PERIODIC TABLE & PERIODICITY

CONTENTS
Particulars Page No.
Theory 01 – 21

Exercise - 1 22 – 26
Part - I : Subjective Questions
Part - II : Objective Questions
Part - III : Match the Columns

Exercise - 2 27 – 31
Part - I : Objective Questions
Part - II : Numerical type questions
Part - III : One or More Than One Options Correct Type
Part - IV : Comprehensions

Exercise - 3 32 – 34
Part - I : JEE(ADVANCED) Problems (Previous Years)
Part - II : JEE(MAIN) / AIEEE Problems (Previous Years)

Answer Key 35 – 36

Reliable Ranker Problems (RRP) 37 – 44

Part - 1 : Paper JEE (main) pattern
Part - 2 : Paper JEE (advanced) pattern
Part - 3 : OLYMPIAD (previous Years)
Part - 4 : Additional Problems

RRP Answer Key 45

RRP Solutions 46 – 47

JEE (Advanced) Syllabus

Inorganic Chemistry –Classification of elements and Periodicity in Properties
Why do we need to Classify Elements? Genesis of Periodic Classifications,Modern Periodic Law
and the present from of the Periodic Table, Nomenclature of elements with Atomic Number > 100,
Electronic Configurations of elements and the Periodic Table, Electronic Configurations and Types of
Elements s,p,d, f-Blocks, Periodic Trends in Properties of Elements.

JEE (MAIN) Syllabus

Inorganic Chemistry –Classification of elements and Periodicity in Properties
Why do we need to Classify Elements? Genesis of Periodic Classifications,Modern Periodic Law and the
present from of the Periodic Table, Nomenclature of elements with Atomic Number > 100, Electronic
Configurations of elements and the Periodic Table, Electronic Configurations and Types of Elements s,p,d,
f-Blocks, Periodic Trends in Properties of Elements.
JEE (Adv.)-Chemistry Periodic Table & Periodicity

PERIODIC TABLE & PERIODICITY

INTRODUCTION :
The arrangement of all the known elements according to their properties in such a way that the elements of
similar properties are grouped together in a tabular form is called periodic table.
Development of periodic table :
(A) LAVOISIER CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
At first Lavoisier classified the elements into two categories.
(i) Metal (ii) Non-metal
Note : This classification cannot categories the metalloid variety.

(B) DOBEREINER'S TRIAD RULE [1817]

(i) He made groups of three elements having similar chemical properties called TRIAD.
(ii) In Dobereiner triad, atomic weight of middle element is nearly equal to the average atomic weight of first
and third element.
e.g. Cl Br I
35.5 127
35.5 80.0 127 81.25
2

Ca Sr Ba

40 137
40 87.5 137 88.5
2

Li Na K
7 39
7 23 39 At. wt of Na 23
2
(iii) Other examples – (K, Rb, Cs), (P, As, Sb), (S, Se, Te), (H, F, Cl), (Sc, Y, La)
(C) NEWLAND'S OCTAVE RULE [1865]
(i) He arranged the elements in the increasing order of their atomic mass and observed that properties of
every 8th element was similar to the 1stone, like in the case of musical vowels notation.

Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni Sa

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(ii) At that time inert gases were not known.

H
Li Be B C N O F
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
K Ca
(iii) The properties of Li are similar to 8th element i.e. Na, Be are similar to Mg and so on.
Drawbacks or Limitations :
(a) This rule is valid only upto Ca. because after Ca due to filling of d-orbitals there is difference of 18 elements
instead of 8 element.
(b) After the discovery of inert gas this law had to be dropped out.
(c) He failed in the case of heavier metals as Fe has been placed along with O and S.

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(D) LOTHER MEYER'S CURVE [1869]
(i) He plotted a curve between atomic weight and atomic volume of different elements.
(ii) The following observations can be made from the curve –
(a) Most electropositive elements i.e. alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs etc.) occupy the peak portions of the
curve.
(b) Less electropositive i.e. alkaline earth metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) occupy the descending portions of
the curve.
(c) Metalloids (B, Si, As, Te, At etc.) and transition metals occupy bottom part of the curve.
(d) Most electronegative i.e. halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) occupy the ascending portion of the curve.
Note : Elements having similar properties occupy similar portions of the curve.
Conclusion :
On the basis of this curve, Lother Meyer proposed that the physical properties of the elements are periodic
function of their atomic weight and this became the basis of Mendeleev's periodic table.

