Council

8 MASS TIMBER CONSTRUCTION BENEFITS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | MASS TIMBER CONSTRUCTION BENEFITS 9
 Mass Timber Construction Is:

Code-Approved to North American Standards DESIGN PROPERTY COMPATIBILITY Adhesives

The 2015 National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) permits building systems to be used in all buildings permitted to be of The design capacities published in ANSI/APA PRG 320-2019
cross laminated timber through CSA-O86 – Engineering Design combustible construction. and CSA O112:16 were derived analytically using the Canadian STRUCTURLAM ADHESIVE SYSTEMS
in Wood when manufactured in accordance to the ANSI/APA lumber properties published in CSA O86 – Engineering Design The manufacturing of all code approved mass timber products
PRG 320 Standard (for Performance Rated Cross Laminated Six storey buildings permitted to be of combustible construction in Wood. Lumber from outside of North America has different to produce long length lamellas requires adhesives approved
Timber), and structural glued laminated timber (when (up from four storeys in the 2010 NBCC) were included into the characteristics, may not be recognized in CSA O86 and has for face bond lamination and end to end finger jointing.
manufactured in accordance to the CSA O122 – Structural 2015 NBCC for Group C (residential) and Group D (business and published design values that are incompatible with those of Structurlam uses adhesives specific to our manufacturing
Glued-Laminated Timber), along with mass timber construction personal services) occupancies. See Table 1 below. North American lumber. processes that are certified to North American testing and
As a result, the design properties for mass timber products manufacturing standards.
Table 1: CANADIAN CODE REGULATIONS – UP TO 6 STOREYS manufactured with foreign species lumber should be All adhesives must conform to CSA O122 and ASTM D7247
CODE GROUP C – ARTICLE [Link] GROUP D – ARTICLE [Link] carefully examined for compatibility with the North testing methods for fire, heat and moisture and must support
American design standards. ANSI manufacturing standards – see Table 3 below.
BUILDING HEIGHT No more than six storeys
HEIGHT BETWEEN FIRST STOREY FLOOR
The adhesive component is product thickness and depth
AND UPPER-MOST FLOOR LEVEL
No more than 18 m (59')
Product Quality Assured dependent and comprises approximately 1% by weight of
STOREYS BUILDING AREA STOREYS BUILDING AREA
Structurlam’s mass timber building products.
We are proud of our ongoing certification and adherence
1 9,000 m2 1 8,000 m2 to the North American cross laminated timber and glued GLUE-BOND DURABILITY
MAXIMUM BUILDING AREA 2 4,500 m2 2 9,000 m2 laminated timber standards referenced throughout this guide.
3 3,000 m2 3 6,000 m2
The structural integrity of mass timber components depends
PER BUILDING HEIGHT GlulamPLUS® and CrossLam® CLT are certified to meet the
4 2,250 m2 4 4,500 m2 upon the integrity of the glue-bond between the component
5 1,800 m2 5 3,600 m2 requirements of Standard for Wood Products – Structural lumber elements. This is true for the entire service life of these
6 1,500 m2 6 3,000 m2 Glued Laminated Timber and Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) mass timber components. Conditions that can impact the glue-
as described in CSA O122 and ANSI/APA PRG 320-2019. bond integrity are exposure to elevated heat (such as a fire event)
- Floor assemblies: fire separations with no less than one-hour
FIRE RESISTANCE - Roof assemblies: no less than one-hour These standards outline the quality control requirements and exposure to high moisture conditions for extended periods.
- Load bearing walls, columns and arches: rating not less than required for the supported assembly required by CSA/ANSI and are verified by the APA – The
Engineered Wood Association ([Link]) through
FIRE PERFORMANCE
The fire resistance of cross laminated timber and structural
NOTE: Mixed uses, such as retail stores, shops and restaurants can be located on the first two storeys of these buildings. ongoing and monthly independent third-party inspection
glued laminated timber is based on the certification
visits to Structurlam’s manufacturing operations. For more
requirements of the North American testing and manufacturing
Table 2: CANADIAN CODE REGULATIONS – UP TO 12 STOREYS information on destructive performance testing, see Table 24
mass timber standards. These standards require rigorous
CODE GROUP C GROUP D on page 65.
adhesive heat durability testing to ensure mass timber product
BUILDING HEIGHT No more than 12 storeys Further design considerations and local code approvals may structural integrity under the most severe fire conditions.
HEIGHT BETWEEN FIRST STOREY FLOOR be required when considering a foreign supply source, which
AND UPPER-MOST FLOOR LEVEL
No more than 42 m (138')
can increase project timelines and cost. By adhering to these
EMISSIONS
Both Henkel and Hexion adhesives used by Structurlam for
MAXIMUM BUILDING AREA standards, Structurlam can assure a standard of quality to the
6,000 m2 7,200 m2 manufacturing our mass timber products are certified to UL
PER BUILDING HEIGHT professionals who specify our products. For more information,
refer to pages 12 and 13. GREENGUARD Gold. GREENGUARD Gold certified products
- Floor assemblies: fire separations with no less than two-hours
FIRE RESISTANCE are qualified to meet UL GREENGUARD standards for low
- Load bearing walls, columns and arches: not less than required for the supported assembly chemical emissions into indoor air during product usage.
EXPOSED MASS TIMBER
Limited area allowed
These adhesives are formulated to meet or exceed all global
WALLS AND CEILINGS emissions standards.
NOTE: Mixed uses, such as retail stores, shops and restaurants can be located on the first through third storeys of these buildings.
Table 3: ADHESIVES FOR GLULAM AND CLT MASS TIMBER PRODUCTS
A new construction type called encapsulated mass timber When considering product manufactured outside of North ADHESIVE PERFORMANCE TESTING
construction (EMTC) will be included in the upcoming 2020 America, it should be noted that a limited number of offshore ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE EMISSIONS
suppliers are certified to North American standards. As a result, APPLICATION BRAND TYPE CERTIFICATION FULL SCALE HEAT MOISTURE
NBCC, which will permit mass timber buildings up to 12 storeys
FIRE TEST DELAMINATION DURABILITY
for Group C and Group D occupancies. See Table 2 above. it is imperative to consider more than the conversion of design
Finger Joints Melamine UL GREENGUARD
Manufacturers of mass timber components, cross laminated
stress properties. Key considerations that are upheld to the North
American standards as referenced on pages 12 and 13.
Crosslam CLT®/GlulamPLUS®
Hexion Cascomel™
Formaldehyde (MF) Gold      
Face Bond Melamine UL GREENGUARD
timber and glued laminated timber, certified in North America,
adhere to the standards set forth as described above.
GlulamPLUS®
Hexion EcoBind™
Formaldehyde (MF) Gold     
Face Bond Henkel Loctite HB X UL GREENGUARD
Crosslam CLT® PURBOND
Polyurethane (PUR)
Gold   

10 MASS TIMBER CONSTRUCTION BENEFITS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | MASS TIMBER CONSTRUCTION BENEFITS 11
 North American Glulam Standards to be Met When North American Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Standards
Considering an Offshore Supplier to be Met When Considering an Offshore Supplier
Table 4: GLULAM STANDARDS Table 5: CLT STANDARDS

SUMMARY OF DIFFERENCES IN FOREIGN GLULAM PROPERTIES, AFFECTED APPLICATIONS AND REQUIRED ACTIONS SUMMARY OF DIFFERENCES IN FOREIGN CLT MANUFACTURING AND DESIGN PROPERTIES

DIFFERENCES AFFECTED APPLICATIONS ACTION NEEDED DIFFERENCES AFFECTED APPLICATIONS ACTION NEEDED

Glulam design properties must be derived in ANSI/APA PRG 320-2019 CLT design properties must be derived in accordance with
All glulam applications designed in All CLT panel and applications
Design Value Compatibility accordance with the North American building Requirements North American building codes and standards.
accordance with a recognized standard
codes and design standards.

Lumber used in the manufacture of CLT panels may have

All glulam beam applications that exceed Glulam bending strength must be adjusted for the different design characteristics. ANSI/APA PRG 320-2019
Volume Effect Adjustment 130 mm (5-1/8") in width, 610 mm (24") in volume effect required by the North American has derived capacities for typical North American
depth and 9.1 m (30') in length building codes and design standards. ALL CLT panels and applications species used in CLT production. Only wood species and
Design Properties designed in accordance to North grades recognized by the Canadian Lumber Standards
American codes and standards Accreditation Board (CLSAB) can be used in manufacturing
All glulam applications that depend on CLT under ANSI/APA PRG 320-2019. Foreign species will
Adhesives glue-bond performance in elevated Glulam adhesives must meet CSA O112.9. differ in certain aspects, including stiffness, bending and
temperature events and high humidity shear strength, bearing capacity and specific gravity.

All CLT panels produced in North America must be produced

using adhesives that have passed CSA O112.9. In addition, CLT
All glulam applications that depend on glulam Glulam must be manufactured and certified to All panel and CLT applications that
Fire Performance panels must be qualified with a full-scale compartment fire
fire endurance CSA O122 for fire performance. Adhesives depend on glue bond performance in
test per ANSI/APA PRG 320-2019 Annex B. Other adhesives
elevated temperature events
may not provide adequate bonding in high-heat incidents,
raising life safety issues.
Glulam must be certified and inspected monthly
Quality Assurance and All glulam applications that depend on ANSI/APA PRG 320-2019 requires full-scale bending and
by an accredited third-party certification or
Third-Party Certification glulam quality All CLT panel grades and shear tests when qualifying CLT grades and layups to
inspection agency. Full-Scale CLT Qualification
layup applications ensure the design values are justified. This is not required
in any foreign countries.
Engineer must reconfigure design of supporting
All beam applications, such as:
structure with:
- End and intermediate reactions All CLT panel applications designed CLT panels must be evaluated for stringent moisture
Lower Bearing Capacity - More bearing support area
- Steel connections designed for Moisture Durability to withstand moisture durability durability per ANSI/APA PRG 320-2019 including evaluation
- Larger posts
Douglas fir or Southern Pine bearing conditions of vacuum-pressure soak tests.
- Different connection details

Due to relative density differences between various wood

All shear-critical applications, such as:
species which can vary from 0.42 to 0.55, lateral load
- Glulam supporting other beams on
analysis must be evaluated in each specific case. This
steel connections or point loads from
needs to occur whenever substituting alternate species
Lower Shear Capacity the structure above Engineer must analyze shear-critical applications.
for CLT panels to ensure the capacity of connectors and
- Cantilevered or continuous span beam Any lateral load analysis, bearing or
Relative Density bearing capacity remains adequate for the structure
over intermediate support connection design
in question. Lower relative density not only reduces
- Very high load in a short span
connection properties, but can also significantly reduce
the bearing capacity of the product. For these reasons,
When anything is connected to the all of these evaluations must occur when considering
Engineer must consider: alternate species.
Lower Relative Density beam, such as:
- Additional fasteners
- Floor and roof diaphragms with
- Larger or custom steel connections
Note: The relative density for wood structural panels nailed
- Reduced steel connection capacity ANSI/APA PRG 320-2019 requires regular inspection of
European Spruce is 0.42 or less, directly to the beam Quality Assurance and Third-Party All CLT panels and applications that
- Redesigning all load-bearing manufacturing processes for CLT panels by an independent
while the specific gravity for - Steel connections designed for Certification depend on quality CLT
connections—nails, bolts or screws—for third-party inspection or product certification agency.
Douglas fir is 0.49, respectively. Douglas fir or Southern Pine beams
reduced fastener capacity
- Lighting, sprinklers and HVAC
Reference: Form S500A - APA - North American CLT vs. Imported Product, [Link]

All beam applications that require field

Engineer must consider the applicability of the
Different Field Drilling and drilling and notching for structural or
industry recommendations and their compatibility
Notching Recommendations non-structural (plumbing or electrical
with other structural elements.
wiring) applications

Reference: APA Form W500 - North American Structural Glued Laminated Timber vs. Imported Product, [Link]

12 MASS TIMBER CONSTRUCTION BENEFITS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | MASS TIMBER CONSTRUCTION BENEFITS 13
 Mass Timber Construction Is:

Architecturally Enabling Environmentally Responsible

As humans, we have an inherent desire to be connected to nature and our environment. More and more, we’re seeing projects The United Nations states that two of the most compelling issues in the world today are shelter and climate change. Mass timber
embrace this connection to the natural world. This is especially true in corporate offices, where creating an appealing workspace is construction speaks to both.
both a benefit and a competitive advantage. Mass timber is the perfect structural material for this biophilic approach to design. • Less energy is consumed in the production of mass
• Wood as a building material is a renewable resource that
Mass timber construction delivers the warmth and beauty of wood while still lending itself to inviting designs such as soaring ceilings, timber components. By some estimates, wood conversion
can be regenerated through sustainable forestry practices.
organic shapes and open spaces. And whether the mass timber components are encapsulated, or you opt to highlight the natural is as much as five times more efficient than cement for
Structurlam uses only wood that is sustainably harvested,
allure of the wood, you create environments people want to be in and return to time and time again. concrete and up to 20 times more energy efficient than
including Forest Stewardship Council® (FSC®) (FSC-C005872)
and Sustainable Forest Initiative® (SFI®) (SFI-01726), the production of steel. (See graphic below.)
[Link] chain-of-custody certified.
An Engineered Solution • As a choice, mass timber construction enables a virtuous
• Harvested timber retains its carbon through the life of the cycle of capturing carbon from the atmosphere while
Mass timber components, when manufactured in accordance with CSA O122 – Standard for Structural Glued-Laminated building, while reforestation through replanting increases supporting the forestry practices of responsible harvesting
Timber and ANSI/APA PRG 320 Standard for Performance Rated Cross Laminated Timber, are recognized in CSA O86 as the carbon capture rate by as much as a factor of two times techniques and reforestation practices.
structurally rated components. over the same acreage.
• Both CrossLam® CLT and GlulamPLUS® beams and columns
Design professionals employing mass timber construction can use the same engineering principles and standards with the same • Located within the timberlands it draws upon, Structurlam are ASTM certified with Environmental Product Declarations
safety and code compliance recognition as are applied to materials such as steel and concrete. Mass timber embodies strength, minimizes the transportation footprint required to produce (EPD) to provide complete transparency of the materials used.
resiliency and design ability expanse with the potential to reduce design time compared to other building selections. mass timber components. This is most compelling when EPDs are imperative for calculating building lifecycle costs.
compared to importing competitive mass timber products
or steel from offshore producers.

Environmental Impact of Wood, Steel and Concrete

Normalized to wood value = 1.0

5 Wood
Steel
4 Concrete

3
2
1
0

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Three hypothetical buildings (wood, steel and concrete) of identical size and configuration are compared. In all cases,
impacts are lower for the wood design.
Source: Dovetail Partners using the Athena Eco-Calculator

Shane Homes YMCA at Rocky Ridge, Calgary, AB, Canada

Figure 2: Normalized comparison of environmental impacts of wood, steel and concrete buildings

14 MASS TIMBER CONSTRUCTION BENEFITS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | MASS TIMBER CONSTRUCTION BENEFITS 15
Telus Gardens, Vancouver, BC, Canada

The Structurlam Advantage

The Structurlam Brand Promise

The Structurlam Advantage
Staggered Multiple Piece Lamination vs. Block Glued Layup
Service Options

16 STRUCTURLAM ADVANTAGE | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | STRUCTURLAM ADVANTAGE 17
 The Structurlam Brand Promise The Structurlam Advantage
For nearly 60 years, our experience as a world-renowned fabricator of complex mass timber components has given us the deep
When you choose Structurlam, you have the assurance you’ll be working with: knowledge and expertise to create beautifully designed systems of the highest quality. Our work process is designed to ensure 100%
accountability through every step of your project, including:

• The North American industry leader in mass timber construction.

Mass Timber Design Support Fabrication
Structurlam proudly supports and is certified to all North American Our Mass Timber Specialists, supported by our internal From the 3D model, data is transferred electronically,
building codes and manufacturing standards. customer and technical services teams, have amassed directly to our state-of-the-art CNC fabrication machinery
the experience of every project we have supplied. As where components are reproduced to extreme precision
a resource to your project design team, we will share (less than 3 mm (1/8")). No other manufacturer in North
• A partner in your design. Structurlam utilizes 3D Building Information our best practices with you to deliver the most cost- America can match our quality and precision on CLT and
Modeling (BIM), including the design and specification of all related steel effective and creative solutions that meet or exceed the glulam building products.
requirements of the U.S. building codes, as well as your
connections and hardware. We detail your vision down to the last screw, own high expectations. Quality and Application Assurance
Structurlam maintains a rigorous Quality and Application
nut and bolt.
Budgeting Assurance program that meets or exceeds the standards
Our estimators and senior designers possess deep set forth in the North American model building codes,
• A partner with your project. Structurlam plans the delivery of every knowledge of mass timber design and engineering, throughout our process. Third-party inspected and verified,
component to maximize your construction schedule, right down to how including hardware and connections to provide you Structurlam delivers defect-free quality, the first time.
with accurate and timely SD-, DD- and CD-level budgets
each member is loaded on every truck. and quotations for your project. Codes and Standards Compliant
Structurlam CrossLam® CLT and GlulamPLUS® beams and

• A fully integrated supplier. We supply CrossLam® cross laminated timber Project Management columns meet the requirements set forth in the 2015
A dedicated project manager guides each Structurlam National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) and CSA O86:19
and GlulamPLUS® beams and columns mass timber building products, as project through design, fabrication, delivery and installation, for Cross Laminated and Glued Laminated Timber and are
providing each customer with a single point of contact and manufactured in accordance with CSA O122 – Structural
well as custom steel connectors and related hardware. the utmost in customer service. Glued-Laminated Timber.

• A steward of the environment. Structurlam uses wood that is sustainably Lumber Procurement Options – Adhesives, Finishes and Coatings
Through our strategic supply relationships, Structurlam has We offer a variety of options to enhance the aesthetic
harvested, including SFI and FSC chain-of-custody certified. Certificates for dedicated personnel to procure a wide range of commodity appeal of your GlulamPLUS® beams and columns, including
your project are available upon request. lumber and raw materials, as well as the related steel two adhesives, three smooth finishes, three rustic finishes
and system accessories, to protect against raw material and a wide array of factory-applied coatings.
price volatility. This mitigates the risk of price escalation
for projects that have deferred production windows or Packaging and Delivery
Secure arrival to the jobsite is the cornerstone of our
Penticton Lakeside Resort, prolonged production cycles.
delivery system. Depending on the job requirements, we
Penticton, BC, Canada
Sustainability factory install connectors and test-fit pieces to ensure
Structurlam is a fully certified FSC manufacturer of mass smooth on-site assembly. GlulamPLUS® beams and columns
timber building products and is committed to achieving the are individually wrapped and sealed, corners are protected
highest standards of sustainable construction requirements. and additional packaging such as plywood sheathing
Our mass timber building products can be supplied with SFI is added when necessary. Please refer to page 92 for
and FSC certification. additional Care and Handling recommendations.

Fabrication Design and 3D Modeling Coordinated Installation

Following the building design process, our fabrication Structurlam’s experienced project management team will
design team will create an exact 3D model of your project coordinate with the project installers to ensure safe and
including all mass timber components with all steel and efficient on-site installation. The result is a building with
hardware connectors, right down to every nut, bolt and optimized structural performance, rapid assembly and
screw, including vital details such as holes, daps, slots, superior aesthetic appeal.
counter-bores and chamfers. This process allows us to
envision potential construction issues long before arriving
on the jobsite. Individual component shop drawings are
then produced with exacting specifications as part of our
quality control best practices.

Our team takes pride in every project, from preliminary consultation and design through manufacturing, shipment and
installation. We understand the many challenges of both design and construction and make it our primary goal to ensure
that all processes run as smoothly as possible.

