Reading Blueprints

Machine Drawings—Unit 101, Lesson 3

Preface

In your work in the plant, you may someday be expected to maintain or repair machine
tools. If so, your success will depend on your ability to read machine drawings. These
drawings show all the parts of a machine and how they fit together. They show all the
details of how each part should look. The drawings are your best guide to finding how the
machine should look and how it should work.

Every machine tool has a complete set of drawings somewhere. The set includes detail
drawings of all the parts, assembly drawings showing all the parts in their assembled
positions, and exploded views showing all the parts lined up as for assembly.

This lesson explains two parts of a very common machine tool. It explains how the
drawings match the actual machine, and how to use each kind of drawing to understand
the machine better. If you understand the ideas applied to this tool, you should be able to
understand the drawings for almost any machine you are likely to encounter.

Objectives

After studying this lesson, you should be able to…

• Name the main parts of a lathe.

• State the definition of an exploded view.
• Identify as assembly drawing.
• Identify a compound rest swivel on an assembly drawing.
• Identify a specific part on an assembly drawing.

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Key Terms

Compound rest

Exploded view

Clutch-brake mechanism

Understanding Machine Tools

Your ability to work with machines depends on your ability to understand them. If you
know how the parts of a machine fit together and how they are intended to work together,
you will be better able to run the machine and to repair it when something goes wrong.

No one can possibly know all the details of every machine in a plant of any size. There
are too many different kinds of machines, and too many variations among machines of
the same type.

For example, all milling machines do the same basic work. But there are many different
manufacturers of milling machines, and each manufacturer has several different models.
No one can understand all the different milling machines without being able to read
blueprints.

This lesson uses an engine lathe as the machine tool for demonstrating how to read
machine drawings. It was chosen because the engine lathe is one of the most familiar of
all machine tools. Nearly every plant or shop that uses machine tools has an engine lathe.

You will see how the parts that make up certain mechanisms on the lathe are shown on
the manufacturer’s blueprints. You will also see how the blueprints compare to the actual

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parts. If you can understand the blueprints for these examples, you will have a good start
in learning how to read blueprints for any machine.

The lathe described in this lesson is shown in Fig. 3-1. The size of this lathe is 17 in. That
means there is enough room between the ways and the centerline of the chuck to turn a
piece of work 17 in. in diameter.

Fig. 3-1. Seventeen inch engine lathe

Saddle

Tool post
Compound rest

Tailstock

Headstock

Feed rod
Motor controls

Gear box

Shifter rod

Bed

Rack Apron Lead screw

Chuck Chip pan Clutch-brake control

Take a few moments to study Fig. 3-1 carefully. Make sure you know the names of all
the basic parts of the lathe before you continue reading.

The engine lathe is a complex, precision machine tool. It is made up of many

mechanisms that must work together properly. This lesson concentrates on two of these
mechanisms—the compound rest and the clutch-brake mechanism. These two
mechanisms are simple enough so that everyone can understand them easily. Yet they are
typical of the mechanisms on many machines.

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Purpose of the Compound Rest

The first mechanism you will study in this lesson is the compound rest. It is often called
simply the “compound.” This mechanism is located on the saddle of the lathe. It serves as
a base for mounting the tool holder on the lathe. Figure 3-2 shows the compound rest in
position on the saddle of a new lathe ready for shipment. There is no tool holder on this
compound.

Fig. 3-2. Compound rest on a lathe

Compound rest

Saddle

The compound rotates to adjust the angle at which the tool approaches the work during
setup. It can also move the tool back and forth along a straight line at the angle that has
been set. The compound must be able to control and measure the movement of the tool
very precisely.

Suppose you are called to solve a problem involving the compound rest on this lathe. You
must be able to understand what parts are included in the compound, how the parts are

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assembled, and how the mechanism is intended to work. For this purpose, you may use
either assembly drawings or exploded view drawings of the compound rest.

Exploded View

Figure 3-3 is an exploded view of the compound rest. An exploded view shows all the
parts in the mechanism, but it shows them separated from one another. Dashed lines are
sometimes added to help you see where one part fits into another in places where the
drawing might be confusing.