80
Cs

Rb
Atomic Volume,cm3

60
K

40 Ba
Na Cl Ca Sr V I VI
III Br Sb Te
IV
P S La
20 I II
Mg As Se Zr ln Sn Nd
Li Si Mo Cd Nd
Al V Fe Nb
Be Zn Ru Rh
C Co Cu
0
10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150

(E) MENDELEEV'S PERIODIC TABLE [1869]

(i) Mendeleev's periodic law – The physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic function
of their atomic weight
(ii) Characteristic of Mendeleev's periodic table –
(a) It is based on atomic weight
(b) 63 elements were known, noble gases were not discovered.
(c) He was the first scientist to classify the elements in a systamatic manner i.e. in horizontal rows and in
vertical columns.
(d) Horizontal rows are called periods and there were 7 periods in Mendeleev's Periodic table.
(e) Vertical columns are called groups and there were 8 groups in Mendeleev's Periodic table.
(f) Each group upto VIIth is divided into A & B subgroups.'A' sub group elements are called normal elements
and 'B' sub group elements are called transition elements.
(g) The VIIIth group consists of 9 elements in three rows.
(h) The elements belonging to same group exhibit similar properties.
(iii) Merits or advantages of Mendeleev's periodic table –
(a) Study of elements – For the first time, all known elements were classified in groups according to their
similar properties. So study of the properties of elements became easier.

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(b) Prediction of new elements – It gave encouragement to the discovery of new elements as some gaps
were left in it.
Sc (Scandium), Ga (Gallium), Ge (Germanium), Tc (Technetium)
were the elements whose position and properties were well defined by Mendeleev even before their discoveries
and he left the blank spaces for them in his table.
e.g. - Blank space at atomic weight 72 in silicon group was called Eka silicon (means properties like silicon)
and element (discovered later) was named Germanium .
Similarly other elements discovered after mendeleev periodic table were :
Eka aluminium – Gallium(Ga)
Eka Boron – Scandium (Sc)
Eka Silicon – Germanium (Ge)
Eka Manganese – Technetium (Tc)
(c) Correction of doubtful atomic weights – Corrections were done in atomic weight of some elements.
Atomic Weight = Valency × Equivalent weight.
Initially, it was found that equivalent weight of Be is 4.5 and it is trivalent (V = 3), so the weight of Be was
13.5 and there is no space in Mendeleev's table for this element. So, after correction, it was found that Be
is actually divalent (V = 2). So, the weight of Be became 2 × 4.5 = 9 and there was a space between Li and
B for this element in Mendeleev's table.
Corrections were done in atomic weight of elements are – U, Be, In, Au, Pt.
(iv) Demerits of Mendeleev's periodic table –
(a) Position of hydrogen – Hydrogen resembles both, the alkali metals (IA) and the
halogens (VIIA) in properties so Mendeleev could not decide where to place it.
(b) Position of isotopes – As atomic weight of isotopes differs, they should have been placed in different position
in Mendeleev's periodic table. But there was no such place for isotopes in Mendeleev's table.
(c) Anomalous pairs of elements – There were some pair of elements which did not follow the increasing
order of atomic wts.
eg : Ar and Co were placed before K and Ni respectively in the periodic table, but having higher atomic weights.
Ar K
39.9 39.1 Te I
127.5 127
in mod ified mendeleev P.T.

Co Ni Th Pa
58.9 58.6 232 231

(d) Like elements were placed in different groups.

There were some elements like Platinum (Pt) and Gold (Au) which have similar properties but were placed
in different groups in Mendeleev's table.
Pt Au
VIII IB
(e) Unlike elements were placed in same group.
st
I group

IA IB
Li
Na
More reactive K Cu Less reactive
Alkali metal Rb Ag Coinage metal
Normal elements Cs Au Transition element

Fr
Cu, Ag and Au placed in I st group along with Na, K etc. W hile they differ in their properties
(Only similar in having ns1 electronic configuration)
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(F) MODERN PERIODIC TABLE (MODIFIED MENDELEEV PERIODIC TABLE)
(i) It was proposed by Moseley (1913).
(ii) Modern periodic table is based on atomic number.
(iii) Moseley did an experiment in which he bombarded high speed electron on different metal surfaces and
obtained X-rays.

He found out that Z (where = frequency) of X-rays from this experiment, Moseley concluded that the
physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomic number. It means that
when the elements are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic number, elements having similar properties
gets repeated after a regular interval. This is also known as 'Modern Periodic Law'.
(iv) Modern periodic law – The physical & chemical properties of elements are a periodic function of their
atomic number.
(v) Characteristics of modern periodic table –
(a) 9 vertical columns called groups.
(b) IA to VIIA, IB to VIIB, VIII and 0
(c) Inert gases were introduced in periodic table by Ramsay.
(d) 7 horizontal series called periods.
(G) LONG FORM / PRESENT FORM OF MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
(It is also called as 'Bohr-Burry & Rang, Werner Periodic Table.)
(i) It is based on the Bohr-Burry electronic configuration concept and atomic number.
(ii) This model was proposed by Rang & Werner
(iii) It consists of 7 horizontal periods and 18 vertical columns (groups)
(iv) According to I. U. P. A. C. 18 vertical columns are named as 1st to 18th group.
(v) The co-relation between the groups in long form of periodic table and in modern form of periodic table are
given below.
IA, IIA, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIII, IB, IIB, IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA, 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8, 9, 10 11 1213 14 15 16 17 18
(vi) Elements belonging to same group have same no. of electrons in the outermost shell so their properties
are similar.

