January 1996

2.65

447e4

S4.,
THE INTERNATIONAL
ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE
 .1111tEki

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 5

January 1996
ELEK 11 °
' -LEEN
7- CONTENTS Vohune 22
Numbe r 240
ISSN 0268/4519

We regret that owing to cir- The first batch of prize-winning designs

cumstances beyond our con - - in our international design competition can be found
trol. the articles 12C inter-
on pages 53-68,including: oaciaftcM
face for Centronics port' and
53 Eight -bit logic analyser
By Jankijewic Ninoslay
..,
11.02
NV
....
'Passive VI) meter' had to 56 A low-cost wind generator driven battery . --
o
be carried over to a future charger
.'.
If
:y
A ,-
issue. By C. John Dakin li .
59 Remote monitor for central heating systems _
S
By Bernard Leclerc
62 Simple stepper motor controller _

Front cover By
.. Sami Karim]lahtt

Last month we described a

64 Telly -guard Hands-on PLC programming
By Robert Lacoste 11- 7
low-cost Programmable 67 Smart -card reader
Logic Controller system, the By P.1-1. Baars :: az c:11#11111 BE 1 117.7:.
Micro PLC. This system ;Las
uses an instruction set which
........
---- ....... ..-Agit
------ q..
AUDIO/VIDEO 11,1111r" viz -
is similar to that of the well-
known SALk PCs from 14 PROJECT: Copybit inverter ,,
ithi
wm.
I. ` .0:.
_ T
e") 6,), Ito. is..
,...

Landis & Gyr. The short Design by W. Foede , Jo i

:.. 0 di 4"
course we start this month
begins with a general COMPUTERS & MICROPROCESSORS "'"NI a..
,
it, ' 401 e'
. - t^
' - ti
k

description of a typical Rik

MI
_
1.----:
in /-
industrial PLC. Nett, Ave 7 COURSE: 'Hands-on PLC programming - Part 1 4::',......i -4- '' - - t
leave the hardware Software by J. Joostens " fa
III - 111:111 .

altogether and concentrate

on software only. Copybit inverter - p. 14
GENERAL INTEREST 1

36 PROJECT: Triangular waveform generator as

analogue -to -digital converter

20
Design by M. BrOggenwirth
PROJECT: Synchronous oscillators
Y'lc,t- 44i,
,a ,
=) Hi
Design by T. Giesberts
. -.4...".k T
1141_
"Ir...".. -"wee,
RADIO, TV AND COMMUNICATIONS
24 PROJECT: Secam-to-PAL converter

-
Design by T. Giesberts
Secam-to-PAL converter -p.24
TEST & MEASUREMENT
76 PROJECT: Passive -component tester (for use with
-
an oscilloscope) ,
From an idea by R. Veltkamp -...*- n Wiwi
. _

' 7 ..

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION 1.' _ ..,...,;_;J,7" , ',1110.-1 =

II" 11" -.....,
82 Buyers' guide
----,- i_
1

Copyright ©1996 Segment BV 73 EMC Guidelines , . .

7.7, i.e."...
44 From the World of Electronics 4
""._
o ell
ABC
AUDIT BUREAU Of CIRCULABORS
82
70-72
Index of advertisers
Readers' services II t ' - a
41 Switchboard
CONSUMER PRESS Passive -component tester - p. 7(i

Elektor Electronics is published monthly, except in August, by Elektor Electronics (Publishing), P.O. Box 1414. Dorchester, Dorset DT2 SYH. England. 7 he maeazine is
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[Link]: please send address corrections to Elektor Electronics. do Mercury Airfreieht International Inc. 2323 Randolph Avenue, Avenel. New Jersey. NJ. 07001.

--
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
6 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting adverti3er.,

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ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JAN1 ARV 1996

 7

HANDS-ON PLC PROGRAMMING

(PART 1)
Last month we described a low-cost Programmable Logic General layout of a PLC
Controller system, the Micro PLC. This system uses an Before attempting to explore the exact
instruction set which is largely similar to that of the well- operation of a PLC. it may be useful to
known SAIA PCs from Landis & Gyr. The short course we start have a look at. the block diagram in
this month begins with a general description of a typical Fig. 1. This diagram shows all major
parts of the unit, arranged in a logical
industrial PLC. Next. we leave the hardware altogether, and layout.
concentrate on software only. The control system of the PLC is .

the program core which arranges the

overall operation of the PLC. This core
is usually located in a ROM or EPROM.
PART 1: THE INDUSTRIAL With the Micro PLC. it is loaded in the
processor's internal EPROM memory.
Thanks to the control program. the
Software by J. Joostens user is able to write an application
program which may be read. inter-
preted and, of course, executed by the
PLC. Apart from that function, the
IN last month's article on the Micro take its modest setup into account. control system also takes care of the
PLC it was explained that a PLC is Arguably. the Micro PLC is not suitable communication with the I/0 functions
basically a computer which has a host for the control of a complex industrial and the peripherals connected to the
of facilities geared to controlling an in- process involving a large number of system. With an industrial PLC. the
dustrial process in a simple but most operations. It is great. however. for control system is usually so powerful
efficient way. This applies equally to many smaller applications. for in- that the user is given the opportunity
the Micro PLC. although you have to stance. a traffic lights controller. to debug his/her software.

micro- control bit and user text .: atchUog

processor system register memory memory
memory

mode interface interface communications

selection adaptor

programming
console

supply
outputs AD/DA fast counter BCD
card multiplexers voltage
monitor

111 Si10001 -11

Fig. 1. Block diagram of a typical industrial PLC. The function of the blocks shown here is discussed in the text.
[Link] F. I. EC FRONICS JAN L ARV 1996
 8 ERS/MICROCONTROLLERS

Bit and register memories may be ways. Most inputs. however, are com-
found in most PLCs. These memories patible with direct voltages between
enable current values of variables to 0 V and 24 V. In rare cases. PLC in-
be stored while the program is being max. 40V puts may even be suitable for direct
executed. A special location is reserved connection to the mains. Figure 2
for the accumulator. which is a regis- H
shows the input characteristic of a
ter used by nearly all instructions. typical PLC input using switching lev-
The register memory allows the typ. 24V els of 0 V and 24 V. Note that the range
storage of different types of number. between 8 V and 15 V is not defined.
both binary and BCD. The size of the min. 15V Apart from differences as regards the
memory location may be8 bits (byte) input voltage levels. PLC inputs may
or 16 bits (word). Register memories mat.. BV
also be classified according to the
are mainly used for the processing of presence or absence of electrical isola-
analogue signals. and the reading and OV tion. The drawing in Fig. 3 shows how
processing of BCD values. If available a 24-V PLC input may be provided
in the PLC. timers. counters and shift with electrical isolation. The permissi-
registers also make use of the internal ble input voltage may lie between
registers. -40 VDC and +10 VDC. The inputs are
The user memory contains the code symmetrical for direct voltages as well
for the application program to be run as RF noise. The integrated RF filter
by the PLC. Usually. this is a RAM area suppresses noise caused by electro-
with battery backup. In many cases. magnetic interference. The actual elec-
PLCs also allow the user program to be min. -40V trical isolation goes on account of an
stored in EPROM or EEPROM. A spe- opto-isolator. whose output signal is
cial ZIF socket then enables system ii -X4 t - 12
filtered by a simple RC network which
developers to supply a PLC which is introduces a delay of 8 to 10 ms.
tailored and ready -programmed for a Thanks to this delay, even pulsating
specific application. signals applied to the input are recog-
The text memory is used to define Fig. 2. The switching levels pertaining to a nized as a direct voltage.
a number of messages which the PLC. PLC input are clearly defined. Only a level
depending on certain situations. sends between +8 V and +15 V does not have a
to a terminal or a printer, with or with- clear logic level.
About outputs
out additional information. It is usu- The outputs of a PLC are used to
ally possible to incorporate the register switch loads such as magnetic valves.
contents or the time into the message. small motors and signal lights. Just as
Here is an example of such a message: Manual mode: this enables outputs to with the inputs. PLCs differ in respect
be switched on and off manually. This of the practical realization of their out-
*** ERROR 04 *** Oven temperature function comes in handy while testing puts. Usually. the outputs have either
too high! fans, valves, signal lights. etc. which an open collector, a relay or a triac.
are connected to the PLC's output. Most open -collector outputs are capa-
The watchdog increases the stability ble of switching voltages between 5
of the applications running on the About inputs and 36 VDC at a maximum current of
PLC. As soon as the watchdog is ac- 1 A. Here. too. there are versions with
tive, the PIC program is forced to ad- Ordinary PLC inputs play an impor- and without electrical isolation.
dress the timer at certain intervals. If tant role in the process of reading In practice, there is a large differ-
that does not happen in time, for in- switch states and detector states. ence between switching the positive
stance. when the system has crashed, Depending on the application. PLC in- voltage and switching ground via
the watchdog is actuated, and gener- puts may be realized in a number of open -collector outputs. With switching
ates an alarm signal for the user. If de-
sired, the watchdog may also generate
a signal to re -initialize the PLC. and re-
start the user program.

PLC modes of operation

A PLC may operate in different modes
which may be actuated via a switch, or
a command received via the RS232
port. The main modes found on most
PLCs are:

Programming Mode: this mode en-

ables the user to put the application
program into the PLC's memory.
Execute Program: in this mode, the
PLC actually executes the user pro-
gram.
Single-step mode: this allows the
user program to be executed step-by-
step. In some cases PLCs may use
breakpoints. This mode is very useful Fig. 3. Structure of a PLC input with electrical isolation. an RF filter which suppresses elec-
for the debugging of a program. tromagnetic interference.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996

 ILkNDS-ON PLC PROGRAMMING (I) 9
cessing in the industry are, in general,
as follows:

Voltage
-5 to +5 V
-10 to +10 V
0 to +5 V
0 to +10 V
Current
-20 to +20 mA
0 to +20 mA
+4 to +20 mA

Finishing touches
It is sometimes required for the user to
be able to change certain parameters.
for instance, delay times. wile the pro-
gram is running. For that purpose,
most PLCs have an externally accessi-
ble switch whose state is interrogated
frequently by the program. Thanks to
Fig. 4. The left-hand section of this drawing (a) shows the results of a short-circuit to ground this arrangement. it is not necessary
on a an open -collector output which switches to ground. The right-hand section (b) shows to re -program the PLC any time one of
you what happens if an output is used which switches the supply voltage. the parameters has to be changed.
The PLC is usually programmed via
a special programming console. This
ground, a short-circuit to ground (sys- titles such as pressure, electrical volt- separate unit contains a display and is
tem chassis) may cause unwanted ac- age and current. temperature. speed. only connected to the PLC during pro-
tuation of the load (Fig. 4a). This may rotational speed. etc. The opposite is gramming It allows parameters to be
give rise to very dangerous situations. also possible. i.e.. a card may be used modified, a program to be loaded, the
Switching the positive voltage (Fig. 4b) to drive analogue loads such as fre- memory to be examined, and any er-
has no such risks. if such an output is quency controls, power controls, and rors to be removed from the program.
active. and a short-circuit to ground positioning systems. The A -to -D card A standard feature on all modern
occurs, the protection in the supply converts an analogue electrical value PLCs is a communication interface in
line will be actuated. It is then impos- (voltage or current) supplied by. for ex- the form of a serial port. This may be
sible for the actual load to be actuated ample, a sensor, into a digital value (at an RS232, RS485. or current loop
erroneously. It will be clear that this a resolution of 8. 12 or sometimes even type. Using this port. the PLC commu-
type of safety precaution is essential in 16 bits). With the aid of a D -A card, the nicates with peripherals such as ter-
the industrial environment where ca- PLC is capable of generating analogue minals, printers. measurement
bles and equipment are subject to voltages. The voltage and current equipment, or a PC. An optional bar-
heavy mechanical stress. ranges used for analogue signal pro- code reader is an important aid when

Counting quickly
As a result of their relative slowness. Station Definition
PLC inputs can not be used to count Station name (opt SMAPCD
more than about 100 pulses per sec- 1. OK

ond. Hence. special cards have been de- Address (11..121il. 2 Cancel 1

veloped for this purpose. Such cards -Station type

are capable of counting up to Slave Haslet
10.000 pulses per second. independent
of the PLC's microcontroller. and may Objects list Channels list
be programmed to warn the PLC if a 1100
Add... Header Add
predetermined number of pulses is 1E1:1==
reached. Most of these cards may be Edit_
used to read the position of incremental Delete
angle encoders, often coupled with the
detection of the rotational direction. 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111u
Sometimes these cards are equipped
with special outputs for the control of PCD2 ri:11]-7_1111
one or more stepper motors. If that is the
case. a number of parameters for the dri-
ving of stepper motors, such as accelera- PROCESS FIELD BUS
tion and deceleration. may be defined by
the user.

A -D and D -A cards
These cards are employed whenever
the PLC has to process analogue quan- Fig. 5. An industrial PLC from Landis & Gyr.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996

10 COMPUTERS/MICRO CONTR OLLE RS

the system is programmed to sort STL as STH, however the level read is DEC decrements counter by 1.
products on a conveyer belt in a ware- inverted before it is copied into the ac- CCR compares contents of counter to
house. cumulator. specified operand. If the two are equal.
ANH performs a logic function between the accumulator is set. If not. the ac-
Vanity features the current accumulator contents and cumulator is cleared (reset).
the level read from the specified input. JMP jumps unconditionally to the
Today's PLCs may be taken up in a output, or aux. memory. specified location. Location should be
network just like PCs. but only if a ANL as ANH. however the AND func- between 16 and 63.
special network card is installed. In tion is performed between the current JIO jumps to specified location if accu-
principle. it is even possible to incor- accumulator contents and the inverted mulator has a high level. Location
porate PLCs into an existing PC net- level read from the specified input. should be between 16 and 63. If the
work. Furthermore.' a number of output. or aux. memory. accumulator has a low level, the pro-
special buses are in use. These so- ORH Performs a logic OR operation be- gram simply continues with the next
called field buses. for instance. tween the current accumulator con- instruction.
Interbus-S or Profibus, see rapid ac- tents and the level read from the J12 jumps to specified location if accu-
ceptance and increasing popularity. specified input. output or aux. mem- mulator has a low level. Location
Most PLCs have a modular structure. ory. should be between 16 and 63. If the
They consist of a basic system which ORL as ORH. however the OR function accumulator has a high level, the pro-
can be given extra functionality by is performed between the current ac- gram simply continues with the next
adding insertion cards. The basic sys- cumulator contents and the inverted instruction.
tem comprises a power supply. a CPU, level read from the specified input. WM wait as long as' specified input is
some memory and a limited number of output. or aux. memory. high. This instruction may not refer to
inputs and outputs. In some cases. XOR performs a logic XOR function outputs or aux. memories.
there is even a fast counter input and between the current accumulator con- WIL wait as long as specified input is
an AD/DA card. Modern PLCs can be tents and the level read from the spec- low. This instruction may not refer to
fitted with 128 inputs and outputs ified input, output or aux_ memory. outputs or aux. memories.
without problems. CPA inverts the current contents of WTO writes specified operand (be-
the accumulator. tween 0 and 63 binary) to the outputs
The Micro PLC OUT writes the level contained in the (6 to 11).
accumulator to the specified output or SEA. set accumulator.
After a cursory look at the structure aux. memory. REA reset accumulator.
and applications of industrial PLCs it SEO writes a high level to the specified RPM return from run mode to program
is time to get back to our Micro PLC. In output or aux. memory. mode.
the previous instalment we already REO writes a low level to the specified VER transmits software version num-
printed a quick rundown of the in- output or aux. memory. ber via the serial interface.
struction set. This month we discuss CPO inverts the level of the specified
each instruction in detail. output or aux. memory. External instructions in program-
DLY generates delays between 0.1 s ming mode
NOP no operation and 25 s. Operand indicates delay in
STH reads the specified input, output 0.1 s. chr(0) to chr(250): data; increased by
or the specified auxiliary memory. and ICR Copies specified operand into one (for acknowledgement) and re-
copies the contents to the accumula- counter. turned.
tor. INC increments counter by 1. chr(251): returns the status of inputs
0 to 5 as a binary number (0-63). fol-
lowed by a 'hash' character (#1.
chr(252): returns the status of out-
puts 6 to 11 as a binary number (0-
63). followed by a 'hash' character (#).
chr(253): expects a number between 0
and 63. and writes it to the outputs.
On completion of this instruction, a #
Is returned.
chr(254): transmits the software ver-
sion number in the form
CR/LF<string> CR/LF
chr(255) ends programming mode.
and switches to run mode.

About [Link]
The program is launched as follows:
[Link] [options] <enter>

where the options are -com2. -coma

and -com4. The default option is coml.
If a colour screen is used, you should
use the DOS command SET
COLOR=ON <enter> before running
Fig. 6. The Micro PLC described in the December 1995 issue of Elektor Electronics is smaller 'microplc'. Colour use may be switched
and more compact than an industrial type. None the less. it will find many applications where off again by typing SET COLOR=
it can be used successfully. <enter>. After starting the program
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
 RANDS -ON PLC PROGRAMMING (1) 11

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you are presented with a number of Numerical value (preset value) before the actual
options, which may be selected via a allows the contents of one specific lo- program is started. This initialization
menu. cation in the buffer to be modified. is performed automatically when the
This method may be used to make menu options Download & Autostart'
Load Buffer with File minor changes to the program. The and 'Restart Program are selected.
prompts you for a file name, and user should ensure however that no
copies this file into the buffer. The invalid program steps are created. OFF
length of the file must be 48 bytes (as Turns the above option off. All outputs
generated by microplc). Program Microple are off when the program is started.
Download & Autostart
Save buffer to File Buffer data are sent to the PLC via the Reset Value
writes data contained in the buffer to a serial link. When this option is se- Enables the preset value on the out-
file specified by the user. If the speci- lected. the program waits for the user puts to be modified. The value is indi-
fied file name already exists, the user to reset the PLC. If the transmission of cated in binary form.
is notified. the buffer contents does not start
within two seconds after the PLC has Serial Port
Edit Buffer Contents been reset. the serial link has be allows you to change to another serial
Mnemonics checked. In that case. you may inter- port than the one stated when the pro-
allows the user to enter the program rupt the program by pressing any key. gram was invoked. You may select one
with the aid of mnemonics. Microplc of COM1 through COM4.
always starts from location 16. The Restart Program
program can be made to return to the allows you to switch the PLC to run Exit Microplc
main menu by typing END. The pro- mode when the program to be exe- leaves the program. and returns the
gram as 'entered is then available in cuted is already in the PLC's memory. PC to DOS.
numerical form in the buffer. Non - and the PLC itself is in programming
used program locations in the buffer mode. That concludes the description of the
are automatically filled with the instructions offered by the program.
value 26 (RPM. return to Program Preset Outputs Some practical programming examples
Mode). Because it is practically impos- ON will be discussed in next month's in-
sible to enter invalid instructions, this If on. this option causes the PLC out- stalment. (960001-1)
is the best way to enter PLC programs. puts to be initialised with a certain
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
12 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers
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14

COPYBIT INVERTER
lifilif s in go Mai zi zirm se =Nem rail ZIT WARNING. Fhe information in this
MI MI IIIII IN 1 0 MI MI MI SO IINI In ow orP, - iii 0.1 twi r article is intended solely for the
WO lb filo'
01.-.-- U
in is asir1I
M
MOW Pinups recording. processing and copying
of private musical work. The Editor
ID MP EV
i INIIIM n IN
as RE WI i and Publishers disclaim all respon-
MEI 1W1 MI MI .7: sibility for any use that may in-
fringe any copyright vested in com-
-.' 1111111 mercial compact discs and (digital)
Nolialillik
---- 1 i' if, 1 tape cassettes.
111b,vol um so

Category code
The coding of the S/PDIF has been de-
scribed in detail in the article on the
'copybit eliminator'. The following de-
scription is therefore limited to the most
important aspects of it.
In all domestic audio equipment. the
format uses sample frequencies of32 kHz,
44.1 kHz and 48 kHz. These data con-
tain. among others. information as to the
copybit. The format reacts to the con-
tent of the S/PDIF. The SCMS. which in-
The copybit eliminator published in the February 1994 issue of hibits multiple (digital) copying of the
source signal. can be bypassed as shown
this magazine has two drawbacks. The first of these is that it in the flow diagram in Fig. 1. It is not
cannot be used without modifying the digital audio equipment. sufficient to invert only copybit 1. As
The second is clear from the revisit to the eliminator in the the diagram shows, when copying with
category code 00 000 000 (general) takes
September 1995 issue: from time to time, the eliminator needs place. for instance, the copybit is not
updating - it is not 'future -proof'. The copy -permit converter sampled. This means that the record-
described in this article does not have these drawbacks ing has to be passed through a copybit
eliminator a second time. It is. therefore.
much safer to set the copybit to (or hold
it at) 1 and assign to it the category
Design by W. Foede nal so modified is accepted by the code of an apparatus whose copybit is
recorder as if it comes from a cD always sampled.
player (so that unlimited copying of The present inverter always out-
T ike the copybit eliminator pub- the signal becomes possible). The in- puts the category code of a DAT or a
verter also offers a number of other CD. depending on the input signaL
1...dlished in this magazine in the Feb-
ruary 1994 and September 1995 is- facilities. such as S/PDIF detection. The code changes automatically. so
sues. the copybit inverter is an inex- that the subdata in the USER channel
pensive and simple -to -build circuit for
inverting the copybit in a digital
S/PDIF* audio signal to enable users Brief specification
to copy (digitally) their own musical Opening or modification of the audio equipment not required
work many times without degradation 'Future -proof. since it is independent of the category code
by the SCMS**. Unlimited (digital) copying of source material
Optical or coaxial inputs and outputs as required
The inverter can be included in the S/PDIF detector
S/PDIF link between any digital a.f. Indication of the position of the copybit and automatic setting to (= digital
1

signal source (such as a DCC recorder, copying permitted)

a CD player. a DSR receiver) and a Indication of the category code and automatic setting to 10 000 000 (CD) or
(second) 'DCc recorder without the 11 000 000 (DAT)
AEs/EBt- format can be copied
need of opening or modifying any of Transparent USER-Subcode channel
the equipment. During the copying. Indication as to whether operation is as converter or as inverter
any copybit is inverted and at the Minimal number of components
same time the category code is al- Nan -critical seittruf up without test instruments
tered. This means that the S/PDIF sig-

* Sony/Philips Digital Interface Format - the consumer version of the AES/EBU standard. This standard was devised by
the American Audio Engineering Society and the European Broadcasting Union to define the signal format. electrical
characteristics and connectors to be used for digital interfaces between professional audio products.
** Serial Copy Management System.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
 COPYRIT INVERTER 15

equal, that is. 01 or 10. which means

RECORDING WITH SPDIF AND SCMS that there is a level change at the cen-
tre of the bit. The longest a level can
PROGRAM FLOWCHART last is thus 1 bit-see Fig. 3.
This process also means that the
Check channel Olatus bit C) clock is included in the transmitted
information.
So as to identify the subframes and
the start of the block. eight bit -cells
0 yes Studio format
have a bit sequence that does not
Control cede 0 is 1
Or or no 2 -channel audio data. occur in the biphase code-see Fig. 4.
Control code 1 is 1 Disable digital copying. They are the block preamble B. which
also identifies the left-hand channel in
subframe 0. subframe preamble Ni
no
Example: DAT
(left-hand channel) and subframe pre-
amble W (right-hand channel).
For the inversion of the SCMS. only
Category code 8-14
yes
Digital copying allowed bit 30. the channel status bit C of
unknown DAT IDS bits at 10 each subframe, is of importance. A
complete channel status is repeated in
each block of 384 subframes. The as-
no signment of copy and category is the
same in both channels.
The copybit is contained in sub -
Category code 8-14 yes frames 4 and 5. and the category code
0000000 (general) Digital copying allowed
or from ADC DAT 106 bits at 11 in subframes 16-31.
(analogue) Bits 30 and 31 in frame 15 have a
special meaning. The so-called gener-
no ation bit indicates whether the signal
is an original or a copy. The assign-
ment of a level for the original signal
Copy bit 2 is at 1
yes Digital copying [Link] depends o the equipment. When the
DAT 106 bits at 00 copybit is 0. bits C15 are sampled. An
original signal permits one copy. and
this must be an analogue copy. When
no the copybit is 1. no sampling takes
place. To avoid any interference in the
Copy bi 2 is at 0
biphase code. two successive bits
Category code 8-15
yes Digital copying allowed must be altered in the left-hand and
points a original DAT ID bits at 10 right-hand channels respectively.
10000000 (CD)
e c. Reverting to the data contained in
the user bit. only parity bit P needs to
no be considered as adjacent second bit.
SPDIF INTERFACE
This thus determines the parity.
CDigital copying disabled DAT DAT
CHANNEL STATUS
PLAY RECORD
COPY CATEGORY
IDS BIT 2 BITS 8-15 IDS Conversion with PLD chip
DAT 106 Function 11000000
00 1
DAT 00 The block diagram of the copybit in-
Dig. copy allowed 11000001 verter is shown in Fig. 7. and the cir-
11 0 10
Dig. copy allowed (1st generation) DAT-P
cuit diagram in Fig. 8.
Dig. copy disabled 11000000 Copying
10 0
DAT disabled The digital a.f. signal - 0.5 Vpp into
SPDIF copy bit Function 75 1.2 - is coupled capacitively to in-
Copy bit inverted in interface verter ICIa. which is arranged as an
1 Dig. copy allowed
0 Dig. copy disabled 11 0 II 11000001
DAT-P In amplifier. The standard circuit is an
10 0 11000000 rn inverter with feedback. but this has
DAT the disadvantage that the circuit
tends to oscillate with open input. In
950104 - 11
the present circuit, the operating
point is set permanently with P1.
Inverter ICI, is followed by a delay
Fig. 1. Flow diagram of the evaluation process of the copybit in an S/PDIF signal. circuit with a delay time of 120 ns.
To ensure that both inputs (optical
and coaxial) provide equal signal
of the relevant equipment are re- with a sampling frequency of. say. levels, the output of the opto-receiver.
tained. which is about 1.5 V. is applied to
44.1 kHz. A block contains a total of
The unit can be used as a converter 192 frames (or 384 subframes) as the coaxial input via R8. A change-
with either optical or coaxial inputs shown in Fig. 2. The data are trans- over switch is not needed. since R8 de -
and outputs without any change in mitted in biphase mark code, In which couples both inputs adequately. In op-
the input signal. a bit is split into two bit -cells. In case tical operation. the signal can thus be
The left-hand and right-hand chan- of a digital 0. both cells have the same taken straight from the coaxial socket.
nels each build a subframe of 32 bits. level, that is. 00 or 11. In case of a The direct and delayed signals are
which together form a frame of 64 bits logic 1. the levels of the cells are in - XOR-gated in IC2 This makes the sig-
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
16 \t_ Diu& Ill -t

SPDIF AUDIO DIGITAL I/O - FORMAT (IEC)

Source: CD 44.1 kHz (example) 16. 4. 95

16 bit R (right-hand channel)

1 sampling period = 22.6 ps = 1.411 MBitis
16 BIT L 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0

buck SUBFRAME 0 (L) SUBFRAME 1 (R)

FRAME 0
propmble, 0
..........
20 (18) bit audio data L
right -h
VU CPI Preamn{e W
0101010101010101 16 BIT AUDIO DATA R
IVIulcIP
RESERVE LSE LS3 CONTROL
BIT o r. cN o ri

lefth 1 FRAME = 64 Bit = 22.6 is = 2.822 MBitis

prearnhie.