Fig. 3-3. Exploded view of compound rest

16 17

18 19

21
Unit code number
stamped here
23
20 22 25

27
36
24 28

29
26
30
31
35 33 32
34

Notice in Fig. 3-3 that there are two major parts of the compound rest. The lower part is
called the compound rest swivel. It is labeled 35 in the exploded view. The upper part is
called the compound rest top, the main body of which is labeled 16. The top mates with
the swivel by means of the dovetails cut into both parts.

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Most of the remaining parts in the compound are used for moving the top across the
swivel. As you turn the handle (parts 31 and 32), you rotate the screw (22) in the
compound rest nut (36). The base of this nut fits into a hole in the swivel to hold the nut
in position on the swivel. A cap screw (34) from underneath holds the nut to the swivel.

The end retainer (24) is attached to the compound rest top by means of two cap screws
(29). The outer end of the screw shaft projects through the large hole in the end retainer.
A bushing (30) is slid onto the end of the shaft to support the graduated collar (26), and
the handle attaches to the end of the shaft with a jam nut (33).

Two oil fittings (17 and 25) are shown in the exploded view. The one mounted in the
main body (17) provides an opening for oiling the threads on the screw shaft. (Notice the
oil groove on top of the compound rest nut. This groove forms a channel to carry oil to
the sides of the nut, where it runs down to the threads.) The other oil fitting (25)
lubricates the area of the screw shaft in contact with the end retainer.

Assembly Drawing

Before reading further, turn to Fig. 3-4. This drawing is a reproduction of the
manufacturer’s assembly drawing for the compound rest. It has been scaled down from
the original blueprint which showed the parts full size. The compound actually measures
about 131/2 in. from front to back, and about 61/2 in. across.

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 7
Stamp unit
code no. here

Compound rest end retainer

GHC101GJ
Gib screw

Binder shoe
Fig. 3-4. Assembly drawing, compound rest

Set screw

Tool post
Thumb screw
Oiler (2 required) Compound rest nut

Compound rest
graduated collar

Compound rest screw

1/2 20 hex jam nut

Machine handle

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In reproducing the drawing for this lesson, the size was reduced to about one-fourth to
make the drawing fit the page. Then the notes were reprinted in a type size large enough
to be readable. Some of the notes had to be omitted because of a lack of space. However,
there is still enough information on the drawing for you to understand how the parts fit
together.

Figure 3-4 (the assembly drawing) shows all the parts of the exploded view, Fig. 3-3. But
it is more difficult to spot individual parts, because they are shown in contact with one
another in their assembled positions. Parts that are completely hidden from view are
shown by dashed lines, except where a section drawing reveals them.

Try to match the major parts visible in Fig. 3-2 and 3-3 to the parts shown in the
assembly drawing. If you have difficulty at first, keep trying. Everyone finds a complex
assembly drawing like this difficult to understand at first—even professional engineers.
Ask your instructor for help if you need it.

Detail Drawing

Figure 3-5 is a detail drawing of the compound rest swivel. It provides the dimensions
necessary to make the part and shows certain details not easily seen on the other types of
drawings. For example, you see the exact shape of the dovetail grooves.

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 9
90 80
.530 dia. thru 70
.538 2 hls. 60

50
40
30

25/8
20
10
10 0
20

25/8
30
Fig. 3-5. Detail drawing, compound rest swivel

40

2.9836
2.9816
1.5868 50

1.5858 60 1/4 r. polish

2.130 3 3/16
70
90 80
2.128 63
.3125 roll
1.868 1/64 r. max.
1.858 5/16
3/8
.750 63
60° 45° 1/32 dia. 5/8 1/32
.752
63
23/32

63 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 2010

1/64 r. max.
1/64 r. max. 15/16 ref. 11/32
1.500
This surface must be .939 19/32dia. dia.
parrallel within .002 as shown 1.501
.937

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Stop reading for a moment, turn to Fig. 3-5 and examine it carefully. See whether you
can tell what details are visible on the underside of the swivel. Then continue reading.