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Description of periods :
Period n Sub shell No. of elements Element Name of Period
1. 1 1s 2 1
H – 2He Shortest
2. 2 2s, 2p 8 3
Li – Ne
10
Short
3. 3 3s, 3p 8 11
Na – 18Ar Short
4. 4 4s, 3d, 4p 18 19
K – 36
Kr Long
5. 5 5s, 4d, 5p 18 37
Rb – 58Xe Long
6. 6 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p 32 55
Cs – Rn
86
Longest
7. 7 7s, 5f, 6d, 26 87
Fr – 112Uub Incomplete

CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS INTO s , p , d & f BLOCK ELEMENTS :

s block :
(i) configuration n s 1 2 (ii) last e enters in s orbital
(iii) two groups I A or 1 ; II A or 2
p block :
(i) configuration n s2 n p 1 6 (ii) last e enters in p orbital
(iii) six groups III A , IV A , V A , VI A , VII A , zero or 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18
d block : [ Transition Elements ]
(i) configuration (n 1) d 1 10 n s 0 2 (ii) last e enters in d orbital
(iii) their two outermost shell are incomplete
(iv) 10 groups III B , IV B , V B , VI B , VII B , VIII (Triad) , I B , II B or
3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , (8 , 9 , 10) , 11 , 12 .
(v) four series 3 d , 4 d , 5 d , 6 d belong to 4th, 5th, 6th & 7th period respectively in long form
of Periodic table.
f block : [ Inner Transition ]
(i) configuration (n 2 )f 0 14 (n 1) d 0 2 ns2
(ii) last e enters in f orbital
(iii) two series 4 f Lanthanides & 5 f Actinides belong to 6th & 7th period respectively in
long form of Periodic table.
Neil Bohr's classification of elements :
Using electronic configuration as the criteria, elements are of four types. The classification of the elements
into these groups is dependent on the extent to which the s, p, d and f orbitals are filled.
Inert Gases :
(a) s – and p-orbitals of the outer most shell of these elements are completely filled. The outermost electronic
configuration is ns2np6.
(b) Helium is also inert gas but its electronic configuration is 1s2
Representative or Normal Elements :
(a) Outermost shell of these elements is incomplete. The number of electrons in the outermost shell is less
than eight.
(b) s-and p-block elements except inert gases are called normal or representative elements.

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Transition Elements :
(a) These metals were placed between s-block metals and p-block elements so, are named transition metals.
(b) Their outermost electronic configuration is similar to d-block elements i.e. (n–1) d1-10 ns1-2.
(c) Last two shells of these elements namely outermost and penultimate shells are incomplete.
(d) The last shell contains one or two electrons and the penultimate shell may contain more than eight and
up to eighteen electrons.
(e) According to definition of transition elements, those elements which have partly filled d-orbitals in neutral
state or in any stable oxidation state are called transition elements. According to this definition Zn, Cd
and Hg (IIB group) are d-block elements but not transition elements because these elements have d10
configuration in neutral as well as in stable +2 oxidation state.
Inner Transition Elements :
(a) In these elements last three shells i.e. last, penultimate and prepenultimate shells are incomplete.
(b) These are related to IIIB i.e. group 3.
(c) The last shell contains two electrons. Penultimate shell may contain eight or nine electrons and pre-
penultimate shell contains more than 18, up to 32 electrons.
(d) Their outemost electronic configuration is similar to f-block element
i.e. (n 2 )f 0 14 (n 1) d 0 2 ns2

METALS, NON-METALS & METALLOIDS

Apart from classifying elements into s, p, d and ƒ-blocks, there is yet another broad classification of elements
based on their properties. The elements can be broadly classified into
(a) Metals:
Majority of the elements in periodic table are metals and appears on the left side of the periodic table.
Properties:
(i) These are usually solid at room temperature [exception - mercury]
(ii) They have high melting and boiling point [exception Gallium & Cesium have very low melting
point (303 K and 302 K respectively)]
(iii) They are good conductor of heat and electricity.
(iv) They are malleable (can be f lattened into thin sheets by ham mering) and ductile
(can be drawn into wires)
(b) Non-Metals:
These are placed at the top right hand side of periodic table. As we move horizontally along
a period, the property of elements changes from metallic (on left) to non-metallic (on the right).
Properties :
(i) These are usually solids or gases at room temperature.
(ii) They have low melting point and boiling point (exception : Boron, Carbon).
(iii) Most Non-metallic solids are brittle and are neither malleable nor ductile.
(c) Metalloids (Semi-metals):
Properties of these elements show the characteristics of both metals and non-metals. Silicon (Si),
Germanium(Ge), Arsenic(As), Antimony(Sb) and Tellurium(Te) are metalloids.

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ESTIMATING POSIT ION OF AN ELEMENT FROM ITS ELECT RONIC
CONFIGURATION
The last electron enters in which subshell gives idea of its block.

[ Think :1s1 and 1s2 belongs to which block]

Period number = Principal quantum number of valence shell electron in ground state electronic
configuration.
Group number for s block = number of valence shell electrons
Group number for p block = 10 + number of valence shell electrons
Group number for d block = number of [ns + (n–1) d] electrons
Group number for f-block = 3

[ Use these carefully while locating the position.]