18 STRUCTURLAM ADVANTAGE | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | STRUCTURLAM ADVANTAGE 19
 Superior Engineering for Superior Performance Nearly 60 years of North American
Mass Timber Expertise
STAGGERED MULTIPLE PIECE LAMINATION VS. Diffused Shear Planes: Foreign manufacturers commonly use a
BLOCK GLUED LAYUP METHODOLOGY block glued methodology where narrower single-lam components When you choose Structurlam, you’ll be working with the screw, nut and bolt. Our sophisticated CNC machinery ensures
are edge-glued to produce built-up wide components. This creates North American industry leader in mass timber manufacturing extreme precision (less than 3.175 mm (1/8")) in all our fabrication.
When manufacturing wide-section members, Structurlam
a continuous vertical shear plane between the two edge-glued and project delivery, a company at the forefront of the mass No other manufacturer in North America can match our quality
utilizes a staggered multiple piece lamination technique as
components. In contrast, the multiple piece lamination technique timber revolution. We proudly support and are certified to all and precision on CLT and glulam building products. We plan the
described in CSA O122, section 6.4.4.
creates noncontiguous vertical glue-line shear planes through North American building codes and manufacturing standards. delivery of every component to maximize your construction
In contrast, the block glued methodology, commonly used by the components. Compared with the costs and logistics of working with overseas schedule, right down to how each member is loaded on
foreign manufacturers, allows for narrower single-lamination manufacturers, Structurlam is the right choice for simplified every truck.
Dimensional Stability: Based upon the same principle of construction and sustainability.
components to be edge-glued along the face of the two
an increased number of elements within the component, We work closely with you every step of the way. That’s an advantage
beams to produce built-up wide-section components.
a staggered multiple piece lamination layup reduces the We are also your partner in the process. We use 3D Building that overseas companies simply cannot achieve.
These edge-laminated blocks create a continuous, vertical
dimensional tendencies of any one element and can potentially Information Modeling (BIM) to detail your vision down to the last
shear plane between the two edge-glued narrow beams
increase the overall stability of the component. This can be most
and are not permitted in CSA O122.
prominently realized in wider and deeper sections.
The multiple piece layup where edge laminations are both
Increased Homogenization: Glulam beams and columns
Get It Built to Order, Not Built to Ship
staggered and face glued is a preferred methodology because it
constructed through the staggered multiple piece lamination We don’t live in a world of cookie-cutter buildings. Every Foreign companies have to overcome the additional logistical
creates more diffused shear planes, better dimensional stability
technique are composed of more individual elements than project is unique, which may call for unique sizes of panels and burden of shipping large pieces overseas. This means that pieces
and increased homogenization of the lamstock in the glulam
through a single lamination layup practice. This increased unique shapes and lengths of beams. Working with Structurlam need to fit in 2.44 m x 12.19 m (8' x 40') containers, compromising
structural member.
number of elements acts to further diffuse the impact of any gives you tremendous control over the custom nature of the scope of projects.
one element on the resulting component and creates a more your project.
homogeneous construction. The cost of this shipping is obvious, but there are hidden
Our advanced 3D modeling and precision machining create costs as well. Chopping panels, beams and columns into sea
exactly the piece of engineered wood you need. Perhaps just container sizes often leads to increased installation costs. With
as important is the fact that, because we’re the local source for Structurlam, we deliver products ready to install, loaded in order
STAGGERED MULTIPLE PIECE LAMINATION BLOCK GLUED GLULAM mass timber, we can deliver custom and oversized pieces much of assembly to speed things along.
• The staggered multiple piece lamination method creates a • The block glued glulam lamination method creates a
more readily than overseas manufacturers.
It’s one more way that makes local sourcing a smart choice.
noncontiguous shear plane in the glulam member. contiguous vertical shear plane that relies on the glue-bond
line integrity to transfer loads through the glulam member.
• This staggered layup does not rely on the glue line integrity to
the same degree as the forces can be resisted by the overlapping • In an asymmetric loading application, the load component
laminations in shear. must transfer across the glue line in shear to allow the glulam
member to act as a compound unit.
• This staggered glulam composition method is implicitly safer, more
robust and does not demand the same degree of quality control Structurlam Manufacturing Facility, Okanagan Falls, BC, Canada
over the glue line integrity as the block glued lamination method.

DIFFUSEDDIFFUSED
SHEAR PLANE
SHEAR PLANE VERTICALVERTICAL
SHEAR PLANE
SHEAR PLANE

H H H H
GT GT GT GT
LEN LEN LEN LEN
DEPTH

DEPTH

DEPTH

DEPTH

FigureWIDTH WIDTH
3: Staggered multi-piece lamination method Figure 4: Block gluedWIDTH WIDTH
multi-piece lamination method

STAGGERED
20 MASS TIMBER STAGGERED
MULTIPLE-PIECE
CONSTRUCTION MULTIPLE-PIECE
BENEFITS LAMINATION
| Structurlam LAMINATION
Mass Timber Technical Guide BLOCK GLUED
BLOCK GLULAM
GLUED GLULAM [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | MASS TIMBER CONSTRUCTION BENEFITS 21
 As a Manufacturer,
Structurlam Delivers
Defect-free quality, the first time, every time. Structurlam with the 3D model created in our design center.
utilizes state-of-the-art CNC robotics, along with a rigorous Our state-of-the-art scheduling system allows for your
Quality and Product Application Assurance program job to be delivered in full, on time and in spec. This will
throughout our process, from 3D modeling and inline take place when milestone-based scheduling is adhered to,
lumber testing to test-fitting all component connections, allowing for production to meet your expected deliveries.
ensuring what is delivered to the jobsite matches precisely

Service Options
Our customers are at the heart of our business. Structurlam offers a range of design and fabrication service levels, each
incorporating various elements of The Structurlam Advantage. The service options range from fabrication only of your approved
shop drawings, to traditional supply with our technical services, to consulting on cost efficiency through an engagement of design
for manufacturing and assembly. We will work with you to understand your needs, preferences and budget to select the right
service level for your project.
Our service options include:

DESIGN FOR MASS TIMBER

FABRICATION TRADITIONAL

Mass Timber Design Process

MANUFACTURE AND SPECIALTY ENGINEERING
ONLY SUPPLY ASSEMBLY (DfMA) DESIGN AND SUPPLY

Supply of mass timber components Complete detailing and supply of Collaborate with the AEC team to Provide mass timber specialty
per your approved single-piece shop mass timber kit-of-parts (including achieve design cost optimization engineering design services with
drawings or fully detailed 3D model steel connectors and hardware) through efficiencies in manufacture consent and collaboration with
per Structurlam single-piece shop and on-site assembly of the mass the EOR and with respect to the
drawings, as approved by the timber kit-of-parts architect's design intent
project's Architect, Engineer and
Contractor (AEC) team Complete detailing and supply of Complete detailing and supply of
mass timber kit-of-parts (including mass timber kit-of-parts (including
Project management and steel connectors and hardware) steel connectors and hardware)
scheduling services, ensuring your per Structurlam single-piece shop per Structurlam single-piece shop
mass timber kit-of-parts arrives on- drawings, as approved by the drawings, as approved by the
site, on-time, in-full and on-spec, to AEC team AEC team
meet your construction schedule
Project management and Project management and
Installation services available as an scheduling services, ensuring your scheduling services, ensuring your
added service mass timber kit-of-parts arrives on- mass timber kit-of-parts arrives on-
site, on-time, in-full and on-spec, to site, on-time, in-full and on-spec, to
meet your construction schedule meet your construction schedule

Installation services available as an Installation services available as an

added service added service

We believe that Structurlam is uniquely positioned to meet even the most challenging project requirements. We are
confident that you will find our decades of North American experience and expertise worthy of further discussion.

22 STRUCTURLAM ADVANTAGE | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | MASS TIMBER DESIGN PROCESS 23
 Mass Timber
Design Process
Once you’ve determined mass timber construction is your building approach and chosen Structurlam as your supply partner,
we recommend the following series of steps and decisions to help guide your progression forward.

1  etermine standard grid pattern(s) for your design (recommended grid patterns for each mass timber system can be
D
found on pages 28, 33 and 36 of this guide).

2 Select a mass timber building system for your project (see Mass Timber Building Systems starting on page 25
for a description of popular mass timber systems and recommendations for building typology).

Consider each design element (fire performance, acoustics and sound transmission, vibration control, etc.)
3 through the Design Considerations section in the guide (pages 41–60) and the effect each consideration may
have on member sizing.

 sing the engineering design properties provided in the guide for CrossLam® CLT (see pages 61–76) and
U
4 GlulamPLUS® beams and columns (see pages 77–91), determine preliminary member sizing for individual grid
assemblies for the load and applicable code requirements of your project.

 s you develop a working design solution, your Structurlam Mass Timber Specialist will work with you to complete
A
5 your design, including grid layout and member sizing and positioning, as well as to develop a preliminary budget for
your project. Feel free to contact your Structurlam Mass Timber Specialist at any time during the process.

Mass Timber Building Systems

Post and Panel

Post-Beam-Panel
Hybrid Light-Frame
As always, we’re here to assist. Regardless of what
level you ultimately work with us—whether Design, Mass Timber System Selection Chart
Supply, Fabrication Only or any stage in between—
we recommend you engage one of our team of Mass
Timber Specialists as early in the process as possible.

24 MASS TIMBER DESIGN PROCESS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | MASS TIMBER BUILDING SYSTEMS 25
UBC Brock Commons - Tallwood House, Vancouver, BC, Canada UBC Brock Commons, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Post and Panel System

Post and Panel is a common type of mass timber structural

system made up of CrossLam® CLT floor panels resting directly
Benefits
above GlulamPLUS® columns. This system does not use any
• The open and clear head heights of the Post and Panel
beams or secondary supporting members for the CrossLam®
System allow easy routing of mechanical, electrical and
CLT panels. The panels are designed to work in a full two-way
plumbing (MEP) systems.
span system point-supported on bearing columns.
This system is made up of a series of typical grids, allowing • Connection design is typically less complex than
for the simple design of open concept living and workspaces. other systems, making it ideal for fast, efficient and
It’s ideal for building types in which a regularly repeating grid safe mass timber construction (see “Connections”
pattern can be established throughout the structure. These on pages 42–53 under “Mass Timber Design
structures include hotels, dormitories or micro apartments and Considerations” for additional information).
can be used effectively in both hybrid material systems as well
as full timber-based structures.

26 MASS TIMBER BUILDING SYSTEMS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | MASS TIMBER BUILDING SYSTEMS 27
 System Components MEP Routing
The Post and Panel System is made up of the following components: As a result of the open and clear head heights of the Post
and Panel system, routing mechanical, electrical and
A GlulamPLUS® Columns
plumbing (MEP) systems along ceiling lines is recommended.
B CrossLam® CLT Panels This is particularly convenient where drop ceilings will be
C Steel Connectors/Fasteners (screws, caps, etc.) incorporated in the design where MEP systems can be
concealed above the finished ceiling.

Table 6: FIGURE 1: POST AND PANEL SYSTEM

Building Typology
A IDEAL FOR
• Hotels
• Dormitories
• Multifamily Residential
B • Senior Housing
• Industrial

UBC Brock Commons - Tallwood House, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Foundation

Grid Patterns
X
3-4.5 m (10-14 ft)
Figure 5 shows the typical grid sizes used for Post and Panel
mass timber building systems. The optimal grid sizes
for this type of system are 2.4-3 m (7'-10.5"-9'-10.5") wide since
2.4-3 m (8-10 ft)

this maximizes the utilization of CrossLam® CLT by reducing

material costs and waste. Other sizes can be used; please
Y

consult with your Structurlam Mass Timber Specialist on

efficiencies related to alternative patterns. Due to the nature of
pressing CrossLam® CLT, the maximum length of panel that can
be pressed is 12.19 m (40'), and the maximum width that can be
pressed is 2.4 m (7'-10.5") and 3 m (9'-10.5"). This results in grid
layouts that are ideal for hotels, multifamily and student-
or senior-living housing and facilities.

Figure 5: Typical post and panel system grids

28 MASS TIMBER BUILDING SYSTEMS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | MASS TIMBER BUILDING SYSTEMS 29
3935 Lakeshore Road, Kelowna, BC, Canada
Carbon12, Portland, OR, USA

Post-Beam-Panel System

The Post-Beam-Panel System is composed of CrossLam® CLT

floor panels bearing on a system of GlulamPLUS® beams
Benefits
and columns. The beams and columns form the vertical
• Allows for open floor plans and design concepts.
load-bearing structure of the building. Connecting the
CrossLam® CLT panels completes the structural system and • Left exposed, GlulamPLUS® beams and columns and
creates the platform for subsequent floors. Its principles can be CrossLam® CLT panels add high architectural appeal.
used in both hybrid material and full timber-based structures.
• No additional timber construction education required.
The Post-Beam-Panel System allows for more flexibility in
the grid pattern of the design, making the system well suited
for projects that feature open floor plans and work concepts,
such as corporate offices, high-end residential, multifamily
and commercial buildings, government and other public
access structures.

30 MASS TIMBER BUILDING SYSTEMS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | MASS TIMBER BUILDING SYSTEMS 31
First Tech Credit Union, Hillsboro, OR, USA

Grid Patterns
TYPICAL GRIDS
X
Figure 6 shows typical grid sizes used for Post-Beam-Panel 10-30 ft (3.05-9.14 m)
mass timber building systems. Due to the nature of pressing
CrossLam® CLT, the maximum length of panel that can be
pressed is 12.19 m (40'), and the maximum width that can be
pressed is 2.4 m (7'-10.5") and 3 m (9'-10.5").
The use of augmented grids can create impressive structural

15-40 ft (4.6-12.2 m)
efficiencies. An example would be a 9.1 m (30') primary
beam span in the Y direction and 4.5 m (15') bay spacing in

Y
the X direction. Located on exterior bays of the building, this
produces large functional spaces.

MEP Routing
Depending on the degree of encapsulation of the mass timber Figure 6: Typical post-beam-panel system grids
components as required by code (often determined by fire
performance considerations) or by architectural preference,
routing for mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) systems Building Typology
can be located within false ceilings, walls or floors; or in the
case where the mass timber components will be left exposed IDEAL FOR
for architectural effect, incorporated into the design as the
• Multi-story Residential
designer best determines.
• Office Buildings
• Corporate Headquarters and Campuses
• Industrial Buildings
• Large Assembly Halls

Carbon12, Portland, OR, USA

System Components
This system is made up of the following components: Table 7: FIGURE 1: POST-BEAM-PANEL SYSTEM
A GlulamPLUS® Beams A
B GlulamPLUS® Columns
C CrossLam® CLT Panels
Steel Connectors/Fasteners
B
D
(screws, caps, etc.)

All are prefabricated to provide the highest

degree of accuracy and to simplify and C
accelerate construction on-site.

Foundation

32 MASS TIMBER BUILDING SYSTEMS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | MASS TIMBER BUILDING SYSTEMS 33
 Virtuoso - Westbrook Village, by Adera Development Corporation, Vancouver, BC, Canada Virtuoso - Westbrook Village, by Adera Development Corporation, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Photo credit: Seagate Mass Timber, Inc.

Hybrid Light-Frame System

This system is a hybrid between typical light-frame (wood or

steel) and mass timber construction. Commonly, only the shear
Benefits
walls and horizontal structure (floor and roof) are constructed
• The Hybrid Light-Frame System delivers improved construction
using CrossLam® CLT, while the rest of the structure utilizes
cycle time over conventional light-frame systems.
traditional light-frame construction principles.
This system is generally used for multifamily residential • As a hybrid system, it’s also a popular transitional system for
structures. When off-site prefabricated wall panel systems are builders more familiar with traditional building techniques.
used, benefits of an accelerated construction schedule can be • MEP infrastructure can be installed within the wall assembly.
realized. This system also allows for added flexibility in floor plan
design and layout. • CrossLam® CLT horizontal panels improve lateral (seismic
and wind) capacity and design performance as compared to
traditional light-frame construction.

• Downstream trades for MEP can adhere directly to the

underside of CLT, accelerating installation timelines.

• Solid CLT floor plates create a fire block between levels,

enhancing fire safety from traditional light-frame systems.

34 MASS TIMBER BUILDING SYSTEMS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | MASS TIMBER BUILDING SYSTEMS 35
 Virtuoso - Westbrook Village, by Adera Development Corporation, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Photo credit: Seagate Mass Timber, Inc.

System Components
The Hybrid Light-Frame System is made up of the following components:

A CrossLam® CLT (floor, shaft walls or roof)

B Light-frame walls (wood or steel)

Foundation
Figure 7: Hybrid light-frame system

Grid Patterns
While utilizing traditional light-framing materials for walls allows for greater flexibility in vertical load
transfer, designers should still consider a CLT floor panel size that is optimal to the manufacturers’ production
capabilities. Standard hybrid light-frame projects vary in open spans from 3.0 m-4.3 m (10'-14'). Large spans
often require a dropped beam to remain economically competitive with light-frame systems.

MEP Routing
With traditional light-framed walls, designers often choose to incorporate mechanical, electrical and plumbing
(MEP) systems within walls. MEP can also be attached directly to the underside of the CLT panels, simplifying
routing installation.

Building Typology
• Multifamily residential
• Conventional non-residential up to six storeys (offices, hotels, motels, dormitories)

36 MASS TIMBER BUILDING SYSTEMS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | MASS TIMBER BUILDING SYSTEMS 37
 Mass Timber System Selection Chart
Table 8:
GLULAMPLUS ® BEAMS AND COLUMNS
CROSSLAM ® CLT PANELS

# OF MIN MAX TYPICAL PANEL RECOMMENDED RECOMMENDED

TYPICAL VALUE
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION BUILDING SPAN SPAN THICKNESS SYSTEM GRID X GRID Y FIRE RESISTANCE MEP ACOUSTICS
OCCUPANCIES PROPOSITION
STOREYS CLT CLT mm (in) (beams) (purlins/panel)

Supported CLT panel on glulam columns similar Quick speed of

Hotel Surface Mounted Requires additional
to a concrete slab building. Limited to CLT 2.4 m 4.2 m 175 (6.88) 2.44 m-3.05 m 3.05 m-4.27 m installation and
POST AND PANEL Dormitories 6 to 18 POST AND PANEL 2 hr encapsulated MEP collides with build floor system
production sizes and panel strength limitations. (8') (14') 245 (9.72) (8'-10') (10'-14') MEP simple
Micro Apartments nothing or dropped ceiling
Best used in encapsulated scenarios. layout fastening

Raised Access Floor Mass timber kits

Most common and generic system similar
Dropped Ceiling of parts, quick
to traditional timber frame construction 139 (5.5) Requires additional
Office 3.6 m 12.1 m 3.05 m-9.14 m 4.57 m-12.19 m 1-2 hr exposed Surface Mounted install, amazing
POST-BEAM-PANEL augments with mass timber panel systems and 1 to 18 175 (6.88) POST-BEAM-PANEL build floor system
Residential (12') (20') (10'-30') (15'-40') 2+ hr encapsulated MEP collides with performance and
modern connections for a smooth and reliable 191 (7.58) or dropped ceiling
beams in one aesthetics, cost
performance.
direction only competitive

Mass timber kits

Similar to a Post-Beam-Panel System; 87 (3.43) Raised Access Floor
of parts, quick
however, it includes an extra set of purlins to Dropped Ceiling Requires additional
POST, BEAM, PURLIN, Office 2.4 m 4.8 m 105 (4.13) POST, BEAM, PURLIN, 6.1 m-9.14 m 6.1 m-9.14 m 1 hr exposed install, amazing
further break up the span. The system works 1 to 18 Surface Mounted build floor system
PANEL Residential (8') (16') 139 (5.5) PANEL (20'-30') (20'-30') 2+ hr encapsulated performance and
well with large grid sizes or one-hour fire MEP collides with or dropped ceiling
175 (6.88) aesthetics, cost
ratings and thin panels. beams and purlins
competitive

Traditional light-frame wood walls are used Speed of

with 2x4s, 2x6s or steel studs in the wall layout. Multifamily 4m installation of
CLT floor panels are placed on top of the wall Residential (13') 87 (3.43) higher-quality
Surface Mounted Requires additional
HYBRID LIGHT-FRAME stud systems in a platform framing approach. 105 (4.13) HYBRID LIGHT-FRAME 3.05 m-9.14 m 3.05 m-4.57 m 1 hr exposed performance
1 to 6 MEP collides with build floor system
CLT This yields significant installation time savings 139 (5.5) CLT (10'-30') (10'-15') 2+ hr encapsulated product, can create
nothing or dropped ceiling
for the project. Downstream trades also realize Low Rise 5m 175 (6.88) overall cost savings
a faster installation process with CLT floor Small Office (16') in tight labour
plates as opposed to traditional methods. markets

Structural steel gravity and lateral frames are 87 (3.43) Good for teams
covered with CLT decking solutions. Not only Office 105 (4.13) Surface Mounted with low mass
Requires additional
HYBRID STEEL FRAME does this greatly reduce the project’s carbon Public Buildings 2.4 m 6m 139 (5.5) HYBRID STEEL FRAME 9.14 m 9.14 m 1-2 hr exposed MEP collides with timber experience,
1 to 18 build floor system
CLT footprint, but it can also lead to beautiful Post Disaster (8') (20') 175 (6.88) CLT (30') (30') 2+ hr encapsulated steel frame, or use green footprint,
or dropped ceiling
aesthetic finishes and installation time Status 191 (7.58) raised access floor ease of install, ease
savings on-site. of design
245 (9.72)

These projects use CLT as a simple, quick kit

of parts. CLT is used for gravity load, lateral Industrial 105 (4.13) Quick installation,
and floor plate systems. By using a one-stop Tilt-Up 139 (5.5) Requires additional single supplier,
6m 1-2 hr exposed Dependent on
CLT TILT-UP supplier, the project is quickly coordinated Remote Location 1 to 4 175 (6.88) CLT TILT-UP undefined undefined build floor system coordinated kit
(20') 2+ hr encapsulated system design
and installed for the perfect fit on-site. Post Disaster 191 (7.58) or dropped ceiling of parts easy for
These projects can quickly be designed remote installation
Status 245 (9.72)
and delivered.