The swivel has four holes bored into it. Two of the holes pass through the thinner
sections, at the perimeter of the circle. A third hole passes through the middle of the thick
section (hole on the left, in top view).

This third hole is counterbored from the top and from the bottom. The cap screw that
holds the compound rest nut onto the swivel passes through this hole. Its head fits into the
19
/32 diameter recess counterbored from the underside.

The base of the compound rest nut fits into the recess counterbored from the top. You can
see from the dimensions that this recess must have a diameter between 0.750 and 0.752
in.

The fourth hole in the swivel does not pass all the way through the swivel. It is a very
precisely bored recess, bored from the underside, with a diameter of 1.500 to 1.501 in.
This recess fits over a compound rest locator, not shown in these blueprints. Its purpose is
to hold the swivel in place on the saddle of the lathe.

Now look back at the assembly drawing in Fig. 3-4. Can you locate all four holes in the
swivel? The side (actually, front) view shows the cap screw passing through the third
hole and holding the compound rest nut in place.

The fourth hole is shown as a dashed circle in the top view of Fig. 3-4. This recess is
more difficult to find in the front view, because its centerline is in line with the
centerlines of the two holes at the sides of the swivel.

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Comparison with Photograph

Figure 3-6 is a photograph of the compound rest swivel as seen from the top. You can see
the three holes that pass through the swivel, but you cannot see the large recess that is
bored from the underside. If you saw this swivel on a lathe, you might not realize that the
underside has a precisely bored recess. But had you looked at the assembly drawing or at
the detail drawing, you would have known the recess was there.

Take the time to compare Fig. 3-4, 3-5, and 3-6 carefully. Make sure you can match the
features in all three drawings. If you have any trouble matching them, ask your instructor
for help. Once you learn how to interpret these drawings, you will discover how easy it is
to find your way through other drawings.

Fig. 3-6. Swivel for compound rest

Clutch-Brake Control Mechanism

Now that you have the experience of using drawings to understand the compound rest,
we will explain another important mechanism on the 17 in. lathe. This mechanism is
much larger and somewhat more difficult to trace through the drawings. But the same
ideas you applied to understanding the compound rest will apply to understanding this
mechanism.

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The clutch-brake control starts and stops the rotation of the work on the lathe. There are
two levers for this control, so that the operator can control the rotation easily while
running the lathe. One lever is located on the headstock, and the other lever is on the
apron. Figure 3-1 shows both levers. Figure 3-7 provides two additional views that show
the lever on the apron more clearly.

Fig. 3-7. Clutch-brake control on apron

Shifter rod
Control handle

Shifter rod

End support
Control handle

The control lever on the apron works a mechanical linkage that operates the clutch-brake
mechanism inside the headstock. This linkage is called the control rod assembly. Figure
3-8 is an exploded view of this assembly.

Fig. 3-8. Exploded view of control rod assembly

1
End support
2

4 13
3 6
5
12 16
7 19
10 11
3 8 17
2 20
14
9 21

15 16
18

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Exploded View

The control rod assembly consists of a long, hexagonal shifter rod (part number 12) that
runs from the headstock to a support bracket at the end of the bed. This rod passes
through the shifter hub (10) mounted on the apron by the support bracket (9). The handle
(20) rotates the hub and turns the shifter rod back and forth between the “run” position
and the “stop” position. As the apron moves, the shifter hub slides along the shifter rod.

Near the headstock, the shifter rod passes through the shifter arm rod (8). This arm
extends across the lathe to a point beneath the centerline of the headstock. There it
connects to the rocker arm (6).

The rocker arm pivots on a pivot pin (5). When the rocker arm pivots, it raises or lowers
the link (4) and the plunger rod end (1).

When the operator moves the clutch-brake control handle (20) down, the plunger rod end
also moves down. When the control handle moves up, the plunger rod end moves up.