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE OF THE ELEMENT :

The names are derived by using roots for the three digits in the atomic number of the element and adding
the ending –ium. The roots for the number are
Digit Name Abbreviation
0 nil n
1 un u
2 bi b
3 tri t
4 quad q
5 pent p
6 hex h
7 sept s
8 oct o
9 enn e
Thus element with atomic number 109 will be named as une (u for 1, n for 0 and e for 9). Table summarises
the names of the elements with atomic number above 100.

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PERIODIC TABLE & PERIODICITY

Diagonal relationship :
Some elements of certain groups of 2nd period resemble much in properties with the elements of third period
of next group i.e. elements of second and third period are diagonally related in properties. This phenomenon
is known as diagonal relationship. For example, the similarity between lithium (the first member of group 1)
and magnesium (the second element in group 2) is called a diagonal relationship. Diagonal relationship also
exist between other pairs of elements Be and Al, B and Si as shown in figure ;
2nd period Li Be B C

3rd period Na Mg Al Si
Diagonal relationship arises because of ;
(i) on descending a group, the atoms and ions increase in size. On moving from left to right in the
periodic table, the size decreases. Thus on moving diagonally, the size remains nearly the same.
(Li = 1.23 Å & Mg = 1.36 Å ; Li+ = 0.76 Å & Mg2+ = 0.72 Å)
(ii) it is sometimes suggested that the diagonal relationship arises because of diagonal similarity in
electronegativity values.
(Li = 1.0 & Mg = 1.2 ; Be = 1.5 & Al = 1.5 ; B = 2.0 & Si = 1.8)

(iii) Be and Al also show a diagonal relationship. In this case sizes are not so close (Be2+ = 0.45 Å and
Al3+ = 0.535 Å but the charge per unit area is nearly similar (Be2+ = 2.36 and Al3+ = 2.50) because the
charges are 2+ and 3+ respectively.

(ionic ch arg e)
Charge per unit area = 4
. .(ionic radius )
3
The periodicity of atomic properties :
(i) Effective nuclear charge :
Between the outer most valence electrons and the nucleus of an atom, there exists number of shells
containing electrons. Due to the presence of these intervening electrons, the valence electrons are
unable to experience the attractive pull of the actual number of protons in the nucleus. These intervening
electrons act as shield between the valence electrons and protons in the nucleus. Thus, the presence
of intervening (shielding) electrons reduces the electrostatic attraction between the protons in the
nucleus and the valence electrons because intervening electrons repel the valence electrons. The
concept of effective nuclear charge helps in understanding the effects of shielding on periodic properties.
The effective nuclear charge (Zeff) is the charge actually felt by the valence electron Zeff is given by the
formula Zeff = Z – , (where Z is the actual nuclear charge (atomic number of the element) and is the
shielding (screening constant). The value of i.e. shielding effect can be determined using the
Slater’s rule.
(ii) Atomic radius :
Probability of finding the electron is never zero even at large distance from the nucleus. Based on
probability concept, an atom does not have well defined boundary. Hence exact value of the atomic
radius can’t be evaluated. Atomic radius is taken as the effective size which is the distance of the
closest approach of one atom to another atom in a given bonding state.

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Atomic radius can be

(A) Covalent radius : It is one-half of the distance between the centres

of two nuclei (of like atoms) bonded by a single covalent bond as
shown in figure.

Covalent radius is generally used for nonmetals.

(B) Vander Waal’s radius (Collision radius) :

It is one-half of the internuclear distance between two
adjacent atoms in two nearest neighbouring molecules
of the substance in solid state as shown in figure.
Vander Waal’s radius does not apply to metal.
Its magnitude depends upon the packing of the atoms
when the element is in the solid state.

Comparison of Covalent radius and Vander Waal’s radius

The Vander Waal’s force of attraction is weak, therefore, the internuclear distance in case of atoms
held by Van der Waal’s force is much larger than those of held covalent bond. Therefore Vander
Waal’s radii are always larger than covalent radii.

A covalent bond is formed by the overlapping of two half-filled atomic orbitals and in this a part of the
orbital becomes common. Therefore, covalent radii are always smaller than the Van der Waals radii.
For example,
Table-5
Elements H O F S Br
Covalent radius (Å) 0.37 0.66 0.64 1.04 1.11
van der Waal's radius (Å) 1.20 1.40 1.35 1.85 1.95

(C) Metallic radius (Crystal radius) :

It is one-half of the distance between the nuclei of two adjacent metal atoms in the metallic crystal
lattice as shown in the figure.

Metallic radius of an element is always greater than its covalent radius. It is due to the fact that
metallic bond (electrical attraction between positive charge of an atom and mobile electrons) is
weaker than covalent bond and hence the internuclear distance between the two adjacent atoms in
a metallic crystal is longer than the internuclear distance between the covalently bonded atom.
For example :
Metallic radius Covalent radius
K 231 pm 203 pm
Na 186 pm 154 pm
Thus the magnitude of the above three radii follow the below order.
rcovalent < rcrystal < rvander Walls

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Table-6

Variation in a Period (Left to Right) Variation in a Group (Top to Bottom)

1. Nuclear charge (Z) increases by one unit 1. Nuclear charge (Z) increases by more than one unit
2. Effective nuclear charge (Z eff) almost remains
2. Effective nuclear charge (Zeff) also increases constant because of increased screening effect of inner
shells electrons.