FRAME 1

V = Validity (valid audio data)

FRAME 2 u = User (user data)
C = Channel -Status (channel status)
P = Parity (even, bits 4.30 resp. bits 36-62)

FRAME 191

1 BLOCK CHANNEL STATUS C

CLOCK
CONTROL -CODE !MONS) CATEGORY -CODE SOURCE I CHANNEL FREQUENCY ACCUR. RESERVE
0 0 0 oh tlololololo of o folololo doldololcifoldo 010101(40;o 010 0 ofololo ofolololololdo I

, 4:1
0101011 01010 0 0 o to 0
I
SUBFR
FRAME e I COPY I^ I ^I CD ORIGINAL -I I RI n)
PERMIT
GENERATION BIT
(ORIGINAL) step2 00
2x audio w/o 00X0 Mode 0 00 GENERAL 0000000 X
13 with pre -emphasis 00X1 Mode 1 10 CD 1000000 0
1000 ppm
14 studio use 1XXX MD 1001001 0 44.1 kHZ 0000 step3 01
15 not 2x audio X1XX DAT 1100000 1 48 kHz 0100 12,5
16 copy disabled XXOX DCC 1100001 1 32 kHz 1100 stool 10
17 copy allowed XXIX DSR 0011000 0 50 ppm
PCI.1 0100000 1

AID 0110000 X
only 1 bit is mentioned per frame (SF L SF R) 910104 - 12

Fig. 2. Composition of a digital audio signal.

nal independent of the polarity at the the dwell times of the monostables are bits is in synchrony with the bit clock
input, since all subsequent steps are in accord. The block clock is stretched and is reset by the subframe clock.
related to the XOR signal. The spacing to a constant -1 signal (NOINv) by ICid Filtering the desired bits (bit 30 in
of the positive edge in ease of a logic 0 and ICie: its presence is indicated by bubirzumet, 4. 5. and 1.0--31) io a_fc.,...ted
is 354 ns and in case of a logic 1. D10. If, for instance, the signal has an by programmable 1C2. The INVERT
177 ns-see Fig. 5. incorrect frequency. NOINV prevents it pulse has the correct position when
Normally. the clock is retrieved by a being modified and this is indicated signal itsti is delayed by about 60 ns
phase -locked loop. PLL. which, as far by Dio lighting less brightly. The LED (IN2). A logic 1 is indicated when the
as time and phase ratios are con- does not light at all when the input relevant LED is driven by the level de-
cerned. is not easily kept stable. signal is not of the S/PD1F formal tector signal output by 1C2. This sig-
Moreover, the voltage -controlled oscil-. To count the subframes. a 9 -bit nal is generated in a manner similar
lator. vc0, remains operational in the counter is timed by the subframe to that of the block clock. Each
absence of an input signal. which clock and reset by the block clock. D-bistable associated with a given LED
makes decoding of the block and sub - The 5 -bit counter for the subframe is reset by the block clock and set
frame clocks more complicated.
The XOR signal starts non-retrigger-
able monostable IC3a, which has a r ---
dwell time of about 240 ns. to retrieve LED indications
the bit clock. In the range of the pre-
ambles, the start spacings are Only D9 lights in both switch positions: ready for use: no S/PDIF
>350 ns. This is made use of by retrig-
gerable monostable IC3b, which has a LEDs flicker: unit is not operating correctly. It may be that both inputs are used
mono time of around 420 ns. to gener- simultaneously. or that the input signal is not of the correct format. or that the setup
ate the subframe clock. The x -coded is incorrect. or that the optical input receives spurious signals.
XOR pulse occurs only with the block . D9 and D10 do not light: unit functions as converter: S/PDIF signal is transferred
preamble at the first pulse of the sub - unchanged.
frame clock. This enables the block
clock to be decoded. 0. D10 lights brightly: the S/PD1F input signal. with copybit and category, is indi-
The block clock is generated regu- cated The output signal is DAT when the input comes from a magnetic tape drive. and
larly when the circuit operates as CD when comes from any other source. In both cases. copying is permitted.
specified, that is, when there is a digi-
tal input signal in S/PDIF format, and
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
 COPYBIT CONVERTER 17
with the 1 -signal. The period to the
BIPHASE MARK ENCODING next reset is long enough to enable
the LED indicating the in a stable
1
source data
way (without flickering).
O 1. 1 I a 71 tIRZ 'eye! Inversion of the bit is accomplished
153 was
by an XOR gate and the 354 ns long

ankvatence innnvincinn dock

INVERT pulse that is located half -way
between the C -bit and P-bit-see
Fig. 6. The change from 0 to 1 pre-
sents no difficulties, since the edges of
Alb
the INVERT pulse in signal 11412 meet at
i
, a o 0 a a
URZ mark the centre of the bit at equal levels.
Short spurious pulses at the centre of

biphase mark n
10,011,01,110 1 0.110,0 '1,1
n n nn , 0,1 bit cells
the bit can, however, not be avoided
entirely. This does not matter, how-
ever. since the biphase-modulated sig-
I I t I 0 I I 1 1 I source data nal is always sampled at the centre of
950104 - la a bit -cell, that is. at 1/3 and 2/3 of
the bit.
When bit C8 and C9 in the input
4 SPDIF PREAMBLES signal are logic I (magnetic tape
e1eek preamble 0 0.1
drive), they will not be affected. All
sz
other signal sources are assigned the
code of a CD player.
I I I SalitaiNal preamble M (1) Moreover, bits 0 and 1 of the
IS
channel status are held at logic 0. Al-
though this is not really necessary in
I I I l I
tra-170 precertele W (3) domestic equipment (since the bits

NIce04 I
suttrame !XI /
,

0 I 1.
,I 2 1 3
I

1
r00

1.3101 - 14
then are always logic 0). it makes it
possible for professional recordings or
other recordings marked by these bits
(which are inhibited) to be copied-but
see warning at beginning of this
5 article.
U C P block preamble B
With switch Si open, the inverter
IN1
0 0 0 0 0 accepts sampling frequencies of
354ns 532ns
44A kHz and 48 kHz. but with 32 kHz
it must be closed to alter the time
constants of the monostables. If this
IN2
switch is in the wrong position, Dg
and dimly lit D10 indicate that the sig-
120ns nal is unchanged: the unit functions
EXOR as a converter. A no -signal condition
is indicated by D9 lighting.
Istart MF (non-ret iggerable) It is highly improbable that only the
generation bit, which does not count
MF1 0 240ns in the equipment coding, is encoded.
bit clock 2.822 MHz (354 ns)
Anyway, there is always D10 as a con-
start MF2 (retriggerable) trolling element.
The output is buffered by inverter
MF2 0
n 420ns 1-1
IC* Resistors R4 and R5 lower the sig-
subtrarne clock (88.2 kHz (11.34 its) nal level to about 0.5 VPP into 75 LI
Capacitor C1 blocks any direct volt-
BLOCK age.
II
block clock 229.7 Hz (4.35 ms)
550101- 17 Timing the monostables
Construction of the inverter on the
6 SUOFRAME 4 SUBFRA1E 5 birs,c).
Nock plermuce W
Y U C P

0
O
0112 Fig. 3. Biphase coding enables the si-
BIT:17) ICe 3101331S1 multaneous transmission of the
has) WC
INVERT n INVERT
audio signal and the clock.
EXOR Fig. 4. Various waveforms of a non-
0112
- COPY
biphase coded preamble.
C

COPY -1 I- Fig. 5. Extraction of the bit -clock.

subframe clock and block clock.
Fig. 6. Principle of bit inversion.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
18 AUDIO & HI-FI

CPTO CUT
OPTO
C
5 -SIT TRAVER
SAMPLE FREO. BIT CS1T
11:12
00.01
r
CTR
COAX CUT
10. C SIT INVERT T CCIIT ItiV
IC3 1C2 9b. LCOIC INVERT BUFFER

ED3E 11.2*.1 I 1,* I C

8 -SIT NDINV IC I
DI,F2 SlaFR 09F
DETECT I) CTR a. SvSEITSR

PL13_
MAO
TCLc
SLCCC DISPLAY LED
LMIC 1-10

ICI rrCa
IC2 EPI17222 IEPLO1 SLOG(
1C3 1-04539 DETECT
seIoi C 419
ICI

Fig. 7. Block diagram of the copybit inverter.

printed -circuit board in Fig. 9 should wire bridge underneath IC2. from a CD player set to PAUSE (which
not present any undue difficulties. All After the board has been finished ensures a very stable signal) to the co-
ICs. except IC6. should be seated in and thoroughly checked. set the pre- axial input socket. Set switch S1 to
sockets. Be careful with inserting IC2 sets to the centre of their travel. 44.1/48 kHz, whereupon D3 (category
into Its PLCC socket. Do not forget the Apply an audio signal. preferably code CD) should light. If an oscillo-

TA
5V
IC6
5V
IC1 =74HC04
IC5
4704 IC3 =74HC4538
TORX173
04

ZOOn
BI = B80C1500
811
T15 23 35
39011
13 39 SF4 4+
RIS
11 37 SF16
5 33 SF18 03.41- 3

&PDF IC1b IC1c 31 SF20 41-

R5 R7
3 29 SF22 D8.11- 5V

05
12
14
1C2
28 SF24 1/-
28 SF26 0IA4-1161
-II. 06 6

7
0
aali MIM
16 24 SF28 .4-."11 -*Da a
700p TOO p 17
19
EP1A7032
LC44-15
20 SF30 139
18 SFDIF Nif 9

81 1k
21 27
5V 010
R14
25 32 L
IC d a 111 !Cie
NOON 4 34
R12
SI
R13
1 BLOCK 36
Is
COPY
4.4 38
10
012 013 40 41 ,r1C11
2 3
1110n
2 s 1114148 43
P2 P3 DI I CIS
4k7 4k7
C12 C11 RIO 10 22 30 42
014148 100n
2
2 100p 14 22p 15 014 IMO
1/14148
RCX CX SV
Jl 12 10 La

IC3a
3 14F1
47TH

3 cx CIO

EXOR 0021

SVet MF2

Fig. 8. Circuit diagram of the copybit inverter.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
 COPY BIT CONVERTER 19

scope or logic analyser is not avail-

able, adjust presets P1, P2 and P3 (in
that order) on to the centre of the sta-
ble LED indication. P2 K3
0.4111,:h
With Si in position 32 kHz, the sig- °-°11CG- 1°
CIO 15 Cl2
tiikV
nal source must be a DAT recorder. set
to the long -play analogue recording :<1
I
.x 0
mode, or a DSR tuner. Carefully re- R-3 1
0 w uss..,

adjust P3 (which should not be much) Roit Di 1 10 0]J -°C1 Isynx

and recheck the settings with a signal 0 UMILI . P3

from a CD player. For most practical TA& C2 0 cli-c0 szni

I aTik"
0
TRI

"C7 C1,',
purposes, these settings are fine. Rt 10
If more accurate settings of the pre- 01 10 1C3
C

sets are required, an oscilloscope is '72 CC531,142 0

P5P01 R3 10
needed. Apply an a.f. signal at a level 12
01 R5 10
C13
of 0.5 VPP to the coaxial, not to the op- 111111=M1111
tical, input. Set the oscilloscope time IC;
base to 100 ns cm -1 and connect the .
instrument to pin 9 of IC3. Adjust P1
ICS
4 01
so that all edges cover one another as 0_ D16 R14 10
c

well as possible. This ensures that the

operating point of the unit is central-
ized and that the delay of the rising
edge of signal IN2 is equal to that of
the trailing edge.
With P2. set the pulse width of the
subframe clock at pin 7 of IC3 to
100-150 ns. If there is an appreciable
difference in dwell times between the
standard and long -play settings. the
value of R12 may be adapted accord-
ingly.
If the oscilloscope has a second
time base or x -multiplier x10, the
copybit (bit 30) corrected to logic 1 in
subframe 4 or 5 can be timed in the
output signal with P3 [time base set to
10 (1) ps cm -1 and triggering to start
the block at the leading edge of the
cathode signal of a lighted LED
(DI -D9)1 -
The high and low level portions of
the C -bit set to logic 1 should be
equal or very nearly so. If the P -bit is Fig. 9. Printed -circuit board for the copybit inverter (scale 1:1).
inverted from logic 0 to 1, it should be
virtually undistorted.
If the bits away from the block start
are to be checked, the LED voltage
(trigger at trailing edge) associated
with the P -bit can be used for marking
them.
During the setting up, make sure
that the LEDs light over a fairly wide
range. Appreciable differences can be
negated by adapting the value of R13.
As a final check, record the output
of the copybit inverter on a DAT or DCC
recorder. Some DAT recorders show
the ID6: this must be 00 both during
recording and subsequent playback of
the recording-see Fig. 1. Make sure
that DI lights as an indication that
the unit has correctly inverted and
processed the input signal.

Parts list
Resistors:
RI, R2 = 10 MI
R3, R4, R8 = 100 f2
R5 = 270 f2
R6. R7 = 680 fl Fig. 10. Finished prototype board.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
20

SYNCHRONOUS OSCILLATORS
en a digital -to -analogue con- 1 2
verter (DAC) is used in conjunc- RI
tion with a CD player, their clocks R3

must be in synchrony to make sure

that the DAC can process the data P1 C5
IC2a IC2b
error -free. In practice. this means that 1

the clock of the CD player has to be 51. 5

applied to the DAC. . 131

If the DAC is built into the CD X2

player. the CD player clock can be ap- X2.11.26561,110
plied as shown in the upper diagram. CS
The clock signal is available at TT!. Bea
level at the output of IC lb. The DAC 33p 33p
clock. IC2a. is synchronized with ICia
via P1 and C6. In practice. P1 is set
just past the point where synchrony
commences: this ensures that oscilla-
Idle
- 47,.H
13
IC2I IC2e

5V C7
tor IC2 continues to work when ICia is 14

disabled for whatever reason. IC2 I'm

imm
100nC2c I

An important advantage of the de-

sign is that the circuit does not influ- 1

ence the operation of the electronics 05'037-11

in the CD player (which thus retains
its original functionality).
If the DAC is used as a stand-alone 940099-1 11.2896MHz CD
unit, a transmission line for the data R5

and clock signals is required. As 5V -I- - 1M

usual, this is a 75 fl coaxial cable. 13
IC4d IC3a IC3b
The lower diagram shows how this 12
T,1
R,t K2
3
setup can be arranged. --10
The chosen signal level of 1.5 V1 is IC4c R10
7511
1 I

more than sufficient to ensure syn- SS

chrony. The values of coupling compo- 5

IC4b
t's tI

nents P2 and C10 are, however. differ- n =1 C2I

X3.11.28551,1Hz

ent from those of P1 and C6 in the 1 2

upper diagram. [Link] .1 icon

=1
4L 22
A drawback of this setup is that the
oscillator no longer starts sponta-
neously owing to the increased damp-
Oln L.3
IC3f IC3e
ing. Fortunately. this can be remedied 13 10

readily. Resistor R6 limits the energy

transferred from the buffer amplifier
5V
4711

IC3
14 II 1

IC3c IC3d
to the crystal. If the value of this re- 7

sistor is greatly reduced, even down to 1 - a

0 (wire bridge), it will be found that
the oscillator starts spontaneously 954037-12
again. Note that in some CD players R6
is replaced by a wire bridge. If this is done, the value of P2 can be
Another remedy is reducing the increased an that of C10 reduced. The rentThe oscillator circuit draws a cur-
of about 10 mA.
turns ratio of the transformer, which load on the oscillator is then smaller. Design by T. Giesberts
increases the level of the clock signal. so that it starts spontaneously. 19540371

R9 = 8.2 green S1 = toggle switch with on contact

R10 = 1 Mfg D2 -Dg = LED, low -current. 3 mm. red By = B80C1500. round
R11 = 390 f2 1311-D14 = 1N4148 Tri = mains transformer. 6 V. 300 mA
R12. R13 = 2.2 kit 44 -pin PLCC socket for IC2
R14 = 330 Integrated circuits: Enclosure 120x40x70 mm
R15 = resistor array. 8.1 Id./ ICI = 74HC04 PCB Order no. 950104*
P1 = preset. 2.2 K2 IC2 = EPM7032LC44-15 (Altera). pro-
P2. P3 = preset, 4.7 kfl grammed with software 956513-1' * Combination packet Order no.
IC3 = 74HC4538 950104C
Capacitors: IC4 = TOTX173 (Toshiba)
C1 -C4. 10. C13.100
C15 =_nr
. __- 105 = TORX173 (Toshiba) Sources:
ramie IC6 = 7805 Sony SCI'S Handbook DTC-55ES
C5. C6. C12 = 100 pF
C11 = 22 pF Miscellaneous: Va/vo T187101 I
C14 = 1000 16 V. vertical K1. K2 = audio socket for board
mounting DIN EN 60 968
Semiconductors: K3 = 2 -way spring -loaded terminals
DI. D10 = LED, low -current. 3 mm. for board mounting. pitch 7.5 mm [9501041
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
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USED THE WORLD OVER IN CLUBS, PUBS, CINEMAS, DISCOS ETC. T.H.D. typical 0.001%, Input Sensitivity 500mY. S.N.R.
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ACCESS ACCEPTED BY POST, PHONE OR FAX. Tel.: 0702-527572 Fax.: 0702-420243

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996

24

SECAM-TO-PAL CONVERTER
The circuit described in this article is, in principle, an add-on by the blocks marked 'SECAM decoder'
for the popular Picture -in -Picture (PIP) Processor featured in and 'PAL decoder'. The remainder of
the circuitry shown is. well. necessary
the October and November 1995 issues of this magazine. to make it all work! The SECAM de-
Because the PIP prodessor has only a PAL decoder. it is codes is a type TDA8395. This is a fully
unable to display a colour inset picture in countries where the integrated decoder, complete with RF
and LF filters. a PLL demodulator and
SECAM TV system is used. That problem may be overcome by a line identifier. The IC functions with
inserting the present converter between the inset source and a minimum number of external com-
the PIP processor. The circuit offers more goodies. however, ponents and requires no adjustment.
As a baseband delay line, the manu-
particularly for owners of satellite TV receiver systems. facturer recommends the TDA4661
(IC9) - yes. the one used in the PIP
processor also. The same goes for the
practical realization of the block
marked 'sync. circuit', because it is
based on the TDA2579B (IC5).
The most important function in the
circuit, the encoding of the PAL signal
is performed by a TDA8501. This is an
almost entirely integrated encoder IC
specially designed for all applications
requiring the conversion of R. G and B
(or Y. U and V) into PAL or NTSC val-
ues. The external parts required to
make the TDA8501 work are limited to
two delay lines and a reference oscilla-
tor.
For the following description of the
operation of the circuit we recommend
keeping one eye on the block diagram
because the signal paths in it are prob-
\t/ ably easier to trace than those in the
actual circuit diagram. The latter is
ALSO FOR shown in Fig. 2. and is drawn such
RGBTOPAL that the position of the elementary
parts is about the same as those in the
block diagram.

SECAM dissected
The SECAM/CVBS signal which ar-
Design by T. Giesberts rives on socket Kt is applied to pin 16
of SECAM decoder ICI via jumper JP4.
The outputs of the decoder (pins 9 and
10) supply the modulated colour dif-
NIE 71-1ILE this circuit was being devel- unit supplies the input signals for the ference signals. Since only one colour
V V oped. it became clear that it converter. Obviously, the synchroniza- difference signal is transmitted per
could have more functions than just tion of the inset picture requires the line in the SECAM system (the two
converting SECAM to PAL. The PAL en- CVBS signal of the TV to be fed back to colour difference signals are actually
coder used here is capable of modulat- the PIP unit. This option has been transmitted alternately). a delay line is
ing colour difference signals as well as taken into account in the practical re- necessary to join the two signals again
RGB signals. and in addition offers a ali7ation of the converter. for each TV picture line. That is. ad-
`fast switching mode between these mittedly. not ideal. but it is inherent to
two options. Obviously, this present:, A few blocks only the SECAM system (see the inset box).
the possibility to convert. RGB signals The result is that one of the colour dif-
into PAL format. But that's not all! The Although integrated circuits have been ference signals is never actually up to
present converter also doubles as an used wherever possible in the practical date. Obviously. that creates errors in
interface between the PIP unit and circuit. the actual circuit diagram is determining mixed colours. By con-
older TV sets. By 'older we mean tel- quite complex. So. we give you a block trast, the current colour differences do
lies which do have a SCARF connector diagram first to make sure you can un- get transmitted in the PAL system, re-
at the back, but lack the required 'fast derstand how the circuit works. The sulting in much better picture quality.
blanking and `ROB' inputs on this block diagram in Fig. 1 gives a good For proper operation of the SECAM
connector. In that case, the present indication of the structure of the con- decoder it was found necessary to put
converter is inserted between the PIP verter. the levels of the horizontal and vertical
unit and the TV set, so that the PIP The heart of the converter is formed blanking at about half -way the sand-
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
 SECAM-TO-PAL CONVERTER 25
corruption whatsoever of the signals.
SECAM K1 Incidentally. IC4 has to supply 6 dB of
additional gain to compensate the at-
tenuation of the delay line. Because
CVBS SECAM
.C2
baseband
CS

sync
the exact gain may vary a little, it is
B -Y)
decoder delay line circuit adjustable (within a small range) with
preset P2. The 4.4 -MHz trap at the
[Link] t input of IC4. R90-CIT-Li. already sup-
fast
presses a large part of the colour infor-
blanking
R
mation contained in the SECAM
C
G
signal. before this is applied to the PAL
RGB C decoder as a Y signal. The function of
1_ a
C delay line DL1 is to compensate the
status
propagation delays of the colour differ-
ence signals incurred in IC1 and IC2. A
L type DL330 delay line is used because
delay I a delay of 330 ps was found to be the
optimum value. However. when we
PIP K2 started to use standard RGB signals, it
R -03-Y) 4 was found that the CVBS signal sup-
CY) -03 if 4 plied by [C6 was only 60% of its nomi-
Ice
CVBS a
PAL nal value. If problems occur because of
f cvas
encoder
delay
this signal reduction, the solution is to
increase the value of R3. Ri and R5 to
c\as 120 0.
status

L Final station: PAL

C Although the TDA8501 PAL encoder
ICS
reference
used here can be used, in principle. as
PAL oscillator an NTSC decoder. this option is not
4 $'50078 - 3 - 11 used in the basic version of our con-
verter. A fixed 'PAL' setting is created
by voltage divider R464247. The most
important reason to skip the NTSC op-
Fig. 1. The architecture of the converter is obviously based on the blocks marked 'SECAM tion is that the colour information is
decoder' and 'PAL encoder'. The nice thing about the circuit is that it will do more than 'just' modulated on a 4.43 MHz carrier in
converting SECAM into PAL. the PAL system. and that the SECAM
decoder uses that very same frequency
as a reference. That allows double use
castle pulse. Only then is it possible used in the PIP processor. Here. how- of a single oscillator. For NTSC televi-
for the decoder to suppress all kinds of ever. a practical problem has to be sion. a 3.579 -MHz crystal would be re-
interference resulting from the demod- overcome: the horizontal blanking quired. which. in turn, would call for
ulation process. Components R6 and calls for a flyback pulse. In a TV set, an extra oscillator.
D1 at pin 15 of the relevant IC limit the the flyback pulse is supplied by the de- Speaking of oscillators. the one
size of the sandcastle pulse to a level flection system. and that is an element built around ICS supplies the refer-
which is acceptable for IC1. which is not present In the decoder. To ence signal for decoder ICI (via ICsb) as
The output signals from ICI are fed solve the problem. the horizontal out- well as the carrier for ICs (via IC8,).
to the baseband delay line simulator. put of ICs (pin 11) is connected directly Although the oscillator has a simple
1C2. This IC adds the information per- to the flyback input (pin 12). An RC layout. it is important to observe the
taining to the received TV line to that network, 1173 -R41 -C78. determines the crystal's exact frequency as well as its
of the previous line. which has been exact length of the horizontal blanking Cu:AD value of 20 pF. Jumper JP3 al-
delayed exactly 64 ps. Hence this IC isin the sandcastle pulse. and R74 in lows an external carrier signal to be
suitable for PAL as well as SECAM. al- particular determines the proper tim- used for IC6. Such a signal may be
though a gain of 0 dB is stated for the ing of the horizontal blanking. connected via K8. and the option is pri-
SECAM standard. and 6 dB for the marily intended for a complex circuit
PAL standard. That is because both Level shifting which locks the line frequency to the
colour difference signals are present in carrier. In that case, the carrier fre-
a PAL signal. resulting in a doubled In practice. the voltage levels of video quency should be 4.433361875 MHz
output level after addition. With IC2. signals are often on the low side. Add exactly. The filtered video signal is
too, the level of the sandcastle pulse is to that the fact that the converter's available at connector K7 to enable an
limited. in this case, with the aid of output buffer introduces some loss. external oscillator to be synchronized
Rto/Rtt and you will see the need to 'boost the to the video signal.
The sandcastle pulse required for input voltages to the PAL encoder at Returning to the PAL decoder. it is
ICI and 1C2 is supplied by IC6. For least a little. The gain is accomplished seen that the 'multiplex switch control
proper operation of the SECAM de- by inserting two small amplifiers. IC3a input' (pin 2) is connected to the fast
coder. the sandcastle pulse should and IC3b, between delay line IC2 and blanking terminal on K1 via jumper
contain vertical as well as horizontal the PAL encoder. The same function is JP1. Consequently. switching transis-
blanking information. Consequently. performed by IC4 for the Y signal. The tor T2 provides a simple way of making
an IC is used which is specially de- bandwidth of the opamps used here. the converter process RGB signals
signed for this purpose. the the AD847 and its 'dual' counterpart only. All you have to do is interconnect
TDA2579B. Again, this IC was also the AD827. ensure that there is no the two PCB terminals marked 'ROB'.
[Link] ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
26 RADIO/TELEVISION/COMMUNICATIONS

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Fig. 2. This is the complete circuit diagram. including the power supply and all connections. Connector K9 has been added to enable the con-
verter to be extended with an extra PAL decoder.