Assembly Drawing

Figure 3-9 is part of the manufacturer’s assembly drawing for the clutch-brake control
mechanism that operates from the apron. It shows all the parts described in the two
previous paragraphs and in Fig. 3-8. In addition, it shows a few other parts.

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 14
Connecting
pin (1 required)

Clutch fork
actuator rod Clutch lever rod

Clutch rod arm

Plunger rod
sleeve assembly

Plunger rod end Plunger rod

Fig. 3-9. Assembly drawing, clutch-brake control

Shifter rod arm

Pivot pin

Rocker arm

Side view Front view

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The original assembly drawing consists of four views. Again, to save space, only the
front and side views have been included in this lesson. The view at the left is a side view,
showing the assembly from the left end of the lathe. The view at the right is a front view,
showing the assembly from the front of the headstock.

Look at the side view in Fig. 3-9. Can you find the shifter rod arm? It is labeled on the
drawing. Now follow the drawing straight across toward the right until you get to the
front view, and find the shifter rod arm again. In this view from the front of the lathe, you
can see the rocker arm clearly.

Notice the pivot pin where the rocker arm pivots. Follow the rocker arm to its left end.
Notice how it attaches to the link by means of two link connecting pins.

Continue following the mechanism upward, and notice how the plunger rod passes
through the plunger rod sleeve assembly. The upper end of the plunger rod is attached to
the clutch rod arm by means of a connecting pin. These parts are not shown in the
exploded view (Fig. 3-8).

In the side view of the clutch rod arm (front view on drawing), you can see the
connecting pin to the plunger rod and the hole for the clutch fork actuating rod. Note also
the small pin used to secure the clutch rod arm to the actuator rod.

Can you now find the clutch rod arm in the side view? It is directly below the note that
says “Connecting pin, 1 required.” The narrow, vertical component next to it is an
actuator bar, which will be described later.

Farther to the right, beyond the clutch rod arm, you can see another rod called the clutch
lever rod. In this end view, the clutch lever rod appears to be an extension of the clutch
fork actuating rod. Actually, it is not. It is really located behind the clutch fork actuating

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rod, and to the right of it. But the two rods are actually positioned at the same height, and
so their appearance in this drawing is deceiving.

The deceptive appearance of the clutch lever rod is useful here, because it shows
something you must be alert to in orthographic projections. You must watch out for parts
that look like they are in line, when they are in fact at different depths in the actual
structure. Remember that an orthographic projection compresses everything into a two-
dimensional plane.

In the side view, the clutch lever rod looks like a continuation of the clutch fork actuating
rod, because they are both at the same height. You cannot tell that one rod is farther away
from you. The next two drawings in this lesson will show you that in a front view of the
headstock, the clutch lever rod appears to the right of the clutch fork actuating rod.

Headstock Linkage

Figure 3-10 on the following page is an exploded view of the linkage that enables the
lever on the headstock to operate the clutch-brake mechanism. This linkage duplicates the
action of the lever on the apron, so that the operator can start or stop the rotation of the
work from either place.

This duplication is important, because the tool may be cutting 10 ft or more from the
headstock. The lathe operator may be at the headstock for setting the running conditions,
or at the saddle for setting or watching the operation of the cutting tool.

Find the plunger rod (19) in Fig. 3-10. This is the rod that you followed in the assembly
drawing in Fig. 3-9. It attaches to the clutch rod arm (20), which connects to the clutch
fork actuating rod (10).

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Fig. 3-10. Exploded view of clutch-brake linkage

2 3
1

5 4
5
6 15 B
7 13 14
10 8
16 17
11 18
9 12 17

20 16
6 21 19
22 24 7
8

23

26 25
28
31
27
30 32
29 A

Notice that the connecting stud (15) has a threaded clevis on either end (13 and 22). This
component can also rotate the clutch fork actuating rod by means of the actuator bar (11).
These parts are moved by another actuator bar (23), which is fastened to the clutch lever
rod (25), which is rotated by the clutch-brake lever (31). The clutch-brake lever shown in
this view is the one located on the headstock.

