Biosaintifika 13 (2) (2021): 222-229 p-ISSN 2085-191X | e-ISSN 2338-7610
Journal of Biology & Biology Education [Link]
Study of the Germination of Six Begonia Species as an Effort
to Preserve Genetic Resources
Cokorda Istri Meyga Semarayani*, Ayyu Rahayu
Research Center for Plant Conservation and Botanic Gardens, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Indonesia
*Corresponding Author: meygacokorda@[Link]
Submitted: 2021-05-18. Revised: 2021-06-13. Accepted: 2021-08-12
Abstract. Begonia is an ornamental plant that has a high level of morphological diversity. Begonia propagation is mostly
done vegetatively and very rarely to propagate sexually. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the ability of six
types of Begonia seeds to germinate. Six types of Begonia, namely B. x albopicta W. Bull 'Coral Rubra', B. gambutensis
Ardi & [Link], B. multistaminea Burt-Utley, B. nelumbifolia Schltdl. & Cham., B. ulmifolia Wild. and B. varipeltata
[Link]. were grown in a petri dish and placed in a growth chamber with a temperature of 23.6 ℃, humidity of 74.5%,
and a light intensity of 3,431 lux. The results showed that the different types of Begonia showed significant differences in all
the parameters tested. B. nelumbifolia required 7.89 ± 0.18 days to germinate and is the fastest time than other types. The
highest percentage of seed germination was also obtained by this species, amounting to 63.22%. In addition, B. nelumbifolia
showed the best response to the germination rate coefficient, germination rate index, and germination index. This study
revealed complete information about the germination of six types of Begonia. The ability to produced many seeds and the
ease of germination made this plant have the potential to be cultivated through seeds. Furthermore, the information can be
used as a basis for seed storage as an ex-situ conservation method to maintain genetic diversity.
Key words: Begonia nelumbifolia; conservation; Eka Karya Bali Botanic Gardens; genetic diversity; seed
How to Cite: Semarayani, C. I. M., & Rahayu, A. (2021). Study of the Germination of Six Begonia Species as an Effort to Preserve
Genetic Resources. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 13(2), 222-229.
DOI: [Link] about 6,500 ovules per capsule. Not all of the ovules
will become seeds, but this plant has the potential to
INTRODUCTION produce many offspring in one flowering cycle. The
problems are, male fertility is not necessarily linked
Begonia (Begoniaceae) is one of the fifth or sixth to female fertility as different genes may underlie
largest taxa with more than 1,800 species. The male and female meiosis, so it cannot produce seed
morphological diversity of Begonia is high, and the easily (Dewitte et al., 2011).
actual number of these species in nature is estimated Wahyuni and Siregar (2020) stated that the genus
to be between 2,000 and 2,500 species (Haba, 2015; of Begoniaceae has been able to become one of the
Tian et al., 2018). Begonia is one type that has been top priority taxonomic groups plant conservation in
conserved by the Eka Karya Bali Botanic Gardens Indonesia because: (1) high endemicity; (2) can be
(BBG). The number of Begonia collections that have reintroduced into nature; (3) potential to be conserved
been conserved at BBG based on the Registration unit ex-situ; and (4) has an economic value as an
catalog as of February 2021 is 310 species. ornamental plant because of its uniqueness and the
Begonia is an ornamental plant that has a high beauty of the leaves. Begonia is generally included in
level of morphological diversity (Haba, 2015). Most plants that are easily propagated, both vegetatively
of the Begonia is a monoecious plant. That is, male and generatively. However, vegetative propagation of
and female flowers are in one plant. The female Begonia is more preferred than generative
flowers can be recognized by the presence of an ovary propagation. Shoot and leaf cuttings are the most
in the form of a winged capsule. Pollinated flowers common and easy propagation methods in Begonia.
will form fruit and produce seeds. Begonia seeds are Information about the propagation of Begonia plants
small and many. Efendi et al. (2019) stated that the through seeds has not been done much. On the other
seeds of several begonias were 252.42-451.25 µm hand, investigating seed storage behavior is needed
long and 160.06-284.83 µm wide. Haba (2015) stated for seed conservation strategies (Latifah et al., 2020).
that Begonia schmidtiana fruit 'Chauncy' produces Efendi et al. (2019) stated that germplasm
222
Cokorda Istri Meyga Semarayani et al. / Biosaintifika 13 (2) (2021): 222-229
management through the seeds presents a challenge to with water. Then the petri dishes were placed in the
ensure high-quality seeds are worth using and have a growth chamber with a temperature of 23.6℃, the
long saving power of life. humidity of 74.5%, and a light intensity of 3,431 lux.