Pin 16 of 106 supplies the encoded switch/buffer/amplifier. The IC has Different modes
PAL/CVBS signal. In addition to this, two outputs: one 'ordinary' (pin 2). and
the TDA8501 also provides separate Y one switched video output (pin 6). The After the conversion from SECAM to
and C outputs. These are bonded out former supplies a buffered copy of the PAL (mode 1). the translation from
via buffers T3 and T4 and a mini -DIN PAL/CVBS signal applied to pin 3: this RGB into PAL (mode 2) is probably the
socket. This S -VHS socket should. output signal is fed out via Ks. for most frequently used feature of the
however, be considered as a kind of which a cinch or BNC socket may be converter. In support of this second
'bonus' for test purposes etc., because used. The signal at the other output of mode. jumper JP1 allows the fast
the quality of the output signal is IC7 (pin 6) depends on the switching blanking signal from K1 to be inter-
rather poor for lack of proper filtering level applied to pin 5. When a low level rupted. and to set the PAL encoder
and clipping. Moreover. the signal con- is applied, pin 6 is connected through permanently to RGB via the 'multiplex
tains a measurable residue of the to the PAL/CVBS signal at pin 3. A high switch control input' (pin 2).
SECAM 'colour information. By con- level causes the video (or CVBS) signal Obviously, the RGB source connected
trast, the CVBS signal is pretty clean. arriving via K1 to be switched through to K1 should then supply the sync
mainly because of a notch filter, L2 - (amplified) from pin 8 to pin 6. This is pulses (via pin 20). Both mode .1 and
C43, which affords excellent suppres- done to enable the incoming video sig- mode 2 require jumpers JP4, JP6 and
sion of the SECAM carriers. nal from a VCR in 'play' mode to be fed JP6 to be set to position 'A'.
IC7 is described by the manufacturer directly to K2. In case a SECAM signal As already mentioned. mode 3 en-
as a 'video switch'. Here. it actually arrives. that can be displayed in colour ables the PIP unit to be used in combi-
functions as a combined video on the TV set, via the PIP processor. nation with 'older' TV sets without
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
 SECAM-TO-PAL CONVERTER 27
RGB and fast blanking input lines on 12-V supply voltage. straightforward, and mostly a matter
the SCART socket. This is accom- Finally. it should be mentioned that of locating the component on the com-
plished by setting jumpers JP4. JP5 a fourth mode is feasible. Those of you ponent overlay, soldering and cutting
and JP6 to position 'B'. Evidently. the who use a PAL TV set to watch SECAM wires. All essential connectors (in most
TV set should receive back its own satellite TV stations not only have the cases, only K1 and K2 will be used) may
sound. and that is why the audio input possibility to convert a SECAM signal be fitted straight on to the board. Only
signals are connected directly to the into PAL and use it as the parent K6. K7 and Kg are connected externally
output audio contacts of K2. By the ('main') picture (JP4 in position 'Al. but with short wires to the respective sol-
way, the extra (cinch) audio sockets. in addition may feed the TV's own PAL der pins. For the audio outputs be-
K4 and K5. are always connected to the signal back to the TV, through the PIP longing with the S -VHS option, K4 and
audio output signals of K2... unit (as an RGB signal), and employ it K5. both solder pins and cinch sockets
A few more remarks about mode 3. as an inset picture. Both the parent are available on the board. The pins
In this application (for PAL). the PIP and the inset picture then appear in and the sockets are not intercon-
processor supplies the input signals colour! As regards sound, a choice is nected, so may have to establish the
for the converter. As already men- available between
'parent picture' links yourself with the aid of two short
tioned, the synchronization of the sound and 'inset picture' sound. This lengths of screened cable.
inset picture requires the CVBS signal selection is made with the aid of JP5 Among the passive parts are eight
to be fed back from the TV set to the and JP6. The only condition for being inductors. Six of these, L3 through L8,
PIP processor. Hence, the circuit dia- able to use all these features is that the are ready-made miniature chokes. L1
gram shows pin 20 of K2 as connected TV set must be able to fully process the and L2 however are home-made, ad-
to pin 19 of K1. But that is not all. PAL signals that arrive via its SCART justable. inductors, built from type
Strictly speaking, this signal should be socket (in many cases, that can only be -7FIS assemblies from Neosid. Making
modulated again so that the inset pic- achieved via the antenna input). these inductors is not difficult because
ture and the TV picture can be joined there are no taps or secondary wind-
via the fast blanking feature of the PAL
Construction and power ings. L1 should have a value of about
encoder. If the main picture is to be supply 60 pH, and L2, 86 µH. These values
shown in colour, then an external PAL are achieved by winding 70.5 and
decoder is required, which may be The double -sided printed circuit board 84.5 turns of 0.1 -mm dia. enamelled
hooked up to the converter via connec- for the project is shown in Fig. 3. This copper wire on the formers, respec-
tor K9. All signals needed for that pur- board is available through the Readers tively. Be sure to solder the wire ends
pose are available on K9. including the Services (see page 70). Construction is to the right base pins, if necessary look

COMPONENT MOUNTING PLAN AND COMPONENT SIDE TRACK LAYOUT OVERLEAF.

1

0 00
cc"741>°:,:or °O71
/Zi:
0dr,7tP0 -01
'1

Fig. 3. The printed circuit board has the same size as that of the PIP processor. and offers more than enough room for all components. If de-
sired. the power supply section. IC9. IC10. etc., may be cut off (board available ready made through he Readers Services. see page 70).
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUA RY 1996
28 RADIO/TELEVISION/COMMUNICATIONS

0
F0%000%0
0
°
000
000000040
,40,000000000:7)0C-)
°

o 0 `:/`;'*:' 000 000

© 00 0 cP,clo oo 000
9c000;oo
o oo o oo oMo
O
0 oo -
°goO
O © ,
0
o o 1. 0
0
0 00
,0000
0 0 0 0 0000 0001110
0 o CDO
0Zlegai,01800))
0 0
0
0
e el 000000000(';
00 0 0 0000
0 000 0

0 a
a 00 0001 8' 8 8
a
0
-0000:;0 co 00
0 0
00
r0.,,AS) 000000
0
a (:)(93aNg9P0(8 0°88
a 0

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996

 SECAM-TO-PA1. CONVERTER 29

COMPONENTS LIST
Resistors: C3 = 100pF D3 = 1N4148
R1-R5,R63,R71 = 7512 C4,C19,C45,C46 = 47pF 25V radial D4,D5 = 1N4002
R6,R30,R61,R62 = 41(127 C5 = 22nF ceramic D6 = low current LED
R7,R38,R50 = 5k116 C6,C7 = 1nF ceramic B1 = 880C1500 (straight)
R8,R11,R70 = 81d.-22 C8,C10,C24 = 22pF 40V radial T1 = BC547C
R9,R22 = 1501! C9,C11 = 10nF ceramic T2 = BC327
R10,R33,R35,R57 = 10kU C12,C13,C14,C16,C20,C32,C44,C47, T3,T4,T5 = BC337
R12,R13 = 1011 C48,C50,C52,C54,C56,C66,C67,C70, IC1 = TDA8395 (Philips)
R14,R15,R36,R49 = 100k52 C71 = 100nF ceramic IC2 = TDA4661 (Philips)
R16,R18 = 2ktIO0 1% C15,C49,C51 = 1pF 63V radial IC3 = AD827 (Analog Devices)
R17,R19 = 22111 1% C17,C59 = 22pF IC4 = AD847 (Analog Devices)
R20 = 11;118 C18,C31,C53 = 220pF 25V radial IC5 = TDA2579B (Philips)
R21 = 47k0 C21 = 330nF, 5mm IC6 = TDA8501 (Philips)
R23 = 5600 C22 = 150pF IC7 = TEA2014A (SGS-Thomson(
R24,R25 = 116100 1% C23 = 2pF2 63V radial IC8 = 74HCU04
R26 = 14752 1% C25 = 6pF8 35V tantalum IC9 = 7805
R27 = 14052 1% C26 = 47nF, 5mm IC10 = 7812
R28,R32,R34,R37 = 1k11. C27,C28,C30 = 100nF, 5mm
R29 = 12kt1 C29,C78 = 2nF2, 5mm Miscellaneous:
R31 = 82052 C33-C39,C74-C77 = 47nF ceramic JP1,JP2 = 2 -pin PCB header with
R39 = 2252 C40...C42 = 220nF, 5mm juniper.
R40,R51,R54,R58 = 1k0.2 C43 = 15pF JP3-JP6 = 3 -pin PCB header with
R41 = 27k5l C55,C57 = 220pF 10V radial jumper.
R42,R46 = 39ki1 C58 = 10pF trimmer K1,K2 = SCART socket, PCB mount.
843,874 = 150kt1 C60 = 27pF K3 = 4 -way mini -DIN socket, PCB
R44,R45 = 1ki110 1% C61,C63 = 4pF7 mount (SVHS).
R47,R67 = 221<c2 C62 = 10pF K4,K5 = cinch socket, PCB mount,
R48 = 220U C64 = 47pF e.g. T -709G (Monacor'Monarch).
R52,R55,R59 = 1kt15 C65,C69 = 10pF 63V radial K6 = cinch socket, chassis mount.
R53,R56,R60 = 6812 C72 = 1000pF 25V K7,K8 = see text.
R64,R66,R68 = 2M522 C68,C73 = 1000pF 16V K9 = 10 -way boxheader
R65 = 2K22 K10 = 2 -way PCB terminal block,
R69 = Inductors: raster 5mm.
R72 = 100 5W L1 = 600H: 70.5 turns 0.1mm e.c.w. X1 = crystal, 4.433619MHz, C;,
R73 = 82k52 on 7F1S (Neosid) 20pF.
R75 = 31(529 L2 = 86pH: 84.5 turns 0.1mm e.c.w. DL1 = DL330 (Philips)
P1 = 10k51 preset on 7F1S (Neosid) DL2 = DL470 (Philips)
P2 = 500 preset L3,L4,L6,L8 = 47pH choke Printed circuit hoard, order code
P3 = 100kt1 preset L5,L7 = 22pH choke 950078-2 (see page 70).

Capacitors: Semiconductors:
C1 = 100nF, raster 7.5 mm D1 = 5V1 zener, OW5
C2 = 220nF, raster 7.5 mm D2 = 8V2 zener, OW5

at the component overlay. secondary voltage (applied to K10) is If you do not envisage using the op-
Although it did not seem to be much lower at about 9 V. This voltage tional S -VHS connection. that section
strictly necessary on the prototype. is used to keep the dissipation in the of the board may be cut off without
screening may be fitted around the os- 5-V section of the supply within safe problems.
cillator section on the board. This sec- limits. However, because the 9-V a.c.
tion (IC8 and surrounding parts) is from the transformer is too low for the Adjustment
bordered by five holes intended for sol- 12 V regulator. it is first doubled by a
der pins which sen'e to hold pieces of cascade circuit consisting of D4 -C73 - Once the board has been built up and
tin-plate in place. If you want. you may D5 -C72. To ensure the best possible checked. the mains transformer may
also fit a cover on the screening. If you cooling. the heatsinks on regulators be connected to Km. and the converter
do. remember to drill a small hole so IC9 and IC10 should be mounted a little may be taken into use. No special tools
you can access trimmer C55 with a above the circuit board. That is easily or equipment are required at this
trimming tool. achieved with a small spacer. an extra point. although a plastic trimming tool
The power supply is also accommo- nut. or similar. With IC9. such a con- may be useful to set Li and L.,.
dated on the PCB. Referring back to struction is even essential to ensure Start by setting the jumpers to the
the circuit diagram. you will notice that the fixing hole of the PCB remains positions which correspond to the
that the power supply looks different accessible. standard mode of the converter. So:
from that in the PIP unit. Although the The layout of the board allows the JP' and JP2 closed. JP3 in position T
converter's power supply is also based power supply section to be separated and JP3 in position 'A'. Do not inter-
on two fixed voltage regulators. one for from the main circuit. where K3. K4 connect the PCB pins marked 'RGB'!
5 V and one for 12 V. the transformer's and K5 may remain in their positions. Turn preset P1 about 36 clockwise, and
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
30 RADIO/TELEV1SION/CONIMUNICAT1ONS

SECAM: THE FRENCH WAY

SECAM stands for 'sequentielle a memoire', which summing circuit. This switching is controlled by the line
indicates that this TV system is sequential and based on frequency. The summing circuit then adds the black -and -
signal storage. As with the PAL system, the underlying white signal. The carriers used to convey the composite
principle of SECAM is that the colour information never signal are locked on to the line frequency. Noise
changes drastically from one picture line to another. suppression is improved by using different carrier
Furthermore, the human visual perception system is not frequencies for the two colour difference signals.
'annoyed' by a slightly decreased ability to resolve colour Apart from two FM demodulators, the decoder also
vertically. This gave the ddsigners of the SECAM TV system contains a switching circuit and a delay line. In this way, the
the idea to transmit colour difference signals (which FM demodulators alternately receive a current colour
represent all colour information) in successive lines, rather carrier and one which has been delayed. To prevent
than simultaneously. Consequently, the signal of one line distortion of the output signal, the reference frequencies of
has to be stored in a delay line for a period of 64 ps. After the demodulators have to be very stable. In the present
the delay, the output signal supplied by the delay line is decoder, the actual decoding operation differs a little from
combined with the signal of the next line. Figure A that illustrated in Fig. B. Although the principle remains the
presents a simplified block diagram of a SECAM encoder. same, the present design has a delay line for each colour
The associated decoder is shown in Fig. B. In the encoder, difference signal, and lacks a switch.
each of the two colour difference signals, B -Y and R -Y, is Obviously, there is a lot more to say about the SECAM TV
fed to an FM modulator. Next, the output signals of the two system but unfortunately that is beyond the scope of this
modulators are alternately connected through to a article.

FM B-V
demodulator -IP
V

_=CAM

delay
A

-a-
e12

P2. P3 and trimmer C58 to about the maximum suppression of both carri- consider. however. that the converter.
centre of their travel. Turn the cores in ers. based on its function. may be fitted
L1 and L2 so that their tops just pro- Fitting the converter board into a into the same enclosure as the PIP
trude from the formers. In most cases. case is left to your own ingenuity. Do processor! (950078-3)
this adjustment will be fine. and no
further action is necessary.
Next, connect a SECAM signal to K1.
and a PAL TV to K2. Use fully wired
SCART cables for both connections.
Switch on the converter, and turn
P1 until the picture synchronization is
optimum. By turning the preset. try to
find the extremes which still give a
synchronized picture. and then set the
preset exactly between these extremes.
Next, adjust trimmer Css for the best
possible picture quality. preferably
using a plastic trimming tool. Then try
to find the settings on P2 and P3 which
give the best possible picture quality.
In most cases. these adjustments will
be uncritical. For the ideal setting of
gain adjustment P2. you may also mea-
sure the output video signal at pin 19
of K2. The measured level should be
1 Vpp into 75 11.
Finally. there are Li and L2 which
may require fine adjusting. These in-
ductors serve to suppress residual lev-
els of the SECAM signal. and should
be adjusted for minimum interference
in the output picture. Owners of an os- Fig. 4. In spite of its high degree of integration. the converter does contain a respectable
cilloscope may adjust the cores for number of components.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996

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36

TRIANGULAR WAVEFORM GENERATOR

AS ANALOGUE -TO -DIGITAL CONVERTER
Design by M. Briiggenwirth
example. the basic circuit was pow-
ered by a symmetrical supply.
A triangular waveform generator can be converted into whereas the circuit in Fig. 3 has a
single 5-V supply.
a very precise analogue -to -digital converter with the aid Reference voltage CV at pin 5 of IC2.
of a single resistor. This converter may be configured which is derived from an internal po-
for a variety of applications. tential divider. is buffered by ICI, and
applied to the non -inverting input of
integrator IC ib. With a supply voltage
Ub = 5 V. the reference voltage is typi-
Te basic setup of an analogue Charging and discharging cally 3.3 V (2/3Ub). but may be quite
flunction generator is shown in The inverting input of the operational different.
Fig. 1. It is an integrator followed by a amplifier forms a virtual earth, so that Since the output of ICI, is capaci-
Schmitt trigger comparator. whose a current I = Ub/R flows through re- tively loaded by the input source.
output is fed back to the input of the sistor R. The state of the comparator compensating network R1 -C2 is essen-
integrator. As long as the output sig- output (high or low) determines the tial.
nal is high, the capacitor is being direction of flow of the current. A cur- The peak positive and negative volt-
charged: when the comparator rent lin= Uin/ R flows through resistor ages of the comparator arc:
changes state, the capacitor is being R'. so that capacitor C is charged or
discharged. In this way. a triangular discharged linearly with a current Uso= 2/311b
voltage ensues at the integrator out- k=i+4n. and
put. and a rectangular one at the Up to time t1 in Fig. 2. the voltage Usu = 1 / 3Ub (Cv plus TR - pin 2)
comparator output. Integrated circuit at the integrator is positive waveform
function generators, be it the old peak. Uso. Then, the output of the The potential across C1 fluctuates
standby XR2206 or the modern comparator changes states (goes between these values.
MAX038. operate on the same princi- high). A current 4 = 1 + 4 flows into The timer output is not applied di-
ple. Often, a waveshaper is added to the capacitor, and the output voltage rectly to the integrator, but via T1.
the comparator to derive a virtually of the (inverting) integrator falls lin- The current through R2 is
undistorted sinusoidal signal. This is. early until t2 is reached, when the po-
however. not needed in the present tential at the integrator is negative Iii = (5 - 3.3)/39x10-3 = 45 µA.
design. peak Usu. The comparator again
If. in Fig. 1. the output signal of the changes state, that is. becomes nega- As long as the output of IC2 is low.
comparator is symmetrical with re- tive for a time TE. If during that time T1 is cut off and C1 is charged with a
spect to earth, it is a square wave. If. the level of I is higher than that of 6. current of 45 µA.
however, an additional voltage is ap- that is. 4 becomes negative. the inte- When the output of IC2 goes high.
plied across R' at the integrator input. grator output rises until time t3 is Ti conducts and connects the output
the comparator output is a rectangu- reached, whereupon the process re- to earth. The current through R3 -P1 to
lar wave of different frequency. The peats itself. earth is then
duty factor of this signal depends on
UR.. IR3= 3.3/(R3 + P1) =90 pA.
Circuit description.
A practical circuit is, of course, not as Half this current derives from the
straightforward as just described. For power line, the other half is the dis-

u,
use
T
- Usu
U3
.1111-

950101-11

-1.1 TA Fo- TE --01

ti 12 1.3 14 950101.12

Fig. 1. Block diagram of a simple function generator Fig. 2. Timing diagram of the integrator signal. U1. and of the
with additional analogue input via R. rectangular output signal. Ua, of the comparator.
ELEKToR ELECTRONICS JANL-ARy 1996
 TRIANGULAR WAVEFORM GLNERATOR AS ADC 37
charge current of C1. Thus. provided
P1 is set correctly. the charging and
discharge times of Ci are equal. The IC1 = TLC2272 acs 5V

consequent output is a square wave R3 Pl 7100.:

signal (but, of course, only if no input 33k
1GV

voltage is applied across Ri. This 0S170

means that the level of the supply Tl

voltage. the level of the reference volt-

age. the potential across the capaci- C1

DS
tor. the value of C1. and the charging RI IC2
and discharge resistors,. provided 0-0-- 100k CUT
these are all constant, have no effect THR 555
on the duty factor, which is deter-
mined solely by the input voltage.
[00 TR
CV
5

Some design formulas C2.1

The integrator capacitance. C. is de- 7n

fined as 100T10V

Q Lit 11-4=316-5:57;)
= = 9
U MU
where LIU is determined by the two
peak values of the comparator. the ca- Fig. 3. The circuit of the analogue -to -digital converter comprises
pacitor is rharged (TA) and discharged two op amps and a timer.
(TE) in the time interval dt.
(I + /in)TA
puter must be at least a factor 29
Ub /3 TE -TA higher than the converter frequency.
Iin TE TA
(-/ + lin) TE Jimw. This allows the value of C1 to be
determined:
/3 The current /may be replaced by
29
Equalizing these two quotations and I- Ub
(if UR2 = Ub /
>
fcpu R2
solving for lin gives 3R2
The value of R1 must be chosen
(-I + lin) TE (I + lin) TA and lin by: such that the input signal can vary
-Ub /3 Ub / 3 within the desired limits.
ni
Software with three routines
Substituting these equations gives The necessary software consists of one
n=0
compute and two count routines-see
TE -TA Fig. 4-taking no more than a few
m=0 Ub
b
Um- blocks in a language like BASIC. The
counting loops should be sampled
Unlike the duty factor, the period (and about 4000 times (depending on the
thus the frequency) of the output sig- values of R2 and C1) in any measure-
nal depends on the peak values of the ment period. If the software is too
output voltage, the supply voltage and slow, or too fast, the value of C1 must
the value of C1. be altered accordingly. This changes
the measurement period (normally
Ub I about 200 ms). but it avoids rounding
T TA + TE = C
3 /2-11 off errors In the computation.
The program must. of course, not
1- (11n )2] be interrupted during the counting
f = 2CUb
31
loops. Unless an additional card with
I real-time timers is used, the PC is nor-
mally not able to drive the program.
1
1-1 Uhl 3R2 )2 After the converter has been con-
Ub R1 I nected to the PC, P1 must be adjusted
to give exactly 0 V at the open -circuit
To avoid large frequency fluctuations. output. Apply a known voltage. Ifni, to
the right-hand term should not exceed the input and turn P1 until 0 V is ob-
about 0.25. tained. The preset is not required if
the software provides scaling of the
Uin 3R2 indicated values. In this case. R3 must
Ub be 39 1c. Q.
19501011

Fig. 4. Flow diagram of a control To obtain an accuracy of eight bits.

program of the converter. the write frequency. fEpu of the corn-
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
 ELEKTOR
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It describes the operation of each circuit P 0 Box 243