3. As a result, the electrons are pulled closer to the 3. The effect of increased number of atomic shells
nucleus by the increased Zeff. overweighs the effect of increased nuclear charge. As a
result of this the size of atom increases from top to
1 bottom in a given group.
rn
Z*
Hence atomic radii decrease with increase in
atomic number in a period from left to right.
4. But number of orbitals (n) remains constant 4. But number of orbitals (n) increases.

The atomic radius of inert gas es (zero group) is quoted as highest in magnitude in their respective
period because it is sine for then Vander Waal’s radius is quoted. The Vander Waal’s radius of inert
gases also increases from top to bottom in a group.

(iii) Ionic radius :

The effective distance from the centre of nucleus of the ion up to which it has an influence in the ionic
bond is called ionic radius.
Table-7
Cation Anion
(1) It is formed by the loss of one or more electrons (1) It is formed by the gain of one or more electrons from
from the valence shell of an atom of an element. in the valence shell of an atom of an element.
(2) Cations are smaller than the parent atoms (2) Anions are larger than the parent atoms because
because, (a) anion is formed by gain of one or more electrons in
(a) the whole of the outer shell of electrons is usually the neutral atom and thus number of electrons increases
removed. but magnitude of nuclear charge remains the same.
(b) in a cation, the number of positive charges on the (b) nuclear charge per electrons is thus reduced and the
nucleus in greater than number of orbital electrons electrons cloud is held less tightly by the nucleus leading
leading to incresed inward pull of remaining electrons to the expansion of the outer shell. Thus size of anion is
causing contraction in size of the ion. increased.

The sizes of ions increases as we go down a group (considering the ions of same charge).
For example :
Li+ (0.76) < Na+ (1.02) < K+ (1.38) < Rb+ (in Å)
Be2+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Sr2+
F– < Cl– < Br – < –
For the cations same element the ionic radius decreases as more electrons are lost (i.e. the valency
increases) For e.g. Cr2+ = 0.80 Å, Cr3+ = 0.615 Å, Cr4+ = 0.55 Å, Cr5+ = 0.49 Å and Cr6+ = 0.44 Å.
The d and f orbitals do not shield the nuclear charge very effectively .Therefore there is significant
reduction in the size of the ions, just after d or f orbitals have been filled completely. This is called a
lanthanide contraction. Atomic radii of Hf (Hf4+ = 0.71 Å) and Zr (Zr4+ = 0.72 Å), and Nb (Nb3+ = 0.72
Å) and Ta (Ta3+ = 0.72 Å) are almost identical due to lanthanide contraction.

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The species containing the same number of electrons but differ in the magnitude of their nuclear
charges are called as isoelectronic species. For example, N3– , O2–, F–, Ne, Na+ , Mg2+ and Al3+ are
all isoelectronic species with same number of electrons (i.e 10) but different nuclear charges of +7,
+8, +9, +10, +11, +12 and +13 respectively.
Within a series of isoelectronic species as the nuclear charge increases, the force of attraction by
the nucleus on the electrons also increases. As a result, the ionic radii of isoelectronic species
decrease with increases in the magnitude of nuclear charges. For example, as shown in figure.
Al3+ Mg2+ Na+ F– O2– N3–

Ionic radii increase

As effective nuclear charge decrease.

Following are the examples of isoelectronic series
(i) S2–, Cl–, K+ , Ca+2 , Sc+3 (ii) SO2, NO3– , CO3 2–, (iii) N2 , CO, CN– (iv) NH3 , H3O+
1
Pauling’s empirical formula for ionic radius (only for isoelectronic species).
nuclear ch arg e

Ex.6 Consider the following species :

N3– , O2– , F– , Na+ , Mg2+ , and AI3+
(a) What is common in them?
(b) Arrange them in the order of increasing ionic radii.
Sol. (a) Each one of these ions contains 10 electrons and hence all are isoelectronic ions.
(b) The ionic radii of isoelectronic ions decrease with the increase in the magnitude of the nuclear charge. For
example, consider the isoelectronic ions : N3–, O2–, F–, Na2+ and AI3+ . All these ionse have 10 electrons but
their nuclear charges increase in the order :
N3– (+ 7), O2– (+ 8), F– (+ 9), Na+ (+ 11), Mg2+ (+ 12) and AI3+ (+ 13). Therefore, their ionic radii decrease in the
order : N3– > O2– > F– > Na+ > Mg2+ > AI3+.

Ex.7 Mg2+ is smaller than O 2– in size, though both have same electronic configuration. Explain ?
Sol. Mg2+ and O 2– both are isoelectronic i.e., have same number of electrons. But Mg2+ having 12 protons in
its nucleus exerts higher effective nuclear charge than O 2– having 8 protons and thus valence shell as
well as inner shells electrons are more strongly attracted by the nucleus in Mg 2+ resulting smaller size
than O 2–.