Based on this phenomenon, the study of Begonia Watering was done using a micropipette twice a week
propagation by seed is an interesting challenge to or depending on needs. Observations were carried out
study. Measurement of germination can provide every day for 30 days by taking the germinated seeds
valuable information about initial, speed, uniformity, and observed under a Dino-Lite AM4515T5 digital
and final germination percentage (Soltani et al., portable microscope.
2015). Hay and Probert (2013) mentioned that
research should be more focused on seed Germination measurement
development and germination as a reference in The experimental parameters of germination in
implementing ex-situ conservation through seed this study were based on Al-ansari and Ksiksi (2016),
banks. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the namely:
germination of the six types of Begonia seeds in BBG a. Mean Germination Test (MGT) MGT = ∑ seeds
to be used as a basis for conservation purposes. germinate (G) on day x / ∑ seeds germinate
b. Final Germination Percentage (FGP) FGP =
METHODS (number of seeds germinated / number of seeds
sown) x 100 %
This research was conducted from October to c. Coefficient Velocity of Germination (CVG)
November 2020 at the Seed Bank Laboratory of the CVG = N1+N2+…+Ni/100x N1T1+…+NiTi
Eka Karya Bali Botanic Gardens - LIPI. The materials N = number of seeds germinated
used were six types of Begonia from the BBG T = germinating day
collection, namely B. x albopicta W. Bull 'Coral d. Germination Rate Index (GRI)
Rubra', B. gambutensis Ardi & [Link], B.
GRI = G1/1+G2/2+…+ Gi/i
multistaminea Burt-Utley, B. nelumbifolia Schltdl. &
G = percentage of germination
Cham., B. ulmifolia Wild. and B. varipeltata
e. Germination Index (GI)
[Link].
GI = (20x G1)+(19xG2)+ …+(1xG20)
Seed collection and preparation
Experimental design and statistical analysis
The six seeds were harvested from BBG’s
The experiment was prepared with a onefactor,
Begonia Garden in October 2020. The seeds were
completely randomized design, namely the type of
taken from ripe fruit that had been browned, and all
plant (six types of Begonia) repeated three times. The
parts of the fruit had dried on the tree, or the seeds
data obtained were analyzed using analysis of
were ripe for harvest. Furthermore, the seeds were
variance (ANOVA) using SPSS 16.0. If the variance
separated from the fruit's skin and cleaned from other
results had a significant effect, then the data were
fruit parts manually. Cleaned seeds were weighted as
proceed with the Least Significant Difference test
much as 0.002 grams and counted for the number of
(LSD) with significance level of 5%.
seeds for each type (Table 1). The seed shape of each
species was also observed with a binocular RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
microscope Olympus CX-31.
Begonia has specific characteristics, namely in the
Table 1. Number of seeds of six types of form of erect, shrub or creeping, with stems that
Begonia per 0.002 grams watery, and asymmetrical leaf blade (begoniifolia), so
Types of Begonia Number of seeds easy to distinguish from other plants (Dewitte et al.,
B. x albopicta 488 2011). Until 2020, the BBG has succeeded in
collecting 310 Begonia consisting of native and exotic
B. gambutensis 462 Begonia. Native Begonia was obtained from the
B. multistaminea 529 exploration of plants in Indonesian forests like B.
B. nelumbifolia 503 gambutensis,
B. ulmifolia 532
B. varipeltata 472
Seed germination
Each type of Begonia was germinated in a petri
dish that had been laced with tissue paper moistened
223
Cokorda Istri Meyga Semarayani et al. / Biosaintifika 13 (2) (2021): 222-229
B. multistaminea, B. nelumbifolia and B. varipeltata.
While the exotic Begonia were those had been widely
cultivated by hobbyists and ornamental plant lovers
like a B. x albopicta. The plant used in this study is
presented in Figure 1, and the microscopic
appearance of seeds is shown in Figure 2.
B. x albopicta B. gambutensis B. multistaminea
B. nelumbifolia B. ulmifolia B. varipeltata
Figure 1. Six types of Begonia collection of Eka Karya Bali Botanic Gardens.