87 (3.43)
105 (4.13) Beautiful,
Unique structures with free-form systems and 139 (5.5) Requires additional
dynamic components. No two parts are the 6m Dependent on customized,
BOUTIQUE BUILDINGS Public Buildings 1 to 4 175 (6.88) BOUTIQUE BUILDINGS undefined undefined 1-2 hr exposed build floor system
same, and the architecturally exposed mass (20') system design award-winning
191 (7.58) or dropped ceiling
timber often results in award-winning designs. buildings
245 (9.72)
315 (12.5)

38 MASS TIMBER BUILDING SYSTEMS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | MASS TIMBER BUILDING SYSTEMS 39
 Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
©Robert Benson Photography

Mass Timber Design Considerations

Connections
Fire Performance
Acoustic Performance
Thermal and Energy Performance
Deflection
Design Layout
Vibration Control

40 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 41
 Mass Timber Construction Connection Details
TOLERANCE 1 mm
Structurlam can supply all connecting steel components The following sections show typical connection details used
and related hardware. All notches, slots, grooves, holes and in mass timber construction systems for CrossLam® CLT and
connecting details are prefabricated by Structurlam. All GlulamPLUS® beams and columns.
members are either preassembled or test-fit prior to delivery PARTIALLY THREADED
to minimize erection issues in the field and maximize the TIMBER SCREW OR NAILS
efficiency gains from Structurlam mass timber systems.

Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Connections

TOLERANCE GAP .2 mm

CLT Panel to Panel Connecting System

Figure 9: CLT spline connection in shear

ASSEMBLY TOLERANCE GAP 2 mm

Table 10: FACTORED LATERAL RESISTANCES FOR CLT SURFACE SPLINE JOINTS LOADED IN SHEAR
PANEL & JOINT CONFIGURATION MINIMUM
ASSY FACTORED
SPLINE PANEL SERIES SPACING
FASTENER RESISTANCES
FULLY THREADED
LOADING THICKNESS THICKNESS IN A ROW
TIMBER SCREW OPTIONS (N)
(mm)
(mm) (mm)

Eco
87 630 90
6 x 70
19.05
Eco

3-PLY
Z // 105 1,040 120
Figure 8: CLT butt joint connection in shear 8 x 90

Eco
25.4 105 1,050 120
8 x 90

Table 9: FACTORED LATERAL RESISTANCES FOR CLT BUTT JOINTS LOADED IN SHEAR
PANEL & JOINT CONFIGURATION
ASSY FACTORED MINIMUM SPACING
PANEL SERIES FASTENER RESISTANCES IN A ROW
LOADING THICKNESS OPTIONS Eco

5-PLY
(N) (mm)
(mm) Z // 25.4 175 1,610 150
10 x 120

VG Cyl
Z // 660
6 x 140
3-PLY

105 25
VG Cyl Notes:
Z┴ 460
6 x 140 1. For complete data, please refer to the MTC Solutions’ “Mass Timber Connections Design 5. Fasteners are installed at a 90° angle, intersecting the shear plane in the CLT panel at a depth
Guide,” downloadable on MTC Solutions’ website. equal to the spline thickness.
2. Connections must respect the minimum spacing, edge and end distance requirements for ASSY 6. The angle between the force and the fastener axis is 90°.
VG CSK
1,170 32 screws in CLT and meet all relevant requirements of the “Notes to the Designer” section, as 7. Factored lateral resistances may be applied to parallel and perpendicular loading
8 x 220 specified in the MTC Solutions’ “Mass Timber Connections Design Guide” and the CSA O86:19. toward the panel joint considering grain directions and minimum end and edge
Z // 175 3. The table contains factored lateral resistances (Z) for a single ASSY fastener conforming to the distance requirements.
VG CSK connection geometry and loading conditions described.
1,720 40 8. ZII Angle between loading direction and wood grain in the shear plane ϴ = 0°.
10 x 220 4. Listed factored resistances are valid for dry service conditions only, where Ksf =1.
5-PLY

VG CSK Source: MTC Solutions, [Link]

820 32
8 x 220
Z┴ 175
VG CSK
1,160 40
10 x 220

Notes:
1. For complete data, please refer to the MTC Solutions’ “Mass Timber Connections Design 5. Fasteners are installed at a 45° angle intersecting the shear plane at half the panel thickness.
Guide,” downloadable on MTC Solutions’ website. 6. The angle between force and fastener axis is 90°.
2. Connections must respect the minimum spacing, edge and end distance requirements for ASSY 7. ZII Angle between loading direction and wood grain in the shear plane ϴ = 0°.
screws in CLT and meet all relevant requirements of the “Notes to the Designer” section, as Z┴ Angle between loading direction and wood grain in the shear plane ϴ = 90°.
specified in the MTC Solutions’ “Mass Timber Connections Design Guide” and the CSA O86:19.
8. Adjustment for panel edge loading of CLT shall be considered, following CSA O86-19
3. The table contains factored lateral resistances (Z) for a single ASSY fastener conforming to the clause [Link].
connection geometry and loading conditions described.
4. Listed factored resistances are valid for dry service conditions only, where Ksf =1.

Source: MTC Solutions, [Link]

42 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 43
 CLT Lap Joint Connection System CLT Panel to Beam Connecting System
TOLERANCE GAP 2 mm
FULLY THREADED TIMBER
SCREW FOR SHEAR PARTIALLY THREADED
REINFORCEMENT ONLY TIMBER SCREW

89 mm MAX

PARTIALLY
THREADED
TIMBER SCREW

Figure 11: CLT panel to beam connection in shear

TOLERANCE GAP 2 mm Table 12: FACTORED LATERAL RESISTANCES FOR CLT PANEL TO BEAM CONNECTIONS IN SHEAR
Figure 10: CLT lap joint connection in shear
CLT PANEL & BEAM CONFIGURATION MINIMUM
ASSY FACTORED
SPACING
PANEL SERIES FASTENER RESISTANCES
IN A ROW
BEAM TYPE LOADING THICKNESS OPTIONS (N)
Table 11: FACTORED LATERAL RESISTANCES FOR CLT LAP JOINTS LOADED IN SHEAR (mm)
(mm)

PANEL & JOINT CONFIGURATION Eco

ASSY FACTORED MINIMUM SPACING 87 940 135
6 x 160
PANEL SERIES FASTENER RESISTANCES IN A ROW
LOADING THICKNESS OPTIONS Eco
(N) (mm) Z // 940 135
(mm)
6 x 200
105
Eco
Eco 1,660 180
87 610 8 x 200
6 x 80
25
Eco
Z // 105 670 Z┴ 1,100
6 x 90

3-PLY
Dfir
(0.50)
Eco
105 970 32
8 x 100
3-PLY

Eco
Z M, ┴ 105 1,340 180
Eco 8 x 200
87 300
6 x 80
25
Eco
Z┴ 105 350
6 x 90
Z S, ┴ 1,190
Eco
105 480 32
8 x 100

Eco
139 870 25
6 x 120 Z // 2,450 225
Eco
5-PLY

Z // 1,570 32 Eco

5-PLY
8 x 160 Dfir
175
175 (0.50) 10 x 300
Eco
2,100 40
10 x 160
Z M, ┴ 1,970 225
Notes:
1. For complete data, please refer to the MTC Solutions’ “Mass Timber Connections Design 5. Fasteners are installed at an angle intersecting the shear plane at half the panel thickness.
Guide,” downloadable on MTC Solutions’ website. 6. The angle between force and fastener axis is 90°.
2. Connections must respect the minimum spacing, edge and end distance requirements for ASSY
Notes:
7. Factored lateral resistances may be applied to parallel and perpendicular loading toward the
screws in CLT and meet all relevant requirements of the “Notes to the Designer” section, as 1. For complete data, please refer to the MTC Solutions’ “Mass Timber Connections Design 6. The angle between force and fastener axis is 90°.
panel joint considering grain directions and minimum end and edge
specified in the MTC Solutions’ “Mass Timber Connections Design Guide” and the CSA O86:19. Guide,” downloadable on MTC Solutions’ website. 7. ZII Main member and side member loaded parallel to grain ϴ = 0°.
distance requirements.
3. The table contains factored lateral resistances (Z) per ASSY fasteners conforming to the 2. Connections must respect the minimum spacing, edge and end distance requirements for ASSY ZM,┴ Main member loaded perpendicular to grain (ϴ = 90°); side member loaded parallel to
8. Z II Angle between loading direction and wood grain in the shear plane ϴ = 0°.
connection geometry and loading conditions described. screws in CLT and meet all relevant requirements of the “Notes to the Designer” section, as grain (ϴ = 0°); ϴ = 90° with regards to Kϴ.
Z┴ Angle between loading direction and wood grain in the shear plane ϴ = 90°.
specified in the MTC Solutions’ “Mass Timber Connections Design Guide” and the CSA O86:19.
4. Listed factored resistances are valid for dry service conditions only, where Ksf =1. ZS,┴ Main member loaded parallel to grain (ϴ = 0°); side member loaded perpendicular to
3. The table contains factored lateral resistances (Z) for a single ASSY fastener conforming to the grain (ϴ = 90°); ϴ = 90° with regards to Kϴ.
connection geometry and loading conditions described.
Source: MTC Solutions, [Link] 4. Listed factored resistances are valid for dry service conditions only, where Ksf =1.
Z┴ Main member and side member loaded perpendicular to grain ϴ = 90°.

5. Fasteners are installed at an angle intersecting the shear plane at the interface of the CLT
panel and supporting beam.

Source: MTC Solutions, [Link]

44 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 45
 CLT Panel to Beam Connecting System CLT Wall and Glulam Floor Beam Systems
PARTIALLY THREADED
TIMBER SCREW

FULLY THREADED SHEAR

PLANE SCREW

RICON/MEGANT
STYLE CONNECTOR

Figure 13: Pre-engineered connectors

Figure 12: CLT panel to beam connection with inclined screws

390 390 mm (15-3/8")

Table 13: FACTORED RESISTANCES FOR CLT PANEL TO BEAM CONNECTION INCLINED SCREWS
CLT PANEL & BEAM CONFIGURATION FACTORED 290 290 mm (11-3/8")
ASSY FASTENER MINIMUM SPACING
BEAM PANEL SERIES OPTIONS RESISTANCES PER
IN A ROW
TYPE LOADING THICKNESS WITH INCLINED SCREW CROSS
(mm)
(sg) (mm)
SCREWS (N)
200 200 mm (7-7/8")
VG CSK
87 7,780 120
8 x 240 140 140 mm (5-1/2")

VG CSK
Z X// 9,710 120
8 x 300
Each product kit includes two
105
VG CSK matching connector plates.
12,100 143
10 x 300
Dfir
3-PLY

SERIES 60 80 80
(0.50) Figure 14: Ricon S VS
VG CSK 60 mm (2-3/8") 80 mm (3-1/8") 80 mm (3-1/8")
87 8,650 120 760 mm
8 x 240 (30")

VG CSK 730 10 mm (3/8")

Z X┴ 10,220 120 580 mm
8 x 300 (22-7/8')
105 30 mm (1-1/4")

VG CSK 550
460 mm
12,740 143
10 x 300 (18-1/4")

430
340 mm
VG CSK (13-3/8")
Z X// 175 20,380 143
10 x 480 310

Dfir
5-PLY

(0.50)
VG CSK
Z X┴ 175 21,010 143
10 x 480

SERIES 60 100 150

Figure 15: Megant
Notes: 60 mm (2-3/8") 100 mm (4") 150 mm (6")
1. For complete data, please refer to the MTC Solutions’ “Mass Timber Connections Design 6. The angle between force and fastener axis is 45°.
Guide,” downloadable on MTC Solutions’ website. 7. Factored lateral resistances only apply to parallel loading along the span direction 1
2. Connections must respect the minimum spacing, edge and end distance requirements for ASSY of the glulam. 2
screws in CLT and meet all relevant requirements of the “Notes to the Designer” section, as 8. ZXII F actored lateral resistances per screw cross with CLT main member loaded along the
NUMBER DESCRIPTION
specified in the MTC Solutions’ “Mass Timber Connections Design Guide” and the CSA O86:19. major span direction. 3
3. The table contains factored lateral resistances (NR ) for 2 ASSY fasteners installed in a screw
1 Hex Nut
ZXT F actored lateral resistances per screw cross with CLT main member loaded along the
cross configuration conforming to the connection geometry and loading conditions described.
2 Washer 4
minor span direction. Notes:
4. Listed factored resistances are valid for dry service conditions only, where Ksf =1.
9. Adjustment for panel edge loading of CLT shall be considered, following CSA O86-19 For complete data on each beam hanger Top Clamping Jaws
5. Fasteners are installed at an angle intersecting the shear plane at the interface of the CLT clause [Link]. system, please refer to the MTC solutions’ 3
panel and supporting beam. “Beam Hanger Design Guide,” downloadable
(without thread)
on MTC solutions’ website. 4 Threaded Rod 5
Source: MTC Solutions, [Link]
Source: MTC Solutions, [Link] 5 Connector Plate (x2)
Bottom Clamping Jaws
6
(with thread)
6
Figure 16: Product kit details

46 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 47
 CLT Floor to Ledger Connection System CLT Panel to Steel Connecting System
ZUP

STUD PARTIALLY THREADED

TIMBER SCREW

CLT PANEL

SILL PLATE
ANCHOR
BOLT
45°
SELF-TAPPING
MASONRY SCREW

ASSY SCREW

ASSY SCREW

Figure 18: CLT panel with steel side plate in shear

LEDGER BOARD PER TABLE

Table 15: FACTORED RESISTANCES FOR CLT STEEL SIDE PLATE CONNECTIONS IN SHEAR

Figure 17: Connection system with inclined fastener PANEL & JOINT CONFIGURATION FACTORED FACTORED
STEEL ASSY FASTENER LATERAL WITHDRAWAL
ZDOWN LOADING
PANEL SERIES
THICKNESS THICKNESS OPTIONS RESISTANCES RESISTANCES
Table 14: FACTORED RESISTANCES FOR WALL TO CLT FLOOR CONNECTION (ledger board) (mm) (mm) (N) (W)

PANEL & LEDGER CONFIGURATION Kombi

ASSY FACTORED 4.75 8 x 80
LEDGER PANEL SERIES FASTENER RESISTANCES
LOADING STUD TYPE THICKNESS THICKNESS Kombi
OPTIONS (N) Z // 87 to 105 6.35 8 x 80
2,203
(mm) (mm)
Kombi
12.7 8 x 80
Eco
50 MM STUD

3-PLY
6 x 120 3,100
50 mm Kombi
Z DOWN 38 - 599 4.76 8 x 80
Lumber
Eco Kombi
6 x 160 Z┴ 87 to 105 6.35 8 x 80
1,545
Kombi
50 mm 12.7 8 x 80
Eco
3-PLY

Z UP 38 87 1,210
Lumber 6 x 200
Notes:
1. For complete data, please refer to the MTC Solutions’ “Mass Timber Connections Design 6. Fasteners are installed at a 90° angle intersecting the shear plane at the interface of steel side
Notes: Guide,” downloadable on MTC Solutions’ website. member and CLT.
1. For complete data, please refer to the MTC Solutions’ “Mass Timber Connections Design Guide,” downloadable on MTC Solutions’ website. 2. Connections must respect the minimum spacing, edge and end distance requirements for ASSY 7. The angle between force and fastener axis is 90°.
2. Connections must respect the minimum spacing, edge and end distance requirements for ASSY screws in CLT and meet all relevant requirements of the screws in CLT and meet all relevant requirements of the “Notes to the Designer” section, as
“Notes to the Designer” section, as specified in the MTC Solutions’ “Mass Timber Connections Design Guide” and the CSA O86:19. specified in the MTC Solutions’ “Mass Timber Connections Design Guide” and CSA O86:19. 8. ASSY Ecofast may be used in lieu of ASSY Kombi fasteners if proper head bearing is assured.
3. The table contains factored resistances for a single ASSY fastener conforming to the connection geometry and loading conditions described. 3. The table contains factored lateral resistances (Z) for a single ASSY fastener conforming to the 9. ZII Main member loaded parallel to grain (ϴ = 0°)
4. Listed factored resistances are valid for dry service conditions only, where Ksf =1. connection geometry and loading conditions described. Z┴ Main member loaded perpendicular to grain (ϴ = 90°)
5. Factored uplift resistances (ZUP ) shall not exceed factored downward resistances load capacity (ZDOWN ) for continuous load path. 4. Listed factored resistances are valid for dry service conditions only, where Ksf =1.
W Steel plate loaded in withdrawal.
6. Factored downward resistances (ZDOWN ) apply only to parallel (gravity shear) loading. 5. The side member is assumed as ASTM A36 grade steel or higher. In accordance with CSA O86:19,
a dowel bearing strength of 400 MPa for steel is used in the yield limit equations.
7. Engineered Wood Products must have an Equivalent Specific Gravity (ESG) of 0.50 as per their respective evaluation reports for the loading condition
shown above.
8. Adjustment for panel edge loading of CLT shall be considered, following CSA O86-14 clause [Link] Source: MTC Solutions, [Link]
Source: MTC Solutions, [Link]

48 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 49
 CLT Panel to Steel Connecting System

CLT PANEL WITH STEEL SIDE PLATE IN SHEAR

Table 16: FACTORED RESISTANCES FOR CLT STEEL SIDE PLATE CONNECTIONS IN SHEAR
PANEL & JOINT CONFIGURATION FACTORED
FACTORED LATERAL
PANEL SERIES STEEL ASSY FASTENER WITHDRAWAL
RESISTANCES
LOADING THICKNESS THICKNESS OPTIONS RESISTANCES
(N)
(mm) (mm) (W)

Kombi
8 x 80
2,203 3,100
Kombi
4.75 10 x 120
3,247 6,030
Kombi
12 x 120
4,622 7,220
Kombi
8 x 80
2,203 3,100
Kombi Figure 19: CLT and Steel Plate hold down connectors with Inclined Screws
Z // 139 to 191 6.35 10 x 120
3,247 6,030
Kombi Table 17:
12 x 120
4,622 7,220
FACTORED LATERAL RESISTANCES FOR
Kombi CLT STEEL SIDE PLATE CONNECTIONS WITH INCLINED SCREWS
10 x 120
3,247 6,030
Kombi PANEL & JOINT CONFIGURATION
12.7 ASSY FASTENER FACTORED
12 x 120 OPTIONS
4,622 7,220 PANEL SERIES STEEL RESISTANCES
Kombi LOADING THICKNESS THICKNESS WITH
(N)
12 x 140 45° WASHER
5-PLY

(mm) (mm)
Kombi
8 x 80
1,545 3,100
VG CSK
Kombi
Z // 4,069
4.75 2,276 6,030 8 x 140

3-PLY
10 x 120
87 4-15
Kombi
12 x 120
3,241 7,220 VG CSK
Z┴ 4,152
8 x 140
Kombi
8 x 80
1,545 3,100
VG CSK
4-15 8,274
Z┴ 139 to 191 6.35
Kombi
2,276 6,030 8 x 240
10 x 120 Z //
VG CSK
Kombi 6-20 9,140
3,241 7,220 10 x 240

5-PLY
12 x 120 175
Kombi VG CSK
2,276 6,030 4-15 7,759
10 x 120 8 x 240
Z┴
Kombi VG CSK
12.7 12 x 120 6-20 9,182
10 x 240
3,241 7,220
Kombi
12 x 140 Notes:
1. For complete data, please refer to the MTC Solutions’ “Mass Timber 6. Fasteners are installed at a 45° angle intersecting the shear plane at
Notes: Connections Design Guide,” downloadable on MTC Solutions’ website. the interface of steel side member and CLT.
1. For complete data, please refer to the MTC Solutions’ “Mass Timber Connections Design 6. Fasteners are installed at a 90° angle intersecting the shear plane at the interface of steel side 2. Connections must respect the minimum spacing, edge and end distance 7. The angle between force and fastener axis is 45°.
Guide,” downloadable on MTC Solutions’ website. member and CLT. requirements for ASSY screws in CLT and meet all relevant requirements 8. For ranges in steel plate thicknesses, a factored resistance is provided
of the “Notes to the Designer” section, as specified in the MTC while assuring no through penetration of the fastener in the CLT panel
2. Connections must respect the minimum spacing, edge and end distance requirements for ASSY 7. The angle between force and fastener axis is 90°. Solutions’ “Mass Timber Connections Design Guide” and CSA O86:19. with minimum steel plate thickness.
screws in CLT and meet all relevant requirements of the “Notes to the Designer” section, as
specified in the MTC Solutions’ “Mass Timber Connections Design Guide” and CSA O86:19. 8. ASSY Ecofast may be used in lieu of ASSY Kombi fasteners if proper head bearing is assured. 3. The table contains factored lateral resistances (Z) for a single ASSY 9. The designer must assure that all possible stress limits in the wood
fastener conforming to the connection geometry and loading members and steel are not exceeded.
3. The table contains factored lateral resistances (Z) for a single ASSY fastener conforming to the 9. ZII Main member loaded parallel to grain (ϴ = 0°).
conditions described. 10. ZII Factored lateral resistances per screw in tension with loading
connection geometry and loading conditions described. Z┴ Main member loaded perpendicular to grain (ϴ = 90°). 4. Listed factored resistances are valid for dry service conditions only, direction along major span direction of CLT panel.
4. Listed factored resistances are valid for dry service conditions only, where Ksf =1.
W Steel plate loaded in withdrawal. where Ksf =1.
5. The side member is assumed as ASTM A36 grade steel or higher. In accordance with CSA O86:19, Z┴ Factored lateral resistances per screw in tension with loading
5. The side member is assumed as ASTM A36 grade steel or higher. In direction along minor span direction of CLT panel.
a dowel bearing strength of 400 MPa for steel is used in the yield limit equations.
accordance with CSA O86:19, a dowel bearing strength of 400 MPa for
Source: MTC Solutions, [Link] steel is used in the yield limit equations.