(iv) Ionisation Energy :

Ionisation energy (IE) is defined as the amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound
electron from an isolated gaseous atom to form a cation.
(IE1 )
M(g) M+(g) + e– ; M+ (g) + IE2 M2+ (g) + e–
M2+ (g) + IE3 M+3 (g) + e–
IE1, IE2 & IE3 are the Ist, IInd & IIIrd ionization energies to remove electron from a neutral atom,
monovalent and divalent cations respectively.
In general for the same element, (IE)1 < (IE)2 < (IE)3 < .............. because, as the number of
electrons decreases, the attraction between the nucleus and the remaining electrons increases
considerably and hence subsequent ionization energies increase.
Ionization energies are determined from spectra and are measured in kJ mol –1, k Cal mol–1, eV
(electron volt).

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Factors Influencing Ionisation energy
Variation in ionization energies in a period and group may or may not be regular and can be influenced
by the following factors.
(A) Size of the Atom (Dominant factor in case of group) :
Generally ionisation energy decreases with increase in the atomic size.
As the distance between the outer most electrons and the nucleus increases, the force of attraction
between the valence shell electrons and the nucleus decreases. As a result, outer most electrons
are held less firmly and lesser amount of energy is required to knock them out.
For example, ionisation energy decreases in a group from top to bottom with increase in atomic size.
(B) Nuclear Charge (Dominant factor in case of group) :
The ionisation energy increases with increase in the nuclear charge.
This is due to the fact that with increase in the nuclear charge, the electrons of the outer most shell
are more firmly held by the nucleus and thus greater amount of energy is required to pull out an
electron from the atom.
For example, ionisation energy increases as we move from left to right along a period due to increase
in nuclear charge.
(C) Shielding or screening effect :
The electrons in the inner shells act as a screen or shield between the nucleus and the electrons in
the outer most shell. This is called shielding effect. The larger the number of electrons in the inner
shells, greater is the screening effect and smaller the force of attraction and thus ionization energy
(IE) decreases.

(D) Penetration effect of the electron :

The ionization energy also depends on the type of the electron which is to be [Link] being
: s, p, d and f electrons have orbitals with different shapes. An s electron penetrates closer to the
nucleus, and is therefore more tightly held than a p electron. Similarly p-orbital electron is more
tightly held than a d-orbital electron and a d-orbital electron is more tightly held than an f-orbital
electron. If other factors being equal, ionisation energies are in the order s > p > d > f.
For example, ionisation energy of aluminium is comparatively less than magnesium because outer
most electron is to be removed from 3p-orbital (having lesser penetration effect) in aluminium where
as in magnesium it will be removed from 3s-orbital (having larger penetration effect) of same energy
level.
(E) Electronic Configuration :
If an atom has exactly half-filled or completely filled orbitals, then such an arrangement is said to
have extra stability.
The removal of an electron from such an atom requires more energy than expected. For example,
first ionisation energy of beryllium is greater than boron because beryllium has extra stable completely
filled outer most 2s orbital while boron has partially filled less stable outer most 2p-orbital.
Be (Z = 4) 1s2 , 2s2 B (Z = 5) 1s2 , 2s2 , 2p1
Similarly noble gases have completely filled electronic configurations and hence they have highest
ionisation energies in their respective periods.
Metallic or electropositive character of elements increases as the value of ionisation energy decreases.
The relative reactivity of the metals in gaseous phase increases with the decrease in ionisation
energy.
The reducing power of elements in the gaseous phase increases as the value of ionisation energy
decreases. Among alkali metals, lithium is the strongest reducing agent in aqueous solution.

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Ex.8 Energy of an electron in the ground state of the hydrogen atom is –2.18 × 10–18 J. Calculate the ionization
enthalpy of atomic hydrogen in terms of J mol–1.
Sol. Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove the electron from the ground state to infinity.
Now, energy of the electron in the ground state = – 2.18 × 10–15 J
Energy of the electron at affinity = 0.
The energy required to remove an electron in the ground state of hydrogen atom
= 0 – (its energy in the ground state) = – (– 2.18 × 10–18 J) = 2.18 × 1018 J.

2.18 1018 6.02 1023

Ionization enthalpy per mole of hydrogen atoms = kJ
1000
= 1312.36 kJ mol–1 = 1312.36 × 103 J mol–1.

Ex.9 Among the second period elements the actual ionization enthalpies are in the order Li < B < Be < C < O < N
< F < Ne.
Explain why :
(i) Be has higher iH than B
(ii) O has lower IH than N and F?
Sol. (i) The ionization enthalpy, among other things depends upon the type of electron to be removed from the
same principal shell. In case of Be (1s2 2s2) the outermost electron is present in 2s-orbital while in B
(1s2 2s2 2p1) it is present in 2p- orbital. Since 2s-electrons are more strongly attracted by the nucleus
than 2p-electrons, therfore, lesser amount of energy is required to knock out a 2p-electron than a 2s-
electron. Consequently, iH of Be is higher than that iH of B.
(ii) The electronic configration of N (1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1) in which 2p-orbitals are exactly half-filled is
more stable than the electronic configuration of O (1s2 2s2 px2 2py1 2pz1) in which the 2p- orbitals are
neither exactly half-filled nor completely filled. Therefore, it is difficult to remove an electron from N
than from O. As result, iH of N is higher than that of O. Further, the electronic configuration of F is
1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz1 . Because of higher nuclear charge (+9) the first ionization enthalpy of F is
higher than that of O. Further, the effect of increased nuclear charge outweights the effect of stability
due to exactly half-filled orbitals, therefore, the iH of N and O are lower than that of F.
Ex.10 Following graph shows variation of ionization energies with atomic number in second period (Li–Ne). Value of
ionization energies of Na(11) will be –

(1) above Ne (2) below Ne but above O.