B. x albopicta B. gambutensis B. multistaminea
B. nelumbifolia B. ulmifolia
224 B. varipeltata
Figure 2. Microscopic appearance of six types of Begonia seeds.
Cokorda Istri Meyga Semarayani et al. / Biosaintifika 13 (2) (2021): 222-229
In general, the Begonia seed consists of four parts
(Figure 3), including the hilum micropyle, which is
the part that attaches to the fruit wall, operculum or
seed cap, the collar cell of the seed that is split when
germinating, which is a characteristic of Begonia
seed, and the common part of the testa cell on the
seed coat. Stages of germination start when
imbibition seeds, and then the hypocotyl elongates
and penetrates the operculum. Furthermore, the
hypocotyl that penetrates the operculum develops into
collets, which are structures that produce root hairs.
At the bottom of the collet, the root meristem will
appear. It occurs simultaneously with the
development of the cotyledons on the other side of
the hypocotyl (Haba, 2015). Based on the
observation, all Begonia seeds show the same sprout
growth. Likewise, B. fischeri, B. muricata and B.
scottii had the same stages of germination (Haba,
2015; Efendi et al., 2019).
Figure 3. The parts of a Begonia seed
The different types of Begonia showed significant
differences in all the parameters tested (Table 2). B.
nelumbifolia seed has the best on average germination
time, percentage of germination, germination rate
coefficient, germination rate index, and germination
index compared to the others. The average
germination time is defined as the length of time it
takes for one seed to germinate (Soltani et al., 2015;
Alansari & Ksiksi, 2016). The lower the average
germination time value, the faster the seeds will
germinate. The results of mean germination time are
varied, from 7.89 ± 0.18 to 14.77 ± 0.28 days. The
seed that germinates fastest was B. nelumbifolia and
the one that takes the longest was B. gambutensis.
These differences are not only caused by the species
but also due to the maturity of the seeds. Zuhri (2017)
mentioned the same results that seed maturity
accelerates the germination process on Cestrum
elegans.
The highest percentage of seed germination was B.
nelumbifolia, which was 63.22 % and followed by B.
225
Cokorda Istri Meyga Semarayani et al. / Biosaintifika 13 (2) (2021): 222-229
gambutensis was 52.6 %. Meanwhile, the others were by the seeds used have not reached the appropriate
below 50%. Even B. x albopicta germination was the level of maturity. Seeds harvested from fruits that
lowest, which was 4.17%. Germination of B. have not reached physiological maturity have
nelumbifolia began on the fifth day after the seeds embryos and other components that are not yet fully
were sown. Furthermore, most seeds germinate one formed so that the seed vigor is low
day after the first seeds sprout and decreased with (Wulananggraeni et al., 2016). The level of fruit
increasing observation time (Figure 4). This pattern is maturity also affected the dry weight of the seeds
the same as that shown in B. multistaminea and B. (Susanti et al., 2019). Darmawan et al., (2014) also
ulmifolia. Meanwhile, different germination patterns mentioned that the dry seed weight affected the
are shown in B. x albopicta, B. gambutensis and B. endosperm content of the seeds, thus causing
varipeltata. The initial period of germination is differences in germination. Delaying harvest until the
marked by a line parallel to the axis and then begins fruit is dry and ripe is recommended for
to rise and reach its peak on the second and third days B. areolata species. B. hooveriana, B. isoptera, B.
after the first seeds germinate. The first and last days kudoensis, B. Muricata, and B. sudjanae
of germination showed significant differences (Efendi et al., 2019).
between treatments. In this study, the highest Another factor thought to influence pollination is
germination index value achieved by B. nelumbifolia pollinators. Yamburov et al. (2020) stated that
and the lowest was B. x albopicta. This indicates that pollinating insects were one of the factors causing the
B. nelumbifolia undergoes faster initiation and end of low germination percentage of B. ludwigii grown in
germination than other types of Begonia. greenhouses. Without pollinating insects, plants can
The results showed that four types of Begonia had only pollinate geitonogamy, which means male
a germination percentage below 50%, even B. x flowers pollinate female flowers in the same
albopicta was only 4.17 ± 0.31%. In general, it is inflorescence. If the male and female flowers do not
caused by differences in genetic traits. Yamburov et emerge simultaneously, the seed productivity is low.