Source: MTC Solutions, [Link]

50 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 51
 GlulamPLUS® Connections GlulamPLUS® Connections
Mass timber projects typically feature multiple beam-to-beam and beam-to-column connections, with connections available from SELECTION TOOL FOR BEAM HANGER SYSTEMS
Structurlam in any of four main categories, as follows:
The following pre-selection table helps the designer in More details on specific beam hanger systems can be
CUT-TO-LENGTH CUSTOM STEEL choosing the right beam hanger system. The table lists the found in the MTC Solutions’ “Beam Hanger Design Guide”
Beams and columns are provided, square-cut to length for field In certain applications where pre-engineered connectors may allowable loads for each system based on the minimum beam at [Link]
assembly. For a precision fit, in some cases, beams and columns not be feasible, typically as a result of irregular component width and minimum beam depth.
may need to be undersized by 3mm (1/8") to 5mm (3/16"). shapes or geometries or where a particular aesthetic result is
desired, custom steel connectors are typically used. Table 18: FACTORED RESISTANCES FOR WALL TO CLT FLOOR CONNECTION (ledger board)
TRADITIONAL WOOD JOINERY
Custom steel connectors typically fall into one of two categories: MINIMUM MINIMUM FACTORED RESISTANCES
Traditional, wood-to-wood joinery of mortise and tenon, BEAM WIDTH BEAM DEPTH (kN)
dovetail and rabbet connections are available and can be Concealed: where the performance of steel connectors
provided with tight-tolerance accuracy. is desired with the visual appearance of a LOAD
wood-to-wood connection
PRE-ENGINEERED CONNECTORS BEAM HANGER
Exposed: where the visual impact of large, heavy steel SYSTEM
Pre-engineered connectors are a preferred and typical connectors is part of the architectural design
connector system in mass timber projects. Straightforward to
Consult with your Structurlam Mass Timber Specialist for more
specify using available design values and tables, the connectors
information and cost estimates for each. For more information
can be factory installed and test-fit prior to delivery, ensuring
on GlulamPLUS® connections refer to page 53.
smooth, time-saving installation. Pre-engineered connectors
mm mm kN 50 100 150 200 250 300
are not recommended to be installed on cambered beams due
to significant installation challenges. 180 26 Ricon S VS 140x60

240 39 Ricon S VS 200x60

100 400 60 Megant 310x60

520 94 Megant 430x60

640 125 Megant 550x60

240 58 Ricon S VS 200x80

120 330 71 Ricon S VS 290x80

430 131 Ricon XL 390x80

400 77 Megant 310x100

Figure 20: Installation of beam using concealed pre-engineered Figure 21: Factory-installed custom steel connectors to be designed by
beam connectors engineer of record or specialty engineer 140 530 128 Megant 430x100

650 166 Megant 550x100

400 100 Megant 310x150

520 166 Megant 430x150

190
640 232 Megant 550x150

830 318 Megant 730x150

Notes:
1. Factored resistances listed are only valid for Limit State Design in Canada. 4. In the table: Single connector factored resistance.
2. This table is a pre-selection tool. For complete design guidelines, please Double connectors factored resistance, the minimum beam width
refer to the MTC Solutions’ Beam Hanger Design Guide, downloadable at is larger than the listed value, refer to respective connector section.
[Link] and to the CSA O86:19.
3. Factored resistances listed here are only valid for use in Dfir in standard term 5. Development of loads and design of connections are the responsibility of the
loading (KD =1.0). Please refer to each respective connector section for more values. design professional of record.

Source: MTC Solutions, [Link]

Figure 22: Concealed pre-engineered beam to column connectors Figure 23: Custom steel connectors precision fit on-site

52 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 53
Churchill Avenue 4-plex, Penticton, BC, Canada

THE CHAR METHOD

The char method allows mass timber to be directly exposed to UNEXPOSED SURFACE
fire. Since the timber is fully exposed, extra lumber is added
during the design phase to meet the fire resistance rating (FRR). y
This system is designed by determining the approximate depth NA
Db
to which the fire would penetrate and the remaining structural Dchar
D
strength of the member after a certain exposure time.
CrossLam® CLT and GlulamPLUS® behave as mass timber and db
d char
have a predictable charring rate of approximately 0.65 mm/min
(1.5"/hr). The char layer, which is formed during combustion, Fully intact Heated Charred
acts as an insulating layer for the inner layers, thus protecting mass timber zone zone
the structural members from a further loss of strength. The FIRE EXPOSED SURFACE
FRR of CrossLam® CLT and GlulamPLUS® is dependent on Figure 26: Cross-section of fire-exposed cross laminated timber
several factors, including the member depth, span, applied
loading and exposure. The most vulnerable components of
this type of system tend to be the steel connectors due to the
rapid reduction in steel’s strength at high temperatures. To
FIRE STOPS AND SERVICE PENETRATIONS
counteract this, it is required that all connectors be covered by
a layer of timber or intumescent paint to protect the steel. A number of commercially available fire-rated joint systems
for concrete can achieve the same fire test ratings when used
in mass timber for up to two hours. Detailing and fire caulking
need to be applied appropriately around the fire sleeve. This
FIRE RESISTANCE RATING (FRR) allows solid mass timber panels such as CrossLam® CLT to be a
superior part of your fire protection system.
Fire Resistance Rating (FRR) performance can be
designed either generically, according to the National
Building Code of Canada (NBCC), or using an alternative
method described in Annex B – Fire resistance of
large-cross-section wood elements of CSA O86.
Fire Performance Extensive testing has been completed to allow either
the codified generic approach or the engineering
Mass timber performs exceptionally well in fire events due approach in CSA O86 to cover a variety of use scenarios.
to its slow-charring and self-insulating properties, providing
effective fire protection. Glulam beams and columns can be designed using the
current 2015 NBCC. For other mass timber elements
Fire resistance is the ability of a material to continue to (solid sawn, glulam, structural composite lumber and
provide structural strength and resistance to heat or vapor CLT), they can be designed using the methodology from
transfer during a fire event. A fire resistance rating (FRR) Annex B within CSA O86.
refers to the time that a building component can withstand
fire or heat and integrity failure. It’s important to note Reduced cross-section method of CSA O86: The Annex B
that requirements regarding fire safety vary depending methodology uses wood-engineering-based mechanics
on building occupancy type and location; therefore, the to calculate the fire resistance of wood members and will
specific requirements must be confirmed when designing the Figure 24: Pre-engineered beam hangers can achieve fire rating through be referenced in Appendix D of the 2020 NBCC. Figure 27: Wall assembly after testing showing the depth of charring on the
system. Mass timber systems can be designed using various concealment within wood. Images courtesy of Beam Craft. exposed side. NRC (2014) Fire Endurance of Cross-Laminated Timber Floor
and Wall Assemblies for Tall Wood Buildings.
performance principles to meet the required criteria, Execution of proprietary CAN/ULC-S101 testing that is
including the following two methods: specific to the project assemblies: Standard Methods
Encapsulation method with a two-hour fire rating. of Fire Endurance Tests of Building Construction and
Materials evaluate the duration for which CLT will
THE ENCAPSULATION METHOD contain a fire and maintain its structural integrity during
Type X Gypsum Board
This method encapsulates all structural mass timber exposure to fire.
components using Type X Gypsum Board and is the more
conservative option between the two. Each additional board of GlulamPLUS® Column For additional test documentation, visit
16 mm ( 5/8") gypsum board adds approximately 40 minutes [Link] Figure 28: Protective “char layer” maintains
of extra fire resistance to the timber components. Each layer structural integrity of interior section.
of 1/2" (13 mm) gypsum board adds approximately 25 minutes
of protection. This system maintains the integrity of the full
load-bearing cross-section of the structural component.
Figure 25: Encapsulation method

54 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 55
 First Tech Credit Union, Hillsboro, OR, USA

Acoustic Performance
When using CLT walls and floors, and in order to achieve the
desired STC and IIC ratings for your building project, refer to
Table 19 on page 58. These assemblies contribute to the
overall sound isolation and acoustic performance of your
completed building.
Sound transmission is also affected by the components in wall
and floor assemblies. Airtight construction and specifically
engineered connections can help mitigate flanking sound
transmission, further improving acoustic performance.

ACOUSTIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Sound and vibration control are directly associated with the
comfort of building occupants. There are several different Figure 30: Impact sound
types of sound, including airborne sound, impact sound and
flanking sound that must be minimized and optimized to IMPACT SOUND (IIC RATING)
provide maximum comfort and livability. Reverberation
Impact sound is a structure-borne sound transmitted through
sound affects sound quality in a room but not rating values.
a direct impact on solid elements such as through the walls
and floors of a building. Examples of impact sound in a building
AIRBORNE SOUND (STC RATING) include footsteps, falling objects and other sounds from your
Airborne sound is transmitted by various means, including upstairs neighbors.
speech, televisions and stereos. These airborne waves cause
the structural components to vibrate and therefore transmit Impact Sound Mitigation:
sound to adjacent spaces. To reduce the transmission of impact sound between building
areas, install damping materials on the impact surface such as:
Airborne Sound Mitigation: FLANKING SOUND (STC AND IIC RATING)
• Carpet flooring
To mitigate the intensity of airborne sound from being Flanking sound occurs due to the transmission of both
transmitted into adjacent building spaces, architectural • Resilient underlay beneath flooring surface airborne and impact sound or vibration through building
outfitting can be used. Fire, thermal and acoustic insulation can components into other non-intended portions of the building
• Suspended ceiling or raised floors
be combined where appropriate for walls, doors and windows. via uninsulated and indirect sound paths. For example, flanking
Techniques to reduce airborne sound often include the use sound transmission paths include windows and doors, ducts
of dense materials, which tend to attenuate sound waves SOUND REVERBERATION and shared structural building components such as floor
effectively, for instance: Reverberation is a longer-lasting and degrading sound caused panels. Conventional flanking sound mitigation techniques
by the reflection from surfaces inside of a building. Varied commonly see a 2–5 dB increase in field STC/IIC ratings.
• Floor – using acoustic mat floor underlays or
dropped ceilings surface shapes such as fluting or soft absorbing surfaces
can help change the sound quality of a room and mitigate FLANKING SOUND MITIGATION
• Walls – using dense wall insulation, such as rock reverberation. This should not be confused with IIC (Impact) or Flanking sound must be mitigated on a project-specific basis
mineral wool STC (Sound Transmission) ratings. and is minimized using sound insulation techniques such
as window placement and building component insulation
developed during the design stage. A certain degree of
flanking sound can typically not be avoided; however, it can be
minimized through:
• Design of less direct (i.e., longer and more complex) sound
transmission paths Figure 32: Flanking sound mitigation direct path (red arrow) vs.
flanking path (blue arrows) on floor surface
• Prioritization of discontinuity between units and building
elements (i.e., avoid using one panel for more than one
living unit without adding acoustic barriers)
• The buildup of multiple layers in the structural component
cross-section
• Sound encapsulation techniques to remove direct
Figure 31: Sound reverberation structural paths (i.e., dropped ceilings)

Figure 29: Airborne sound For more information on flanking sound transmission, refer to
2019 Canadian CLT Handbook - Chapter 9.

56 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 57
 Acoustic Ratings for Floor and Ceiling Assemblies Thermal and Energy Design Layout
Performance Multi-story mass timber buildings typically require that all
Table 19: ACOUSTIC RATINGS FOR FLOOR AND CEILING ASSEMBLIES
loading paths are vertically and uniformly aligned throughout
The material properties of mass timber help to manage the
all storeys. Any walls and columns that remain aligned in the
GYPSUM BOARD CEILING transfer of thermal energy through the building envelope
same vertical plane throughout the building can be used to
2 LAYERS 12.7 mm (1/2") THICK TYPE X GYPSUM BOARD by resisting air transfer, creating a highly insulated space.
brace the building. This is important to consider in all mass
CLT FLOOR 5-PLY Due to the tight tolerances and precision of prefabrication in
timber building systems described in this guide, including
THICKNESS: 175 mm (6-7/8")
BARE our state-of-the-art manufacturing facility, joints between
DIRECTLY ATTACHED TO CLT Post and Panel, Post-Beam-Panel and Hybrid Light-Frame.
SOUND TRANSMISSION CLASS (STC) AND ADDITIONAL ACOUSTIC panels and members tend to fit together tighter, resulting in
IMPACT INSULATION CLASS (IIC)
38 mm (1-1/2") HUNG CEILING ON METAL
HUNG CEILING WITH Structures with load paths that do not align will require transfer
DIRECTLY ATTACHED WOOD FURRING @ GRILLAGE 152 mm (6") BELOW the improved energy efficiency of your building. The mass
610 mm (24") O.C. CLT SURFACE
16 mm (5/8") THICK TYPE X ON slabs and transfer beams. While possible, this approach is not
METAL GRILLAGE in the mass timber also acts as a thermal battery, helping the
152 mm (6") UNDERNEATH cost-effective and can add complexity to the overall design.
structure better regulate internal environmental conditions.
Base designs and concepts should avoid these types of
BARE 41 (25) 42 (25) 50 (36) 68 (56) 67 (55) For more information, refer to CLT panel properties on page 70. design situations.

38 mm (1-1/2")
CONCRETE TOPPING
53 (36) 53 (40) 59 (50) 76 (66) 74 (64)
Vibration
ON 9.5 mm (3/8")
CLOSED-CELL FOAM
Maximum floor vibrations for CLT slab elements must be
38 mm (1-1/2") carefully analyzed. Research in this area is ongoing. However,
CONCRETE TOPPING ON
52 (35) 53 (38) 59 (47) 76 (64) 73 (63) the proposed design method for controlling vibrations in CLT
12.7 mm (1/2") WOOD
FIBERBOARD floors is outlined in CSA 086:19 clause A.8.5.3. Experience
has shown that for panels supported on load-bearing
38 mm (1-1/2")
CONCRETE TOPPING ON
walls, the method in the CLT Handbook generally produces
19 mm (3/4") RECYCLED
59 (42) 59 (46) 63 (45) 77 (61) 75 (60) well-behaving floors to typical walking excitations. Where
FABRIC FELT
floor panels are supported on long span beams, additional
38 mm (1-1/2") considerations should be given to the vibration performance
CONCRETE TOPPING ON
53 (46) 53 (44) 59 (49) 73 (65) 70 (63) of the whole framing system.
12.7 MM (1/2") RUBBER
FLOOR TOPPINGS

NUGGETS ON FOIL
FLOOR VIBRATION CONTROL COMPARISON
38 mm (1-1/2")
Deflection
CONCRETE TOPPING
Floor vibration performance depends on the application and
ON 8 MM SHREDDED
52 (38) 52 (38) 58 (48) 76 (66) 74 (64) The deflection limits of CLT are specified in CSA 086:19 clause the expectations of the user. Because of this, floor vibration
RUBBER MAT
5.4. Calculating deflection should conform to the CSA O86:19 should be designed accordingly. The preferred design method
38 mm (1-1/2") clauses A.8.5.2. and A.[Link]. Creep is a critical factor that to controlling vibrations in CLT floors is found in CSA O86:19 -
CONCRETE TOPPING ON
16 mm (5/8") SHREDDED
54 (44) 54 (43) 60 (51) 76 (67) 73 (65) should be accounted for in any structural design. See the A.8.5.3 and the 2019 Canadian CLT Handbook. The chart below
RUBBER MAT approach outlined in CSA O86:19 clause A.8.5.2. CSA O86:19 compares the thickness of CLT floors against concrete and at
clause A.8.5.4 contains design information on calculating what level we are able to better control our vibration with
38 mm (1-1/2")
deflection limits. Generally, the CLT floor plate will be governed CLT versus concrete. See table below for CrossLam® CLT floor
CONCRETE TOPPING 49 (28) 49 (32) 56 (41) 75 (60) 74 (60)
NOT BONDED TO CLT by performance-based vibration analysis. vibration performance.

2x12 mm CEMENT Table 20:

BOARD ON CROSSLAM ® CLT FLOOR VIBRATION PERFORMANCE
12.7 mm (1/2") WOOD
48 (46) 48 (38) 54 (47) 69 (63) 68 (60)
FIBERBOARD VIBRATION
CONCRETE
CROSSLAM® CLT PANEL CONTROLLED
SLAB
38 mm (1-1/2") GYPSUM CLT SERIES (mm) SPAN
CONCRETE ON (mm)
9.5 mm (3/8")
50 (41) 50 (41) 58 (49) 72 (63) 73 (63) (m)

CLOSED-CELL FOAM 87 V 87 135 3.2

Notes: 105 V 105 150 3.69

Measured ratings. 139 V 139 190 4.5
Predicted ratings based on the measured ratings. MEP Penetrations 175 V 175 215 5.09
Numbers in brackets are the IIC ratings.
For all gypsum board ceilings with cavities: The cavity between the furring ceiling was filled with glass fibre batts (thickness 38 mm (1-1/2") for furring and 140 mm (5-1/2") for hung ceiling). Building penetrations for mechanical, electrical and plumbing 191 V 191 235 5.61
Measured (white) and predicted (light blue) STC and IIC ratings (in brackets) of 5-ply CLT floors with and without floor toppings and gypsum board ceilings.
(MEP) services are easier and more economical to install if 243 V 243 260 6.4
Final acoustic design is the responsibility of the architect/designer of record.
their locations can be included in the design of the CLT panel. 245 V 245 275 6.58
Reference: Penetrations can be cut in the factory, saving installation 315 V 315.5 315 7.59
CLT Handbook - Chapter 9, Canada, 2019. time and expense. MEP services not included before the
2.4 kPa live load plus self weight plus 1 kPa miscellaneous dead load
manufacture of the panel can still be easily incorporated
on-site using standard construction tools. Indicates CrossLam® CLT thickness advantage

58 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 59
Mountain Equipment Co-op (MEC), Vancouver, BC, Canada

CrossLam® CLT

CrossLam® CLT Product Applications

Code Acceptance and Quality Assurance Standards
Adhesives
Product Characteristics and Panel Layups
Finishes and Appearance Classification
The CrossLam® CLT Series
Allowable Design and Structural Panel Properties
Load Span Tables

60 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | CROSSLAM® CLT 61
 CrossLam® CLT Product Applications

CrossLam CLT ® FLOORS

CrossLam® CLT panels are ideally suited for modern floor
systems because they are two-way span capable and ship to
As a North American manufacturer with deep roots in wood construction, we understand site as ready-to-install components, greatly simplifying building
construction and increasing jobsite productivity. CrossLam®
building codes and the construction process. Our history is also what makes us uniquely suited to
CLT products help ensure an optimized structural solution that
deliver solutions that serve the construction industry. So, we used our decades of heavy timber allows you to install up to 37.16 square metres (400 square feet)
per lift.
manufacturing experience to develop a revolutionary new CLT panel for the North American market.