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and pulse generators. The coverage is
ideal for students following formal courses. VHDL FOR LOGIC SYNTHESIS Bernard Babani (publishing) Ltd
but is equally well suited to those who may By Andrew Rushton The Grampians
be returning to study or who may be ISBN 0 07 709092 6 Shepherds Bush Road
studying independently. Price 40.00 (hardback) London W6 7NF
VHDL is fast becoming the industry stan-
SIMPLIFIED DESIGN OF dard language for computer -aided engi-
LINEAR POWER SUPPLIES neering workstation vendors to describe
By John D. Lenk the input and output from their tools. This RESOURCE
ISBN 0 7506 9506 4 book bridges the gap between the VHDL
Price £ 22.50 (hardback) language and the hardware that results Component sourcing &
Butterworth -Heinemann from synthesis.
This book is a one -stop guide to linear McGraw-Hill Book Company
Technical reference
power -supply design. using step-by-step Shoppenhangers Road September 1995 version
instructions and diagrams. Well suited Maidenhead
for the beginner/student/experimenter England SL6 2QL
and the design professional. it requires RE:SOURCE is a CD-ROM database
no previous design experience to under- THE LOUDSPEAKER DESIGN designed as a tool for specifying and
stand and to use the techniques de- COOKBOOK (Fifth Edition) sourcing electronic components, operat-
scribed. By Vance Dickason ing under Microsoft WindowsTm.
ISBN 1 882580 10 9 According to the makers: "RE:SOURCE
SIMPLIFIED DESIGN OF Price $34.95 (soft cover) provides the ability to source technical
SWITCHING POWER SUPPLIES Audio Amateur Press data across the fields of active and pas-
By John D. Lenk This work contains everything you need sive components, together with supplier
ISBN 0 7506 9507 2 to know to build that dream loudspeaker listings and current prices within sec-
Price £ 30.00 (hardback) system for your home, your car. or your onds. Product features include the abil-
Butterworth -Heinemann newhome theatre. but thought you couldn't ity to search on approved parts and/or
This work is a an all-inclusive. one -stop afford. preferred suppliers, search on limited
guide to switching power -supply design. Old Colony Sound Lab component specification, build shopping
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY1996
 41
WANTED. Suppliers of blue lasers for
SWITCHBOARD use in disco. Contact T. McNicholas.
Newcastle, Meelick. Swinford. Co.
Send this coupon to
Elektor Electronics (Publishing)
P.O. Box 1-114
Mayo. Eire Dorchester DT2 81.11
Switchboard allows all PRIVATE READERS of England
Elektor Electronics one FREE advertisement FOR SALE> Block capitals please - one character to each box
of up to 108 characters, including spaces,
Genuine base unit Z86DX25 by Intel..
commas, numerals, etc.. per month.
comprising mother board. plus inte-
Write the advertisement, which MUST grated serial and printer plus PSU.
relate to electronics, in the coupon on this £ 49 + carriage. Phone G. Haynes on
page; it MUST INCLUDE a private telephone 01322 235 0205
number or name and address; post office
boxes are NOT acceptable. WANTED. Circuit diagrams of 10W+
Elektor Electronics (Publishing) can not ac- stereo FM transmitters and relevant
cept responsibility for any correspondence or
information. Please phone Matthew on
transaction as a result of a free advertisement 01245 252 942. Will pay small
or of any inaccuracy in the text of such an ad- amount.
vertisement.
Advertisements will be placed in the order WANTED. Philips CD player Type
in which they are received. CD150/05. Please phone
Elektor Electronics (Publishing) reserve 0121 327 412 ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS 01/96
r.
the right to refuse advertisements without Name and address 111UST be g.i% et)
giving reasons or without returning them. WANTED. Engineer to affix digital -to -
analogue converters to PC prototyping
card. Call BIK on 01322 266 191
FOR SALE. Graphtec MP3100 plotter (evenings/weekends).
A3 & pen. £300. Also. I NEED
TMS91118NL chips. Please phone G. WANTED. ESS113 computer controlled
Coast on 01634 660 157 teletext October 1989. Costs refunded
Please phone 0191 3720 923.
WANTED. ICs SAD1024A; UA726:
MN3004: MN3011: CA3094: AD532: WANTED. VHF/UHF receiver. Elektor
AD533; AD534: CA3096. Please write Electronics May 1993: details of AFC WANTED. Elektor Electronics '300 Cir-
to K. Singh. 89 Fountain Road. successfully applied to this project. cuits' book. Good price paid. any condi-
Birmingham. B17 8NP. Please phone 01643 706 823. tion. Please phone 01242 573 661.

another Windows application.

Elektor Electronics En- Searching for components is some-
gineering Department times rather tedious, because it is
has used the CD-ROM for a impossible to just key in a component
week or so and comment name or number. You first have to select
as follows. from a number of columns, such as
Installation and oper- resistor, capacitor, IC, and so on. After
ation are completely trou- that comes another menu from which
ble -free, and clearly you have to make a second selection,
described in the booklet such as ceramic capacitor, electrolytic
supplied with the CD- capacitor, and so on. This means that
ROM. you have to understand the subject mat-
The product appears ter and know what you are doing. Look-
not to have been fully ing in the wrong file leads nowhere.
developed as yet and in (a We were not able to search success-
few) places, therefore, it fully with incomplete names: even a
is 'clumsy'. This does not space in a name or search area yielded:
mean that it is a poor 'not found'.
product: once you have Searching according to specification
lists and generate order, view footprints, used it for a few days, you realize how has to be done meticulously: even the
and, of course, diary/calendar and calcu- very useful it is. Note that the contents slightest error results in 'not found'.
lator". are, of course, geared primarily to the As stated earlier, the database is not
"In addition to the increased database United Kingdom, although companies (yet?) complete: a number of areas have
component and expanded supplier list- like Farnell, R S Components and not been finalized.
ings, NEW FEATURES include: Maplin are also active in Europe. Owing to its cost, the database cannot
A Re:Search facility enabling the user The following are a few aspects to be said to be suitable for other than pro-
to make multiple searches more which we feel attention should be fessional engineers and businesses. It is
rapidly and without the need to re- drawn. sold on an annual subscription basis
enter data. Starting up is slow and if other Win- with updates every four months at £ 395
More flexible scroll -through facilities dows applications are open, there is per year.
and Close Button, placed on the speci- often a message that there is not enough A demonstration disk is available on
fication window for easy access. memory. It is, moreover, impossible to floppy and can be obtained by phoning
Inclusion of manufacturers' part switch over to another application when Sue Dawson on 01327 311353.
numbers. one of the RE:SOURCE menus is active. In N N Eleven, 11 Warwick Street, Doyen -
More powerful order generation fea- other words, you have to stop your try, Northants NN11 4-4.1
tures". search action before you can transfer to
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
BOOKS mom REKTOR ELECTRONN3
Build your own Build your own
High -end Audio Equipment Electronic Test instruments
Top of the range hi-fi appa- In the testing and inspec-
ratus is now termed 'high - Ecrdra..r tion of electrical and elec- IBuild your own
end equipment' and the name High -end Audio tronic equipment a variety
is a good indication of The Equipment of electronic test instru- Electronic test
prices charged for it. For ments is required. Most of instruments
those who can not, or will not,
these instruments are, of
course,commercially avail-
pay these prices, there is an- able. However, for all kinds
other solution offered in this of reason (cost, challenge),
book: build your own (at con- many researchers, enthusi-
siderable cost savings). But asts and experimenters like
this book is aimed not only at to build such instruments
this sector of the market, but themselves.
also at the many enthusiasts This book may help them:
who want to be able to ex- it contains designs for 17
measuring instruments,
periment and make their own seven generators and analy-
modifications to their 'high - sers; ten miscellaneous in-
end' equipment. struments, and a number of
Build your own High -end test ancillaries and auxil-
Audio Equipment contains construction projects for solid- iaries. The designs range from a simple multicore cable
state and valve preamplifiers and power amplifiers, ac- tester to a sophisticated lOgic analyser. Most of the de-
tive cross-overfilters, an active subwoofer, a mono/stereo signs contain a special nrinted circuit, drawings of which
compressor and a headphone amplifier. are given in an appendix.
ISBN 0 905705 40 8 Price 1' 14.95 Beginners in electronics may find the first chapter, kill-
ing with measurement techniques, a good introduction to
the fascinating world of electronic test and measurement.
Others may find in this chapter many worthwhile re-
freshers on measurement techniqes.
ISBN 0 905705 37 8 Price 15.95
Build your own
Audio Valve Amplifiers 305 Circuits
Whether it is nostalgia, inter- Like its predecessors in the
est in the technical parame- Elektor Electronics 300
ters, the appeal of a gleaming Audio Valve Series of electronics pro-
amplifier chassis with softly Amplifiers jects books, 305 Circuits is
glowing valves, respect forthe aimed at the active elec-
technical know-how of an ear- tronics enthusiast, profes-
lier generation, or perhaps the sional or amateur. Since
firm conviction that the sound the first book in the series
of a valve amplifier can not be was published in the late
bettered, it is a fact that valves 1970s, many thousands of
are not only still very much in readers have found in these
demand, but are gaining pop- books that new approach,
ularity in audio circles. It is new concept or new circuit
particularly gratifying that they were looking for.
many of the younger genera- Above all, 305 Circuits
tion admire valve amplifiers. demonstrates the practical
Perhaps this is due to the pop- aspects of electronics
Warily of the electric guitar. through projects that can
This book is intended for a broad cross-section of the pub- be built at home, in a small workshop, or in the physics
lic: apartfrom construction projects forpreamplifiers, power or science department of schools and colleges. There
amplifiers and two amplifiersfor musical instruments aimed are projects for everyone, covering Audio & Hi-fi;
at the practical audio/ht-fl enthusiast, it offers much infor- Computers & Microprocessors; Music and Electronics;
mation on the operation of electron tubes, while the first Radio, Television and Communications; and Test and
chapter gives a short history of the thermionic valve. Measurement.
ISBN 0 905705 39 4 Price £ 14.95 ISBN 0- 905705 36 X Price £ 14.95

How to order: UK and Overseas bookshops, schools, col- USA and Canada ONLY from:
leges, universities and bulk orders (NOT Old Colony Sound - please see order form
UK and Overseas private customers (NOT in USA and Canada) from: on page 71 for details
in USA and Canada) from: Gazelle Book Services Ltd
Elektor Electronics (Publishing) Falcon House, Queen Square,
PO Box 1414 Dorchester, England DT2 8YH Lancaster, England LAI IRN
Telephone +44 (0)1305 250 995 Telephone +44 (0)1524 68765
Fax: +44 (0)1305 250 996 Fax: +44 (0)152463232
HOOKE MOW RE(TOR ELECTRON=
Short Course
8051/8032 Microcantrollers
304 Circuits and Assemblers
The fifth in the 300 Series of This course in book form de-
practical circuit book offers scribes the hardware and
a further selection of over software to make a complete SHORT COURSE
300 construction projects, de- microcontroller system. The
sign ideas, and practical ap- controller used is selected
plications from all aspects of from Intel's MCS-51 family.
electronics. In addition to an extensive
ISBN 0 905705 34 3 description of the controller
Price £ 12.95 board its ancillaries, the
book teaches the reader to
program MCS-51 microcon-
303 Circuits trollers in assembler code
with many examples.
Like its predecessors in the ISBN 0 905705 38 6
300 Series, 303 Circuits of- Price f 9.95
fers a comprehensive collec-
tion of practical ideas, con-
cepts and developments in the gamut of electronics. Unlike
its predecessors, the book is arranged in 11 subject sec- SMT Projects
tions to snake it easier for the reader to find that long - by Owen Bishop
sought circuit.
ISBN 0 905705 26 2 Price £ 10.95 This book describes the s e- SMT Projects
cial features of Sur ace
Mount Technology an how
302 Circuits to work with Surface Mount
Devices on the workbench. ,41111111
In well over 300 pages, 302 It includes over 20 con-
Circuits contains a variety of struction projects, all of
circuits for audio and video, which have useful applica-
car; home and garden; re- tions in and around the home
ceivers; hobbies and games; and workshop.
measuring and testing; oscil- ISBN 0 905705 35 1
lators and generators; power Price f 9.95 DeOcr Eiraftear,ci
supplies; microcomputers;
and a miscellany of other in-
teresting subjects.
ISBN 0 905705 25 4 Microprocessor
Price .1 9.95 Data Book
Originally compiled to meet
a need ofPlektor Electronics
301 Circuits engineers, technicians and
editorial stafffor a ready ref-
The second in the 300 Series of projects for construction at erence work on the most im-
home, in a small workshop or at school or college contains portant microprocessors, this
301 assorted circuits ranging from simple to fairly complex book contains data on not
designs, described and explained in straightforward lan- only modern devices, but also
guage. on older, well -established
ISBN 0 905705 12 2 Price f 9.95 types, such as the Z80 and the
6800.
ISBN 0 905705 28 9
Data Book 4: Peripheral Chips Price f 10.95
ISBN 0 905705 32 7 Price £ 10.95
Data Book 3: Peripheral Chips Data Sheet Book
ISBN 0 905705 30 0 Price 10.95 ISBN 0 905705 27 0 Price £9.95

How to order: UK and Overseas bookshops, schools, col- USA and Canada ONLY from:
leges, universities and bulk orders (NOT Old Colony Sound - please see order form
UK and Overseas private customers (NOT in USA and Canada) from: on page 71 for details
in USA and Canada) from: Gazelle Book Services Ltd
Elektor Electronics (Publishing) Falcon House, Queen Square,
PO Box 1414 Dorchester, England DT2 8YH Lancaster, England L11 1RN
Telephone +44 (0)1305 250 995 Telephone +44 (0)1524 68765
Fax: +44 (0)1305 250 996 Fax: +44 (0)1524 63232
44

FROM THE WORLD OF ELECTRONICS

THE LIBERATED SOFTWARE
MARKET
The liberalization of the British tele-
communications market did not just
allow new companies. such as Mercury
and Energis. to compete with BT for
customers. Another result it that. be-
cause today's customers are receptive
to new ideas, companies have grown
up to develop new and innovative prod-
ucts which were unimaginable just a
few years ago.
To strengthen this sector, and to
help UK companies compete effectively,
a joint initiative called Telecoms 2000
has been set up by the UK Department
of Trade and Industry (DTI) and the
trade association Federation of the
Electronics Industry (FEI) in collabora-
tion with I3T. Cable & Wireless. Erics-
son. GPT. Motorola and Nortel. The aim
of the initiative is to encourage a
UK*based network of small supplier Our International Editorial Team wishes all our Readers
companies who can deliver world class
products and services. In particular. A Happy and Peaceful 1996
this applies to software, which Is a par-
ticularly strong area within the UK (from left to right: Jan Buiting. Harry Baggen. Giel Dols. Sjef van Rooy.
telecoms industry. Ernst Krempelsauer. Hans Steeman. Guy Raedersdorf, Rolf Gerstendorf,
Len Seymour. Pierre Kersemakers)
User software
A very fruitful area is in user software
which. by improving access to a ser-
vice. boosts usage and thus has a mul- replies off-line without being connected
user the ability to work off-line. it of-
tiplier effect on the size of its potential to the remote system. The, when the fers much, much more in the way of
marketplace. For example, the off-line user dials in. the OLR automates all information transfer and management
readers (OLRs) developed by Ashmount the necessary activities and is typically and will also include extensive Internet
Research Ltd (ARL) have been instru- 40 times faster than when on-line functionality.
mental in making CIX easier and manually to carry out the same activi- Internet is also the raison cretre of
cheaper to use. ties. Turnpike Ltd3. It was established by
Compulink Information eXchange ARL was founded in 1990 to provide Locomotive Software Group Ltd. which
(CIX - pronounced kicks)I was set up the corporate communications market has been producing low-cost software
in 1985 as the UK's first public -access with an OLR offering conferencing. for the past seven years to address the
on-line e-mail and conferencing ser- e-mail. file transfer and information re- need for easy -to -use. cost-effective
vice. It allowed both private individuals trieval. it was not long before the ap- electronic messaging software for both
and companies to send local and peal of the product also took it into the major Internet suppliers, small busi-
world-wide e-mail as well as set up leisure or single -user sector of the mar- ness and home users.
both private and public discussion ket. Chris Hall. Turnpike's managing di-
groups known as conferences. They are The company has been a pioneer in rector, explains: "As users of the Inter-
extensively used for product support developing OLR or Navigator software net. we quickly discovered that there
and information distribution. that works with a variety of host com- was little or no software which was
In the early days of systems such as mercial systems and was the first orga- simple to use and offered all the basic
CIX. users would dial in from their nization in the world providing unified Internet functions for the dial -up user.
computer via modems and give the ap- integrated interfaces to multiple host So. we decided to develop our own.
propriate commands to request the systems. Today, it offers both stand- People don't need to be computer ex-
system to download any waiting mes- alone and network products to access perts to use Turnpike. It's designed to
sages and then type in their replies or CompuServe. Delphi, CIX. BIX and be easy to use and straightforward to
new messages directly. Being con- others. install. Most popular modems and ac-
nected to the remote computer while In September 1995, Ashmount Re- cess providers are supported."
carrying out these actions (in countries search'- launched a new generation of
with high telephone charges) resulted its software to supersede its WigWam Basic functions
in fairly high - some thought 'horren- and PowWow range to take a new di- Turnpike. which was launched in May
dous' - system and telephone usage rection in product strategy. From then. 1995. offers all the basic Internet func-
charges. all products are known as Virtual Ac- tions: Mail. News. FTP, Finger and
cess, a name which is felt to truly de- Ping. There is also a built-in Winsock
New messages scribe the nature of the product. to provide access to other Internet
An OLR allows a user to write new functions such as WWW (the World
messages (both private and for confer- Information transfer Wide Web) with registered users being
ence 'discussion') and read existing Although the product still gives the offered a copy of a Web browser.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
 FROM THE WORLD OF ELECTRONICS 45
The aim of the designers of Turnpike
has been to produce a package which
meets the needs of businessmen wish-
ing to make use of the Internet without
Increase your electronics
the computer or software getting in the
way.
While Turnpike is a new company
know-how and skills
formed to take advantage of an emer- The speed and intensity with which electronics penetrates our daily lives at
gent market. Wordcraft International home, at work, or in our car, tends to make us forget that we can use elec-
Ltd (WIL)4 was formed in 1978 when tronics creatively by building designs with a practical application and having
the first version of the Woldcraft word the satisfaction of a successfully finished project. Elektor Electronics. which is
processing package for the Commodore distributed all over the world. can help you achieve these goals. Throughout
PET range of microcomputers was writ- the year. the magazine features original construction projects. informative
ten. Since then. it has become a major articles and news on the gamut of electronics, science & tecluiolog, book re-
force in fax software. views and information on new products. If you wish to increase your elec-
Now. its LaserFAX is the market tronics know-how and skills, take out an annual subscription to Elektor
leader in the fax machines' PC -connec- Electronics by writing, phoning or faxing to
tivity market world-wide. Furthermore.
its computer fax protocol CFP has been World Wide Subscription Service Ltd
submitted to the ITU (International Unit 4, Gibbs Reed Farm
Telecommunications Union) for consid- Pashley Road, Ticehurst
eration as an international standard. East Sussex TN5 7HE, England
Telephone +44 (0)1580 200 657; Fax +44 (0)1580 616
Close relationships
Mike Lake. WIL's managing director. You will then have the convenience of having the magazine delivered to your
points out that the company has devel- home, and the peace of mind that you will not miss any issue. The 1996 rates
oped very close relationships with fax for an annual subscription are:
machine manufacturers in many coun-
tries around the world. A number of United Kingdom £30.00
these are, or will be. bundling WIL soft- Rest of the world (surface mail) £37.00
ware with their equipment. Further- AIRMAIL
more. in the new market for multi- Europe & Eire £38.00
function digital machines - printer. USA & Canada $64.00
scanner, copier. manual fax and com- Middle East & North Africa E47.00
puter fax -a wide variety of manufac- Central & southern Africa £47.00
turers world-wide already feature WIL's Central & South America E47.00
software. Australia & New Zealand £4900
However, hardware and software can Far East & South Pacific regions £4900
come together. Psion5. makers of the
Series 3a, which is the world's number Student applications. which qualify for a 20% (twenty per cent) reduction
one selling palmtop. has developed in current rates, must be supported by evidence of studentship signed by
Psion SMS Link, which it is selling as a the head of the college, school or university faculty.
cable and software bundle to enable 3a Please note that new subscriptions take about four weeks from receipt of
users to hook up to a Nokia 2110 digi- order to become effective.
tal phone or Orange phone to make Our bankers are National Westminster Bank PLC. Sorting Code 60-07-01. 49
use of the SMS (Short Message Ser- South Street. Dorchester, Dorset. England DT1 1DW. Our account number is
vice). This is intended as a corporate 6966 3440.
product for vertical applications and US dollar cheques. Subscribers in the USA and Canada only may pay in
will be used as a development kit for SUS cheques. All other cheques must be in sterling drawn on a London
value-added resellers. cleating bank.
Not only will this provide an oppor- Our Giro Acct is no. 34 152 3801
tunity for even smaller companies to There are also a number of Elektor Electronics books geared to the electronics
move into communications software enthusiast - professional or amateur. These include data books and circuit
applications. it will enable applications books, which have proved highly popular. Further details on these can be
to be developed to meet specific user found on pages 42 and 43.
needs. And, after all, this is the re-
quirement because telecommuni-
cations is a means to an end and not
the end itself.
1 CLX Ltd. London House. The Square. Llan- House. Vernon Street. Derby. United King- contains an extensive range of prod-
rwst. Gwynned. Wales. United Kingdom dom DE1 1FR. Tel: +44 (0)1332 371 428. ucts in over 1600 pages of full colour.
LL26 OLD. Tel: -444 (0)1492 641 961. Fax: +44 (0)1332 295 525. It features everything from OEM spares
Fax +44 (0) 1492 641 538. 5 Psion PLC. Alexander House. 85 Frampton to the latest computer. electrical and
2 Ashmount Research Ltd. 26 Baker Street. Street. London. United Kingdom NW8 13Ng. mechanical accessories and compo-
London. United Kingdom W1M 1DF. Tel: +44 (0)171 262 5580. nents.
Tel: +44 (0)171 935 7712. Fax: +44 (0)171 258 7341. In total. over 39.000 products, in-
Fax +44 (0)171 935 7713. cluding nearly 10.000 new items are
3 Turnpike Ltd. Dorking Business Park. shown in the new catalogue. All items
Dorking, Surrey. United Kingdom RH4 ilIN. NEW CATALOGUE FROM COMBINED are competitively priced to give the
Tel: +44 (0)1306 747 747. PRECISION COMPONENTS customer one of the most cost-effec-
Fax +44 (0)1306 747 749. The new 1996 catalogue from Com- tive. off -the -shelf and comprehensive
4 Wordcraft International Ltd. Kelmscot bined Precision Components-CPC- methods of sourcing products.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
46 FROM THE WORLD OF ELECTRONICS

ATMEL MICRO PRO FOR ONLY 99

Equinox Technologies has recently
launched a low-cost programmer to
support the Atmel range of PLASH -8051
microcontrollers. The 'Atmel Micro Pro'
can program both the 40 -pin 8951/
8952. the new 20 -pin 1051/2051 mi-
cros and most serial EEpaoms from
Atmel. To meet popular demand, the
Intel and Philips 87C51/52 generic
parts are now also supported.
The 'Micro Pro' Is different from most
low-cost programmers in that it is based
around Field Programmable Gate Array
(FRIA) technology rather than using a
Recent additions to the catalogue microcontroller. Every time a device is to
are products from blue-chip compa- be programmed. the digital circuitry re-
quired for programming the target de-
nies such as Brother. IBM Lexmark. vice Is downloaded from the Pc Into the
Samsung. and Black & Decker. Sev- FPGA. This allows the hardware to be
eral new product sections have been customized to suit each device, giving
added to this year's catalogue, includ- faster programming times and future 11=17.1...:Asmelq
ing opto-electronics. PCB prototyping. device support without the need for ex- SH
surface mount, motor control and pensive adapters. rao.
data comms/networking. The new AT89C2051 from Atmel is
The catalogue now contains 53 sec- an 8051 In a 20 -pin package. The 2 kb
tions. including switches, tools, and on -chip reprogrammable FLASH ROM can 111
remote controls. Every one of the sec- be erased. programmed and verified in EiERIBIESIEMI EQUINOX
J P'

tions has been tailored to meet the de- under live seconds with no need for a uv
el ACIUMIlea 1.
eraser (guaranteed 1000+ reprogram-
I
Max11.
mand of the ever-changing market. To ming cycles). The device features 128
[Link]

assist customers, each product is ac- bytes of RAM, 15 1/o lines capable of di- arm MIME MB
companied by a brief description and rect LED drive, two 16 -bit
colour photograph. counter/timers and five interrupt
CPC is dedicated to service the in- sources. The standard 8051 serial tiART Pro' programming system, together with
dustrial and commercial user, but its has also been included. together with an a FREE Atmel AT89C1051 and a FREE
catalogue and service are becoming analogue comparator useful for A/D con- AT89C2051 microcontroller. data
Increasingly popular with other mar- versions. sheets. PSC, parallel cable and an ic ex-
ket sectors, such as education. The 'Micro Pro' has recently gained tractor tool for only £99. excl. vAT and
Another aspect of the CPC oper- official programming approval from the p&p. The offer ends on 31 December
ation is that customers need not Atmel Corporation for programming 1995. For further details call John Mar-
their complete range of FLASH microcon- riott on +44 1204 491 110. See also ad-
waste time looking for the part num- vertisement on p. 39.
ber they require. By simply ringing trailers. To celebrate the ascociation.
CPC's Partfinder Service, operators Equinox are offering an Atmel 'Micro
will access the vast and constantly ex-
panding database of 750.000 products
to find the parts you need. The highly
ish. simply by ringing one of the many
trained staff, backed by the latest On the day the 1996 catalogue was telephone sales operators.
technology, handle 3500 calls and published, CPC opened a new For a copy of the catalogue. con-
3000 orders a day and four new fax 2800 m2 extension to its warehouse at tact:
lines are being installed to help cope Preston. The company is currently Combined Precision Components PLC
with demand. Not only this, but CPC drawing up plans for a high -bay ware- Component House
ensures that language is no barrier to house to join this extension by the end Faraday Drive
their potential customers. Qualified of 1997. Fulwood
personnel in the Export Department Available free of charge. CPC's 1996 Preston PR2 4PP
are able to deal with orders and en- catalogue is offered to all account Telephone 01772 654455
quiries in German. French and Span- holders: new accounts can be opened Fax 01772 654466