al. (2020) reported different results, the percentage of Seed productivity can be increased by cross-
B. ludwigii seeds that germinated was very high, pollination or xenogamy. Through this pollination,
namely 92.8%, even though the sprouts started to the seed productivity increased almost three times, up
appear in the second week. Saefudin and Wardiana to 1587.8 ± 75.8 seeds per capsule (Yamburov et al.,
(2013) stated that the varieties affect the speed of 2020).
germination. The low germination rate may be caused
Gardens
Table 2. Value of germination parameters for six types of Begonia in Eka Karya Bali Botanic Gardens
Parameter
Jenis begonia
MGT FGP CVG GRI GI
B. x albopicta 10.87±0.65 b 4.17±0.31 a 9.22±0.57 b 1.97±0.07 a 408.67±18.58 a
B. gambutensis 14.77±0.28 d 52.67±3.92 d 6.77±0.13 a 17.03±1.72 c 3951.67±362.15 c
B. multistaminea 10.95±0.82 b 25.14±1.68 b 9.17±0.71 b 12.81±1.29 b 2668.67±246.84 b
B. nelumbifolia 7.89±0.18 a 63.22±2.76 e 12.68±0.30 c 41.26±0.72 d 7347.00±264.76 d
B. ulmifolia 10.74±0.10 b 29.17±4.95 b 9.31±0.09 b 14.68±2.61 bc 3145.80±546.99 b
B. varipeltata 13.88±0.37 c 38.63±7.10 c 7.21±0.19 a 13.61±2.55 b 3122.67±585.19 b
Note: MGT = mean germination time; FGP = final germination percentage; CVG = germination rate
coefficient; GRI = germination rate index; GI = germination index; Numbers accompanied by the
same letter in the same column do not show a significant difference based on the 5% LSD test (p =
0.05).
226
Figure 4. The number of seeds germinated in six types of Begonia in Eka Karya Bali Botanic
Cokorda Istri Meyga Semarayani et al. / Biosaintifika 13 (2) (2021): 222-229
Begonia are found in varying habitats and water as an effort to increase seed viability. During
altitudes, ranging from 19 to 2,300 masl (Ardi et al., the priming process, the need for water in the seeds is
2014; Hughes & Takeuchi, 2015; Hughes et al., 2015; sufficient to produce radicles, prepare for the
Undaharta & Ardi, 2016; Ardaka & Ardi, 2019). metabolic process, and then starting the germination
Some species come from humid tropics and can only process (Herlina & Aziz, 2016).
grow in environments with high humidity, while The seed is part of a plant that stores high genetic
others prefer in dry conditions (Haba, 2015). In their diversity because it combines two genetic information
natural habitat, the seeds of B. grandis subsp. through crossing or mating. To prevent future loss of
evansiana may be dispersed at the end of the rainy genetic resources of various species, seed storage for
season and will not germinate until after a dry winter ex-situ conservation is recommended. Hay and
(Haba, 2015). The seeds will experience dormancy Probert (2013) stated that seed development studies
during this time. Dormancy is a condition that causes are needed, for example, to identify germination of
seeds not to germinate even though they have been species, to predict how to conserve and how seeds
grown in optimal environmental conditions. A develop because each species has specific traits. The
specific temperature is required for the seeds to data obtained, such as average germination time,
germinate. Kumar et al. (2011) reported that the percentage of germination, germination rate
germination percentage of Andrographis paniculata coefficient, germination rate index, and germination
Wall. ex Nees reached 95% when germinated at 25 index that indicated the germination pattern of
˚C and decreased at a temperature above or below. Begonia affected by the species. This complete
The seeds used in this study were collected from information about the germination of six types of
different habitats and conserved at BBG. B. x Begonia were new data that had not been presented in
albopicta, B. nelumbifolia and B. ulmifolia were from previous Begonia studies, which revealed more about
America, B. multistaminea was from Mexico and B. new species and their morphological variations. In
gambutensis and B. varipeltata were from Sulawesi addition, Begonia could produce many seeds and had
and all were germinated at the same temperature of the ease of germination made this plant potential to
23.6 ˚C. This can lead to less than optimal seed be cultivated through seeds. Therefore, these results
germination. Haba (2015) stated that the germination provided an alternative way to propagate this plant
of B. dregei reached its maximum at a temperature of other than vegetatively. Further studies on storage
lower than 12 ˚C, reflecting the natural environment time and possible seed deterioration are needed as an
of the seeds in their natural habitat. effort to conserve Begonia seeds ex-situ, and the
Several efforts can be made to increase seed results will be beneficial for BBG staff, as well as for
germination, including soaking seeds in liquid smoke Begonia breeders and collectors.