(3*) below Li (4) between N and O.
Sol. Na is 3rd period element and is bigger than Li. The distance between the nucleus and outer most electron is
more as compared to Li. Thus the outer most electron is loosely bound with nucleus and removal of electron
is easier. So option (3) is correct.

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(V) Electron Affinity :
The electron gain enthalpy egH , is the change in standard molar enthalpy when a neutral gaseous atom
gains an electron to form an anion.
X (g) + e– (g) X– (g)
Electron gain enthalpy provides a measure of the ease with which an atom adds an electron to form anion.
Electron gain may be either exothermic or endothermic depending on the elements.
When an electron is added to the atom and the energy is released, the electron gain enthalpy is negative and
when energy is needed to add an electron to the atom, the electron gain enthalpy is positive.
Although the electron gain enthalpy is the thermodynamically appropriate term, much of inorganic chemistry
is discussed in terms of a closely related property, the electron affinity, Ea of an element which is the
difference in energy between the gaseous atoms and the gaseous ions at T = 0.
Ea = E (X, g) – E (X–, g),
Electron gain enthalpy is conventionally defined as the energy released when an electron is added to the
valence shell of an isolated gaseous atom.
F + e– F– Ea = 328 kJ mol–1 ; egH = – 328 kJ mol–1
5 5
Although the precise relation is H = – Ea – RT, the contribution RT is commonly ignored.
eg 2 2
A positive electron gain enthalpy indicates that the ion X– has a lower, more negative energy than the neutral
atom X. The second electron gain enthalpy, the enthalpy change for the addition of a second electron to an
initially neutral atom, invariably positive because the electron repulsion out weighs the nuclear attraction.
Exothermic
O(g) + e–(g) O– (g) ; Ea = 140.9 kJ mol–1 ; eg
H = – 140.9 kJ mol–1
Endothermi c
O–(g) + e–(g) O2– (g) ; Ea = – 744 kJ mol–1 ; eg
H = 744 kJ mol–1
An element has a high electron affinity if the additional electron can enter a shell where it experiences a
strong effective nuclear charge.
Group 17 elements (halogens) have very high negative electron gain enthalpies (i.e. high electron affinity)
because they can attain stable noble gas electronic configuration by picking up an electron.
Across a period, with increase in atomic number, electron gain enthalpy becomes more negative because left
to right across a period effective nuclear charge increases and consequently it will be easier to add an
electron to a small atom.
As we move in a group from top to bottom, electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative because the size
of the atom increases and the added electron would be at larger distance from the nucleus.
Noble gases have large positive electron gain enthalpies because the electron has to enter the next higher
energy level leading to a very unstable electronic configuration.
Negative electron gain enthalpy of O or F is less than S or Cl. This is due to the fact that when an electron is
added to O or F, the added electron goes to the smaller n = 2 energy level and experiences significant
repulsion from the other electrons present in this level. In S or Cl, the electron goes to the larger n = 3 energy
level and consequently occupies a larger region of space leading to much less electron-electron repulsion.
Electron gain enthalpies of alkaline earth metals are very less or positive because the extra electron is to be
added to completely filled s-orbitals in their valence shells.
Nitrogen has very low electron affinity because there is high electron repulsion when the incoming electron
enters an orbital that is already half filled.
1
(i) Electron affinity (ii) Electron affinity Effective nuclear charge (zeff)
Atomic size

1
(iii) Electron affinity Screening effect . (iv) Stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals of a subshell
is comparatively more and the addition of an extra electron to such an system is difficult and hence the
electron affinity value decreases.

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Ex.11 Consider the elements N, P, O and S and arrange them in order of increasing negative electron gain
enthalpy.
Sol. Order of increasing negative electron gain enthalpy is N < P < O < S. For detail refer text.
Ex.12 Why do halogens have high electron gain enthalpies (i.e. – egH ) ?
Sol. The valence shell electronic configuration of halogens is ns2np5 and thus they require one electron to acquire
the stable noble gas configuration ns2np6. Because of this they have strong tendency to accept an additional
electron and hence have high electron gain enthalpies.
Ex.13 Which will have the maximum value of electron affinity Ox ,Oy, Oz [x,y and z respectively are 0, – 1 and –2]?
(1) Ox (2) Oy (3) Oz (4) All have equal.
Sol. Being neutral atom oxygen will have higher electron affinity as there is electrostatic repulsion between additional
electron and negative ion in case of O– and O2–. So option (A) is correct.
Ex.14 Account for the large decrease in electron affinity between Li and Be despite the increase in nuclear charge.
Sol. The electron configurations of Li and Be are [He]2s1 and [He]2s2, respectively. The additional electron enters
the 2s orbital of Li but the 2p orbital of Be and hence is much less tightly bound. In fact, the nuclear charge
is so well shielded in Be that electron gain is endothermic.