The result of that work is CrossLam® CLT, our proprietary CLT panel built specifically for North ROOFS
CrossLam® CLT panels provide overhanging eaves and span a
America using native species softwood lumber, sourced from sustainably managed forests.
variety of roof layouts. Their thermal properties contribute to a
more efficient envelope assembly. Panels can be as thin as
Significantly lighter, CrossLam® CLT is engineered to be a direct replacement for concrete and can be 87 mm (3.43") and as thick as 315 mm (12.42"), resulting in a
maximum roof span of 12.19 m (40') with appropriate loading.
used for floors, walls, roofs, shear walls and diaphragms and cores and shafts. CrossLam® CLT spans CrossLam® CLT roofs are installed quickly, allowing projects to
in two directions with precision and accuracy, is carbon negative and opens the door to a new way approach lockup and a watertight state in a short amount of time.

to construct buildings in the 21st century.

WALLS
The technical information in this guide is compiled to support you in developing designs that specify CrossLam® CLT wall panels are a lighter, cost-competitive
alternative to precast concrete systems. When used as a system,
CrossLam® CLT panels. If you have questions and need help, let our qualified team of Mass Timber CrossLam® CLT wall and roof panels allow more flexibility and
Specialists and technical support representatives help you specify the right solution efficiency in building design. As vertical and horizontal load-
bearing elements, CrossLam® CLT panels extend the design
for your project. envelope for industrial projects and allow the use of one
structural system for an entire project.

SHEAR WALLS AND DIAPHRAGMS

CrossLam® CLT panels may be used as lateral force-resisting
systems for both wind and seismic loads. The Horizontal
Diaphragm Design Example white paper provides a design method
to determine the strength of CLT horizontal diaphragm and
deflection due to lateral wind or seismic loads. See [Link]
[Link]/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/White-paper-
[Link].

CROSSLAM® CLT ADVANTAGES:

CORES AND SHAFTS
• North American code approved CrossLam® CLT panel cores and shafts erect quicker and easier
• Superior wood fibre and appearance than comparable steel and concrete designs while still providing
• CNC fabricated to exacting tolerances lateral bracing. Elevator and stair shafts can achieve two-hour
fire resistance ratings.
• Delivered in coordinated sequence to installation schedule
• Steel and connecting hardware included
• All required holes, daps, slots, counterbores and
chamfers included
• Rigorous quality control process
• BIM modeling options

Earth Sciences Building, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada

62 CROSSLAM® CLT | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | CROSSLAM® CLT 63
 The adhesive component is product thickness and depth
Code-Approved to North American Standards Product Quality Assured dependent and comprises approximately 0.5% by weight of
We are proud of our ongoing certification and adherence Structurlam’s mass timber building products.
The National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) recognizes CLT as a structural system when manufactured according to the
to the North American cross laminated timber and glued
ANSI/APA PRG 320 Standard for Performance Rated Cross Laminated Timber.
laminated timber standards referenced throughout this GLUE-BOND DURABILITY
In the 2015 NBCC, CLT can be used in exterior/interior walls, floors and roofs of buildings permitted to be on combustible guide. CrossLam® CLT is certified to meet the requirements
construction. Buildings of combustible construction can be up to six storeys for Group C (residential) and Group D (business The structural integrity of mass timber components depends
of Standard for Wood Products – Structural Glued Laminated
and personal services) occupancies. See Table 21 below. upon the integrity of the glue-bond between the component
Timber and Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) as described in
lumber elements. This is true for the entire service life of
Table 21: CANADIAN CODE REGULATIONS – UP TO 6 STOREYS
CSA O122 and ANSI/APA PRG 320-2019.
these mass timber components. Conditions that can impact
CODE GROUP C – ARTICLE [Link] GROUP D – ARTICLE [Link] These standards outline the quality control requirements required the glue-bond integrity are exposure to elevated heat (such
by CSA/ANSI and are verified by the APA – The Engineered Wood as a fire event) and exposure to high moisture conditions for
BUILDING HEIGHT No more than six storeys Association ([Link]) through ongoing and monthly extended periods.
HEIGHT BETWEEN FIRST STOREY FLOOR
No more than 18 m (59') independent third-party inspection visits to Structurlam’s
AND UPPER-MOST FLOOR LEVEL manufacturing operations. For more information on destructive FIRE PERFORMANCE
STOREYS BUILDING AREA STOREYS BUILDING AREA performance testing, see Table 24 below. The fire resistance of cross laminated timber and structural
1 9,000 m2 1 8,000 m2 Further design considerations and local code approvals may glued laminated timber is based on the certification
MAXIMUM BUILDING AREA 2 4,500 m2 2 9,000 m2 requirements of the North American testing and
3 3,000 m2 3 6,000 m2 be required when considering a foreign supply source, which
PER BUILDING HEIGHT
4 2,250 m2 4 4,500 m2 can increase project timelines and cost. By adhering to these manufacturing mass timber standards. These standards
5 1,800 m2 5 3,600 m2 standards, Structurlam can assure a standard of quality to the require rigorous adhesive heat durability testing to ensure
6 1,500 m2 6 3,000 m2 mass timber product structural integrity under the most
professionals who specify our products. For more information,
refer to pages 12 and 13. severe fire conditions.
- Floor assemblies: fire separations with no less than one-hour
FIRE RESISTANCE - Roof assemblies: no less than one-hour EMISSIONS
- Load bearing walls, columns and arches: rating not less than required for the supported assembly Adhesives Both Henkel and Hexion adhesives used by Structurlam for
NOTE: Mixed uses, such as retail stores, shops and restaurants can be located on the first two storeys of these buildings. STRUCTURLAM ADHESIVE SYSTEMS manufacturing our mass timber products are certified to UL
GREENGUARD Gold. GREENGUARD Gold certified products
The manufacturing of all code approved mass timber products
Table 22: CANADIAN CODE REGULATIONS – UP TO 12 STOREYS are qualified to meet UL GREENGUARD standards for low
to produce long length lamellas requires adhesives approved
CODE GROUP C GROUP D chemical emissions into indoor air during product usage.
for face bond lamination and end to end finger jointing.
These adhesives are formulated to meet or exceed all global
BUILDING HEIGHT No more than 12 storeys Structurlam uses adhesives specific to our manufacturing
emissions standards.
processes that are certified to North American testing and
HEIGHT BETWEEN FIRST STOREY FLOOR
No more than 42 m (138') manufacturing standards.
AND UPPER-MOST FLOOR LEVEL
MAXIMUM BUILDING AREA All adhesives must conform to CSA O122 and ASTM D7247
6,000 m2 7,200 m2
PER BUILDING HEIGHT testing methods for fire, heat and moisture and must support
- Floor assemblies: fire separations with no less than two-hours ANSI manufacturing standards – see Table 23 below.
FIRE RESISTANCE
- Load bearing walls, columns and arches: not less than required for the supported assembly
EXPOSED MASS TIMBER Table 23: ADHESIVES FOR CLT MASS TIMBER PRODUCTS
Limited area allowed
WALLS AND CEILINGS
ADHESIVE PERFORMANCE TESTING
NOTE: Mixed uses, such as retail stores, shops and restaurants can be located on the first through third storeys of these buildings. ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE EMISSIONS
APPLICATION BRAND TYPE CERTIFICATION FULL SCALE HEAT MOISTURE
In the 2020 NBCC, CLT can be used in exterior/interior walls, DESIGN PROPERTY COMPATIBILITY FIRE TEST DELAMINATION DURABILITY
floors and roofs of buildings permitted to be of combustible Finger Joints Melamine UL GREENGUARD
construction or new construction type called encapsulated
The design capacities published in ANSI/APA PRG 320-2019
were derived analytically using the Canadian lumber
Crosslam CLT®
Hexion Cascomel™
Formaldehyde (MF) Gold      
mass timber construction (EMTC). Buildings constructed of Face Bond Henkel Loctite HB X UL GREENGUARD
encapsulated mass timber will be permitted to be up to 12
storeys for Group C and Group D occupancies. See Table 22 above.
properties published in CSA O86 – Engineering Design in
Wood. Lumber from outside of North America has different
Crosslam CLT® PURBOND
Polyurethane (PUR)
Gold   
Manufacturers of mass timber components of cross laminated characteristics, may not be recognized in CSA O86 and has
published design values that are incompatible with those of Table 24: DESTRUCTIVE PERFORMANCE TESTING
timber, certified in North America, adhere to the standards set
forth as described above. North American lumber.
TYPE METHODOLOGY
When considering product manufactured outside of North As a result, the design properties for mass timber products
America, all offshore manufacturers need to adhere to the manufactured with foreign species lumber should be SHEAR TESTING Test blocks are sampled where the glue-bond lines are mechanically loaded to withstand failure
North American Code Standards for cross laminated timber. carefully examined for compatibility with the North
It is imperative to consider more than the conversion of American design standards. Advanced wood aging process designed to simulate environmental trauma across 50 years of
CYCLIC – DELAMINATION TEST
design stress properties. Key considerations that are upheld exterior service
in the North American standards are noted below and further Destructive lot-testing of manufactured finger joints to ensure that final products meet the
referenced on page 13. END JOINT TENSION TESTING
prescribed strength ratings
• Design Properties • Bearing Capacity NOTE: As a standard procedure each test result is documented and used to certify Structurlam products prior to shipment.
• Shear Capacity • Diaphragm Capacity

64 CROSSLAM® CLT | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | CROSSLAM® CLT 65
 CrossLam® CLT Product Characteristics CrossLam® CLT Panel Layups
Table 25: PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS Table 26: LUMBER SPECIES AND THICKNESS FOR CLT PANEL LAYUPS

MAXIMUM PANEL SIZE 3,048 mm x 12,192 mm (10' x 40') MAJOR MINOR LAYER THICKNESS (mm) PANEL
CROSSLAM® FACE LAYER LAYER
GRADE DEPTH
Note: Panels with 17 mm cross layers restricted to 3,000 mm x 12,192 mm CLT SERIES LAYERS L T L T L T L T L
(L) (T) (mm)
(9'-10.125" x 40') due to manufacturing process
87 V 35 17 35 87
MAXIMUM THICKNESS 315 mm (12.42")
139 V 35 17 35 17 35 139
V2.1 SPF # 3
MINIMUM THICKNESS 87 mm (3.43") 191 V 35 17 35 17 35 17 35 191

PRODUCTION WIDTHS 2,438 mm and 3,048 mm (8' and 10') 243 V SPF #2&btr. 35 17 35 17 35 17 35 17 35 243
SPF # 2& btr.
105 V DfirL3 35 35 35 105
Note: Panels with 17mm cross layers restricted to 2,400 mm and 3,000 mm
(7'-10.5" and 9'-10.125") due to manufacturing process 175 V 35 35 35 35 35 175
SPF #
V2M1.1
MOISTURE CONTENT 12% (+/-3%) at time of manufacturing 245 V 2& btr. 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 245
315 V 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 315
FACE BOND GLUE SPECIFICATION Henkel Loctite HB X PURBOND

FINGER JOINT GLUE SPECIFICATION Hexion Cascomel® 4720 Resin with Wonderbond™ Hardener 5025A
87 E 35 17 35 87
SPECIES SPF, Douglas fir 139 E 35 17 35 17 35 139
E1M4 SPF # 3
LUMBER GRADES SPF #2&Btr, SPF MSR 2100, SPF #3, Dfir #2& Btr Square Edge 191 E 35 17 35 17 35 17 35 191
243 E MSR 2100 MSR 2100 35 17 35 17 35 17 35 17 35 243
STRESS GRADES V2M1.1, V2.1, E1M4, E1M5
105 E 1.8E SPF 1.8E SPF 35 35 35 105
MANUFACTURING CERTIFICATION APA Product Report PR-L314 175 E 35 35 35 35 35 175
SPF #
E1M5
DENSITY 435 -544 kg/m3 (30-34 lbs/ft3) 245 E 2& btr. 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 245
315 E 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 315
DIMENSIONAL STABILITY Longitudinal and Transverse 0.01% per % Δ in MC. Thickness 0.2% per % Δ in MC
L = Longitudinal Layer (Major Layer)
RSI Value: 0.84 per 100 mm (K·m2/W) Spandrel panels cannot be produced in any layups with 17 mm thick lamellas.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY T = Tangential Layer (Minor Layer)
R Value: 1.2 per inch (h·ft2·°F /Btu)

CO2 SEQUESTRATION 5.87 kN/m3 (37.4 lbs/cf) (subject to local manufacturing and distances)

DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES

THICKNESS 2 mm +/- (1/16") or 2% of CLT thickness, whichever is greater

WIDTH 3 mm +/- (1/8") of the CLT width

LENGTH 6 mm +/- (1/4") of the CLT length

SQUARENESS Panel face diagonals shall not differ by more than 3 mm (1/8")

STRAIGHTNESS Deviation of edges from a straight line between adjacent panel corners shall not exceed 2 mm (1/16")

MACHINED SURFACES +/- 3 mm (1/8") with all tooling units except the chainsaw, which is +/- 6 mm (1/4")

Virtuoso - Westbrook Village, by Adera Development Corporation, Vancouver, BC, Canada Fort McMurray Airport,
Photo credit: Seagate Mass Timber, Inc. F. McMurray, AB, Canada

66 CROSSLAM® CLT | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | CROSSLAM® CLT 67
 CrossLam® CLT Finishes and Appearance Classification The CrossLam® CLT Series
Table 27: CROSSLAM ® CLT FINISHES
The V Series: Composed exclusively from #2 and BTR structural lumber.

VISUAL NON-VISUAL The E Series: Contains MSR E-rated lumber for all major strength direction layers. The lumber for the E series panels does cost slightly
more, but it allows a thinner panel to span further. This is more cost-effective in certain spans. However, it is important to note that
INTENDED USE Where one or both faces are left exposed Where both faces are covered by another material E1 panels are not available with a visual grade or with a Dfir face layer. This panel is recommended for non-visual uses only.
SPF #2&Btr Appearance Grade, Douglas fir,
FACE LAYER - V SERIES SPF #2&Btr
Appearance Grade
CrossLam® CLT Name Convention Panel Series Panel Finish Name Position#
FACE LAYER - E SERIES SPF MSR 2100 Square Edge SPF MSR 2100
191 V J-1 RP 16
80 grit
SANDED FACE Note: Final finishing prep work must be completed N/A J-1 : One Side SPF, Appearance Grade
on-site, including cleaning and touch-up of panels Panel Thickness in mm D-1 : One Side Dfir Lumber, Appearance Grade
Grade Indicator J-2 : Two Sides SPF, Appearance Grade
V = V series : V2M1.1, V2.1
ALLOWABLE FIBRE CHARACTERISTICS D-2 : Two Sides Dfir Lumber, Appearance Grade
E = E series : E1M4, E1M5
No Label : Non-Appearance Industrial Panel
SHAKE AND CHECKS Several up to 610 mm (24") long, none through As per NLGA #2, SPF #2&Btr

STAIN
Up to a max of 5% blue stain, heart stain allowed
Allowed, not limited
CrossLam® CLT Name Designations: EC - Elevator Core Panel RP - Roof Panel FP - Floor Panel WP - Wall Panel
Note: E Series panels have no blue stain restrictions

KNOTS Firm & Tight (NLGA #2) NLGA #2 Normal Panel Orientation
MAJOR STRENGTH DIRECTION (L)
PITCH STREAKS Not limited Not limited
Primary Span
WANE ON FACE None Allowed

MINOR STRENGTH DIRECTION (T)

Secondary Span
SIDE PRESSURE Yes None

Spandrel Panel Orientation

(only available in 105, 175, 245 and 315 panels)
MINOR STRENGTH DIRECTION (T)
SPF APPEARANCE GRADE SPF NON-VISUAL - EXAMPLE 1
SURFACE QUALITY Secondary Span

MAJOR STRENGTH DIRECTION (L)

Primary Span
DOUGLAS FIR SPF NON-VISUAL - EXAMPLE 2

No side pressure available and visual application not recommended.

68 CROSSLAM® CLT | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | CROSSLAM® CLT 69
 CrossLam® CLT Structural Panel Properties CrossLam® CLT Load Span Tables
Table 28: LIMIT STATE DESIGN (LSD) BENDING RESISTANCES Table 30: FLOOR PANEL LOADS
MAXIMUM SPAN (mm)
MAJOR STRENGTH DIRECTION MINOR STRENGTH DIRECTION
CLT CLT WEIGHT FLOOR LIVE LOAD
GRADE SERIES kg/m2 FBS EFF,0 EIEFF,0 GA EFF,0 MR,0 VR,0 FBS EFF,90 EI EFF,90 GAEFF,90 MR,90 VR,90 (kPa)
(106 N-mm/m) (109 N-mm2/m) (10 6 N/m) (kNm/m) (kN/m) (106 N-mm/m) (109 N-mm2/m) (10 6 N/m) (kNm/m) (kN/m)
CROSSLAM ® 1.9 2.4 3.6 4.8 7.2
87 V 36.4 14.8 517 7.5 11.3 26.1 0.3 4 4.6 0.3 5.1 CLT SERIES RESIDENTIAL OFFICE/CLASSROOM MECHANICAL ROOM ASSEMBLY/STORAGE LIBRARY
139 V 58.1 34.1 1,907 14.9 26.1 41.7 4.9 215 8.7 4.4 20.7 DEFLECTION DEFLECTION DEFLECTION DEFLECTION DEFLECTION
V2.1 VIBRATION VIBRATION VIBRATION VIBRATION VIBRATION
191 V 79.8 60.6 4,659 22.3 46.4 57.3 11.0 855 13.0 9.9 36.3 L/180 L/180 L/180 L/180 L/180

243 V 101.6 94.4 9,230 29.8 72.2 72.9 19.3 2,147 17.3 17.4 51.9 87 V 3,240 3,550 3,240 3,400 3,150 2,950 2,650a
105 V 43.9 20.9 883 7.5 16.0 31.5 2.4 34 7.5 2.2 10.5 87 E 3,470 3,850 3,470 3,700 3,450 3,250 2,950
175 V 73.2 48.1 3,390 15.0 36.8 52.5 20.9 884 15.0 18.8 31.5 105 V 3,700 4,150 3,700 4,000 3,700 3,750 3,500 3,150 a
V2M1.1
245 V 102.4 85.1 8,395 22.5 65.1 73.5 48.1 3,390 22.5 43.3 52.5 105 E 3,960 4,500 3,960 4,350 3,960 4,050 3,800 3,450
315 V 131.7 132.0 16,741 30.0 101.0 94.5 85.1 8,395 30.0 76.6 73.5 139 V 4,480 5,350 4,480 5,150 4,480 4,800 4,550 4,000 a
87 E 40.0 38.0 675 7.8 29.1 26.1 0.3 4 5.6 0.3 5.1 139 E 4,780 5,750 4,780 5,600 4,780 5,250 4,780 4,950 4,500
175 V 6,300 6,100 5,750