SKY TELEVISION WORLD LARGEST

Last November. Sky Television
launched six new channels. bringing
their total to 28: this makes it the
world's largest direct -to -home net-
work.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996

Buying from this c alogue is one.
If you need to purchxe quality products from a catalogue, with Ordering couldn't be simpler.
guaranteed next day delivery, but don't want to spend a Our sales office is open Monday to Saturday taking orders b%
fortune, you can always take drastic measures. However, there phone, fax and post.
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Circle 108
48

NEW PRODUCTS NEW PRODUCTS NEW PRODUCTS

Simpler Access to IDT Product Info: WWW and CD-ROM
Integrated Device Technolog Inc. (IDT) has set up a number of new
methods to access product and company information. including data
sheets for IDT's complete range of products.
A free CD-ROM. designed for use on Macintosh, Windows, DOS and
S L N Unix systems, is now available. It uses the Adobe Acrobat portable
document format reader to display and print pages of information from
the many sources that IDT has brought together onto this one medium.
Macintosh and Windows users can use hyperlinks to move easily be-
tween documents.
Information on the CD-ROM includes data on RISC processors. multi -
port and FIFO memories, and high-speed logic and interfacing devices,
plus product selector guides, application notes. quality reports. and back:
ground information on the company.
For those users who are on-line, almost all of the same information is
provided via 1DT's home page on the World Wide Web
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ware gives PIC16/17 microcontroller developers the flexibility to edit. use [DT's fax server. This Fax -on -Demand service offers all the same in-
compile and emulate from a single user interface. The sophisticated formation as the CD-ROM. except manuals, which are too long to be
MPLAB software is now available as part of Microchip's PICMASTER practical to send. Fax -on -Demand can be accessed by calling +1-408-
Universal Development System. 492-8341 and following simple directions.
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Intelligent I/O and PLC from Cambridge Micro Systems MODBUS etc. The latter can also
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A new low-cost industrial con- munications and networking. the and re -programming as well as in-
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12 opto-isolated non -polarized in- this is the highest specified. lowest low-cost radio option is also avail-
puts and 4 isolated voltage -free cost controller available today. the able for remote locations or remote
outputs. The card can be pro- specification includes: 16/32 -bit networking.
grammed in Ladder Logic, or CPU 68000 compatible up to Cambridge Microprocessor
both, the latter offering full deter- 1 NI Byte of EPROM. and Systems Ltd., Unit 17-18 Zone D,
ministic control of the I/O but pro- 512 Kbytes of SRAM plus EEP- Chelmsford Road Ind. Estate.
viding the flexibility of 'C'. When ROM. 2 fast hardware timer/coun- Great Dunmow, Essex CM6
used as a PLC the user can select ters. on board PSU. expansion LXG. Tel. (01371) 875644, fax
the scan time required. for fast ap- options, 12C or NIBus. RS232 or (01371) 876077.
plications this can be as low as RS485 with full networking and
500 ps and still provide full corn - remote I/0 protocols such as (965013-1)
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers 49

GO the Best
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from pc IL= A D E igit

MICRO 2000, Inc: SERVICE NEWS

PRODUCT OF THE MONTI:

1 1/"- I drives. video cards. etc. BATCH CONIRoi -

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UNIVERSAL DIAGNOSTICS SOFTWARE Dels- 5.0 recognized hook, 1pgrailing & Repairing PCs,
ERROR LOGGING - Automatically inputs errors Sawa Edition'
during testing to an error log. AUTOMAPPING
Fully 0/S independent - Automatically had sector maps errors tound on Includes pads for voltmeter to attach for actual
diagnostic software... hard disks. IRQ DISPLAY - Show hits enabled voltage testing under load. 4 LEDs monitor
in IRQ chip for finding cards that are software driv- +IZvdc -I2vdc. Monitors Hi tc Lo
MICRO -SCOPE Universal Computer Diagnos-
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Talks directly to hardware and shows 110 address
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chip or crystal failure. Monitors 110 Write and
hetd fur accurate system diagnosis in the rapidly and IRQ of devices that respond. MEMORY I/O Read to distinguish between write and read
growing desktop computer market. Patterned after EXAMINE - Displays any physical bit of memory errors. Monitors memory write/ read to distin-
super -mini and mainframe diagnostic routines, under I Meg. Very useful for determinirN memory guish between address line failures and memory
MICRO -SCOPE runs independently of any stan- conflicts. Very useful for determining available chip failures. Monitors ALL for proper CPU/DMA
dard operating system. and is therefore at home on memory space. SECTOR EDITOR - Allows the operation. Monitors Reset to determine if reset is
any machine in the Intel world. Speed, ease -of -use. editing of any sector of floppy or hard disk media occurring during POST. indicating short. Moni-
and razor sharp accuracy are a few of the advan- (even track Or. AND MUCH SIORE...We don't tors progress of POST within,: POST codes. Reads
tages that arise from this system independence, have enough space here for everything this soft- POST codes from any IBM or compatible that emits
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LOW-LEVEL FORMA I - l'erforrns Low-level
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TROLLER BIOS - Program will access 11105 format care you need to debug any Micro-Scope CLIENT: The practical answer to
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- Hoes not rely on 015 for diagnostics. Talks to PC The COMPUTER CONSULTANT: 101h, accurate
ii us is the only card that will function in every realtime benchmarking tool.
on hardware level. All tests melon function regard-
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system on the market. The documentation is Micro -Scope CENSUS: rvinano
extensive, and not only covers the expected POST Inventory software
HARDWARE DIAGNOSTICS - Accurate testing of
Codes for different BIOS versions, but also includes to see and record what's 2 pi
IRQ's. DMA's, memory, hard drives. floppy a detailed reference to the bus signals monitored inside all of your PCs.

Call now for special Pricing: Tel. +44 462 463483 or Fax +44 462 481484
MICRO 2000 EUROPE: P.O. Box 2000, Letchworth, Herts, SG6 1UT,
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 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS -i!, n ,,ntaering advertisers 51

SuperFILTER synthesizes Active, Passive and

Digital FIR\IIR filters and ports to SpiceAge for
WindowsT"' for a complete analysis.
Super FILTER Version 3 for Windows provides the following features.
Choice of specifying parameters for desired Slopes FILTER - LESSONS_ACT - IS-Plautel
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graphical (mouse tracing response), poles and 'Tr5f721E--'.1 El,

zeroes in S and Z -.planes and Laplace transfer
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pal
las; re.
post pat
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0

digital, active and passive types. 3 I 1078761E5 7E.0.433S0-41

i -1.107876165 ..7E0.133324
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.

kill .2n r Iliie ze... lied

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9. Supports behavioural modelling within SpiceAge for Windows synthesizing more than 150 topologies
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LOW COST DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

ECAL comprises a versatile relocatable assembler with The PC based ECAL hardware emulator is fully
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processor families including can support all processors.
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Applications include software
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OEMA Ltd, ECAL emulator £475

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ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANLARY 1996
52 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers

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video awl on a tv or video IR senstrve £7995 ref EF137. UPS weer, pronang protector for your ca puler system arid menu simian. automate! etc SALE PRICE EVAN REF SA1B
IR LAMP KIT Sula0.5 for the above camera enables the camera valuate softeare against mains power fluctuatiors and cuts. Nee AIR [Link]
to be used in total darkness' £5.99 ref EF138. and bared UK made Provides up to 5 miss tundra tmein the event
so there is a lot amour E3995 Ref EF78 500 peels E4 50 ret EFSO
of complete power false to Vow you to run your system down
TANDATATD1400 VIEWDATA Cormier system compe§ng =Tarty. SALE PRICE just £99.00. PLUG IN POWER SUPPLY SALE FROM £1.60 Plugs in to
modern era red remote keyociard. pan. UHF and RGB 13AsoOket witnoubutlead_threetypesavalable9vdc 150nAE1_53
phone Se -..d. RS232 anput. cornposle odput £995 ref aAR33 SOLAR PATH LIGHTS Low energy waudgnts powered by the
ref SA19. 9vdo 200n5 £200 ref SA20, 6 5idc 500rnik £2 ref SA21
sue buffm PiR sante, w one w nen you at& past Ind Wes serer panel
MAGNETIC CARD READERS (Swipes) £995 Cased art- VIDEO SENDER UNIT. Transrran oom awe° and wieosgrws
rechargeable bat SALE PRICE E19.95 REF EF62
fiya--s designed to read standard crest cardsl they rave 3 wires from either a video tamer [Link] any
mono out of the head so they may write as wed? =Vete wim BIG BROTHER PSU Cali PSU. er 2A cub M., 2m op leac1.1 Sat standard 1'1/set in a Ida range (tune TV to a spare channel) 12v DC
cortroi ectiorns PCB just ES 95 ref HAR31 ,-'put lead. UK rnarie.220v SALE PRICE £499 REF EP7
op. Price is El5 REF: MAG15 12v psu is £5 extra REF: MAG5P2
PANORAMIC CAMERA OFFER Takes double mat - WANTTOMAKESOMEMONEY?STUCKFORAN IDEA? 'FM CORDLESS MICROPHONE snag hand teed untwrn a
p hotog rapt's uung stand= [Link] ltm Use in national or verb have coda' Ed 140 buSstess manuesthatgireyou intomtalon en
Sar ran -A. 2 transmit power Levels Reps PP3 9v battery. Tuneable
mode. Complete with strap £799 ref BARI seltng rap Offer -ern tuanesses. you peruse these at your leisure to arry FM receiver Price is EIS REF: MAOISM
using trete° edlor on your PC_ Also included is acerblcate elate ria
COIN OPERATED TNER KIT Complete with coinslo: , cu to reproduce the maingis as much as you ticet SALE PRICEE14 MINATURE RADIOTRANSCEIVERS Apar or waricietasoes
mechariwn. adjustable erne delay. re -ay Quaid. put a coined cr REF EP74 with a range upt,2 krnin open county. Units measure2tc52x155rnm
anything you Wel TVs. videos. fridges, dnnks cupboards. 111F Inducting oases and ea relicts. 2iPP3 reefd £30 00 [Link]: MA1330
takes 50pS and Et coins DC operated pricejustE729 ref 13AF27 RACAL MODEM BONANZA! 1Racal MPS1273 120015modern.
:sac:none lead mans lead, manual and ccvmrs &Aware. the 'FM TRANSMITTER KIT housed in a standard working 13A
ZENITH 900 X MAGNIFICATION MICROSCOPE Zoorn : rasped way onto die neh as this for just £13 ref DECI3 arlaptern the bug runs direct, off the mares so lastsforeven wiry pay
meat construct on. butt in light shrimp farm. group viewing scree- E7037 or pace is Et 5 REF. EFE2 pal) Tranarrits to arty FM recto
has cf accessories £29 ref ANAYLT. FM BUG BUILT AN DTESTED superior design to kt Sodom
4.6mw LASER POINTER. BRAND NEW MODEL NOW IN
LUBITEL 166U Twin lens Russian 2 114' sq relax camera to centre agencies. 9v battery req'd. E14 REF* MAGI4
supplied warn two tree rots Gateau -11m, lap up inagnSer. 3 Seiner: STOCK!, supplied in fully built form (looks like a nice
pen) complete with handy pocket clip (which also acts TALKING COINBOX STRIPPER COMPLETE WITH
14.5 lens £1999 ref HAR36
C OINS LOT MECHANISMS onginaymade to rear atr.79 each
AA NICAD PACK Pamir c/ 4 tagged AA ricads C293 r as the on/off switch.) About 60 metres range! Runs on Irese un,m are ,lesgred to concert an ordinary phone tilt a
PLASMA SCREENS 222x31Ornm, no data hence £4.99 ret 2 AAA batteries. Produces thin red beam ideal for payphotie. The urns have the locks missing and scinetmesbicken
BARS? levels, gun sights, experiments etc. just £39.96 ref hives Hoe ear they can be adab Sed for tberronginal use or used f c
NIGHTSIGHTS Model TZS4 with Infra red d uminator. new s : DEC49 TRADE PRICE E28 MIN 10 PIECES sorneding °se>, SALE PRICE JUST E2.50 REF SAM
75 metresin fie darknessininfrated rnade. 150m range 45mm , GAT AIR PISTOL PACK CorVete with pistil. demand peels
13 aegange anew. focussmg range 1 5m Ddintrrty. 2AAbaitene-a BULL TENS UNIT Fut/ bud and tested TENS (Transcuaneous £1295 Ref EF829 extra peas (500)24 50 re EF80
re au red. 950g weight E210 ref BAR61 1 years warranty Elective Nerve Samulaton) unit comptee with eerruudini and full 6-X12- AMORPHOUS SOLAR PANEL 1St 155,31Ornm
FILIN-1 Min range. 15 deg ange of view, focusing lOrnireinty [Link]. TENS is used for the reset of pain et in 1.9 to 70% or I BOrtA. SALE PRICE E4.99 RE. S424
£179 ret BA A separate infra red tight is avaaabte at 00 re' sufferers Drug free pan reel. safe and easy louse can be used in FIBRE OPTIC CABLE BUMPER PACK 10 metres tar £4 93
8AR63 uicton with anaigesics e5. £49 Ref TEN/1 ref tiLACP13 ideal to expeamentersi 30m for E12 99 ret MAG13P1
WHITE N IG HT SIGHTS Exceeraprofessional right sohL sine COMPUTER RS232 TERMINALS. (LIBERTY)Exceeent MOOED GOODIES BOX OF
hand Relit w an cainceaged carrying case E325 1 years warranty _a :y modern [Link] wyse 50.$) Rh'''23.2 MN/notion keys, 50
MIXED COMPONENTS WEIGHING 2 KILOS
MEGA AIR MOVERS 375 cubic feet per moil. 240v 200 war 38.400 baud menu driven pat screen. cursor. and keytoard
o menus (18 menu's) NOVA YOURS FOR JUST E6.99
2920 rpm. reversable. 7'x7' UK made. new. Aluminum. current
'price about £180 ours? £290 ref SARIS RUSSIAN MONOCULARS Amazing 20 times magnacalon, 4X28 TELESCOPIC SIGHTS satarite for at ar noes ground
cored ienses. caning case and staatider strap /2925 REF BAR73 Lenses. gra: sit gathering properties £1995 re R17
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS Bargain prices,
PC PAL VGA TO TV CONVERTER Comers a colour TV into RATTLE BACKS Irterestng mange these sines piece or aced
16 character 2 line. 65x14mm £1.69 ref SM1612A posses we material that it you try bson it on me desk it orry sal rs
16 character 2 brie, 99x24mm £2.99 ref SM1623A bascVGAscreen Carole :ewer turtinpsuteardana siware_ Mee
lot laptops or a cheap upgrade. Suppled in tot lam for home oneway' in fact if you spin nthe 'wool way it steps olds own axord
20 character 2 line. 83x19rnm £3.99 ref SM2020A asserndy. SALE PRICE £25 REF SA34 and go's back Vie otner way. £1 99 ref GV-101
16 character 4 line. 62x25mm £599 ref SMC1640A EMERGENCY LIGHTING UNIT Cornotez unt wish 2 deutte GYROSCOPES [Link] a company
TAL-1 110MM NEWTONIAN REFLECTORTELESCOPE Dub ficccragtds. bur7Yin charger animates -wick Furey cased &PAH Mat sIM manufactures Mese popular weralc toys perfect git or for
Russian. Superb astronomical Scooe everythng you reedit( sone lead acid refit (secondhana) £4 ref W1G4P1I educational use etc. ES ret EP70
sericas star gazing up to 169x magmas:Vain Send oria4 tortulther SWINGFIRE GUIDED MISSILE WIRE. 4.200 metre reel of HYPOTHERMIA SPACE BLANKET 215i150crn afranirUsel
Cleats M49 ret TAL-t LEra trio 4 oweinsulaled cable. Mb:streaking Wan less than 1mm foi taa rise, refuels =rattan 90% of Doily neat Aisosiallatle futile
GOT AN EXPENSIVE BIKE? You neeoorie Grow boCte alarms trick) Ideal deans, intercoms, orals houses en £13.99 ref EP5I constiudon cf two way mirrors, £399 each ref OfL041.
they ioo.c Ike a standard water bustle. out open the top. insert a hey ELECTRIC CAR WINDOW DE-ICERS Complete with cable. LENSTATIC RANGER COMPASS Ce feed ovule. strong
to au:irate a rrioton sensor alarm buil inside_ Fits at standard bole plug ex SALE PRICE JUST £4.99 REF SA28 metal case. laraeluanincus pen% See tne with magnifying ilea er
canters suppled with two keys SALE PRICE E7.99 REF 5A32 50rnin eta. 8671.E10 99 ref CVKE04.
ASTEC SWITCHEDMODE PSU swim Gives +5 (4 375A.
GOT AN EXPENSIVE ANYTHING? You need one of our e t 26i1 5A_ -12a4A. 230/110. cased. 84141012 E5.99 retAUG6P3. RECHARGE ORDINARY BATTERIES UP TO 10 TM ES!
cased vitnation Warms keysivitcri operated hay cased just tt rt Won me Eatery Waaral Uses the latest pease ware charge s)ste-
AUTO SU NCHARG ER 155x3C0rnm warpanewithdcdeand 3
any:Wino from videos to caravans. provides a years protect -on from to charge at pop uaar brands of ordinary patellas AAA. AA. C. O. le_-
metre lead ltien Era a cigar plug 12v 2wan E.8.99 REF Sk25
PP3 battery. UK made SALE PRICE £4.99 REF SA33 al atinel Ledsysternshoirsehentateras arecharged
DAMAGED ANSWER PHONES These are probably bajoird TOP QUALITY CENTRIFUGAL MAINS MOTORS SALE rejects unsuitable cats. complete win mains adaptor BS iproved
repair so just £4.99 each_ ST response 200 machines REF SABO PRICE2 FOR JUST E2.60 REF SA38 Price is £21.95 ret EP31.
COMMODORE GAMES CONSOLES Just a few of these left ECLAT RO ?I FLASH TUBE A5 [Link] in police car flashing tans TALKING WATCH Yes. itactiarly tees you the sine mire cress of
to dear at £5 ref SA31 Conallon unknown etc. fur spe: 6C-153 I asres a rri n £8.99 REF S415 a button Also features a vote alarm Mal wakes you up and hies you
COMPUTERDISCCLEAROUTwe are iertirith a lateen/tea re 24v AC 96WATT Casio power supply. New £999 REF SA40 what the lane's' Lei= cal included_ 099 ref EP2S
packathatneed clearings:Hie are setingatclisc value ore). 50 discs MILITARY SPECGEIGER COUNTERS Unused ansts.-ptitrn PHOTOGRAPHIC RADAR TRAPS CAN COST YOU
for £4. Chats just 8p eachli(our choice of ctscs) E4 ref EP85 Her maiesty's forces SALE PRICE £44 REF SA16 YOUR LICENCE! The new mittOand 2003 radar detect r can
IBM PS2 MODEL 160Z CASE AND POWER SUPPLY MICRODRIVE STRIPPERS Sera: cased tape drives Pear for prevent even thernostresponsible oldrivers from losing thericence
Comple5vrith fan etc and 200 raft power sixply £9.95 ref EP67 stripping Ws of Lisefa+ geodes inch.* iv a smart case, and lots of A4uslat4eaudbleatarrnit-4/18 flashing kids gives instant waning of
DELL PC POWER SUPPLIES 145 watt +5-5+12-12 conponents SALE PRICE JUST £4.99 FOR FIVE REF SAM radarzones. Detects X. Y. and Ka bands 3 mile range, 'over the
150x15Orx85mrn complete with switch kfeads and IEC socket SOLAR POWER LABSPECIAL You get rwo be 130-rurk 'aroundbends'andleartrapfacuites nicrosizefust425125lx_75'.
SALE PRICE £9.99 ref E1.55 sr:Woes. 4 LEDS. wire, buzzer. switch plus 1 reay or motor. Superb Can pay for ?self in just one day' 0995 ref EP3
1.44 DISC DRIVES Standard PC 35' dines but retuars so they value in SALE PRICE JUST E4.99 REF SAW SANYO NICAD PACKS 120inmilanm 4 Ek 270 mall subtle
need ar, SALE PRICE E499 ref EP69 RGEt/CGAIEGA/TTL COLOUR MONITORS 12* ,n good fa xrdess phones ato Pao< ca 2 just £5 ref EP78.
1.2 DISC DRIVES Standard 52z Mixes but returns so trey *a mincliton. Beat anocVsed mew case_ SALE PRICE £49 REF SA16 3" DISCS As used on order Arnstrao machnes. Spectrum usl; s
reed atte,:cn SALE PRICE E4.99 ref EP69 PLUG IN ACORN PSU 19v AC 14w . £299 REF MAG3P 10 etc each ref BAR403
PP3 N ICA DS Unused but some storage marks £499 ref E3.52 POWER SUPPLY fury cased with mains and cup leads 17v DC STEREO MICROSOPES BACK IN STOCK Russan 2.02.
SCOnA output Bargain pace £599 ref MAG6P9 complete with lenses rghts fres etc ec very comprenensive
DELL PC POWER SUPPLIES (Customer returns) Standard
microscope Mat *rhea °climax, be around the E700 mark our price
PC awls complete with by leads case and fan. pack of two psus ACORN ARCH NEDES PSU r v Q 4.4.k orthil sw uncased,
is rustE299 (fut money beck guarantee) ti.A dew% in catalogue Ref
SALE PRICE ES FORTINO!! ref B.61 seectaN e mains 145.:103x45mm £3.99 REF MAG7P2
GAS HOBS ANDOVENStitano new gas apokances. pelted for *SOILS or OUR PRODUCTS SLAT BE GrnicMtietaISLZ LY 5145 Its SOLAR POWERED CAR VENTILATOR Sertly Its tiong tee
strait flats etc Basic 3 burner hob SALE PRICE E24.99 ref EP72 :co ct g- as; n a si-ve and provides a constant supply of
Basic small bull in oven SALE PRICE E79 ref EP73
BITS AND BOBS We rave a quanty of cased moderns.
mosp!exers esv dfierst specs
idea/ sappers. £4 each re ERB
BULL ELECTRICAL
254 PORTLAND ROAD, HOVE, SUSSEX .
lesn air m not sunny condlorsi keeps your car cool in wearer
£19 95 ref abut

RED EYE SECURITY PROTECTOR 1.020 watt outdccr FIR WE BUY SURPLUS STOCK FOR CASH
seci:r SALE PRICE E9.99 ref bPS? BX3 5QT. (ESTABLISHED 50 YEARS).
ENERGY BANK KIT 103 Tie 6v 11XknA panels 100 Modes
Con- detais etc £69 95 re EF112_
MAIL ORDER TERMS: CASH, PO. QR CHEQUE FREE CATALOGUE
PASTEL ACCOUNTS SOFTWARE, does everything Ice a
WITH ORDER 'S £3 P&P PLUS VAT.
11E-! IVERVFHCE
sizes cf businesses. includes wordprocessor, report ante:
tE '
,If_s
100 PAGE CATALOGUE NOW
windowing new eatable up to 10 stations, mutipte cash books etc
203 page core reherisive manual 90 days free technical suppcn AVAILABLE. 45P STAMP OR FREE
(i0345-2.26299 try before you buyi) Current retail price 5 E129. 01273 203500) WITH ORDER.
SALE PRICE £995 re SA12 SAVE Man
FAX 01273 3234)77

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996

 53

INTERNATIONAL CIRCUIT DESIGN

COMPETITION RESULTS
Last month we published Results Overview
the design that won the
International First Prize, a Prize Winner Design
Tekscope THS720.
This month we continue 1st, Int. L Larnesch 50 MHz 16/32 -bit logic analyser
the success story of our
International Circuit Design
Competition (July/August UK advertiser sponsored prizes:
1995) with a 16 -page sup- 1st C. John Dakin A low-cost wind powered battery charger
plement which contains a 2nd Sami Karhulahtie Simple stepper motor control
selection of prize winning 3rd Jankjijewic Ninoslav 8 -bit logic analyser for PC parallel port
designs submitted to the 4th (1) P.J. McGrath Po,.ver reduction in domestic refrigeration
German (G), Dutch (NL), appliances
French (F) and English (UK) 4th (2) Robert Kiss Eight channels timer
language editions of Elektor 4th (3) Pawel Rosiak Universal clock oscilator unit
magazine. It is our intention 4th (4) Robert Postula Low-cost packet radio modem
to publish. in random order. 5th Tapio Tyni Measure 20log(U1/U2) with an ordinary DVM
the Top -3 winning designs 6th Christian de Godzinsky Telephone intercom system
from each language edition. 7th Gary Taylor Garage door / driveway gate controller
giving a total of 12 circuits. 8th Hans Henrik Skovgaard Parallel I/O interface
in two instalments of 16 9th Jose M. Miguel Active probe for Pico ADC -10
pages each.
Designs are published 'as 10th (1) P. M. R. dos Reis Metelo Car light alarm
is'. Le., with only minor edi- 10th (2) Erik Larsen Small remote camera & flash releasing gear
torial corrections to the text. 10th (3) Zdzislaw Kaszta One -IC metal detector
Please note that none of 10th (4) D. Nelson Water level monitor
the published circuits have 10th (5) Sved Martinsson Car battery control
been tested by ourselves.