In Fig. 3-11 you see two subassembly views derived from a larger assembly drawing
made by the lathe manufacturer. In the upper drawing, you see a view of the left end of
the lathe, with the clutch-brake lever (31) connected to the clutch lever rod (25) and to an
actuator bar (23).

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 18
Clutch-brake lever mechanism

Clutch lever rod Clutch-brake lever

Actuator
bar
Fig. 3-11. Assembly drawing

Connecting stud assembly

Connecting stud

Actuator
bar
Actuator
bar

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In the bottom view in Fig. 3-11, you see this mechanism as projected from the front of
the lathe. This view shows the connecting stud, with the lever bar on the right end and the
actuator bar on the left. Both views in this drawing show how the parts are assembled and
supported in the cast iron case of the headstock gearbox. Compare these drawings to the
photo in Fig. 3-15 below.

Clutch-Operating Mechanism

The final parts that actuate the clutch and brake are operated by the rotation of the clutch
fork rod. The exploded view in Fig. 3-10 shows the clutch fork (4) and the two clutch
fork pins (3) that engage the clutch-brake assembly. The clutch fork is attached to the
clutch fork actuator rod by two woodruff keys (5).

The function of the clutch fork is to move the clutch-brake assembly. It moves the clutch-
brake assembly in one direction to start the rotation of the work in the lathe, and in the
other direction to stop it.

Figure 3-12 is an exploded view showing the parts that fit on the input shaft and on the
constant speed shaft in the headstock of the lathe. So many parts fit on each shaft that the
drafter could not show either set on a single line. A single line would have been too long
to fit on the sheet of paper.

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Fig. 3-12. Exploded view of headstock shafts

12
Input shaft Constant speed shaft
11 35
10 33 34
8 9
7 30
6 9-1 11-1 19-1
5 19
3 4 18 32
2 39 38 31
38
30
29
1 17
27 37
36
2-1 25 27
2-2 24 28 28
16
23 26
15
20 22
14 21
13 B

The drafter solved this problem by using two lines for each set of parts. The dashed line
from ball bearing (12) to the retaining ring (13) indicates that these two parts follow one
another on the input shaft. A similar dashed line shows that the parts on the constant
speed shaft also go together in a straight line.

Notice the pulley assembly (2) at the left end of the line for the input shaft. This pulley
will be connected to an electric motor by four V-belts. The pulley drives the hollow
pulley shaft (11). This shaft fits over the left end of the input shaft, but does not make
contact with it.

For the purposes of this lesson, the most important part of Fig. 3-12 is the clutch-brake
assembly (17) on the input shaft (14). There is a groove around the middle of the clutch-
brake assembly. The heads of the two clutch fork pins fit into this groove. When the
clutch fork rocks back and forth, these pins force the clutch-brake assembly to slide back
and forth on the central part of the input shaft. A square key (15) locks the clutch-brake
assembly to the input shaft.

Figure 3-13 is a photograph of the clutch-brake assembly. The assembly is shown

standing on end on a workbench in the lathe manufacturing plant. Notice the groove

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around the middle of the clutch-brake assembly. When the lathe is assembled, the heads
of the clutch fork pins will fit into this groove.

Fig. 3-13. Clutch brake assembly

Groove for
clutch fork pins

Assembly Drawing

Figure 3-14, shows a cross section through the headstock assembly in which you can see
how the various gear combinations are used to change the running speed of the spindle
shaft. As with the other blueprints in this lesson, this drawing was reduced from its
original size of 36 x 72 in. See if you can pick out the single- and double-race ball
bearings that support the gear shafts in this headstock assembly.

Notice that the gears themselves are shown with double-diagonal crosshatching. The
tooth areas are unhatched. Places where two gears are meshed are indicated by a single
unhatched area, shared between the two gears.

Starting at the upper left of Fig. 3-14, notice the four-sheave pulley that drives the lathe.
The pulley is attached to the pulley shaft, which fits over the left end of the input shaft.
To the right of the pulley, you can see the clutch-brake assembly on the central part of the
input shaft.