SINGLE SPAN
139 E 63.6 87.7 2,487 15.5 67.1 41.7 4.9 216 11.3 4.4 20.7 5,150 5,150 5,150 5,150 5,400 4,750 a
E1M4 175 E 5,510 6,850 5,510 6,600 5,510 6,200 5,510 5,900 5,360
191 E 87.1 155.9 6,073 23.2 119.3 57.3 11.1 61 16.9 10.0 36.3
191 V 5,580 7,000 5,580 6,800 5,580 6,350 5,580 6,050 5,300a
243 E 110.7 242.7 12,026 31.0 185.6 72.9 19.5 2,166 28.6 17.5 51.9
191 E 5,970 7,550 5,970 7,350 5,970 6,900 5,970 6,550 6,000
105 E 47.5 53.8 1,153 7.7 41.2 31.5 2.4 34 9.6 2.2 10.5
245 V 6,430 8,250 6,430 8,050 6,430 7,550 6,430 7,200 6,250a
175 E 78.6 123.7 4,416 15.3 94.7 52.5 20.9 884 19.2 18.8 31.5
E1M5 245 E 6,880 8,950 6,880 8,700 6,880 8,200 6,880 7,800 7,150
245 E 109.7 218.6 10,923 23.0 167.2 73.5 47.8 3,366 28.9 43.0 52.5
243 V 6,610 8,600 6,610 8,350 6,610 7,850 6,610 7,450 6,550a
315 E 140.8 338.8 21,766 30.7 259.2 94.5 85.5 8,428 38.5 76.9 73.5
243 E 7,070 9,250 7,070 9,000 7,070 8,500 7,070 8,100 7,450
Notes: 315 V 7,620 10,100 7,620 9,850 7,620 9,300 7,620 8,850 7,650
1. Tabulated values are Limit State Design values and not permitted to be increased for the lumber size adjustment factor in accordance to CSA O86. 315 E 8,160 10,900 8,160 10,600 8,160 10,050 8,160 9,600 8,850
2. The CLT grades are developed based on CSA 086-14 and ANSI/APA PRG 320. Please refer to specific grade layups for complete panel information.
3. CrossLam® CLT is building code approved for dry service use applications only.
87 V 3,890 4,450 3,890 4,100 3,890 3,550a 3,150a 2,650a
87 E 4,160 5,100 4,160 4,950 4,160 4,600 4,160 4,300 3,300 b
105 V 4,440 5,200 4,440 4,850 4,440 4,200a 4,440 3,750a 3,150a
Table 29: SPECIFIED STRENGTHS + MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
105 E 4,750 6,000 4,750 5,800 4,750 5,400 4,750 5,050 3,950 b
MAJOR STRENGTH DIRECTION MINOR STRENGTH DIRECTION 139 V 5,380 5,380 5,380 5,300 a 5,380 4,750 a
4,000a
CLT GRADE 139 E 5,740 5,740 5,740 5,740 5,150 b
FB,0 E0 FT,0 FC,0 FCP,0 FS,0 FB,90 E90 FT,90 FC,90 FCP,90 FS,90

DOUBLE SPAN
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) 175 V 5,600 a
4,750a
175 E
V2M1.1 11.8 9,500 5.5 11.5 5.3 0.5 11.8 9,500 5.5 11.5 5.3 0.5
191 V 5,300a
V2.1 11.8 9,500 5.5 11.5 5.3 0.5 7 9,000 3.2 9 5.3 0.5 Double span is governed by maximum panel length of 12.19 m --> Use max value of
191 E
E1M5 30.4 12,400 17.7 19.9 5.3 0.5 11.8 9,500 5.5 11.5 5.3 0.5 245 V 6,095 or design as simple span using table values above.
E1M4 30.4 12,400 17.7 19.9 5.3 0.5 7 9,000 3.2 9 5.3 0.5 245 E
Notes: 243 V a
Represents governing value MR.
1. Tabulated values are Limit State Design values and not permitted to be increased for the lumber size adjustment factor in accordance to CSA O86. 243 E b
Represents governing value VR.
2. The design values shall be used in conjunction with the section properties provided by the CLT manufacturer based on the actual layup used in manufacturing the CLT panel (see Table 26: Lumber 315 V
species and thickness for CLT panel layups, page 67.)
315 E
3. Values are calculated per one metre wide section of panel.
Notes:
1. For panel properties - see page 70. Span table assumes dry service conditions.
2. The following factors were used for calculations: KD = 1.0; KS = 1.0; KT = 1.0; KH = 1.0.
3. Spans shown represent distance between the centerlines of supports and are to be used for preliminary design only.
4. Span table above includes panel self weight, plus 1.0 kPa miscellaneous dead load.
5. Engineer to ensure that L/180 deflection limit is appropriate for intended use.
6. Spans are assumed to be equal for double span panels. Where two spans are not equal, use longer span for the design tables.
7. Total panel length is limited to 12.19 m due to fabrication process.
8. Values in BOLD SHADING correspond to a span governed by allowable bending stress, allowable shear stress or by vibration.
9. The non-structural flooring is assumed to provide an enhanced vibration effect on the double spans. Values include a 20% increase.
10. CLT is NOT an isotropic material. Therefore the presented values must only be used for bending of panels in the longitudinal (strong) axis.
11. For applications with deflection limits or loading different than what is included above, contact your Structurlam technical representative.
12. Indicates panel is strength governed and vibration control should not be used as a governing factor.

70 CROSSLAM® CLT | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | CROSSLAM® CLT 71
 Table 31: FLOOR SPAN TABLES WITH 50 MM CONCRETE TOPPING Table 32: ROOF SPAN TABLES
MAXIMUM SPAN (mm) MAXIMUM SPAN (mm)

FLOOR LIVE LOAD ROOF SNOW LOAD

(kPa) CROSSLAM® (kPa)
CROSSLAM® CLT SERIES
CLT SERIES 1.9 2.4 3.6 4.8 7.2 1.1 1.6 2.2 2.9 3.3 8.5
RESIDENTIAL OFFICE/CLASSROOM MECHANICAL ROOM ASSEMBLY/STORAGE LIBRARY
87 V 4,250 4,000 3,800 3,600 3,500 2,550a
VIBRATION L/180 VIBRATION L/180 VIBRATION L/180 VIBRATION L/180 VIBRATION L/180
87 E 4,600 4,350 4,100 3,900 3,800 3,000
87 V 3,240 3,050 3,240 2,950 3,240 2,800 2,750 3,240
105 V 4,950 4,700 4,450 4,250 4,100 3,000a
87 E 3,470 3,300 3,470 3,250 3,470 3,050 3,470 2,930 3,470
105 E 5,350 5,100 4,850 4,650 4,550 3,550
105 V 3,700 3,600 3,700 3,500 3,700 3,350 3,700 3,150 3,700
139 V 6,250 6,000 5,700 5,450 5,300 3,800a
105 E 3,960 3,900 3,960 3,800 3,960 3,650 3,960 3,400 3,960
139 E 6,750 6,450 6,150 5,900 5,750 4,600
139 V 4,480 4,650 4,480 4,550 4,480 4,350 4,480 3,900 4,480
175 V 7,350 7,050 6,700 6,450 6,300 4,500a

SINGLE SPAN
139 E 4,780 5,050 4,780 4,950 4,780 4,700 4,780 4,780
175 V 5,150 5,500 5,150 5,400 5,150 4,950 4,500 a 175 E 7,900 7,600 7,250 6,950 6,800 5,450
SINGLE SPAN

175 E 5,510 6,000 5,510 5,900 5,510 5,600 5,350 5,000 191 V 8,100 7,750 7,450 7,100 7,000 5,050a
191 V 5,580 6,150 5,580 6,050 5,580 5,750 5,500 5,000a 191 E 8,700 8,350 8,000 7,700 7,550 6,100
191 E 5,970 6,700 5,970 6,550 5,970 6,250 5,970 6,000 5,600 245 V 9,400 9,100 8,750 8,400 8,250 5,900a
245 V 6,430 7,350 6,430 7,200 6,430 6,850 6,430 6,600 5,900a 245 E 10,150 9,800 9,450 9,050 8,900 7,300
245 E 6,880 7,950 6,880 7,800 6,880 7,450 6,880 7,150 6,700 243 V 9,800 9,450 9,100 8,700 8,550 6,250a
243 V 6,610 7,650 6,610 7,450 6,610 7,150 6,610 6,850 6,200a 243 E 10,500 10,150 9,750 9,400 9,250 7,550
243 E 7,070 8,250 7,070 8,100 7,070 7,750 7,070 7,450 6,950 315 V 11,350 11,000 10,600 10,200 10,100 7,300a
315 V 7,620 9,050 7,620 8,850 7,620 8,500 7,620 8,200 7,250 a
315 E 12,150 11,850 11,450 11,050 10,850 9,000
315 E 8,160 9,800 8,160 9,600 8,160 9,200 8,160 8,850 8,160 8,300
87 V 5,650 5,050a 4,500a 4,050a 3,850a 2,550a
87 V 3,890 3,850 3,890 3,600 3,200 a
2,900 a
2,500 a
87 E 5,800 5,500 5,200 5,100 3,000 b
87 E 4,160 4,400 4,160 4,300 4,160 4,100 4,160 3,900 2,950b
105 V 5,900 a
5,300 a
4,700 a
4,500 a
3,000a
105 V 4,440 4,450 4,440 4,250 4,440 3,450a 3,000a
105 E 6,000 3,600 b
105 E 4,750 5,200 4,750 5,050 4,750 4,800 4,080 4,600 3,550b
139 V 6000 a
5,750 a
3,800a
139 V 5,380 5,750 5,380 5,400 5,380 5,350 4,400 a 3,800a
139 E 4,700 b
139 E 5,740 5,740 5,740 5,040 6,000 4,650 a
175 V 4,500a

DOUBLE SPAN
175 V 5,700a 5,200a 4,750a
DOUBLE SPAN

175 E 175 E 5,800 b

5,750a
191 V 191 V 5,050a
5,800a 5,000a
191 E 191 E
245 V 5,500 a 245 V 5900a
Double span is governed by maximum panel length of 12.19 m --> Use max value of 245 E
Double span is governed by maximum panel length of 12.19 m --> Use max value of
245 E
6,095 or design as simple span using table values above. 6,095 or design as simple span using table values above.
243 V 243 V
243 E 243 E
a
Represents governing value MR. a
Represents governing value MR.
315 V 315 V
b
Represents governing value VR. b
Represents governing value VR.
315 E 315 E

Notes: Notes:
1. For panel properties - see page 70. Span table assumes dry service conditions. 1. For panel properties - see page 70. Span table assumes dry service conditions.
2. The following factors were used for calculations: KD = 1.0; KS = 1.0; KT = 1.0; KH = 1.0. 2. The following factors were used for calculations: KD = 1.0; KS = 1.0; KT = 1.0; KH = 1.0.
3. Spans shown represent distance between the centerlines of supports and are to be used for preliminary design only. 3. Snow Load is based on BCBC 2012 with the following factors: IS = 1.0 for ULS; IS = 0.9 for SLS; CW = 1.0; CS = 1.0; CA = 1.0.
4. Span table above includes panel self weight, 1.2 kPa for concrete topping, plus 1.0 kPa miscellaneous dead load. 4. Spans shown represent distance between the centerlines of supports and are to be used for preliminary design only.
5. Engineer to ensure that L/180 deflection limit is appropriate for intended use. 5. Span table above includes panel self weight plus 0.5 kPa miscellaneous dead load.
6. Spans are assumed to be equal for double span panels. Where two spans are not equal, use longer span for the design tables. 6. Engineer to ensure that L/180 deflection limit is appropriate for intended use. Ponding or ceiling finishes may require higher deflection limits.
7. Total panel length is limited to 12.19 m due to fabrication process. 7. Spans are assumed to be equal for double span panels.
8. Values in BOLD SHADING correspond to a span governed by allowable bending stress, allowable shear stress or by vibration. 8. Total panel length is limited to 12.19 m due to fabrication process.
9. The non-structural flooring is assumed to provide an enhanced vibration effect on the double spans. Values include a 20% increase. 9. CLT is NOT an isotropic material. Therefore the presented values must only be used for bending of panels in the longitudinal (major) axis.
10. CLT is NOT an isotropic material. Therefore the presented values must only be used for bending of panels in the longitudinal (strong) axis. 10. For applications with deflection limits or loading different than what is included above, contact your Structurlam technical representative.
11. For applications with deflection limits or loading different than what is included above, contact your Structurlam technical representative.
12. Indicates panel is strength governed and vibration control should not be used as a governing factor.

72 CROSSLAM® CLT | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | CROSSLAM® CLT 73
 Carbon12, Portland, OR, USA

Table 33: CLT BEARING WALL TABLES ULTIMATE WALL AXIAL LOADS

CROSSLAM® CLT SERIES

PANEL
D 87 V 87 E 105 V 105 E 139 V 139 E 175 V 175 E 191 V 191 E 245 V 245 E 243 V 243 E 315 V 315 E
(mm)

L PR
(m) (kN/m1)

2.0 394 662 450 767 702 1,203 712 1,227 949 1,636 933 1,612 1,172 2,025 1,140 1,972
2.5 307 508 388 655 633 1,079 670 1,150 894 1,536 895 1,544 1,121 1,934 1,101 1,902
3.0 233 381 326 544 561 947 625 1,069 836 1,431 858 1,478 1,071 1,843 1,065 1,839
3.5 175 283 268 443 487 816 578 983 775 1,319 821 1,410 1,019 1,749 1,032 1,779
4.0 132 212 218 356 417 692 528 894 711 1,203 782 1,340 965 1,650 998 1,718
4.5 176 286 354 582 478 804 646 1,086 741 1,266 909 1,547 964 1,656
5.0 142 229 297 486 429 717 581 972 699 1,189 850 1,441 929 1,592
5.5 250 405 382 634 520 863 656 1,111 791 1,334 892 1,525
6.0 209 338 339 558 462 762 612 1,032 731 1,227 854 1,456
6.5 176 283 299 490 409 670 569 954 673 1,123 816 1,386
7.0 263 429 361 589 526 878 616 1,023 776 1,314
7.5 231 375 318 516 484 805 562 929 736 1,242
8.0 203 329 280 453 445 735 512 842 696 1,171
8.5 179 288 247 398 407 671 465 761 657 1,100
9.0 372 611 421 688 618 1,031

Notes:
1. For panel properties - see page 70.
2. Table assumes dry service conditions.
3. Pr = φ Fc Aeff Kzc Kc. Where the PR values are not given, the slenderness ration exceeds 43 (maximum permitted by CSA O86-14).
4. The following factors were used for calculations: KD=0.65; KS=1.0; KT=1.0; KH=1.0; KE=1.0
5. Table values are to be used for preliminary design only.
6. Eccentricity of axial load and wind loading has not been included.
7. Axial load table assumes outer laminations to be vertical.
8. For applications with loading different that what is included above, contact your Structurlam technical representative.

Table 34: IN-PLANE SHEAR LOADING

CROSSLAM® CLT SERIES

87 V 87 E 105 V 105 E 139 V 139 E 175 V 175 E 191 V 191 E 245 V 245 E 243 V 243 E 315 V 315 E

VR
(kN/m1)

54 54 95 95 108 108 190 190 163 163 285 285 217 217 380 380

Notes:
1. For panel properties - see page 70.
2. Table assumes dry service conditions.
3. The following factors were used for calculations: KMOD = 0.8; YM = 1.25.
4. Computed values based on "In-Plane Shear Capacity and Verification Methods" by Prof. G. Schickhofer, University of Graz.
5. Specified modulus of Strength: FV,CLT,K = 5.0 MPa; FT,CLT,K = 2.5 MPa, ref: "BSPhandbuch Holz-Massivbauweise in Brettsperrholz", Technical University of Graz.
6. Minimum width of wood used in lay-up is 89 mm.
7. Values are for CrossLam® panel only, not for shear connectors.
8. Table values are to be used for preliminary design only.
9. For applications with loading different that what is included above, contact your Structurlam technical representative.

74 CROSSLAM® CLT | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | CROSSLAM® CLT 75
 Mountain Equipment Co-op (MEC), Vancouver, BC, Canada

GlulamPLUS®
Beams and Columns

Code Acceptance and Quality Assurance Standards

Adhesives
Product Characteristics
Appearance Classifications
Camber Standards
Allowable Design Stress Properties
Load Capacity Tables
Engineering Properties

76 CROSSLAM® CLT | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | GLULAMPLUS® 77
 Code-Approved to North DESIGN PROPERTY COMPATIBILITY

Beams and Columns

®
The design capacities published in CSA O112:16 were derived
American Standards analytically using the lumber properties published in
CSA O86:19 – Engineering design in wood. Lumber from
The National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) recognizes
outside of North America has different characteristics, may
structural glued laminated timber as a structural material for
not be recognized in CSA O86:19 and has published design
Structurlam GlulamPLUS® is manufactured using the highest-quality, sustainably harvested wood construction when manufactured in accordance with
values that are incompatible with those of North American
CSA O122-16 Standard for Wood Products – Structural Glued-
lumber, produced to exacting standards and finished to create North America’s most beautiful Laminated Timber.
lumber. As a result, the design properties for mass timber
products manufactured with foreign species lumber should be
glulam beams and columns, allowing you to expose the structural elements of your building The NBCC permits the use of structural glued laminated timber carefully examined for compatibility with the North American
as a structural member for combustible construction and the
as a high-grade visual component. design standards.
upcoming encapsulated mass timber construction and
CSA O86 references design values, design equations and
Manufactured in a wide range of shapes, sizes and finish options to match the vision of your design, overall engineering design specification for structural glued
laminated timber.
with options like factory-installed connections and factory-applied stain, GlulamPLUS® beams and
Manufacturers of glued laminated timber, certified in North
columns stand above all others. When combined with CrossLam® CLT walls, floors and roof panels, America, adhere to the standards set forth as described above.
GlulamPLUS® is a key component of beautiful, economically efficient structures. When considering product manufactured outside of North
America, it should be noted few offshore suppliers adhere
to North American standards. As a result, when considering
The technical information in this guide is compiled to support you in developing designs that specify
product supplied from producers outside of North America,
GlulamPLUS® beams and columns. If you have questions and need help, let our qualified team of it is imperative to consider more than the conversion of design
stress properties. See page 12 for key considerations that
Structurlam Mass Timber Specialists and technical support representatives help you specify the right
are upheld in the North American standards.
solution for your project.

GlulamPLUS® Beams in Production Glue-Bond Sample Test Blocks

GLULAMPLUS® ADVANTAGES:

• North American code approved

• Range of shapes and sizes
• Superior wood fibre and appearance
• Available in sanded, high-quality finish
• Prefabricated kit of parts, CNC-fabricated
to tight tolerances
• Top-notch project delivery experience
• BIM modeling options
• Shop-assembled steel connections
• Rigorous quality control process GlulamPLUS® Face Bond
Ballard Library, Seattle, WA, USA Test Sample and Shear Test Guillotine GlulamPLUS® Beams in Production

78 GLULAMPLUS® | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | GLULAMPLUS® 79
 Shoreline Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA

Product Quality Assured

We are proud of our ongoing certification and adherence All adhesives must conform to CSA O122 and ASTM D7247
to the North American cross laminated timber and glued testing methods for fire, heat and moisture and must support
laminated timber standards referenced throughout this ANSI manufacturing standards – see Table 35 below.
guide. GlulamPLUS® and CrossLam® CLT are certified to meet The adhesive component is product thickness and depth
the requirements of Standard for Wood Products – Structural dependent and comprises approximately 0.3% by weight of
Glued Laminated Timber and Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) as Structurlam’s mass timber building products.
described in CSA O122 and ANSI/APA PRG 320-2019.
These standards outline the quality control requirements GLUE-BOND DURABILITY
required by CSA and are verified by the APA – The Engineered The structural integrity of mass timber components depends
Wood Association ([Link]) through ongoing upon the integrity of the glue-bond between the component
and monthly independent third-party inspection visits lumber elements. This is true for the entire service life of
to Structurlam’s manufacturing operations. For more these mass timber components. Conditions that can impact
information on destructive performance testing, see the glue-bond integrity are exposure to elevated heat (such
Table 24 on page 65. as a fire event) and exposure to high moisture conditions for
Further design considerations and local code approvals may extended periods.
be required when considering a foreign supply source, which
can increase project timelines and cost. By adhering to these FIRE PERFORMANCE
standards, Structurlam can assure a standard of quality The fire resistance of cross laminated timber and structural
to the professionals who specify our products. For more glued laminated timber is based on the certification
information, refer to pages 12 and 13. requirements of the North American testing and
manufacturing mass timber standards. These standards
require rigorous adhesive heat durability testing to ensure
Adhesives mass timber product structural integrity under the most
severe fire conditions.
STRUCTURLAM ADHESIVE SYSTEMS
The manufacturing of all code approved mass timber EMISSIONS
products to produce long length lamellas requires adhesives Both Henkel and Hexion adhesives used by Structurlam for
approved for face bond lamination and end to end finger manufacturing our mass timber products are certified to UL
jointing. Structurlam uses adhesives specific to our GREENGUARD Gold. GREENGUARD Gold certified products
manufacturing processes that are certified to North American are qualified to meet UL GREENGUARD standards for low
testing and manufacturing standards. chemical emissions into indoor air during product usage.
These adhesives are formulated to meet or exceed all global
emissions standards.