3rd Prize
EIGHT -BIT LOGIC ANALYSER (UK)

a 28 -pin 300 -mil plastic DIP lected with four bits named
For PC Parallel Port case. Important features for A. B, C and D. With these
this project are: a 512x8 bit four bits the desired sam-
memory array structure. 15- pling rate is selected as
ns read/write cycle time (66 - shown in Table 1. A pro-
An 8 -hit 50 -MHz on PC parallel port Logic Analyser for MHz clock), and dual ports grammable counter con-
home application is always a useful tool for small for input and output data. I tained in the PAL can divide
digital projects, especially in field pP applications. decided to use this chip one of three input frequen-
(with 25 ns cycle time) for cies by 1, 10. 100 or 1000.
Eight bits with two triggers, 512 bytes and a maximum my application. The trigger section is also
sample rate of 50 MHz are good specifications for To tackle another prob- based on a PAL, and uses
hobby users. Low power and portability are also
lem, the triggering and time two direct signals from input
base. I selected a PAL from ch0 and chl. With four bits
important if you want to use this tool with a laptop Altera. type EP910. The time EO. TO. El and Ti we can
computer on the road. Optionally, you may use one 6 - base is built from a 2-5-10 select the trigger edge polar-
dual decade counter ity. Table 2 gives an
bit flash A/D converter at the input and so obtain a 74HC390 which produces overview of these settings.
combination of one analogue and two digital inputs. three output frequencies, Register 1 (CD4094) is
20 MHz. 8 MHz and 4 MHz. used to set all eight bits and
In the block diagram. select the mode of operation
Fig I, the signal from the for the Logic Analyser. To
By Jankijewic Ninoslav, el. ing. XTAL oscillator (40 MHz) read data from FIFO mem-
goes to the decade counter ory. a MUX (74HC157) is
and a selector which used with a control input (1,
My first idea was to make a sible. I had one sample of a switches the programmable low/high) to select and read
logic analyser with a very CMOS FIFO from IDT clock or the maximum clock four low or four high bits of
small number of compo- (Integrated Device Techno- from the XTAL generator. data.
nents, and as simple as pos- logy. Inc.) type IDT72210 in Programmable clock is se - The procedure to start
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
4_,Unifitt,COMPETITIONAMINNERS
Table 1
.4014

OSC 40MHz
A BCD RATE
Cu 20N
1.3
X SN 0 0 0 0 40 MHz
z
CI 414 0 0 0
D 1 20 MHz
0- LI
1 1 1 A 0 1 0 0 8 MHz
B 1 1 0 0 4 MHz
Clock Logic STROBE 1 0 1 0 2 MHZ
0. OUT DATA
CLOCK 0 1 1 0 800 KHz
CO O 1 1 1 0 400 KHz
IO
0.
F Ll 1 0 0 1 200 KHz
Tl
0 1 0 1 80 KHz
PAL
READ ENABLE 1 1 0 1 40 KHz
Clock Te FIFO FULL 1 0 1 1 20 KHz
RESET 0 1 1 1 B KHz
READ CLOCK 1 1 1 1 4 KHz
CHO cl Vcl RD FF Res Rd
-....<1...e__LOWHIGH DATA
a.
rt- -IP- INPUT DATA CHO/CH4
L
Clocked FIFO 512x8 x -le- INPUT DATA CHI/CH5
0. -IP-
-11.-
INPUT DATA CH2/CH6
ti INPUT DATA CH3/CH7

960301-11
CH7
Table 2.

Fig. 1. Logic analyser block diagram. El] TO El T1 action

0 x 0 A disable trigger
scanning the digital input. 250 mA at 40 -MHz sampling with a three -state buffer 1 0 x x +trigger ch0
read data and display it on rate. A 40 -MHz X1'0 and a (74HC125) which is also 1 1 x x -trigger 00
the PC screen is : buffer 74ACT04 are used for used for the trigger gate. x x 1 0 +trigger chi
the clock source. Digital Input signals are x x 1 1 -trigger ch1
1. Reset FIFO signal. RES=O. Frequency selection out- buffered by a standard
and reset FIFO read func- side of the PAL is achieved 74HC541 and then passed
tion. [Link]=1. At the same
time the trigger flipflop will
be reset.
2. Set trigger and time base
bits (Tables 1 and 2).
3. Reset FIFO signal. RES= 1. ("cc
4. Wait till FIFO Full Flag, TROK
FF=1. .11
5. Enable read FIFO func- COIF
_ILNORF
.Rec-81

tion, RD=1. . CH
211(7 .-1-43Pos-

6. Read all 512 bytes of data C141824

c42en TRA1101

HOT
(QO/Q7) in three steps: 0
MITP
O TRG834
a) output one read clock READ HOT
I 1)), 0 2
RCL: 'R0439
UDEe28
1 son.
b) read low data (4 bits from A OA
2
ON
NOT
J
C010
M UX): 8 OS .89
ANDS _0 .FF
c) read high data (4 bits C

E
OC
OD
SE
3S
Do LP 4 NORF

from MUX). F OF
5
7 ELKS
z
7. Display data on PC dis- I.- 14
G OG
OH
I 0
-13
play and go to step 1. 74139 -J OI
0.1
*Yce 1
. MX

The first three steps may be

controlled and programmed
-*I
I
oar/21570-=-.3
Ce4
2#
Y377
Y21J
71 --0
-L
-N
K

n
OK
OL
on
ON
00 11-)13
ANO2 :
5
Y
CrJTP
xLce3

in BASIC (I used Power iHP P OP

Basic). For the remaining CLK181

1-D
steps (4 through 7) it is best
to use assembler for fast o cLouTes
data updating. F .AB
. AJ COIF
2I1?CL2422

Hardware cLsete

CL 10419
is T .
OR2
.RA8
OUTP
The power supply may be an rip 0E833
external unregulated 9-V DC zits.
source. The board contains Ae37
1382 1
9E030142

a standard 7805 regulator

for a clean 5 V supply rail
Supply current is about Fig. 2. PAL EP910 internal schematic.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
 DESIGN COMPETITION WINNERS__ 55i
to two octal D -type flipflops
74HC574 which are clocked 0
at the same clock and oppo- 0
/ 16 IFTI ?40
site phase. When the main 15 19

trigger occurs, 22 /2
the FIFO C)
1,1
3
PAL
37 4 K1
25 DSUB
/5 2 5
input receives a one -clock 5 6
9._)

st
6

13
18
IIEP910 c
B
4 6
delayed signal which occurs 4
/10 D
17 0) 2
3
one clock before the trigger
action.
12
15

33 OE
0 E0 38
TO 36
714

13
O 3
3X1K
XL E1 35 12
The printed board is a sin- Ch 1 Ch2 TRG WOE RD T1
11
gle -sided home-made proa- 4 18

uct with seven jumpers at 8 OSC 12 0 241 23 34 28 39 120 19

the top side and one jumper 1.7 1

3K3
(j4) at the bottom side. If you 12
® ® 10 ® ®
-
16
use double -sided board it is 1K .31

.5>H>Ti>13
1

recommended to use the top 0

side for a ground plane. 23 24 11 10 221
There are no direct connec- 2
IO
18 2
20?
19 2 26 07
WCL. WEN RD CE T16
tions between the computer k CH7/s, 19
07
21 10

and critical components like 6 CH6> 3

17 3 18 3
11
27 D6 4O06 20 13
9
16 4 17 4 28
the FIFO and the PAL. To CH5>
s,
4
5 15 5 16 5
17

16 4
C. 05 19 5
-,_r-mod 10
FIE0 04 18 11
separate signals like Read 110 CH41

Enable. Fifo Reset. Read 112 CH3> 6

,r)
T
4 6 Lc)
0
15

14
6

7
In 15
14
3
D2
IDT72210
03 17
16
- -1=1-M19
11
12

114 CH2> 3 13
Clock and Fifo Full Flag from 32 8
N.
3 13
DS 02
15 14 441k
the computer a darlington 116 CH1>

It 8 CHO
3
11 9 12 9 5
04
DO
01
00 14 2
transistor array type 9

10111 GNO RC1. RES FT

ULN2003 is used. Each col- 8x47k 019 11 1 81 151R N2

RH I al 9 25 13
3k3
lector has a load resistor of -C1-2, 1K
15
3k3(RN2). There are no criti-
IM
cal parts except the blank f2 ax) > OPTIONAL (ix)
If() 14

PAL which must be pro- /19 ONO -

3 = 74ACT04
2 = 74HC125 \ 10 7
grammed with a special PAL t20 GND>-
6 = ULN2903
programmer. A PAL from 960301.13
INTEL. series EPLD type
85C090-20. may also be Fig. 3. Circuit diagram of the Logic Analyser.

000000000E2
000000000 r
1
L 0 0 3

*gar
L.
J _
N r1 .-
-
00000000000 R(000000000) L-, 0
.0 4.-
+ 000000000 0) El c, 0
0
101
,...
0\\._o

_ 0000000000 9
-0 N\\%\ 0000000000
I

ix
\,:,
00 0 0 0lO1
? 1
00000000 O

. .% o o o o o o o o o o) d
o 0 o o o o o o o 0 r- 0
0-0-
0 0
o co
0
0
o
0
Pi
0 o o o o 3
LI01 ,-1 0 0 0 0
-* 00000000008 0 0 0 o S.
,c(rceo0. ..
0
0 0
o o
0
0
0
0
0

^0
0 a \-' o o a o 0
/I- j 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 4. 0
0

0
0
0 ,-'- 0
0 ry 0
00
0

-
S
0
0
0
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VA'
0
0
0
0,0
o

0
o

0
6
0
0
0
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01-0
000
0 0
0
0
0

Y.
0 0
ri 0 8 0 0 0
,
0 0
0-- -0 0A_ 0 00 0
0 0_,_0
o
--0 0

S:
O o co)
0 0
o CV

el(cr: 0 0 0-{ cc Fo Z
0-; : ito 00000000
0
(0000000E2)00
o o o o o 00 00000000 00000000
CG

931
0 901 L01

j
11:( .:2 r1)oo 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 9-.,,13 0 0 0 o 0 o 0 00000000
cr_00 0_
171>< cH c4 1-0
,.../0
UY a° ce°3 c)-( r I-0 U

ec-%1 0 0 0 0 0 00Lc\\' 000000000000E1

i

000000000000
Samim,[Link] Is o oct

Fig. 4. PCB copper track layout and component mounting plan.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
56 DESIGN COMPETITION WINNERS

Table 3.
Components list
LPT1 pin signal port address function name
CX1,CX2,CX3,CX4 0.10
All R 141
1 STROBE out 37A bit 0 read clock for FIFO RCL
RN1 47ki1 network
2 DATAO out 378 bit 0 strobe for Register 1 STR
RN2 3413 network
3 DATA1 out 378 bit 1 Data for Register 1 DOW - C1 10pF tantalum
4 DATA2 out 378 bit 2 clock for Register 1 CL C2 33pF tantalum
5-8 DATA3-6 out 378 bit 3-6 not used 1N4002
9 DATA? . out 378 bit 7 select L/H data LOW/HIGH IC1
IC2
74HC541
74HC125
10 ACK in 379 bit 6 data input bit 317 03/07
IC3 74ACT04
11 BUSY in 379 bit 7 data input bit 2/6 Q2106
IC4 IDT72210.25
12 PE in 379 bit 5 data input bit 1/5 01/05
(clocked FIFO)
13 SEL in 379 bit 4 data input bit 0/4 00/04 IC5 74HC157
14 AFD out 37A bit 1 reset FIFO RES IC6 ULN2003
15 ERR in 379 bit 3 read FIFO Full Flag FF IC7 CD4094
16 INI out 37A bit 2 read enable for FIFO RD -OE IC8 EP910-25T (EPLD
17 SLC out 37A bit 3 not used PAL 40 -pin)
18-25
IC9 74E090
GND ground GND
1C10,1C11 74HC574
XTAL 40MHz. IC12 (M.
oscillator)
uA7805 IC13
D25 -SUB -90° K1
used here. The PAL's internal formed in Power Basic. The Analyser. The assembly code 20P-90° K2
diagram is given in Fig 2. test program was based on driver is linked with the
the information contained in BASIC program. and is used Programming files for this project
Software Table 3. for fast reading of the FIFO available on disk, see Readers
The final software is di- buffer, and displaying data Services page (p. 70).
Before started to write a vided in two parts. The main on the screen.
I (96030 1 )
driver in assembler. all program. written in BASIC.
hardware test were per- sets all modes for the Logic

A LOW COST WIND GENERATOR 1st Prize -

((1K)

BATTERY CHARGER
Small wind powered generators are useful devices for is 3 V. IC1b detects when The converter looks like a
the current rises to 10.4 A. resistor. Rin. of 0.57 ii to the
people dependent on battery power, such as and 'Cie detects when it generator. The outputs of
caravaners and yachtsmen. Commercial products are falls to 0.9 A. Both current IC1b and [Cie reset and set
expensive. The smallest models cost over £250. A levels are defined by the respectively the bistable
voltages from Rle. R3 and formed by the two NAND
generator giving up to 30 watts output can be made R4. and are proportional to gates 1C2b and lC2c. The set
using a permanent magnet radiator fan motor,
obtainable from a car breaker, costing about £5, a DC -
DC converter, described here, costing less than £15,
and an 800 -mm diameter wooden propeller described 30
0
by Mr. Piggott in Ref. 1. lit

20
Design by C. John Dakin
15 lsooRpAl
The DC -DC converter is nec- switch. T2. Each time T2 10 250
essau-y because the voltage the current
switches off,
output of the motor when which has built up in LI
used as a generator is much during the 180 vs T1 was
less than 12 V. the common- on. is steered into the bat- 0
est battery voltage. tery. BI. by D2. The current DO 02 0A as as ID 1.2
As shown by the circuit in LI is sensed by R11, a 10- Load Resistance. Ohms.
diagram in Fig. 2. the con- mcI resistor, and two voltage
verter uses an inductor. Ll. comparators. IC1b and IC lc
and a power MOSFET When the input voltage. V. Fig. la. Typical 12V car radiator fan motor power output power.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
 4a to 0 V. Ti's output drives the Ferroxcube core. A 0.6 -mm
six inverters of 1C3. 1C3 dri- air gap is put in the mag-
ves the gate of T2. which has netic circuit of the core
an input capacitance of using pieces of cardboard or
2 tiF. from 0 V to +12 V in other non-magnetic mater-
24 2 ps. ial. Each end of the winding
When Vi is rising from 0 V is connected to two pins of
2,s
to 2 V. ICIa's output stays the former. Sec the PCB lay-
C ts
low as pin 6 is above pin 7. out for the correct pins.
ICIb's and ICIc's outputs ZD 1. a BZY93C 16. 16-V.
to stay high as there is no cur- 20 -NV zener. should be fitted
rent through RI I. The if B1 may be disconnected at
bistable is forced to the reset any time. ZD1 will then limit
0
state by R5 and R6 holding the peak voltage at the drain
00 too '210 Asa pin 9 of IC2b low. When V1 of T2 to 17 V. ZD I requires a
WindspeecL MPH.
reaches 2 V. the output of suitable heatsink.
IC la goes high. the bistable Figure la shows the
is set and the first operating power output of a typical car
Fig. lb. Power output of the combined generator and converter cycle starts. Whenever Vi is fan motor when used as a
against wind speed. less than 2 V. Ti. IC3, C5 generator. The output is
and D2 draw only leakage maximum with a load of
current from the +12 V rail. about 0.4 fl. This equals the
pulse is via a third NAND parator. as long as VI is more The inductor in the circuit output resistance of the gen-
gate IC2a. the second input than 2 V. Setting the consists of 16 turns of 2 -mm erator. Rg. Because the con-
to which is held high by bistable switches T1 on and dia. enamelled copper wire verter losses increase as Rin
IC la. a third voltage corn- the collector falls from +12 V wound on an ETD39 decreases. Rin is set higher

IC1b Pin 14 "Reset" +307615u5

ICIc Pin 13 12uSq- +3U
+3U
IC2e Pin 4. "Set" OU
IC2c Pin 11

R
10k
+Ui

R0kIc
+U1 +Ui T2 Gate

T2 Drain
+12U

4-13V
7V1 190uS n
1 OU
IC1b Pin 8 and
63000, ICIc Pin 10 01J+ TeilJ

Wavecorins and voltage readings are 'shown Cor Ui=3V

R2
3k

+12U +12U +12U41-

+Ui +VI +V
+U
--71- C4
Rle "1-100nF
10k
RI Rld ]R7
1 10k 10k
-Uo
R10
Reset 6800
Etoimu 8
R8e
2200
n/c I --
T2

3300
R3
+01 +Ui
IC3a-c ,f,
R8b,c,jd, 8UZ11
220CD I-0
CS

3SUleF

T INT Cl
1 3.5,7, 2.4, 1.-s
- 81 120
ZDI
R5 9.11, 10,12.
11N 14 15 Battery -
(e7r2U 4 R9 being
C2e T1
13CSIT
3713 charged
R4
300
-Ut
I /P R6
Q,
2
4 47k
3
C2
C2d TOOnF
"IV

960307-14

Fig. 2. Circuit diagram of the wind -powered battery charger.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
--.:DESIGILCOMP,ETITIONVINNERS
than Rg for the best effi-
ciency of the combined gen-
r
600
ctceding edge
9 erator and converter. The
i
356 267 222 89 45 O ass
311 178 133 44 89 133 I 178 222 267 311
resistance of the connecting
Cut rm.:ay I I I
1 I
.1..._..._!............,L...10 2'? 2;2 18
cable between the generator
Trlill I Irg ecige, .--- 6 7
53 .

w53

and the converter must be

1

Trailing edge
a +a q
le 2 Cut essay 1
kept as low as possible.
-0.-41- of trailing edge.
(950307-1)
0.7 1.1 1.6 2.2 3-I S 7 11 22 22 11 7 5 3-1 2.2 1.6 1.1 0 -Is -

I.8 2.7
Cut aria
1.9 5.4 8 4-----Thickness-----!,8
Cut away
in
oi References:
3.66 4 6.7 6-7 5.8 4.9 4 3.6 2.7 1.8Z
1. Scrapyard Windmill
Thickness
OP
Materiel Guenter say., Oregon Pine cr Pitch Pine
Finish 4-5 coots o, Polyurethane [Link]
Realities Building
iffinfifill 111101 Tools Collipers.5a,.nallot,Chosel,C,o,tniFe,Spoeeana,...5a,dosper Windmills with Recycled
Fit the propeller so that the c,r-ves side on le -e tisdca .a.c r4m4rnd
[Link] sewn C Shope bottoe feces
to an eel-cc...el section All disensions are .n noilieetres Parts by Hugh Piggott.
Published by The Centre for
Alternative Technology.
Machvnlleth. Powys. Wales
Fig. 3. Design of an 800 -mm propeller suitable for a typical fan motor. The reader is recommended to SY20 9AZ. Telephone:
read Mr. Piggott's excellent paper, Ref. 1. for full details of propeller design and construction. (01654) 702400.

COMPONENTS LIST

Resistors:
R1a-g 10k1/ SIL array
R2 3416
R3 3300
R4 3052
Copper Pattern viewed From Solder Bide. R5 18kfl
960307 -ELI R6 47kf/
R7 lokn
R8a-g 22052 SIL array
R9 3101.13
Bolt heatsink to PCB R10 680f2
RB
2eS "x1-5 - S G
R11 0.01Q (Farnell 148-
Heatsonk i.1T2 (:) 724)
R12 6f18
-L- It:3 --I RI01- (all single resistors metal film)
-r
Ce
1

-L1-
Capacitors:
C1 10mF 16V
02 bolted to heatsink
and PCB belou LI C2.C3,C4 100nF
t31 C5 lmF 50V
02
Inductor:
0.9"xlS" Heatslnk Ll 3C8 core, former
clip. ec wire 14SWG (2mm). Maplin
order codes: JR81C, JR82D, JR83E.
4.1
+Ui BL16S.

-I e2 11,11
Semiconductors:
Rli T1 BC547

-01-- -1215,- U0+

0 T2
D1
BUZ11
1N4148
02 BYW80-150
IC1 LM339
1C2 HCF4093
PCB Component Mounting Plan. 1C3 HCF4049
ZD1 BZY93C16
Fig. 4. PCB layout for the battery charger.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996

 DESIGN COMPITITION. WINNERS, 11-
I REMOTE MONITOR FOR CENTRAL -:2nd Prize
(F) ".1
HEATING SYSTEMS
WITH SECURITY ALARM proper functioning of the regards the alphanumerical
various sub -units of the characters which appear on
boiler, and will sound an au- the display (edit the micro -
dible alarm (by means of a controller ROM contents), or
This circuit allows the proper functioning of different buzzer) whenever a fault oc- as regards the voltage levels
elements of a fuel burning central heating (CH) system curs (burner switched to at the inputs.
to he monitored. An alphanumerical display is used at safety mode).
The display indicates Hardware
a convenient location to display useful data, while a whether the CH system op-
buzzer sounds when a problem occurs with the CH erates in standby -mode Because the circuit can work
system (burner switched to protection). (overnight, or when no heat- from a.c. as well as d.c. volt-
ing is required). or when the age sources. there are few
accelerator pump is on. It constraints as regards the
also indicates whether the power supply of the circuit.
Design by Bernard Leclerc burner is on. or waiting for You may use either a mains
'cold' return water (i.e., hav- transformer or a suitably
ing a temperature below the rated mains adaptor. All in-
In many houses, the central monitor presented here uses desired temperature), in puts are electrically isolated
heating boiler/burner is a minimum of connections. which case it will switch on by means of opto-isolators.
mounted in the attic, or in yet enables you to check the again. Each safety action of which the internal LEDs
another place which is not current state of the heating which has to do with burner are powered via a resistor
easily accessible. In case of a system at any time. is immediately signalled by and a capacitor. which is
breakdown, or lack of fuel. The circuit is fitted at a the display and a buzzer, by discharged by a diode. The
you will not notice that there discrete, but easily accessi- means of a pulsed sound. logic information supplied
is a problem until the tem- ble. location within the nor- The circuit may be modi- by the opto-isolators con-
perature starts to drop ap- mally inhabited space in the fied to suit other applica- sists of active low levels,
preciably. The CH system house. It will indicate the tions, for instance, as which are read by the con -

RSIL1
22k

R2 CF,i235g292
10k VCC
3 488-71 L RE,(2R5UEEEl
U1
VPP PAO 20 Ral1 VCC
2 -I- C3 PA1 1k
47pF 47pF INT 2
PA2
EXTAL PA3
XTAL PA4
25
TIN PAS 28
PAB 7
FIST PA7
-014-2
PBO R8
FBI R7
PCO FB2 R8
PC1 P33 14 R5
10 PC2 FB4
1
R4 U2
IN4146 PC3 FES R3
PB6 R2 Lm7805
P87 RI VI VO
uF/63v 138705P3 C
10k
C4

CE
R5

0.1/63V
RICK
VCC AC
VCC 6a12v >
Opto2 R1EK/IN Opto RIEK/1W

871
BUZZER

G1
2N2222

Fig. 1. The circuit of the central heating system monitor is considerably simplified by a microcontroller. Here. a Motorola 68705P3 is used.
Translations: security = safety: bruleur = burner: acceterateur = accelerator.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
 60 DESIGN COMPETITION WINNERS

COMPONENTS LIST
P Resistors:
R1 = 8 -way SIL array 22 kit
R2 = 8 -way SIL array 10 K2
R3.R4,R5 =154t 1W
R6 = 12k11
Rail = 1kit preset

Capacitors:
C1 = 1pF 63V
C2,C3 = 47pF
C4 = 1000pF
C5 = 100nF 63V
C6 -C8 = 100nF 400V

Semiconductors:
D1 = 1N4148
D2 = bridge rectifier
D3.134,05 = 1N4001
D1 = 2N2222
Opto1.0pto2.0p1o3 = 4N25
U1 = 68705P3 (programmed)'
U2 = LM7805

Miscellaneous:
Y1 = quartz crystal 1MHz
B21 = buzzer

Programming files for this project

available on disk, see page 70.

trot software.
The alarm output occu-
95030E -ELI pies one line of the other half
of port B. split into
inputs/outputs, and drives
a transistor which supplies
ra
SS the required current for the
buzzer. The other ports are
programmed to output
mode, and deliver the LC
0 MI display signals: eight -bit
data (Data, port A);
-C - data/command selection
(port C); and data strobe
^ T3
(port C).
The contrast of the LCD
module is adjusted by a pre-
set (the multiturn cermet is
not obligatory). The system
clock is derived from a
quartz crystal, Yl. Although
the clock will also function if
the crystal is replaced by a
resistor or a wire link, the
timing accuracy will drop
unless you modify the MOR
1
in software. The reset pulse
is supplied automatically by
capacitor C 1 when the sys-
tem is switched on. Diode
D l enables any voltage
higher than the supply volt-
043 age to be shunted away into
the power supply.

