2022/2/3

Initials ,Finals and Tones Initials, Finals, and Tones

 Mandarin has 404 basic syllables. Most
syllables however, are made up of two Intials: b p m f
components, which are called the initial d t n l
and the final, e.g. g k h
 Syllable = initial + final Finals: a o e i u ü
ma m a ai ei ui ia ie iu
tai t ai

Practice~ Initials, Finals

ma fa ke ne mi du Intials: z c s
zh ch sh r
pu hai lai ge hu gui
Finals: ao ou ua uo uai
li bei ti bi bo ku an ang en eng ong
in ing un
lü tui nü mei ni la

Practice~ Initials, Finals

sa zu che cai shei  Initials : j q x

zao rou min shuo chuai

 Finals: iao ian iang iong
kan zhang ren meng gong uan uang ueng
üe üan ün
pin bing shun rong zhua
er

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Practice~ Pinyin Review

jiao zi kan jian qiang xiong xing
qi huan jia shuang ueng bei jing  chu qu  ce ci
tian jin lüe ri ben piao  jiu zhou  zhi ji
liang nüe dai beng leng er  shui xue  zha
Note:  zei zai  tiao
j q x + ü\üe\ün\üan → j q x + u\ue\un\uan  jun juan  shei shui
ju jue juan jun
 chen qian  xu xue
qu que quan qun
 quan que  jiong jiang
xu xue xuan xun
 che chi  iu iao

Tones: ˉ ˊ ˇ ˋ Tones
 There are four basic tones in Chinese. These 1st
are called the 1st tone, 2nd tone, 3rd tone High Pitch
and 4th tone, and are indicated by the use of
marks placed above the (main) vowel in the Middle High Pitch
final of the syllable, e.g.
 Middle Pitch
1st tone 2nd tone 3rd tone 4th tone
mā má mǎ mà
mom to feel numb horse to scold Middle Low Pitch
3rd
Low Pitch

Tones:第三声变调的问题; 轻声
Tones
+1 +2 +3 +4 +0 ·3rd tone sandhi
when a 3rd tone immediately followed by
1 tā tīng tā lái tā dǒng tā mà tā men
another 3rd tone, the first 3rd tone is changed to
2nd tone, e.g.
2 rén duō shéi lái nán mén dà míng zi
nǐhǎo, hěn hǎo, lǎo hǔ, xiǎo jiě
dǒng
你好 很好 老虎 小姐
3 nǐ tīng nǐlái nǐhǎo nǐkàn nǐ men

4 tài gāo tài nán tài ǎi tài pàng kuài zi

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拼写规则 Spelling rules 拼写规则 Spelling rules

 Pinyin Romanization has been the official romanization system in Rule 2: When the üfinal combines with the palatal initials j,
the People's Republic of China since 1958. The spelling rules are as
below: q, or x, the umlaut drops out. This is because the üfinal can
 Rule 1: combine with j, q, or x, but the u final cannot. Therefore,
 The four tones are indicated by the diacritical marks: －, /, \/, \ that any time a “u” comes after j, q, or x, one knows it has to be
appear above the vowels of spelled syllables. If you want to be a the üfinal even though the umlaut is absent. For example:
purist about where to put the diacritical marks, follow these rules:
 1. If there is a single vowel in the syllable, put it over the vowel.  jú(originally jǘ) - office or bureau (n.) qù(originally qǜ) -
 2. If there are more than one vowel, put it over the vowel as this go (v.)
order: a, o, e, i, and u. But when two vowels i and u are together,
you put it over the last vowel.  xǔ (originally xǚ) - permit (v.)
 3. If the diacritical mark is over an i, omit the dot. For example:
 First tone: shū - book (n.) Second tone: rén - person (n.)
 Third tone: gǒu - dog (n.) Fourth tone: bào - newspaper (n.) The only other initials that ücombines with are l and n. In
 duì– correct (adj.) diū – lose (v) qī – seven (num.) these cases, the umlaut stays:
nǚ - female (adj .) lǘ - donkey (n.)

拼写规则 Spelling rules 拼写规则 Spelling rules

 Rule 3: When the finals beginning with “i” occur without  Rule 4: When the finals beginning with “u” occur
an initial, the “i” changes to “y”. For example: without an initial, the “u” changes to “w”. For
example:
iě  yě - also (adv.) iào  yào - want (v.)
uǒ  wǒ - I or me uǎn  wǎn – bowl
 But the three finals i, in, and ing are exceptions to rule three.  The u final is an exception to rule 4. When it occurs
In these cases a “y” is added while the “i” remains: without an initial, the “w” is added:
ī  yī – one ìn  yì n – print ìng  yì ng - hard ǔ  wǔ - five (number)
 When the ui and un finals occur without an initial, the
 When the final iu (iou) occurs without an initial, the “i” “u” changes to a “w” by rule 4 and an “e” is added:
changes to a “y” by rule three and an “o” is added: uì wèi - stomach (n.) ùn  wèn - ask (v.)
iǔ  yǒu - have  Rule 5: When the finals beginning with üoccur
without an initial, the umlaut is dropped out and a “y”
is added in front. For example:
ǘ yú- fish (n.) üǎn  yuǎn - distant (adj.)

Numbers (0,11-99)
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
 11 12 20
 21 30
 44 40
 66

 88 90
 91 99