Table 35: ADHESIVES FOR GLULAM AND CLT MASS TIMBER PRODUCTS

ADHESIVE PERFORMANCE TESTING

ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE EMISSIONS
APPLICATION BRAND TYPE CERTIFICATION FULL SCALE HEAT MOISTURE
FIRE TEST DELAMINATION DURABILITY

Finger Joints Melamine UL GREENGUARD

Crosslam CLT®/GlulamPLUS®
Hexion Cascomel™
Formaldehyde (MF) Gold      
Face Bond Melamine UL GREENGUARD
GlulamPLUS®
Hexion EcoBind™
Formaldehyde (MF) Gold     

80 GLULAMPLUS® | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | GLULAMPLUS® 81
 GlulamPLUS® Product Characteristics Glulam Appearance Classifications
Table 36: GLULAMPLUS ® PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS Listed below are the CSA O122 appearance grades that glulam products must meet. At Structurlam, GlulamPLUS® exceeds visual
standards set by CSA O122 (see Table 37 below). Lower-grade appearances are available by request.
MANUFACTURING/FIBRE

FIBER Interior Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca). Other species available upon request.
INDUSTRIAL COMMERCIAL QUALITY
FACE BOND GLUE SPECIFICATION Hexion Ecobind™, 6500, Hardner M 650Y

FINGER JOINT GLUE SPECIFICATION Hexion Cascomel™ 4720 Resin with Wonderbond™ Hardener 5025A

SFI/FSC CERTIFICATION Available upon request

MOISTURE CONTENT 12% (+/-3%) at time of manufacturing

DENSITY 560 kg/m3 (34 lbs/ft3 )

CERTIFICATIONS CSA O122 and CSA O177

DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES

WIDTH +/- 2 mm (1/16")

+3 mm (1/8") per 305 mm (1') of depth. -5 mm (3/16") or 2 mm (1/16") per 305 mm (1') of depth,
DEPTH
whichever is larger.

Up to 6.1 m (20'), +/- 2 mm (1/16"). Over 6.1 m (20'), +/- 2 mm (1/16") per 6.1 m (20') of length or APPEARANCE GRADE
LENGTH APPEARANCE GRADE REQUIREMENTS PER CSA O122
fraction thereof.
INDUSTRIAL COMMERCIAL QUALITY
Tolerances for camber are applicable at the time of manufacture without allowance for dead Laminations may contain natural growth characteristics in specified
load deflection. Up to 6.1 m (20'), the tolerance is +/- 6 mm (1/4"). Over 6.1 m (20'), the tolerance Yes Yes Yes
CAMBER OR STRAIGHTNESS grades of laminating stock.
shall increase 3 mm (1/8") per each additional 6.1 m (20') or fraction thereof, but not to exceed
19 mm (3/4"). Tight knots and stain may be present on exposed surfaces. Yes Yes Yes
Sides should be surfaced true to specified dimensions. Yes Yes Yes
The tolerance for squareness shall be within +/- 3 mm (1/8") per 305 mm (1') of specified depth
SQUARENESS OF CROSS SECTION
unless a specialty shaped section is specified. Planer misses along individual laminations should be patched with
replacement stock. Exposed surfaces should be sanded smooth and No Yes Yes
MACHINED SURFACES +/- 3 mm (1/8") with all tooling units except the chainsaw, which is +/- 6 mm (1/4") free of adhesive.

MIN MAX WIDTH See page 84. Loose knots, knot holes, and voids greater than 19 mm in diameter on
exposed surfaces shall be replaced by wood inserts or non-shrinking, No Yes Yes
AVAILABLE SIZES METRIC IMPERIAL waterproof filling material.
Wane, pitch pockets, loose knots, knot holes, and voids on exposed
MAX LENGTH STANDARD 18.3 m 60' surfaces shall be replaced by wood inserts or non-shrinking, waterproof No No Yes
filling material.
MAX LENGTH SPECIALTY 33.5 m 110'
Slightly broken knots, slivers, torn grain, and checks shall be filled. No No Yes
MAX DEPTH STANDARD 1,219 mm 48"
© 2016 Canadian Standards Association. With the permission of Canadian Standards Association (operating as "CSA Group"), 178 Rexdale Blvd., Toronto, ON, M9W 1R3, material is reproduced from CSA Group standard
CAN/CSA-O122-16 Structural glued-laminated timber. This material is not the complete and official position of CSA Group on the referenced subject, which is represented solely by the Standard in their entirety. While use
MAX DEPTH SPECIALTY 2,438 mm 96" of the material has been authorized, CSA Group is not responsible for the manner in which the data is presented, nor for any representations and interpretations. No further reproduction is permitted. For more information
on standard(s) from CSA Group, please visit [Link] or call 1-800-463-6727.

MINIMUM DEPTH 114 mm 4.5"

Table 37: GLULAMPLUS ® ADDITIONAL APPEARANCE STANDARD FEATURES
ADDITIONAL FEATURES FOR GLULAMPLUS® BEAMS AND COLUMNS INCLUDE:

1. All Architectural and Premium GlulamPLUS® beams and columns exposed faces surfaces are sanded smooth to 80 grit.
2. Structurlam uses epoxy putty for correcting larger voids to assure adhesion.
3. For a staggered multi piece lamination layup, a full length wood spline insert is applied on the visible face to cover gaps of the adjacent boards.
4. GlulamPLUS® beams and columns are coated with a factory-applied temporary light-bodied sealer that provides some protection to the finished
surface during shipping and through the construction phase.
5. For additional information on appearance classifications, refer to CSA O122.

FINISHES
Wood finishes are a necessary component of preserving your products. Bare wood products highlight the natural beauty of wood
but may check, swell and change color over time. GlulamPLUS® beams and columns are coated with a sealer which, in addition to
proper efforts for storage and handling during construction, can help to account for these factors. For more on GlulamPLUS® finishes,
Shane Homes YMCA at Rocky Ridge, Calgary, AB, Canada refer to page 92.

82 GLULAMPLUS® | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | GLULAMPLUS® 83
 GLULAMPLUS® STANDARD WIDTH SECTIONAL DIAGRAMS Table 38: FINISHED WIDTHS OF GLULAMPLUS ® BEAMS

FINISHED WIDTHS*

INDUSTRIAL FINISH WIDTH COMMERCIAL FINISH WIDTH QUALITY FINISH WIDTH

2x4 2x6 2x8 NOMINAL
SIZE METRIC IMPERIAL METRIC IMPERIAL METRIC IMPERIAL
(mm) (in) (mm) (in) (mm) (in)

2x4 79 3-1/8 76 3 76 3
1-1/2"

1-1/2"

1-1/2"
38 mm

38 mm

38 mm
2x6 130 5-1/8 127 5 127 5
76 mm
COMMERCIAL/
127 mm
COMMERCIAL/
172 mm
COMMERCIAL/ 2x8 175 6-7/8 172 6-3/4 172 6-3/4
3" QUALITY FINISH SIZE 5" QUALITY FINISH SIZE 6-3/4" QUALITY FINISH SIZE
2x10 219 8-5/8 216 8-1/2 216 8-1/2
79 mm 130 mm 175 mm
INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL 2x12 263 10-3/8 260 10-1/4 260 10-1/4
3-1/8" FINISH SIZE 5-1/8" FINISH SIZE 6-7/8" FINISH SIZE
2x14 314 12-3/8 311 12-1/4 311 12-1/4
2x16 365 14-3/8 362 14-1/4 362 14-1/4
2x10 2x12 2x18 406 16 403 15-7/8 403 15-7/8
2x20 460 18-1/8 457 18 457 18
*Other widths available from Structurlam

Staggered Multiple Piece Lamination: Structurlam utilizes a staggered multiple piece lamination layup technique as described in
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
38 mm

38 mm

CSA O122, in the manufacture of wide-section members for GlulamPLUS® beams and columns. Structurlam analysis concludes staggered
222 mm
COMMERCIAL/
273 mm
COMMERCIAL/
multiple piece lamination layup as a preferred methodology as follows:
8-3/4" QUALITY FINISH SIZE 10-3/4" QUALITY FINISH SIZE
Increased Homogenization: GlulamPLUS® beams and columns constructed through the staggered multiple piece lamination technique
225 mm 276 mm are composed of more individual elements than through a single lamination layup practice. This increased number of elements acts to
INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL
8-7/8" FINISH SIZE 10-7/8" FINISH SIZE further diffuse the impact of any one element on the resulting component and creates a more homogeneous construction.
Dimensional Stability: Based upon the same principle of an increased number of elements within the component, a staggered
Figure 33: Single lamination beams
multiple piece lamination layup reduces the dimensional tendencies of any one element and can potentially increase the overall
stability of the component. This can be most prominently realized in wider, deeper sections.
Diffused Shear Planes: In contrast to the block glulam layup methodology, commonly used by foreign manufacturers where narrower
single-lam components are edge-glued to produce built-up wide components, the staggered multiple piece lamination technique
2x10 2x12 2x14 creates noncontiguous vertical glue-line shear planes through the components. In contrast, the block laminating technique creates a
continuous vertical shear plane between the two edge-glued components.
ALTERNATING

ALTERNATING

ALTERNATING
2x4 + 2x6

2x4 + 2x8

2x6+ 2x8
STAGGERED MULTIPLE PIECE LAMINATION BLOCK GLUED GLULAM
1-1/2"

1-1/2"

1-1/2"
38 mm

38 mm

38 mm

• The staggered multiple piece lamination method creates a • The block glued glulam lamination method creates a
216 mm 260 mm 311 mm noncontiguous shear plane in the glulam member. contiguous vertical shear plane that relies on the glue-bond
COMMERCIAL/ COMMERCIAL/ COMMERCIAL/
line integrity to transfer loads through the glulam member.
8-1/2" QUALITY FINISH SIZE 10-1/4" QUALITY FINISH SIZE 12-1/4" QUALITY FINISH SIZE • This staggered layup does not rely on the glue line integrity
219 mm 263 mm 314 mm to the same degree as the forces can be resisted by the • In an asymmetric loading application, the load component
INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL
8-5/8" FINISH SIZE 10-3/8" FINISH SIZE 12-3/8" FINISH SIZE overlapping laminations in shear. must transfer across the glue line in shear to allow the glulam
member to act as a compound unit.
• This staggered glulam composition method is implicitly safer, more
robust and does not demand the same degree of quality control
over the glue line integrity as the block glued lamination method.

2x16 2x18 2x20

DIFFUSED
DIFFUSED
SHEARSHEAR
PLANEPLANE VERTICAL
VERTICAL
SHEARSHEAR
PLANEPLANE
ALTERNATING

ALTERNATING

ALTERNATING
2x6+ 2x10

2x8+ 2x10

2x8+ 2x12

H H H H
GT GT GT GT
LEN LEN LEN LEN
1-1/2"

1-1/2"

1-1/2"
38 mm

38 mm

38 mm

362 mm 403 mm 457 mm

COMMERCIAL/ COMMERCIAL/ COMMERCIAL/
14-1/4" QUALITY FINISH SIZE 15-7/8" QUALITY FINISH SIZE 18" QUALITY FINISH SIZE
365 mm 406 mm 460 mm
INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL
14-3/8" FINISH SIZE 16" FINISH SIZE 18-1/8" FINISH SIZE

DEPTH

DEPTH

DEPTH

DEPTH
Figure 34: Staggered multiple piece lamination

NOTE: All quality finished beams used for either appearance grade or with tight tolerance connections are additional undersized by
6 mm (1/4") in depth from full lamination roundings:
Dfir: 38 mm x # of lams - 6 mm WIDTHWIDTH WIDTH WIDTH
SP: 35 mm x # of lams - 6 mm
Figure 35: Staggered multi-piece lamination method Figure 36: Block glued multi-piece lamination method
STAGGERED
STAGGERED
MULTIPLE-PIECE
MULTIPLE-PIECE
LAMINATION
LAMINATION BLOCK
BLOCK
GLUEDGLUED
GLULAM
GLULAM

84 GLULAMPLUS® | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | GLULAMPLUS® 85
 Table 39: GLULAMPLUS ® CAMBER STANDARDS Table 40: GLULAMPLUS ® BEAM LIMIT STATE DESIGN STRENGTH PROPERTIES

Four standard levels of camber are available. Camber falling outside these standards is custom processed and will carry ALL UNITS (MPa)
additional fabrication costs as arches. Standard camber carry no additional costs. Camber cannot be used with complex
SPECIFIC
multi-point connections or pre-engineered tight tolerance connections. Camber should only be used when simple bucket COMBINATION fBP fBN fY fC fCB fCP fTN fTG fTP E
GRAVITY
or knife plate connections are used on each end of the beam.
24F-E 30.6 23 2 30.2 30.2 7 20.4 15.3 0.83 12,800 0.50

24F-EX 30.6 30.6 2 30.2 30.2 7 20.4 15.3 0.83 12,800 0.50
CAMBER VALUES PER BEAM LENGTH
CAMBER Radius
6.1 m (20') 9.14 m (30') 12.2 m (40') 15.24 m (50') 18.3 m (60') 21.4 m (70')

1 11.7 mm (0.46") 26.16 mm (1.03") 46.5 mm (1.83") 72.65 mm (2.86") 104.6 mm (4.12") 142.5 mm (5.61") 399.3 m (1,310')

2 8.4 mm (0.33") 18.8 mm (0.74") 33.3 mm (1.31") 52.1 mm (2.05") 74.9 mm (2.95") 101.85 mm (4.01") 558.7 m (1,833') NAME CONVENTION

3 5.8 mm (0.23") 13.2 mm (0.52") 23.4 mm (.92") 36.3 mm (1.45") 52.3 mm (2.06") 71.4 mm (2.81") 798.6 m (2,620') 24 f - E X
4 4.6 mm (0.18") 10.4 mm (0.41") 18.5 mm (0.73") 41.9 mm (1.15") 41.9 mm (1.65") 57.15 mm (2.25") 998 m (3,274')

Recommended Camber = 1.5 times dead load deflection for roof applications
1 time dead load deflection for floor applications Flexural members subjected to stress reversals
Camber is NOT recommended when using tight-tolerance pre-engineered connections. Laminations are machine tested for stiffness
They are also not recommended when using beam systems with multiple interconnections as installation
becomes difficult and deflection loads can cause dynamic stresses on connections. Primary member usage (f - flexural, t - tension, c - compression)
Continuous span beam applications will not have camber applied.
Allowable stress in Imperial units, x 100 - i.e. 2,400 psi

BC Passive House Factory, Pemberton, BC, Canada

GLULAMPLUS ® BEAM LAYUP PATTERNS

24f-EX – Balanced Beam Layup 24f-E – Unbalanced Beam Layup

When dealing with a beam that is supported by multiple bearings Use an "E" layup for short cantilever or most economical
or a beam that is cantilevered over a support, then an "EX" solution to simple span application.
balanced layup is typically required.

24f-EX DOUGLAS FIR 24f-E DOUGLAS FIR

T1 Grade Compression Lam C Grade Compression Lam

B Grade Core Lams C Grade Core Lams
C Grade Core Lams

D Grade Core Lams D Grade Core Lams

C Grade Core Lams C Grade Core Lams

B Grade Core Lams B Grade Core Lams
T1 Grade Compression Lam T1 Grade Compression Lam

Figure 37: Unbalanced layup Figure 38: Balanced layup

86 GLULAMPLUS® | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | GLULAMPLUS® 87
 Table 41: GLULAMPLUS ® COLUMN LIMIT STATE DESIGN PROPERTIES FOR GLULAMPLUS ® COLUMNS Table 42: GLULAMPLUS ® COLUMN MAX AXIAL LOAD
BASED ON LOADING ECCENTRICITY
ALL UNITS (MPa)
MAX AXIAL LOAD PF,MAX
(KN)
RELATIVE
fBP fBN fV fC fCB fCP fTN fTG fTP E
DENSITY COLUMN 3.048 m (10 ft) 3.658 m (12 ft) 4.267 m (14 ft) 4.877 m (16 ft) 5.486 m (18 ft) 6.096 m (20 ft)
DIMENSIONS
16c-E 14 14 2 30.2 30.2 7 20.4 15.3 0.83 12,400 0.50
(mm)
(W)X(D) e = 1/6 D or W e = 1/2 D e = 1/6 D or W e = 1/2 D e = 1/6 D or W e = 1/2 D e = 1/6 D or W e = 1/2 D e = 1/6 D or W e = 1/2 D e = 1/6 D or W e = 1/2 D

The values listed in Table 39 and Table 40 on pages 86 and 87 are based 216 X 222 394 178 360 170 326 162 293 154 262 145 233 135
on dry-service condition and standard-term load conditions. 260 X 260 557 256 522 248 485 239 448 230 411 220 375 209
Adjustment factors to be considered include: 311 X 349 913 421 872 413 827 405 780 396 732 386 684 375
362 X 374 1,090 526 1,060 518 1,020 509 975 498 931 487 885 475
KD Load Duration Factor
403 X 413 1,350 649 1,310 640 1,270 631 1,230 620 1,180 608 1,130 596
KS Service Condition Factor 457 X 489 1,700 874 1,660 865 1,620 855 1,580 845 1,530 830 1,490 811
KH System Factor
KT Treatment Factor
KX Curvature Factor Table 43: GLULAMPLUS ® COLUMN MAX AXIAL RESISTANCE
KZ Volume Factor BASED ON CONCENTRIC LOADING

KL AXIAL RESISTANCE FOR CONCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS

Lateral Stability Factor
(e=0, KN)
KC Slenderness Factor
COLUMN 3.048 m (10 ft) 3.658 m (12 ft) 4.267 m (14 ft) 4.877 m (16 ft) 5.486 m (18 ft) 6.096 m (20 ft)
KE Effective Length Factor DIMENSIONS
(mm)
Not all factors need be applied in all applications or for all design values. See the CSA O86:19, (W)X(D) PRX PRY PRX PRY PRX PRY PRX PRY PRX PRY PRX PRY
table 5.3.1 for a listing of which adjustment factors are required for specific situations.
216 X 222 857 846 757 742 657 639 561 542 474 455 398 380
260 X 260 1,230 1,230 1,130 1,130 1,020 1,020 907 907 799 799 698 698
311 X 349 1,980 1,940 1,880 1,830 1,780 1,710 1,670 1,580 1,560 1,450 1,440 1,310
362 X 374 2,420 2,410 2,310 2,300 2,200 2,180 2,080 2,060 1,960 1,930 1,840 1,800
403 X 413 2,920 2,910 2,800 2,800 2,690 2,680 2,570 2,560 2,450 2,430 2,320 2,300
457 X 489 3,810 3,790 3,680 3,660 3,560 3,540 3,450 3,410 3,330 3,280 3,200 3,140

Assumptions and Notes:

1. Dfir 16c-E glulam.
2. Column capacity under combined bending and axial load is only checked for
bending moments due to eccentric loading. Additional bending introduced
in the column, such as from wind loading or bracing, must be checked
separately for its impact and will reduce the axial capacity of the column.
3. Assumed modification factors:
- standard term load duration (KD = 1)
1/6 W,D 1/2 D
- dry service condition (KS = 1) W
- no preservative treatment (KT = 1)
- straight members (KX = 1) y
- no system factor (KH = 1) except for MRY calculation (KH = 1.1)
- effective length factor KE = 1 (effectively pinned-pinned)
4. 1/6 D or W eccentricities are listed as the worst case for bending about the
x-x or y-y axis.
5. 1/2 D eccentricities are provided for eccentricities resulting in strong axis (x-x)
bending only. x x D
6. Lateral support to be provided at column ends to prevent lateral
displacement and rotation.
7. Tabulated values for e=0 (Table 43) should not be used directly for column
sizing, but are intended to be used in conjunction with CSA O86:19 Cl. 7.5.12
for combined bending and axial load scenarios not covered by Table 42.
8. Column load capacities calculated are factored and calculated in accordance y CL CL
with CSA O86:19 and NBCC 2015.
9. These tables do not account for charring fire protection. Fire protection
should be provided by encapsulation with a fire rating material as required by SECTION VIEW PROFILEVIEW
the applicable Building Code. Alternatively, Annex B can be used to calculate
effective charring to provide fire protection.
Figure 39: Axial load eccentricity diagram for glulam columns