Printed circuit
950308-ES1 board
The circuit board is single -
Fig. 2. Component mounting plan and track layout for the PCB designed for the central heating monitor. sided. It has only seven wire
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
 ,DESIGN_COMPETITION WINNERS._
links, and accommodates all
parts except the power Sl1B01009CA6FFB704A6F0B705A6OFB7063F003F023F013F02A630B795
transformer. That gives you Sl1B011800AD6EA6OCB700AD68A606B700AD623F101102A680CDO1A1C9
a wide choice of power sup- S11B0130A601B700AD531002A620B700AD4BA620B700AD45A645B700BD
plies which may be used S11B0148AD3FA66EB700AD39A620B700AD33A656B700AD2DA665B70052
with the circuit. Most holes Sl1B0160AD27A669B700AD21A66C8700AD1BA66CB700AD15A665B7003D
arc drilled at a diameter of Sl1B0178ADOFA621B700ADO9A621B700ADO3CCO1A5A610CDO1A11202A2
0.8 mm. Not so for the input Sl1B01901A01A640CDO1A11B011302A610CDO1A1814A26FD8107012AEC
connector, the voltage regu- Sl1B01A805012A03012A01012D1A01A6AFB7114A26FDB6114A26F61BC1
lator, the smoothing capaci- S11801C001B6104CB710A605B1102703CCO1A5CC0127CCO1E4CCO2626C
tor and the buzzer. however. S11801D8010106CCO2F6CC041CCC037B3F101102A680CD025EA601B7F6
which require 1.5 -mm dia. S11B01F000CD02461002A6208700CD0246A620B700CD0246A641B7000A
holes. S11B0208CD0246A66CB700CD0246A66CB700CD0246A675B700CD024622
The connectors for the S11B0220A66DB700CD0246A661B700CD0246A667B700CD0246A665B775
input information and the Sl1B023800CD0246A621B700CD0246CCO4A1A610CD025E12021A01A6D9
supply voltage are PCB S11B025040CD025E1B011302A610CD025E814A26FD813F101102A6801A
mount screw -type terminal S11B0268CDO2CEA601B700CDO2B61002A620B700CDO2B6A620B700CD9C
blocks for a reliable connec- S11B028002B6A644B700CD02B6A645B700CD02B6A646B700CD02B6A68F
tion to the various cables. To S11B029841B700CD02B6A655B700CD02B6A654B700CD02B6A621B700E2
enable it to be mounted Sl1B02B0CD02B6CCO2D2A610CDO2CE12021A01A640CDO2CE1B011302D7
higher than the other com- Sl1B02C8A610CDO2CE814A26FD811801AD071901ADO3CCO2D2AE02CCA5
ponents. the display is con- Sl1B02E002E2A6FFB7121A014A26FBB6121B014A26F25A26ED813F10A7
nected via a couple of Sl1B02F81102A680CD0377A6018700CD035F1002A620B700CD035FA679
stacked turned -pin sockets. S11B031042B700CD035FA672B700CD035FA675B700CD035FA66CB700E1
A pinheader is then carefully S11B0328CD035FA6653700CD035FA675B700CD035FA672B700CD035F9A
soldered directly to the LCD S1180340A620B700CD035FA64FB700CD035FA64BB700CD035FA621B7C5
connections. and inserted S118035800CD035FCCO4A1A610CD037712021A01A640CD03771B011361
into the top socket. S11B037002A610CD0377814A26FD813F101102A680CD0418A601B70034
It is recommended to fas- S11B0388CD04001002A620B700CD0400A642B700CD0400A6728700CD1C
ten the supply reservoir ca- S11B03A00400A675B700CD0400A66CB700CD0400A665B700CD0400A6C7
pacitor on the board by S11B03B875B700CD0400A672B700CD0400A620B700CD0400A62138700B6
means of a nylon strap. The S11B03DOCD0400A620B700CD0400A650B700CD0400A66FB700CD0400D7
current consumption of the S11B03E8A66DB700CD0400A670B700CD0400A665B700CD0400CCO4A1BC
circuit is so low that a Sl1B0400A610CD041812021A01A640CD0418113011302A610CD041881F2
heatsink is not required on S11B04184A26FD813F101102A680CD049DA601B700CD04851002A62058
the voltage regulator. S11B0430B700CD0485A650B700CD0485A66FB700CD0485A66DB700CDE7
Observe the polarity of S11B04480485A6708700CD0485A665B700CD0485A620B700CD0485A65B
the diodes and electrolytic S11B046053B700CD0485A665B700CD0485A675B700CD0485A66CB70017
capacitors. and make sure S11B0478CD0485A665B700CD0485CC04A1A610CD049D12021A01A64050
the motherboard/display as- Sl1B0490CD049D1B011302A610CD049D814A26FD81AEO2CCO4A6A6FF53
sembly is sturdy. Sl1B04A8B7124A26FD1A01B6124A1B0126F25A26EDCCO1A5202020560C
S11B04C06572733A312E312030372D393520422E4C45434C4552432040
Software S10904D82020202020205A
S1040784016F
The control software con- S10507FE0100F4
sists basically of a classic S9030000FC
I/O line handler and a sec-
tion which sends characters
to the LCD. The texts which Fig. 4. Object code to be programmed into the 68705P3 controller.
appear are easily modified to
suit personal requirements.
allowing the circuit to be
modified quite easily for any sion of the first message. ing). except for the audible ticore cable.
other application which re- Next, routines are executed alarm subroutine. which The two screw terminals
quires system status and which define the permissible forms an endless loop. at the far right are con-
alarm messages. setup times of the various Next comes the 'version' nected to the supply voltage
Instructions to keep a signals. Then comes an message. and then the copy- (between 6 and 15 V a.c. or
watchdog asleep appear all input line scanning opera- right notice. At value 678,1, d.c. at about 10 VA). The
over the program. Note, how- tion in order of priority, fol- there is the programming input voltage may be sup-
ever. that no watchdog is im- lowed by a five times over byte of the chip: the MOR, plied by a transformer fitted
plemented in this version of verification of the logic state followed by the rest of the inside the case. a mains
the hardware. That is be- which should be different control program. adaptor. or it may be sup-
cause I had to limit myself to from the 0 V belonging with plied by the boiler's internal
30 components to meet the the non -used half -cycle in Connections power supply.
rules of the Competition. the sinusoidal wave at the The two terminals at the
The software starts by al- inputs. Return to the loop if The connection is made on far left should be connected
locating the ports and their nothing is detected. or jump the terminal strip of the con- to the panel strip in parallel
direction (I or 0). Next, the to the relevant subroutine trol panel. where the thee with the burner motor.
memories are configured. for the message to be writ- 'signals' required for the The two remaining termi-
and the ports are cleared. ten. The subroutine com- monitor are tapped and sent nals are connected to the same
Then follows the display ini- pleted. always return to the to the remote monitoring panel. to the points marked
tialisation and the transmis- main program (input read- unit by a suitably rated mul- 'fault'. 'error' or similar.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
62 DESIGN COMPETITION WINNERS
For reasons of security using a simple editor: that is The Competition version of Conclusion
(risk of shunting, or return the reason which prompted the circuit contains less than
currents via other termi- me to equip various subrou- 30 components. For my own Although the application of
nals). it is best not to use a tines with this property. use. I made a version which is the circuit is neither dedi-
common wire. Instead. use The input voltages may be slightly more complex: it has cated nor restricted, the
two wires for each signal to adapted to suit another ap- four inputs and a watchdog. monitor is relatively inex-
be fed to the remote [Link]. simply by shorting The fourth input is connected pensive. based on easily
out C6 and C8 if direct volt- to the ignition transformer. found components. and
Options ages are applied, or by These additions bring the easy to build. (950308)
changing resistors R3. R4 number of parts to 38. which
Obviously it is possible tio and R5 to limit the input is more than allowed by the
modify the display messages current to 15 mA. Competition rules.

SIMPLE STEPPER MOTOR

' .

(UK)

CONTROLLER 4,

The main feature of the circuit is that it is very easy to switches Si and S2. When torque is about 2 times
S3 (ENA) is set to low, every higher than in half-step
construct. In addition, it has a very low price and is output 05-08 goes low so mode. though in the half-
based on easily obtainable components. Suitable that the driver transistors all step mode the step resolu-
motors can be salvaged, for example, from old 5.25" switch to their off state. The tion is two times better.
internal state counter can The step sequence can be
floppy disk drives. The other components in my project also be reset by pulling up reversed by setting the DIR-
may be found in just about any junk box. By contrast, the RES line with switch S4. input high.
special controller chips are often not so easy to obtain In full -step mode. the motor The binary output table
or are pretty costly.

+7 24V
Design by Sami
Karhulahti
P1
A
+5V

TO
R2
So this simple controller is 7
the answer to this problem. 6
The prototype circuit was
used to control a small mir- TCGG
ror attached to a motor spin- c1 IC2
dle in a light effect unit. DI -4z= R10 01
The heart of the stepper
motor controller is a GAL +5V
16V8 chip, which contains A
the 8 -state counter and +5V
R9 Q2
combinatorial logic required A
S1-4 CI K
to control the driver transis- nip
II

C
tors. A timer chip (555) is re- HALF 3 C2
quired only to generate clock ENA 4 ib R8 Q3
RES 9
pulses and is not required if 6
04

the controller is connected. 7 14

R3-6
for example, to a computer's 8
17

07
13
I/O port. This is why the cir- 12
cuit can be adapted to many 11 ,. J9
purposes where simple and GAL16V8
cheap stepper motor con- IC1
trollers are needed.
The stepping speed can be
adjusted by means of poten-
tiometer P1 and changing
the value of C 1. while the di- 960303-11
rection of rotation or
full/half step mode can be
selected by small DIP Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the simple stepper motor controller.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996

 _DESIGN COMPETITION WINNERS
(RES=[Link]=[Link]=L) is
Full -step (13=L) Halt -step (13=H) given in a separate box. COMPONENTS LIST
Step 05 06 07 08 Step 05 06 07 08
1 H L H L 1 H L H L The circuit may be pow- Resistors:
2 H L L H 2 H L L L
ered from a suitable 7-24 R2 = 1kt? 0.25W
3 L H L H 3 H L L H
volt mains adaptor. Because R3-6 = 4141/7 0.25W

4 L H H L 4 L L L H
the controller itself draws R7-10 = 11(fr 0.25W
negligible current. the cur- P1 =1 M12 lirvlog potentiometer
1 H L H L 5 L H L H rent consumption of the
2 Capacitors:
H L L H 6 L H L L whole circuit depends C1,C3 = 10pF 10V electrolytic cap.
3 L H L H- 7 L H H L mainly on the motor type se- C2 = 10pF 50V electrolytic cap.
4 L H H L 8 L L H L lected. (950303)
Semiconductors:
IC1 = GAL16V8, programmed
([Link])'
IC2 = CA555
IC3 = 7805
01-4 = BC337
01-4 = 1f14001
0
0{0 +4'
as
Miscellaneous:
S1-4 = 4 -way DIP switch block
M = unipolar stepper motor 7-24V

' Programming files for this project

available on disk, see page 70.

JEDEC-file generated by amiGAL-Assembler V1.0 ; Simple steppermotor controller

(c)1992 by Johannes Schnell F. Hans -Peter Dusel
; Auth: Sami Karhulahti
;1912199403
;Unipolar StepperMotor Controller
;2 chip stepper2 GAL16V8(A)
;16V8A
;19.12.1994 CLK DIR H_F ENA RES ac nc nc nc GND
;Sami Karhulahti /OE T4 T3 T2 Tl nc C B A VCC

equations

GO* A := /A /RES
42F2194*OP20*F0* B := DIR A * B * /RES
L0224 11101111111110111111111111111111*
+ DIR /A /B * /RES
L0384 01011101111110111111111111111111*
L0416 01101110111110111111111111111111* + /DIR * /A * B * /RES
L0448 10101101111110111111111111111111* + /DIR A * /B * /RES
L0480 10011110111110111111111111111111* C t= DIR * /A * /B * /C * /RES
L0576 01101110111010111111111111111111* + DIR * A * C * /RES
L0608 01011111110110111111111111111111* + DIR * B * C * /RES
L0640 01111101110110111111111111111111*
+ /DIR * /B * C * /RES
L0672 10111110110110111111111111111111*
L0704 10101111110110111111111111111111* + /DIR * /A * C * /RES
L0736 10011101111110111111111111111111* + /DIR * A * B * /C * /RES
L1024 11111111111111111111111111111111 Tl = /A * H_F * ENA * /C
L1184 11100111011011111111111111111111* + H_F * /B * ENA * /C
L1216 11110110011011111111111111111111* + /H_F * IS ENA
L1248 11111010011111111111111111111111* [Link] = vcc
L1260 11111111111111111111111111111111*
L1440 11100111010111111111111111111111*
L1472 11110110010111111111111111111111* T2 = /A * H_F * ENA * C
L1504 11111001011111111111111111111111* + H_F * /B RNA * C
L1536 11111111111111111111111111111111* + /H_F * B * ENA
L1664 11100110011011111111111111111111* [Link] = vcc
L1696 11101010011111111111111111111111*
L1728 11011001011111111111111111111111*
L1760 11110101010111111111111111111111* T3 = /A * H_F * /B * ENA /C
L1792 11111111111111111111111111111111* + /A * /H_F * /B * ENA
L1920 11100110010111111111111111111111* + A * /H_F B * ENA
L1952 11101001011111111111111111111111* + H_F * B * ENA * C
L1984 11011010011111111111111111111111* [Link] = vcc
L2016 11110101011011111111111111111111*
L2048 11111111001100010011100100110001*
L2080 00110010001110010011010000110000* T4 = /A H_F * /B * ENA * C
L2112 00110011000111110000000100001111* + /A * /H_F * B * ENA
L2144 00111111000000001000011110000111* + A /H_F * /B * ENA
L2176 100011111000111101* + H_F * B * ENA * /C
C73FE* [Link] = vcc
0000

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996

U
64 DESMEWIMEETITION WINNERS

TELLY -GUARD 1st Prize

(F)

It is generally known that young children soon develop do is insert the key in a spe- A clean 5-V supply volt-
cial reader, which then age is supplied by a voltage
a habit of watching TV far too long. Although most switches on the TV. The re- regulator consisting of T1,
parents would like to see them reading hooks or maining time is indicated by DI and Ul. The TV Is
playing Quietly, youngsteis will spend hours on end in an LED scale. When the end switched on and off via a
of the scale is reached, the relay. Kl. which is con-
front of the telly if nothing is done about it. time is up. and the TV is trolled via transistor T2. The
switched off without warn- use of a relay ensures a
ing. You, the responsible complete electrical isolation
parent, have a 'master key' of the circuit from the
which enables the user keys mains.
Design by Robert Lacoste to be 'charged' with a certainThe unit is operated by
number of time units. This three push -buttons. SW I.
master key also allows the SW2 and SW3. Four
rightful owner to watch as jumpers. i.1131-JP4, allow dif-
The simple circuit presented ing habits. Of course. the much TV as he/she likes! ferent modes of operation to
here provides an original so- Telly -Guard may be used for be selected, depending on
lution to the above educa- any other application where Circuit description how you would like the unit
tional problem. It allows you electronic time allotment is to function (see below under
to 'give a certain amount of required. The circuit diagram is very 'Practical use'). The 'remain-
TV viewing time to each simple indeed. and based on ing time' indicator is formed
youngster, who is free. in The principle an inexpensive microcon- by an array of ten LEDs (D4).
principle, to use up this time troller. the Motorola Don't worry, the meaning of
as he or she sees lit. After a Each little rascal has a per- MC68705P3. The entire cir- the LED bar is easily learned
short learning phase. you sonal 'key` which 'contains a cuit contains only 30 compo- and understood by children.
will notice (hopefully) that certain number of time nents. including the The unit has two more
the children are developing units. To be able to use the reader/controller and one LEDs. D5 indicates the
much more intelligent view- TV set, all he or she has to key. on/off status of the TV set.

.2111--1 GRAYSON CUT ASITAL

AL
22
s"
anus SW r:s A
aL
it *111001
ILA

sDN

JL Chas I

TOPS WCZTIMCI

L.1 Ai C1117 LA SOULS

1142.210,1
T "N` Of
COW 11.1111. *IA 11,1011.
rta2C.0
V

-C

PAM 1110-11.C. JAI JA -2 SP) Cs

TA ILA1111,10).
ON Cl CO
eN eal en
ON err en
Cl 0117 007
cc, 01.1 Cl
COI Cl Cer
err en 0.1
Orr err en
P. err
nr,..Ec...1,L,V11.001.3401 1/10
!,2 :r tact

560304.11

Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the Telly -Guard. Translations: terre = earth: moins = down: plus = up: creation clef maitre = create master key;
temps restant = remaining time: haut = high: bas = low: marche = on: mode maitre = master mode: clef (n fois) = key (n times).

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996

 .t

PESION, COMPETITIONININNERS5
,

0043101mc

960304.EL1

m MO
1- 0Ligq-
(
a-

R-10 (Y
tr
TELE o ._.-(-- I I

L.1) )
c_miJ (
CL

Oci

LL
_c
U
IY U -Oft

220l)
U-
CND
ru

960304.ES1

Fig. 2. Copper track layout and component mounting plan. Artwork produced with Layo1 E.

while D3 lights when a key is den button, SW3. The

inserted into the reader. In smaller board contains COMPONENTS LIST
order to limit the number of front -panel elements SW1.
input/output lines used for SW2 and the LEDs. The con- Resistors: D5 = LED. 5mm. green
the LEDs. they are multi- struction with the two sub - R1.R2,R3 = 10kc2 U1 = 0.17805
plexed under software con- R4 = 8 -way DIL resistor array. 2200 U2 = 68705P3 (programmed)'
boards allows the circuit to R5 = 8 -way SIL resistor array. 47ki2
trol. be fitted into a case with al- U3 = Nh.193C06
R6 = 11(52
To limit the cost of the most no wiring. Miscellaneous:
project. each key contains Start by fitting the wire Capacitors: TR1 = mains transformer 9V 5VA.
just one 'classic' EEPROM. a link, the IC sockets, and C1 = 220uF 16V X1 = quartz crystal 4MHz.
93C06 256x16 bit type, and then all other parts. Then C2 = 100uF 10V K1 = relay 9V 5A. 1 make contact,
two passive parts. connect the two boards via a C3 = 100nF 350-V rated.
few pieces of solid wire. Use C4 = 10F 10V SW1,SW2,SW3 = PCB mount push
C5 = 27pF button.
Construction a few drops of glue or epoxy
C6 = 6uF8 10V (tantalum) Fl = fuse 5 A.
potting compound to fix the P1 = 5 -way DIN socket, 45'. PCB
The printed circuit board de- boards in the case. Semiconductors: mount.
signed for the Telly -Guard is The construction of the T1,72 = 2N2907 P2 = 5 -way DIN socket. 45°.
single -sided and has only personal keys requires some T3 = BS170 JP1-JP4 = 2.54mm pitch jumper
one wire link. It consists of dexterity. The components D1 = bridge 1A 50V
two sections. which should that make up a key (U3, RI. D2 = 1N4002 Programming files for this project
be fitted at an angle of 90°. C6) are soldered 'in the air' D3 = LED 5mm orange available on disk, see page 70.
The larger sub -board holds inside a 5 -way DIN plug. D4 = 10 -LED bar, red
the main circuit and a hid- Although this construction
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
JP -DESIGN COMPETITION WINNERS

S1110100A680B704A6FFB705A6F7B706A600AB
JP1 JP2 JP2 Unit (h/min) Total time S111010EB71233713B714B716B717B718B71947
X X X 4 hours 40 hours S111011CB71AB71BB71CB71DB723A614B71527
X X 2 hours 20 hours s111012AA65013720A61413722A6FFB721A662DE
1 hour 10 hours
S1110138B7081F091D099ACC0142CC01459A53
X X
S11101469BA601B7233D1A270AA600B71ACDBF
X 30 minutes 5 hours S11101540281CC0145B621A1C7220AB621279B
X X 15 minutes 2 hours 30 min. S111016206CD0287CC0178B621A1EE2606CD8B
X 10 minutes 1 hour 40 min. s111017002B5CcO1E3cC01459A9BA602B7234D
X 5 minutes 50 minutes s111017E3D1A270DA600B71ACDO2AECD0281A0
1 minute 10 minutes S111018CCC01453621A100270AA1EE2706A149
S111019AFF27022006CDO2A5CCO1B3CD047cC4
S11101A82606CD0291CC0178CC01789A9BA654
S1100196048723B621A1EE2606CD02B5CC78
S11001C301E3B621A1C7220AB6212706CDOB
51013011300287CC0178CD047C2606CD0c
is not difficult. it does re- ing the 'hidden' push-but- S11101DBO2AEcC0145CCO1B39A9BA603B72318
quire accuracy and a little ton. SW3. A user key is S11101E93D19270DA600B719CDO2BECDO2CDDB
patience. Pay attention to made as follows: insert a S11001F7CCO2393621A1EE2706CDO2C4CCFE
proper isolation between the blank key. press SW3. and S11102040209CCO1E39A98A60513723cD047c26
S11102122606CDO2D6CC0145B621ALEE260665
parts and the metal screen- then SWI ('down'). This pro- 5111022 OCDO2B5CCO1E3B621A1sE270AA1FF61
ing of the plug (which is con- duces a fully charged user 5111022E2706CD02CDCCO239CCO2099A98A63C
nected to +5 V). key. If you leave this key in- S111023C06B723B621A1EE2706A1FP27022054
As with all mains -pow- serted in the reader. the sys- S110024A06CDO2C4CCO209CD047C2606CDED
5111025702D6CC01453D19270DA600B719CDDE
ered circuits, precautions tem starts to count down the 5111026502EFCD02CDCCO2393D18270DA600C4
should be taken to ensure time units until the load is S10F0273B718CDO2DFCDO2CDCCO239CC8F
electrical safety. In particu- switched off. 5111027F0239A6EECD0351811E00A601B7136D
lar. the circuit must be To charge a user key. first s111028DCD048381CD0483B621270C4AA1C77A
S111029132302A6C7B721CD035181A603371FBF
earthed, so that it remains insert the master key (D3 S11102A9A600B71E811F00A600B713811E0019
safe if the transformer or the lights). remove it. an then s11102B7A601B7131371481A6C7CD035181A6C3
relay breaks down. This pre- the user key. Next, adjust S11102C50AB71FA600B71E81A6051371FA60024
caution should always be the number of time units to S11102D3B71E811F00A600B713B71481B62111
S11102E1AB14A1C72302A6C7B721CD035181D8
observed. unless you are be given by means of push- S11102EFB621A0142A06A1C72302A600B72137
dealing with a double -iso- buttons SWI and SW2. S11002FDCD035181100299cD032cA680CDB4
lated device. which is diffi- Other keys are charged in S111030A0339CD0343B710CD0343B7111502D9
cult to produce by a the same way. The reader S11103181102B61143B1102608A1C72306A195
S1110326EE2702A6FF81240414022002150211
hobbyist. Here, the earthing switches to normal mode au- s11103341202130281AE0849CD032C5A26F999
is achieved by connecting tomatically if there is no S111034281AE0812020702004913025A26F582
the +5 V line to the earth pin push-button activity within S1110350813710100299C13032CA630CD0339CD
51110355150211029D9D9D100299CD032CA63F
of the mains plug. Although 10 seconds. S110036C40CD0339B610CD0339B61043CD92
the mains voltage is only Although the construction s11103790339150211029D9D9D10020702FD1D
present at some points at and use of the Telly -Guard S1110387110281010006A600371C2014361C4A
the rear side of the PCB. you should be within reach of S1110395A1FF270E3C1CB61CA1022506A6FFE4
S11103A3B719B71C030006A600B71B2014B63A
must always pull the mains most of you. getting children s11103B11BA1FF270E3C1BB61BA1022506A6AE
plug before doing any work to accept the principle of S11103BFFFB718B71B050006A600B71D2014D3
on the circuit. limited TV viewing time may S11103CDB61DA1FF270E3C1DB61DA10225067C
present some fierce prob- S11103DBA6FFB71AB71D8133173A152606A6DA
S11103E914B715331613612A114241F0C001CF1
Practical use lems initially. (960304) s11103F73D162704A600201413612BB12BB123A
S1110405BB1211B12BB12BB12Bal2BB12B3124A
Fit jumpers JP1. JP2 and Note: the software men- S11104133D172734A1652504A601205Ak151E6
S11104212504A6812052A13D2504A6C1204A2F
JP3 before vou switch on the tioned in this article is avail- S111042FA1292504A6E12042A1152504A6F169
circuit. These jumpers set able on floppy disk, see page S111043D203AA1012504A6F92032A6FD202EA6
the length of a time unit. The 70. S111044BA1B52504A60E201AA1A12504A61E03
total number of time units S11104592012A18D2504A63E200AA1792504B7
S1110467A6752002A6FE3D132702A4F73D1434
which can be charged is ten. 511104752702A4FB13701813D1526023D1F8114
The available options are S1110483B600444444A407A100260AA6D0B73C
shown in a separate box. 511104911FA602B71E205CA104260AA668B7A7
S111049F1FA601B71E204EA102260AA6B4B755
S11104AD1FA600B7152040A106260AA65AB785
Jumper JP4. if fitted. S11104BB1FA600137152032A101260AA62DB7E7
gives a 'magnifyMg' effect S11104C91FA600B7177024A105260AA61EB7F2
during the last time unit. s11104D71FA600B71132016A103260AA6OFB703
When the available time has S11104E51FA600871E2008A603B71FA600B767
S11104F31881A662B7081F0913610B7241361101
dropped to one tenth of the 6111050113725CD03E2CD038A3A202618A65072
total time. the LED scale is S111050FB7203D1E26043D1F270CB61FA00179
'magnified' by ten. and the S111051DB71FB61EA200B71E3A222613A6145C
display starts to flash. This S111052BB722CD0301C70021A1FF2602A600BE
S1110539C700120F0905A601Cc054D3624B764
function is disabled when S111054710B625B711809BC70010A6F2B701AD
JP4 is not fitted. Your S1110555CD0568C60010434848AA01B701CD81
choice! S11105630568CC0551A650B711A6FP4A26FD27
The circuit is adjustment - S10805713A1126F78198
610407840769
free. After taking it into use 510907F804F501000100Fc
for the first time. you should S10507FE0100F4
start by making the 'master S9030000FC
key'. This done by inserting Fig. 4. Object code to be loaded
a blank key. and then press - into the microcontroller.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
 __DESIGNCOMEEInioN WINNERS 67