(Tang et al., 2020), immersion in GA3 (Herlina &
Aziz, 2016), giving Plant Growth Promoting CONCLUSION
Rhizobacteria (PGPR) (Wahdah et al., 2018), and
hydropriming (Herlina & Aziz, 2016). Tang et al. The six types of Begonia seeds can germinate
(2020) stated that peanut seeds soaked with liquid based on germination time, percentage of
smoke had more lateral roots. Furthermore, the germination, germination rate coefficient,
provision of GA3 had a significant effect on the germination rate index and germination index.
length of the radicle of black cumin seeds grown in a Among all, B. nelumbifolia was the highest for all the
germinator at a temperature of 25 ± 1 ℃ (Herlina & parameters. Subsequently, information about the
Aziz, 2016). Normal root growth will maximize germination of six types of Begonia can be used as a
nutrient absorption so that it can accelerate the basis for seed storage as an exsitu conservation
formation of normal sprouts. Germination can also be method to maintain genetic diversity.
stimulated by the biostimulants contained in PGPR.
Wahdah et al. (2018) reported that the single PGPR ACKNOWLEDGMENT
application and the interaction with the variety and
The author would like to thank Ketut Sumertana at
duration of seed storage significantly affected the
Begonia Park and Gusti Ayu Made Candiwati at the
increase in germination, synchronous seed growth,
Seed Bank Laboratory for contributing to this
and rice speed seeds after three months of storage. In
research.
addition, seed viability can be increased by
hydropriming treatment. Herlina and Aziz (2016)
stated that hydropriming affected the germination and
vigor of black cumin seeds. Hydropriming is a
hydration-dehydration process by immersing seeds in
227
Cokorda Istri Meyga Semarayani et al. / Biosaintifika 13 (2) (2021): 222-229
REFERENCES European Journal of Taxonomy, 167: 1-40.
Hughes, M., & Takeuchi, W. (2015). A new section
Al-ansari, F., & Ksiksi, T. (2016). A quantitative (Begonia sect. Oligandrae sect. nov.) and a new
assessment of germination parameters: the case of species (Begonia pentandra sp. nov.) in
Crotalaria persica and Tephrosia apollinea. The Begoniaceae from New Guinea. Phytotaxa,
Open Ecology Journal, 9, 13– 21. 197(1), 37–44.
Ardaka, I. M., & Ardi, W. H. (2019). A new species Kumar, B., Verma, S.K., & Singh, H.P. (2011).
of Begonia (Begoniaceae) from the Moluccas, Effect of temperature on seed germination
Indonesia. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore, 71(2), parameters in Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata
415–419. Wall. ex Nees.). Industrial Crops and Products,
Ardi, W. H., Ardaka, I. M., Hartutiningsih-M, S., 34(1), 1241–1244.
Lugrayasa, I. N., & Thomas, D.C. (2014). Two Latifah, D., Wardani, F. F., & Zulkarnaen, R. N.
new species of Begonia (Begoniaceae) from (2020). Short Communication: Seed germination,
Sulawesi, Indonesia. Edinburgh Journal of seedling survival and storage behavior of
Botany, 71(2), 259–268. Koompassia excelsa (Leguminosae). Nusantara
Darmawan, A. C., Respatijarti, & Soetopo, L. (2014). Bioscience, 12(1), 46–49.
Pengaruh tingkat kemasakan benih terhadap Saefudin & Wardiana, E. (2013). Effect of Varieties
pertumbuhan dan produksi cabai rawit (Capsicum and Fruit Maturation Stages on Germinations and
frutescent L.) varietas comexio. Jurnal Produksi Physical of Arabica Coffee
Tanaman, 2(4), 339–346. Seeds. Journal of Industrial and Beverage Crops,
DeWitte, A., Twyford, A., Thomas, D., Kidner, C., & 4(3), 245–256.
Van Huylenbroeck, J. (2011). The origin of Soltani, E., Ghaderi-Far, F., Baskin, C. C. & Baskin,
diversity in Begonia: genome dynamism, J. M. (2015). Problems with using mean
population processes and phylogenetic patterns. germination time to calculate rate of seed
The Dynamical Processes of Biodiversity - Case germination. Australian Journal of Botany, 63(8),
Studies of Evolution and Spatial Distribution, 631–635.