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Fig. 3-14. Assembly drawing, headstock

Clutch fork Brake drum

Pin Cap screw (3 required)
Pulley Headstock housing

Pulley shaft

Input shaft

94 rpm 60 rpm 210 rpm

466 rpm 290 rpm 1050 rpm Headstock
700 rpm 440 rpm 1580 rpm housing
Constant speed shaft

Gear shaft

Spindle shaft

290 rpm 440 rpm 60 rpm

466 rpm 700 rpm 94 rpm

Reverse mechanism

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The constant speed shaft appears below the input shaft. The gears for controlling the
speed of the lathe are shown still farther below. They fit on the gear shaft and on the
hollow spindle shaft.

Drafting Technique for Gear Trains

This blueprint is an example of a technique that is often used by drafters in drawing gear
mechanisms. The drafter may not show the gears and shafts in normal orthographic
projection. The reason is that the gear shafts often do not lie in a single plane. The shafts
are often arranged in a three-dimensional structure. A normal orthographic projection
would be confusing, because the gears would mesh at points hidden from view.

To avoid confusion, the drafter can draw the gear shafts as though they were all
positioned in a single plane. In a side view, the ends of the shafts would form a straight
line. When drawn this way, the shafts are not in the correct positions relative to one
another. But the meshing of the gears can be seen clearly.

That is what the drafter has done in this drawing. The input shaft, the constant speed
shaft, the gear shaft, and the spindle shaft have been drawn as though they all lie in a
single plane. You can see the meshing of the gears very clearly. This information is more
important than the true positions of the gears.

Reading the Assembly Drawing

Can you find the clutch-brake assembly in Fig. 3-14? It is located near the top of the
assembly drawing. When you find it, locate the upper ends of the clutch fork. Notice the
pin passing through each side of the clutch fork. The head of each pin fits into the groove
of the clutch-brake assembly.

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The assembly drawing shows how the clutch-brake mechanism works. When the clutch
fork slides the clutch-brake assembly to the left, the disks grip the inner surface of the
rotating end of the pulley shaft. Then the input shaft rotates, and the drive gear on the end
turns the gears leading to the spindle shaft

When the clutch fork slides the clutch-brake assembly to the right, the disks break their
contact with the rotating pulley shaft. The other end of the clutch-brake assembly then
grips the inner surface of the brake drum.

Figure 3-14 shows that the brake drum is fastened to the headstock housing with three
cap screws. With the clutch-brake assembly in this position, the input shaft and the drive
gear cannot turn. Therefore, the spindle shaft cannot turn.

Figure 3-15 is a close-up photograph showing the clutch-brake assembly inside the
headstock. This photograph is taken at an angle, from above the headstock and in front of
the lathe. You can clearly see the upper end of the clutch fork. Notice how the two clutch
fork pins fit into their groove.

Fig. 3-15. Clutch-brake assembly in headstock

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Figure 3-16 is another photograph of the inside of the headstock. This photograph was
taken from almost directly above the headstock. Notice the drive pulleys visible at the
left, outside the headstock housing.

Fig. 3-16. Top view of headstock

In Figure 3-16, you can see the gears that control the running speed of the lathe. You can
also see the selector racks that shift these gears to change the speed of the spindle. The
clutch-brake control lever is the one shown at the lower right in this photograph.

Summary

This lesson describes three kinds of machine drawings—assembly drawings, detail

drawings, and exploded views. The lesson traces the use of these drawings in describing
two mechanisms on an engine lathe. The ideas explained for the lathe apply to all
machines and machine drawings.

An assembly drawing shows all the parts that make up a mechanism in their assembled
positions. Some parts are difficult to see in certain views in an assembly drawing,
because they fit behind or inside other parts.

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A detail drawing shows all the details of a specific part. It is the same drawing used in
manufacturing the part.

An exploded view shows all the parts that make up a mechanism, but it shows the parts
separated from each other. This kind of drawing makes it easy to see how a mechanism is
assembled.

What you see inside a machine should look exactly like the drawings. If not, you should
suspect that you have found the problem.

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