88 GLULAMPLUS® | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | GLULAMPLUS® 89
 Table 44: GLULAMPLUS ® BEAM ENGINEERING PROPERTIES Table 45: GLULAMPLUS ® BEAM ENGINEERING PROPERTIES
80 mm BEAM WIDTH 265 mm BEAM WIDTH
DEPTH (mm) - nominal 228 266 304 342 380 418 456 494 532 570 608 646 684 DEPTH (mm) - nominal 684 722 760 798 836 874 912 950 988 1,026 1,064 1,102 1,140
WEIGHT (kg/m) 10.1 11.8 13.5 15.2 16.9 18.5 20.2 21.9 23.6 25.3 27.0 28.7 30.3 WEIGHT (kg/m) 101 107 112 118 123 129 135 140 146 152 157 163 168
AREA (mm2) 16,900 19,800 22,700 25,600 28,500 31,400 34,300 37,200 40,100 43,000 45,800 48,700 51,600 AREA (mm2) 177,000 187,000 196,000 206,000 216,000 226,000 236,000 246,000 256,000 266,000 276,000 286,000 296,000
S (x103 mm3) 626 859 1,130 1,430 1,780 2,160 2,570 3,030 3,520 4,050 4,610 5,210 5,850 S (x103 mm3) 20,000 22,300 24,700 27,300 30,000 32,800 35,700 38,800 42,000 45,300 48,700 52,300 56,000
I (x106 mm4) 70 112 168 241 333 445 580 740 927 1,140 1,390 1,670 1,990 I (x106 mm4) 6,800 8,000 9,350 10,800 12,500 14,300 16,200 18,400 20,700 23,200 25,800 28,700 31,800
EI (x109 Nmm2) 890 1,430 2,160 3,090 4,260 5,700 7,430 9,480 11,900 14,600 17,800 21,400 25,400 EI (x109 Nmm2) 87,000 102,000 120,000 139,000 160,000 183,000 208,000 235,000 264,000 296,000 331,000 368,000 407,000
MAX UNSUPPORTED LENGTH LU (mm) 1350 1160 1010 894 803 729 667 615 571 532 499 469 443 MAX UNSUPPORTED LENGTH LU (mm) 5,180 4,910 4,660 4,440 4,230 4,050 3,880 3,720 3,580 3,440 3,320 3,200 3,100
MOMENT CAPACITY MR (kNm) 17.2 23.6 31.1 39.5 49.0 59.4 70.9 83.4 96.9 111 127 143 161 MOMENT CAPACITY MR (kNm) 513 566 621 679 738 800 864 931 999 1,070 1,140 1,220 1,300
SHEAR CAPACITY VR (kN) 20.3 23.7 27.2 30.7 34.2 37.6 41.1 44.6 48.1 51.5 55.0 58.5 62.0 SHEAR CAPACITY VR (kN) 212 224 236 248 260 271 283 295 307 319 331 343 355
SHEAR CAPACITY WR 0.18
(kN) 112 128 143 158 172 186 200 214 228 241 255 268 281 SHEAR CAPACITY WR 0.18
(kN) 769 805 840 874 908 942 976 1,010 1,040 1,080 1,110 1,140 1,170
┴ ┴

130 mm BEAM WIDTH 315 mm BEAM WIDTH

DEPTH (mm) - nominal 304 342 380 418 456 494 532 570 608 646 684 722 760 DEPTH (mm) - nominal 760 798 836 874 912 950 988 1,026 1,064 1,102 1,140 1,178 1,216
WEIGHT (kg/m) 22.2 25.0 27.7 30.5 33.3 36.1 38.8 41.6 44.4 47.2 49.9 52.7 55.5 WEIGHT (kg/m) 134 141 147 154 161 167 174 181 188 194 201 208 214
AREA (mm2) 37,900 42,700 47,600 52,400 57,300 62,100 66,900 71,800 76,600 81,500 86,300 91,100 96,000 AREA (mm2) 235,000 247,000 259,000 271,000 282,000 294,000 306,000 318,000 330,000 342,000 353,000 365,000 377,000
S (x103 mm3) 1,890 2,400 2,970 3,610 4,300 5,060 5,880 6,760 7,700 8,710 9,770 10,900 12,100 S (x103 mm3) 29,600 32,700 35,900 39,200 42,700 46,400 50,200 54,200 58,300 62,600 67,000 71,500 76,200
I (x10 mm )
6 4
281 403 557 744 970 1,240 1,550 1,910 2,320 2,790 3,320 3,910 4,570 I (x106 mm4) 11,200 13,000 14,900 17,100 19,400 22,000 24,700 27,700 30,900 34,400 38,100 42,000 46,200
EI (x109 Nmm2) 3,600 5,160 7,120 9,530 12,400 15,800 19,800 24,500 29,700 35,700 42,500 50,000 58,500 EI (x109 Nmm2) 143,000 166,000 191,000 218,000 248,000 281,000 316,000 354,000 396,000 440,000 487,000 538,000 592,000
MAX UNSUPPORTED LENGTH LU (mm) 2,810 2,500 2,240 2,040 1,860 1,720 1,590 1,490 1,390 1,310 1,240 1,170 1,110 MAX UNSUPPORTED LENGTH LU (mm) 6,670 6,350 6,060 5,790 5,550 5,320 5,120 4,930 4,750 4,590 4,430 4,290 4,150
MOMENT CAPACITY MR (kNm) 51.9 66.0 81.8 99.3 118 139 162 186 209 234 259 286 314 MOMENT CAPACITY MR (kNm) 743 812 883 957 1,030 1,110 1,200 1,280 1,370 1,460 1,550 1,640 1,740
SHEAR CAPACITY VR (kN) 45.5 51.3 57.1 62.9 68.7 74.5 80.3 86.1 91.9 97.7 103.5 109.4 115.2 SHEAR CAPACITY VR (kN) 282 296 310 325 339 353 367 382 396 410 424 438 453
SHEAR CAPACITY WR 0.18
(kN) 218 240 262 284 305 326 347 368 388 408 428 447 467 SHEAR CAPACITY WR 0.18
(kN) 972 1,010 1,050 1,090 1,130 1,170 1,210 1,250 1,280 1,320 1,360 1,400 1,430
┴ ┴

175 mm BEAM WIDTH 365 mm BEAM WIDTH

DEPTH (mm) - nominal 456 494 532 570 608 646 684 722 760 798 836 874 912 DEPTH (mm) - nominal 836 874 912 950 988 1,026 1,064 1,102 1,140 1,178 1,216 1,254 1,292
WEIGHT (kg/m) 44.8 48.5 52.3 56.0 59.7 63.5 67.2 70.9 74.7 78.4 82.1 85.9 89.6 WEIGHT (kg/m) 171 179 187 195 202 210 218 226 234 241 249 257 265
AREA (mm2) 76,600 83,100 89,600 96,100 103,000 109,000 116,000 122,000 128,000 135,000 141,000 148,000 154,000 AREA (mm2) 301,000 315,000 329,000 343,000 356,000 370,000 384,000 398,000 411,000 425,000 439,000 453,000 467,000
S (x103 mm3) 5,760 6,770 7,870 9,050 10,300 11,700 13,100 14,600 16,200 17,900 19,600 21,400 23,400 S (x103 mm3) 41,700 45,700 49,700 54,000 58,400 63,100 67,800 72,800 77,900 83,300 88,800 94,400 100,000
I (x106 mm4) 1,300 1,660 2,070 2,560 3,110 3,740 4,440 5,230 6,110 7,080 8,150 9,330 10,600 I (x106 mm4) 17,400 19,900 22,600 25,600 28,800 32,200 36,000 40,000 44,300 48,900 53,800 59,100 64,600
EI (x109 Nmm2) 16,600 21,200 26,500 32,700 39,800 47,800 56,900 67,000 78,200 90,700 104,000 119,000 136,000 EI (x109 Nmm2) 222,000 254,000 289,000 327,000 368,000 413,000 460,000 512,000 567,000 626,000 689,000 756,000 827,000
MAX UNSUPPORTED LENGTH LU (mm) 3,340 3,080 2,860 2,660 2,500 2,350 2,220 2,100 1,990 1,900 1,810 1,730 1,660 MAX UNSUPPORTED LENGTH LU (mm) 8,200 7,850 7,520 7,210 6,930 6,680 6,440 6,210 6,000 5,810 5,630 5,460 5,290
MOMENT CAPACITY MR (kNm) 159 186 213 242 272 304 337 372 408 446 485 526 568 MOMENT CAPACITY MR (kNm) 1,000 1,090 1,170 1,260 1,360 1,450 1,550 1,650 1,760 1,870 1,980 2,090 2,200
SHEAR CAPACITY VR (kN) 92.0 99.7 108 115 123 131 139 146 154 162 170 177 185 SHEAR CAPACITY VR (kN) 361 378 394 411 428 444 461 477 494 510 527 543 560
SHEAR CAPACITY WR 0.18
(kN) 388 415 441 467 493 518 543 568 593 617 641 665 689 SHEAR CAPACITY WR 0.18
(kN) 1,190 1,240 1,280 1,320 1,370 1,410 1,450 1,500 1,540 1,580 1,620 1,670 1,710
┴ ┴

215 mm BEAM WIDTH 406 mm BEAM WIDTH

DEPTH (mm) - nominal 608 646 684 722 760 798 836 874 912 950 988 1,026 1,064 DEPTH (mm) - nominal 988 1,026 1,064 1,102 1,140 1,178 1,216 1,254 1,292 1,330 1,368 1,406 1,444
WEIGHT (kg/m) 74.8 79.4 84.1 88.8 93.5 98.1 103 107 112 117 121 126 131 WEIGHT (kg/m) 225 234 243 251 260 269 277 286 295 303 312 321 329
AREA (mm2) 130,000 139,000 147,000 155,000 163,000 171,000 180,000 188,000 196,000 204,000 213,000 221,000 229,000 AREA (mm2) 397,000 412,000 427,000 443,000 458,000 473,000 489,000 504,000 519,000 535,000 550,000 566,000 581,000
S (x103 mm3) 13,100 14,800 16,600 18,500 20,600 22,700 24,900 27,200 29,700 32,200 34,900 37,600 40,500 S (x103 mm3) 65,100 70,200 75,500 81,100 86,800 92,700 98,800 105,000 112,000 118,000 125,000 132,000 140,000
I (x106 mm4) 3,950 4,750 5,650 6,650 7,770 9,000 10,400 11,900 13,500 15,200 17,200 19,200 21,500 I (x106 mm4) 32,000 35,900 40,000 44,500 49,300 54,400 59,900 65,700 71,900 78,500 85,500 92,800 101,000
EI (x109 Nmm2) 50,600 60,800 72,300 85,100 99,400 115,000 133,000 152,000 173,000 195,000 220,000 246,000 275,000 EI (x109 Nmm2) 410,000 459,000 513,000 570,000 631,000 697,000 767,000 841,000 921,000 1,000,000 1,090,000 1,190,000 1,290,000
MAX UNSUPPORTED LENGTH LU (mm) 4,030 3,790 3,580 3,390 3,220 3,060 2,920 2,790 2,680 2,570 2,470 2,380 2,290 MAX UNSUPPORTED LENGTH LU (mm) 8,590 8,270 7,980 7,700 7,440 7,200 6,970 6,760 6,560 6,370 6,200 6,030 5,870
MOMENT CAPACITY MR (kNm) 354 395 438 484 531 580 631 684 739 796 854 915 977 MOMENT CAPACITY MR (kNm) 1,510 1,620 1,730 1,840 1,960 2,080 2,200 2,330 2,450 2,590 2,720 2,860 3,000
SHEAR CAPACITY VR (kN) 156 166 176 186 196 206 216 225 235 245 255 265 275 SHEAR CAPACITY VR (kN) 476 494 513 531 550 568 587 605 623 642 660 679 697
SHEAR CAPACITY WR 0.18
(kN) 600 630 661 691 721 751 780 809 838 867 896 924 952 SHEAR CAPACITY WR 0.18
(kN) 1,490 1,570 1,620 1,670 1,710 1,760 1,810 1,850 1,900 1,950 1,990 2,040 2,080
┴ ┴

Assumptions and notes: 460 mm BEAM WIDTH

1. Dfir24f-EX glulam. 8. For lateral stability, moment capacity is based on the structure providing continuous lateral DEPTH (mm) - nominal 988 1,026 1,064 1,102 1,140 1,178 1,216 1,254 1,292 1,330 1,368 1,406 1,444
2. Uniformly distributed loading. support to the compression edge of the beam or lateral support provided by purlins or bracing WEIGHT (kg/m) 255 265 275 285 294 304 314 324 334 344 353 363 373
at a spacing not exceeding LU.
3. Nominal depths are based on the CWC Wood Design Manual tables; actual depths are AREA (mm2) 450,000 467,000 485,000 502,000 519,000 537,000 554,000 572,000 589,000 607,000 624,000 641,000 659,000
unrounded nominal depths (38 mm - # lams) minus 6.35 mm (1/4"). 9. Shear capacity VR is applicable for beams less than 2.0 m3 in volume; if beam volume is greater
than 2.0 m3 the alternative shear capacity calculation WRL0.18 must be used per CSA O86. S (x103 mm3) 73,800 79,600 85,700 91,900 98,400 105,000 112,000 119,000 127,000 134,000 142,000 150,000 158,000
4. Beam properties calculated based on actual depths and "Quality" finish widths.
10. Beam engineering properties are calculated in accordance with CSA O86-14 and NBCC 2015. I (x106 mm4) 36,300 40,700 45,400 50,500 55,900 61,700 67,900 74,600 81,600 89,000 96,900 105,000 114,000
5. Beam weight is based on density of 560 kg/m and "Industrial" finish widths.
3
11. These tables do not account for charring fire protection. Fire protection should be provided EI (x109 Nmm2) 465,000 521,000 581,000 646,000 716,000 790,000 870,000 954,000 1,040,000 1,140,000 1,240,000 1,350,000 1,460,000
6. Beam span for bending moment calculations assumed to be 18x actual depth. by encapsulation with a fire rating material as required by the applicable Building Code.
7. Assumed modification factors: Alternatively, Annex B can be used to calculate effective charring to provide fire protection. MAX UNSUPPORTED LENGTH LU (mm) 11,100 10,600 10,300 9,900 9,600 9,300 9,000 8,700 8,400 8,200 8,000 7,800 7,500
- standard term load duration (KD = 1) MOMENT CAPACITY MR (kNm) 1,680 1,800 1,920 2,050 2,180 2,310 2,440 2,580 2,730 2,870 3,030 3,180 3,340
- dry service condition (KS = 1)
- no preservative treatment (KT = 1) SHEAR CAPACITY VR (kN) 540 561 582 602 623 644 665 686 707 728 749 770 790
- no system factor (KH = 1)
SHEAR CAPACITY WR 0.18
(kN) 1,660 1,710 1,760 1,810 1,860 1,910 1,970 2,020 2,070 2,120 2,170 2,210 2,260
┴

Notes:
See page 88 for notes.

90 GLULAMPLUS® | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | GLULAMPLUS® 91
 CrossLam® and GlulamPLUS® Mass Timber Systems
Care, Handling, Rigging and Installation Installation
Detailed pre-construction planning can help to ensure
installation of our mass timber systems is easy, safe and
efficient. Depending on the project site, we recommend
that sufficient space be available to:
• Prepare panels for installation
PACKAGING Cover product with good-quality, clean tarpaulin to protect
• Re-sort panels according to the install sequence
All CrossLam® CLT and GlulamPLUS® beams and columns are from adverse weather conditions and UV exposure. Water
wrapped and protected at the factory to ensure arrival on-site will stain product. Prolonged exposure to sunlight will cause • Apply treatments if required
in the best possible condition. “tanning” and will discolor product.
• Install on-site hardware if required
For long-term storage, cut slits in the bottom of the wrapping
DELIVERY SEQUENCING to allow ventilation and drainage of any entrapped moisture.
TRUCKLOAD SEQUENCING
As part of the Structurlam Advantage to maximize economic Structurlam recommends retaining factory-applied wrapping Truckload sequencing is a standard feature of Structurlam mass
efficiency gains with mass timber construction, Structurlam on product until fully installed and building is enclosed to best timber packages. The exact sequencing is established during
will work with the project construction team to coordinate protect finished surfaces. the shop drawing process. To the extent possible, CrossLam®
the delivery and construction schedules. In the event
CLT panels are sequenced for delivery to be erected in place,
temporary site storage is required, please see “Storage” FINISHING directly from the delivering truck. In order to maintain safe
for recommendations.
Final finish coating of visually exposed CrossLam® CLT and shipment, some panels may be delivered out of sequence in
GlulamPLUS® beams and columns is recommended and should order to properly balance the load. Please contact Structurlam
HANDLING be applied prior to introducing heat in the building. Finish to learn more about truckload sequencing.
Use care and caution when lifting, ensuring consideration of sanding with 80 grit sandpaper in the direction of the wood
weights and following all appropriate site safety procedures. grain is recommended prior to application of finishing product ASSEMBLY DRAWINGS
Do not drag, dump or drop mass timber building components REFERENCES
to exposed surfaces. Assembly drawings are produced using our 3D modeling
to unload from truck. CLT Handbook - Chapter 12, Canada, 2019.
Follow all application directions of finishing product. Finishing software to provide instruction for fast and efficient
Always use wide nylon or fabric straps or slings with corner a small, concealed test area to ensure satisfactory end-results site installation.
protectors when lifting CrossLam® CLT and GlulamPLUS® beams is always recommended.
and columns to prevent surface damage or crushing of edges.
Do not walk across panels or handle product with soiled or oily CONDITIONING
hands, tools or connecting hardware.
In order to minimize adverse checking and/or dimensional
movement in CrossLam® CLT and GlulamPLUS® beams and
RIGGING columns, it is critical that product is allowed to gradually adjust
Prior to installation, CrossLam® CLT panels and GlulamPLUS® to final ambient moisture and temperature conditions over a
columns and beams need to be prepared for proper lifting and period of several weeks.
hoisting. All lifting equipment, rigging and hoisting devices are
Upon building closure, adjust building temperature and relative
to be designed by the installer’s erection engineer.
humidity slowly, over a series of weeks, allowing mass timber
components equilibrium to adjust more naturally. (Remember,
STORAGE room temperatures near ceilings can be several degrees
Store CrossLam® CLT and GlulamPLUS® beams and columns warmer than at floor level.) Do not expose CrossLam® CLT and
on a flat surface, raised off ground contact by 152 mm-305 mm GlulamPLUS® beams and columns directly to forced air during
(6"-12") using clean, wooden blocking spaced to ensure no this period.
product deflection. Separate courses with additional blocking,
ensuring blocking is vertically aligned.

92 CARE AND HANDLING | Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide [Link] Structurlam Mass Timber Technical Guide | CARE AND HANDLING 93
Penticton Lakeside Resort, Penticton, BC, Canada

Structurlam’s Family of Mass Timber Building Products

CrossLam® CLT: Cross laminated timber panels used in floor, wall and roof structures
GlulamPLUS®: Glued laminated timber beam and column systems
3D BIM Models
Steel Connections
Project Management
Logistics Management

Contact us to learn more.

[Link]

HEAD OFFICE VANCOUVER/ WESTERN CANADA &

Structurlam Mass Timber Corporation VANCOUVER ISLAND ONTARIO
2176 Government Street Orlagh McHugh Ron McDougall
Penticton, BC 2015 Main Street 2176 Government Street
Canada V2A 8B5 Vancouver, BC Penticton, BC
t: 250 492 8912
Canada V5T 3C2 Canada V2A 8B5
sales@[Link]
t: 604 230 9630 t: 250 462 5548
omchugh@[Link] rmcdougall@[Link]

9/2021, Structurlam Mass Timber Corporation V 09.28.2021