InTech, 27-52. Susanti, N. D., Widajanti, E., & Guntoro, D.
Efendi, M., Handayani, A., & Lailaty, I. Q. (2019). (2019).
Short communication: seed germination of twelve Studi perkecambahan benih ciplukan (Physalis
Indonesian begonias for conservation. peruviana L.) pada beberapa tingkat masak buah.
Biodiversitas, 20(4), 1192– 1197. Buletin Agrohorti, 7(3), 263–269.
Farooq, M., Basra, S. M. A., & Hussain, M. (2007). Tang, B. Y., Vertygo, S., Lema, A. T., & Swari, W.D.
Incorporation of polyamines in the priming media (2020). Analisis laju perkecambahan kacang tanah
enhances the germination and early seedling (Arachis hypogaea (L.) Merr.) yang diberikan
growth in hybrid sunflower (Helianthus annuus kombinasi perlakuan suhu dan lama perendaman
L.). International Journal of Agriculture and asap cair (liquid smoke). Jurnal Penelitian
Biology. 9(6), 868–872. Pertanian Terapan, 20(1), 65–73.
Haba, S. R. (2015). Conservation of begonia Tian, D., Xiao, Y., Tong, Y., Fu, N., Liu, Q., & Li, C.
germplasm through seeds: characterization of (2018). Diversity and conservation of chinese wild
germination and vigor in different species. Thesis. begonias. Plant Diversity, 40(3), 75–90.
Columbus: Horticulture and Crop Science Undaharta, N.K.E., & Ardi, W.H. (2016). Studies on
Program, The Ohio State University. Begonia (Begoniaceae) of the Moluccas III: A
Hay, F. R., & Probert, R. J. (2013). Advances in seed new Begonia from Seram,
conservation of wild plant species: A review of Indonesia. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore, 68(02),
recent research. Conservation Physiology, 1(1), 1– 279–285.
11. Wahdah, R., Aidawati, N., & Arisandi, N. (2018).
Herlina, N., & Aziz, S. A. (2016). Peningkatan Penggunaan Plant Growth Promoting
viabilitas benih jintan hitam (Nigella sativa) Rhizobacteria (PGPR) untuk perbaikan performa
dengan hidropriming dan pemberian asam viabilitas benih beberapa varietas padi (Oryza
giberelat. Buletin Penelitian Tanaman Rempah sativa L.) setelah penyimpanan selama tiga bulan.
dan Obat, 27(2), 129-136. in Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lingkungan Lahan
Hughes, M., Girmansyah, D., & Ardi, W.H. (2015). Basah, 3(1), 86– 95.
Further discoveries in the everexpanding genus
Begonia (Begoniaceae): Fifteen new species from
Sumatera.
228
Cokorda Istri Meyga Semarayani et al. / Biosaintifika 13 (2) (2021): 222-229
Wahyuni, S., & Hartutiningsih-M, S. (2020). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental
Keragaman dan analisis kekerabatan 30 jenis Science, 421(5), 1-6.
Begonia berdasarkan karakter morfologi. Zuhri, M. (2017). Pola perkecambahan biji tanam-an
Buletin Kebun Raya, 23(2), 91-103. berpotensi hias dan invasif Cestrum elegans
Wiriadinata, H., & Girmansyah, D. (2001). Potensi (Brongn. ex Neumann) Schltdl. in Seminar
begonia liar sebagai tanaman hias. in Prosiding Nasional Biologi 2 (SEMABIO) 2017
Seminar Sehari Menggali Potensi dan Pemanfaatan Biodiversitas Berbasis
Meningkatkan Prospek Tanaman Hortikultura
Menuju Ketahanan Pangan, 208–2013.
Wulananggraeni, R., Damanhuri &
Purnamaningsih, S. L. (2016). Pengaruh
perbedaan tingkat kemasakan buah pada 3 genotip
mentimun (Cucumis sativus L.) terhadap kualitas
benih. Jurnal Produksi Tanaman, 4(5), 332–341.
Yamburov, M. S., Lykhina, A. I., Romanova, S. B.,
Smolina, V. M., & Zharnakova, E. Y. (2020).
Reproductive biology of a rare species Begonia
ludwigii in greenhouse conditions of the Siberian
Botanical Garden of Tomsk State University’. in
Kearifan Lokal, 113–122.
229