SMARTCARD READER
This design answers the widespread interest in Centronics 9
applications involving smartcards. Chip -type O 1 connector -r
telephone cards and credit cards catch the fancy of 0 R3 05+ green
2 03
O 10I
many. Those of you thinking of fraud at this point need O
15
R2

not read any further, because that is not possible with

O
3

16
D1
7-1 01 I
Cl
DS
red
this design. The circuit is, however, suitable for many D1

other interesting applications, so don't throw away 0

0
17
02
H
D2
OH Smartcard
reader
those expired telephone cards!
O
C
5

18
03
H
D3

Design by P.H. Baars

O
6

19
D4

GND H
DV RI ++ yello...
'ICC

20
8 05
O 0 RESET
21

9 137
CLOCK
22
10 ACK
DATA
23
11 BUSY
0 0 SWITCH
24
O
GND

960310 - 11

are connected directly to the card is inserted. This switch

smartcard. The voltage is is also connected to the
stabilized to some extent by Centronics port.
electrolytic capacitor Cl. Having built the small
The smartcard connections board, you may check if it
Clock and Reset are inputs, work with the aid of the test
One application of the the green LED. databit 1 the wile Data is an output. program ([Link]). If this
smartcard reader could be red LED. and the yellow LED The smartcard reader test is passed, try
access protection to a pro- is connected to the power unit has a small internal '[Link]'. which reads
gram you have written your- supply. The other databits switch which checks if a and decodes the ATR string.
self. This means that any
user has to insert an autho-
rized smartcard before he or
she is allowed to use the
program. Similarly access
checking and logging is
within easy reach. Only a
handful of parts are needed
for experiments at home.
The present design allows.
for instance, telephone chip -
cards to be read. The infor-
mation read from such cards
consists of the serial num-
ber. production date/month,
and the remaining value.
The circuit diagram is so
simple that a description is
really superfluous. An exter-
nal power supply is not
needed because the supply
voltage is stolen from the
parallel port. Diodes D1
through D4 serve to prevent
short-circuits between the
databits. Databit 0 controls
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
68 DESIGN COMPETITION WINNERS

PCB Designers
For Windows 3.1, '95 or N
Runs on any PC nu rirg Vindows 31, Windoks 45 or
Wthicurs NT with a mintnurn 2MB RAM
WA work with arty WrKichts supported prtiter and mor 1:-

..0_125_1

Etezed IAA [Link] wow b_eip

,12.1 Eie f_dt

D rsti; 6-4 Internet

Visit our WWW site at [Link] for more information
+5 and a working demo. The demo is also available via anonymous FTP
from [Link] in the dir /[Link]/pcbdemo/ as
Looking for the price? [Link]. Internet e-mail orders@[Link].
It's just f49.00 all inclusive!
...no VAT...no postage...
...no additional charges for
overseas orders.
Dealers and distributors I Produce Single or Double sided PCBs.
ivanted I Print out to any Windows supported printer.
1 Toolbar for rapid access to commonly used
components.
I Helpful prompts on screen as you work.
I Pad, track & IC sizes fully customisable.
No charges for technical support.
Snap -to grid sizes 0.1", 0.05" 0.025" and
unrestricted.
CH 0 SMT pads and other pad shapes.
I Prints at the resolution of your printer - much
CH 1 12 12 hiciiher than the screen shot shown here.

Niche Software (UK)

22 Tavistock Drive, Belmont, Hereford, HR2 7XN. Phone (01432) 355 414 VISA

COMPONENTS LIST

R1,R2,R3 = 11(05
D1-04 =1N4148
SMART CARD CI = 10oF 16V radial
READER LED1 = 3mm dia.. yellow
LED2 = 3mm dia. red
LED3 = 3mm dia.. green
O
Con1 = Centronics socket. PCB
mount, angled pins.
Con2 = Smartcard reader unit.
1:11../ CLOCK
RESET
DATA
Available from eMedia GmbH,
Postfach 610106. D-30601
D2
. SY ONO OK Hannover. Germany. Price DM 12.
0/=- 0.
4. a
0.I.
40

4.
O
a
a
N -E -X -T M -O -N -T -H
iD-
c, another 16 -page section of
Elektor Electronics devoted to
prize-winning entries from our
0 International Circuit Design
Competition 1995.
A selection from the subjects:

The program is relatively The routine 'my_card' further experiments. you Microcontroller Switching
simple. There are various contains the registration can make it as intelligent Clock RICH
routines for the basic func- number of one of my own and attractive as you like. PC -Driven Battery Tester
tions (LED on/off. clock telephone cards. The num- (960310)
high/low-. etc.). The main ber may be replaced with 'Green power' for PCs
program first checks if a your own number. The green Note: the software men- Hybrid Headphones Amplifier
card is inserted ('switch'). If LED will light when this tioned in this article is avail- - Intelligent Motor Control for
so. data are read using the number matches that on the able on floppy disk. see page WC Models
ATR (see Ref. 1),and card. If the numbers are dif- 70.
checked. If this information ferent. the red LED lights. Reference: PWM Signal Generator
is okay. it is converted into The program is only in- 1. Chip Cards. Elektor Don't miss the February 1996 Issue!
legible text. tended as a starting point for Electronics April 1995.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
 Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers 75

Pico Releases PC
Potential
Pico's Virtual Instrumentation enable you to use your
computer as a variety of useful test and measurement
1152/m__--.

i 1
PicoScope
'Virtual
instrument'
software.

instruments or as an advanced data logger. Pond temperature

Hardware and software are supplied together as a package Arif-tesum.1-

/ k
- no more worries about incompatibility or complex set-up
procedures. Unlike traditional 'plug in' data acquisition cards,
they simply plug into the PC's parallel or serial port, making
PicoLog
Advanced data
them ideal for use with portable PC's. logging software.
Call for your Guide on 'Virtual Instrumentation'.

rNEW from Pico T C-08 Thermocouple to PC Converter

8 channel Thermocouple Interface
Connects to your serial port - no power supply required.
Supplied with PicoLog datalogging software
for advanced temperature processing, min'max detection and alarm
8 Thermocouple inputs (B.E.J.K.N,R.S and T types)
Resolution and accuracy dependant on thermocouple type.
For type K the resolution is better than 0.1=C .

TC-08 199
TC-08 + Calibration Certificate £ 224
complete with PicoLog. software drivers and connecting cable.
range of thermocouple probes is available.

r.5.44- 1 6 & 54,'4-32 Logic Analysers

Pocket sized 16/32 channel Logic Analysers Dual Channel 12 bit resolution
Connects to PC serial port. Digital Storage Scope
Up to 501'.1Hz sampling. Spectrum Analyser
Internal and external Frequency Meter
clock modes. Chart Recorder
8K Trace Buffer. Data Logger

/
Voltmeter
.54,1- 16 E 219 The ADC -100 offers both a high
sampling rate (100kHz) and a high
s fie
/ ,S,-Cdth software. . power349 resolution. It is ideal as a general
supply and cables purpose test instrument either in the
lab or in the field. Flexible input ranges
(±200mV to 20V) allows the unit to
connect directly to a wide variety of signals.
"412,e-100 with PicoScope £199
"nye- /0 with PicoScope & PicoLog £219
1 Channel 8 bit
Lowest cost in the Pico range The ADC -10 gives your computer a single channel of
Up to 22kHz sampling analog input. Simply plug into the parallel port.
0 -5V input range pilDe-- /0 with PicoScope £49
Carriage UK free. Overseas £9 Oscilloscope Probes ( x1. x10 1 £10 PicoScope & PicoLog £5_9A

=Pico Technology Ltd. Broadway House. 149-151 St Neots Rd, Hardwick, Cambridge. CB3 70J
Tel: (0)1954 - 211716 Fax: (0)1954 - 211880 E-mail: 100073.2365 @[Link]
Phone or FAX for sales, ordering information, data sheets, technical support. All prices exclusive of VAT

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996

76

PASSIVE -COMPONENT TESTER

(FOR USE WITH AN OSCILLOSCOPE)
There is a plethora of spect to that of the voltage
component testers on at the x input is the phase
the market. Most of these angle between voltage and
are far too expensive for the current. This is why an
average hobbyist or small amplifier is used to mea-
business. The cost of the sure the potential difference
present tester is low enough across Rm. This voltage is
to present no problems to a applied to the y -input.
small budget. It does, how- In Fig. 2. the sine wave
ever. require an oscillo- generator is formed by Wien
scope. bridge oscillator ICI. whose
Components may be di- output frequency can be set
videdinto passive and to 10 Hz. 100 Hz. 1 kHz or
active types. Active ones [Link] r 10 kHz with switch Si. The
comprise, for instance. oscillator is stabilized by T1,
transistors, diodes. opamps. a JFET Type BF256A (it
Resistors, capacitors, and MUST be an A version).
inductors, to name but a y- fa 0 to m_t When Si is set to a different
few, are passive types. The position to alter the
tester is particularly suit- A111.11.01111115P -
.... -
frequency. its 'c' section se-
able for testing passive lects a different value ca-
components. As far as I pacitor in the stabilizing
diodes and transistors are 131
stage. At the lowest
concerned, it can check the frequency. a 1 pF capacitor
p -n junction: for more de- When testing electronic components. it is not is used: at the highest
tailed tests. special test always necessary to gather detailed data on frequency. a 1 nF type.
gear is needed. all the properties Often, The output voltage of
The technology used is gleaning a few facts yields enough generator is applied to
simple: a sinusoidal voltage power operational amplifier
is applied to the component information. The tester described quickly (op amp) 1C2. which pro-
to be tested (c.o.t.) and the gives the user a good idea of various vides the current required
consequent current flowing properties of a component by the c.o.t. The level of the
through the c.o.t. is mea- output voltage depends on
sured. The applied voltage on the screen of an oscilloscope. the setting of S2 as shown
and resulting current are in Fig. 2.
applied to the x -y terminals From an idea by R. Veltkamp The generator needs to
of an oscilloscope (voltage be calibrated (with F1).
to x. current to y), which since the properties of two
gives a good indication of the state of the oscilloscope. BF256As can be very dissimilar
the c.o.t. In ideal resistors, voltage The potential across Rm is a mea- which may cause an appreciable
and current are in phase: in ideal ca- sure of the current flowing through spread of the output levels.
pacitors and inductors, they are the c.o.t. Moreover, its phase with re- The component to be tested is con-
shifted 90° with respect to nected to terminals c.o.t.
one another. The more the (component on test). The
c.o.t. differs from the ideal, voltage drop across the
the more the phase rela- c.o.t. during the test is ap-
tionship between voltage plied to voltage follower IC3a
and current will differ from via R26. Diodes D4 and D5
the ideal values. protect the non -inverting
input of the op amp against
Rm
Circuit description too high voltages. The out-
put voltage of IC3a is ap-
The block diagram of the plied to the x -input of the
tester is shown in Fig. 1. oscilloscope via R27, which
The test voltage, provided protects the input against
by a discrete sine wave gen- short-circuits.
erator, is buffered by an The current through the
amplifier and then applied c.o.t. is determined from
to the c.o.t. via test resistor - 11 the voltage drop across the
Rm. The voltage drop across relevant resistor selected
the c.o.t. is buffered by a with S3 from R23 -R25. which
second stage, after which it Fin. 1. Block schematic of the passive -component tester. The is measured by IC3b. Note
is applied to the x -input of various blocks remain compact in the actual design. that therefore the sensitiv-
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
 PASSIVE -COMPONENT TESTER 77
ity of the tester is set with S3. any assembly work is done, however. sufficient space to fit the on/off
The output potential of IC2 is ap- the power supply section must be cut switch. Mount the BNC sockets for the
plied to the non -inverting input of op off the mother board. x- and y -outputs at the back of the
amp IC3b. while the output signal of With component values as enclosure. Fit the spring -loaded termi-
IC3, (which corresponds to the voltage specified. IC4 and IC5 do not need a nals for connecting the c.o.t. at the
at the other terminal of the selected heat sink. but IC2 does. front panel. It is advisable to use a
resistor) is applied to the inverting Set the required number of posi- mains entry with integral fuse holder.
input. tions of S2 (6) and S3 (4) with the stop
The power supply for the tester is ring provided with these switches be-
straightforward. The voltages at the fore fitting the switches on to the Calibration
secondaries of the mains transformer board. Connect an oscilloscope to Ki. set
are converted into a symmetrical di- When the board has been finished.
S2 to position 10 V and adjust switch
rect voltage of ±20 V. Regulators IC4 check all soldering carefully and make
P1 to obtain an output of 10 V (peak)
and IC5 provide a stable direct voltage sure that there are no short-circuits on the scope. The tester is then ready
of ±15 V. 'Mains on' is indicated by on the tracks. For the time being. set for operational use.
D10. P1 to the centre of its travel.
A possible front panel layout is Parts list
Construction shown in Fig. 4.
Fit the mother board behind the Resistors:
The tester can be built quickly and front panel with the aid of four 50 mm RI. R8 = 715 1%
without undue difficulties on the long M3 screws. nuts and washers. R2. R7 = 7.15 ka 1%
printed -circuit board in Fig. 3. Before and 40 mm long spacers. This gives R3. 138 = 71.5 kfl. 1%

R14 021 411.1

SI: 1 = 10Hz 4602
2 = 100Hz
RI R15 251:
3 = 1kHz
715.. 6605
4= 10kHz
2
R2 S1a R16
7.--17761-,. 62
13
CI cri--17371-0:0
R3 53: 1 = 10mAN
F117 15V
2= 1 rnAN
II -1 7165
R4
ein 5V 4062

RIB
INNI clo
O 3 = 1001AV
4 = 10pAN
D3
715h 8066 :005
100n R19 Re2
IC2 1114148
100.
3 ICI -1
- S3 Re3
R20 2I
TL081 S2 1 = 10V 1600
13
I

2 2 = 5V L165V
3 = 2V
4 = 1V
j 1 I

3
R24
Fi71-0
R5 IR5 IR7 IRS _1 R25
5 = 055
Cs 100k
MIM 6 = OV2 D2
;7.
100n
.-01 15V
1110 15V 11441411
O
O 1060
R9 DI
1N4148
1N4148
SIb
RIO
11!
IF111
9
I- 5 15V

1126
C6
R13
IS 111-.. 100n 1771.
Oii C7
0-5
OUT
91c 10n IN4148
12
H IM
Fl
TRI
Ce
In 0 IN-°
IC3 = TL082 x- scope
D7 D5 IC4 15V
015v R27 K1
7815
010
1100 o(:)0
DO DB R31

= ... N NE

T ..
C13 C15 C17
7-1 - R33
Tn Re9 V' scope
2z 15V
4VA5
4x 11/4004 1"GP
25V IGDn 1060 R32 K2
R25
C14 C16 cia 15)0
BM -
10005 100n
Min
105
25V 0 1130
16V

7915
015V 500032 - 12
IC5

Fig. 2. The circuit uses easily obtainable components.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
78 TEST & MEASUREMENT

R4, R5 = 715 kS2, 1%

00 R9 = 4.22 kft, 1%
R10. R24, R28 -R31 = 10.0 k_0..
Rn = 10 kfl
R12, R13 = 1 mc2
R14 = 4.02 ka 1%
R.15 = 8.06 ka 1%
R16 = 20.0 Ica 1%
R17 = 40.2 ka 1%
Rig = 80.6 kft. 1%
R19 = 200 Ica 1%
R20 = 1 kft
R21 = 8.2 kft
R22 = 100 ft. 1%
R26. R27. R32 = 100
11 ?_1 7 oi°I I C''
07 I CI u: 1:
:O :41 I p R23 = 1.00 kn. 1%
i0 R25 = 100 kQ. 1%
R33 = 3.3 kft
P1 = 25 kit preset
Capacitors:
960032-1 iI31 C1. C4 = 22 nF, 5%, metallized
polypropylene
000000 C2. C3. Cg -C12. C15. C16 = 100 nF.
o2 2 0 high -stability
C5 = 1 pF, metallized polypropylene
0 O0 C6 = 100 nF, metallized polypropylene
C7 = 10 nF, metallized polypropylene
00 C8 = 1 nF, metalli7ed polypropylene
Qi 01 If0
01 R33 j0 C13, C14 = 1000 pF. 25 V, radial
0 >= C17. C18 = 10 pF. 16 V, radial
+
.0, Semiconductors:
0; O0 D1 -D5 = 1N4148
D6 -Dg = 1N4001
O0 D10 = LED, red, high efficiency
T1 = BF256A

Integrated Circuits:
ICI = TL081
0 IC2 = L165V
1C3 = TL082
to IC4 = 7815
01 R30 10
105 = 7915
0 1 R28 1 00000000
01 R29 10
Miscellaneous:
01 R31 10
O0 K1. = 13NC socket
Cl R32 10° K3 = 2 -way terminal strip.
r 0) 27 10
pitch 7.5 mm
0-0110 Of R25
S1 = rotary switch. 3 -pole, 4 -position
011 04 i00 52. S3 = rotary switch. 1 -pole. 12 -posi-
01 05 11100
tion (see text)
01 R26 100
S4 = mains on/off switch
Tr1 = mains transformer, two secon-

Fig. 3. Printed -circuit

board for the passive -
component tester. COMPONENT
TESTER
X I POWER
lmAIV 100µ4/17 2V 1V 100Hz IkHz-
10mAlleor100/V SI' 0V5 10HzTh1"11:
lOy OV2

Fig. 4. Suggested front

pane:l for the passive -
component tester.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
 79

Measuring with Lissajous figures This corresponds to an ellipse. When a = b. that is, when
The measurement technology used depends on Lissajous the impedance is a pure reactance, the ellipse becomes a
figures. These are plane curves formed by the composi- circle.
tion of two sinusoidal waveforms in perpendicular direc- The ellipse is composed of:
tions. that is, they form a coordinate x -y system. In such x (tot) = U1 sin (tot)
a system. the displacement of a point is determined by and
the vector sum of the x and y values. y (tot) = 1.19 sin ((at + p).
where p is the phase shift, whose value is determined by
sin -1 (Mot =0))/(Ymas).
where y)",..0) is the intersection of the ellipsewith the y-axis.
Figure A2 shows an example of an ellipse and indi-
cates at which two points the measured values are found.
Impedance Z of the c.o.t. is determined simply by divid-
ing the peak values of the two voltages (y into x) that are
applied to the oscilloscope:
Z=1.11/U2 S.
where S is the transfer factor of the current sensor in A
V-1. In the present tester, this factor is set with S3.
Both the reactance and resistance can be derived from
the impedance. For instance. in case of a series network
of a resistor and a non -ideal inductance:
Rs = Z cos p
and
Xs = Z sin p.
In case of a parallel network of a resistor and a non -Ideal
capacitor:
R = Z cos p
UCCZ111 - I and
X = Z sin p.

Figure Al shows how such a figure is obtained. Here.

P is the pixel projected on to the screen of an oscilloscope
by the electron beam; M1 is the vertical (y) deflection and
M2
In the component tester. the frequencies at which the
vector rotates in the circles arc identical. since they are
derived from the same signal. The diameter of the circles
is a measure of the peak levels of the signals.
In Fig. Al it is assumed that the phases of the two sig-
nals are identical. which Is the case when the component
on test is a pure resistance. The resultant of the two
functions is a diagonal line. Since the voltage is represented
by the x-axis and the current by the y-axis. the value of
the resistance is calculated by summing the x- and y -values.
When the test signal is applied to a pure capacitance
or pure inductance. there is a phase shift of 90°. The si-
nusoidal voltage is coordinated with a cosinusoidal cur-
rent that is +90° out of phase w.r.t. the voltage in the
case of a pure inductance and -90° in case of a pure ca-
pacitance. In these cases, the cartesian equations are:
x = a sin (cot)
and The value of the inductor or capacitor is calculated from
y = b cos (tot). the computed value of the reactance:
The resultant is: C = 1/2TOX
x2 + y2 = R2. and
Since L = X/2/cf.
sine (tut) + cos2 (tot) = 1. To determine whether the c.o.t. is a capacitance or an
this may be written as: inductance, the oscilloscope must be set to the time base
fa sin (rot))2/ a2 + (b cos (tot))2/b2 = I. position. If U2 lags U1. the c.o.t. is a capacitor; if it leads,
from which may be derived: the c.o.t. is an inductor.
x2ia2 + y2/ b2 1.

daries. 15 V. 4.5 VA each (for in- from Dau Ltd, telephone (01243)
stance. Velleman 2150050M from 553 031
Maplin) 1 off enclosure. 60x150x132 mm
F1 = fuseholder (preferably integral in (23/sx57/ff,x53/16 in)
mains entry) with 50 mA slow fuse 1 off PCB Order no. 960032 (see p.70)
1 off heat sink for IC2. 20 K W-1. for (960032)
instance. Fischer FK222/SA-220
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996
80

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and prices and specifications are subroct to change without notice

Figures talk ... t5OCC

Moo. 2 [Link]
In this box, a number of measurement B4
results on standard components are
given. The curves on your oscilloscope
should be roughly in accord with the
figures shown here. Note. however.
that their shape depends on the oscil-
loscope settings.
Figure B1 pertains to a 2.2 nF ca-
pacitor. The settings were: J.= 10 kHz;
= 10 V; 1= 1 niA V-1. V1., 2 %.:c - [Link]. 2 US. ,
Figure B2 refers to a 2.2 mH induc- B2 B5
tor. The settings weref= kHz; U= 5 V; 1

1= 10 mA 7-1. The measurement shows

that the inductor has a series resistance
of about 32 f2. resulting in a phase
shift of around 22°.
Figure B3 relates to a 10 lin re-
sistor. Settings weref= I kHz; U= 10 V;
Ott.2
1 = 1 mA V-1.
Figure B4 pertains to a 1N4148 diode. per. 2 [Link]
The settings were f = I kHz; U = 10 V: B3
/-= 10 mA V-1.
Figure B5 refers to a zener diode
(8.2 V. 500 mW). The settings were 4...) 4.
f = 1 kHz: U = 10 V: 1= 10 mA V-1.

'l+1G21 It

Fig. 5. The finished prototype board of

the passive -component tester.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS JANUARY 1996

V

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Nitision 4 is a fully integrated
sdiemafic capture, simulator
and graphical waveform More Parts
generator. It is simple to Rams bins
mix analog and digital parts .contain over twice the
in any combination. components of
Version 3.

Design and Verify

Circuits... Fast! More Models
Electronics Workbench's Over 350 real world analog
simple, direct interilice and digital models are
helps you build circuits included free with
in a fraction of the time. ElectroniaiWorkhench
Try what if scenarios and And, if you need more, an
fine tune your designs additional 2,000 models
painlessly are available.

Incredibly Powerful. Incredibly Affordable.

If you need mixed -mode power at a price you With over 20,000 users world-wide, Electronics
can afford. take a look at this simulator and Workbench has already been tried, tested and accepted
graphical waveform generator that mixes analog as an invaluable tool to design and verify analog and
and digital with ease. digital circuits. With Version 4 true mixed -mode
simulation is now a reality with incredible simplicity.

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Electronics WorkbenchTM
;i11M - 4 01. 0.< 9 a r.r 0 The electronics lab in a computerTM
Order Now! Just £199*

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44-(0)1203-233-216
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Nadella Building, Progress Close,
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Coventry, Warwickshire CV3 2TF
True mixed -mode simulation: Simultaneous AM transmission. Fax: 44 (0)1203 233-210
! digitization and pulse -code modulation of a signal_ E-mail: rme@[Link]
Shipping charges UK 15.99. All prices are plus VAT.
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Electronics Workbench is a trademark of Interactive Image
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30 Day money -back guarantee.

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