(VI) Electronegativity :
Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an element to attract shared electrons towards itself in a
covalently bonded molecules.
The magnitude of electronegativity of an element depends upon its ionisation potential & electron affinity.
Higher ionisation potential & electron affinity values indicate higher electronegativity value.
With increase in atomic size the distance between nucleus and valence shell electrons increases, therefore,
the force of attraction between the nucleus and the valence shell electrons decreases and hence the
electronegativity values also decrease.
With increase in nuclear charge force of attraction between nucleus and the valence shell electrons increases
and, therefore, electronegativity value increases
In higher oxidation state, the element has higher magnitude of positive charge.
Thus, due to more positive charge on element, it has higher polarising power.
Hence with increase in the oxidation state of element, its electronegativity also increases.
Charge on cation electronegativity of the atom.
The electronegativity also increases as the s-character in the hybrid orbitals increases.
Hybrid orbital sp3 sp2 sp
s-character 25% 33% 50%

Electronegativity increases

Table-8
Variation of electronegativity in a group Variation of electronegativity in a period
On moving down the groups, Z increases but Zef f
almost remains constant, number of shells (n) While moving across a period left to right, Z,
increases, rn (atomic radius) increases. Zef f increases & rn decreases. Therefore,

Therefore, electronegativity decreases moving electronegativity increases along a period.

down the groups.
There is no direct method to measure the value of electronegativity, however, there are some scales to
measure its value.

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(a) Pauling’s scale :
Linus Pauling developed a method for calculating relative electronegativities of most elements. According to
Pauling

= XA – XB = O.208 E.A B EA A EB B

EA-B = Bond enthalpy/ Bond energy of A – B bond.

EA - A = Bond energy of A – A bond
EB –B = Bond energy of B – B bond
(All bond energies are in kcal / mol)
= XA – XB = O.1017 E.A B EA A EB B
All bond energies are in kJ / mol.
(b) Mulliken’s scale :
Electronegativity (chi) can be regarded as the average of the ionisation energy (IE) and the electron affinity
(EA) of an atom (both expressed in electron volts).
IE EA
=
M 2
Paulings’s electronegativity P
isrelated to Mulliken’s electronegativity M
as given below.

P
= 1.35 ( M)1/2 – 1.37
Mulliken’s values were about 2.8 times larger than the Pauling’s values.
(c) Allred–Rochow’s Electronegativity ( AR): Allred and Rochow defined electronegativity as the force exerted
by the nucleus of an atom on its valence electrons :
0.359 Z effective
AR
= + 0.744
r2
where Zeffective is the effective nuclear charge and r the covalent radius in Å.
35.90 Z effective
or 0.744 +
(r / pm )2
According to the Allred-Rochow definition, elements with high electronegativity are those with high effective
nuclear charge and the small covalent radius. Such elements lie close to fluorine.

Ex.15 Calculate the electronegativity of carbon from the following data :

EH–H = 104.2 kcal mol –1 , EC–C = 83.1 kcal mol –1
EC–H = 98.8 kcal mol –1| , XH = 2.1
Sol. Let the electronegativity of carbon be XC , applying Pauling equation,
1
XC–XH = 0.208 [EC–H – (EC-C + EH–H)] 1/2
2
X – 2.1 = 0.208 [98.8 –
1
C (83.1 + 104.2)] 1/2
2
X = 2.5 Ans. 2.5
C

Ex.16 If electronegativity of x be 3.2 and that of y be 2.2, the percentage ionic character of xy is –
(1) 19.5 (2) 18.5 (3) 9.5 (4) 29.5.
Sol. ENx – ENy = 3.2 – 2.2 = 1.
=1
[ = difference of electronegativity values between x and y].
% ionic character = 16 + 3.5 2 = 19.5.
Ans. (1)

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(VII) Periodicity of Valence or Oxidation States :

The valence of representative elements is usually (though not necessarily) equal to the number of
electrons in the outermost orbitals and / or equal to eight minus the number of outermost electrons.
Nowadays the term oxidation state is frequently used for valence.
Consider the two oxygen containing compounds : OF2 and Na2O. The order of electronegativity of the
three elements involved in these compounds is F > O > Na. Each of the atoms of fluorine, with outer
electronic configuration 2s22p5, shares one electron with oxygen in the OF2 molecule. Being highest
electronegative element, fluorine is given oxidation state –1. Since there are two fluorine atoms in
this molecule, oxygen with outer electronic configuration 2s22p4 shares two electrons with fluorine
atoms and thereby exhibits oxidation state +2. In Na2O, oxygen being more electronegative accepts
two electrons, one from each of the two sodium atoms and thus, shows oxidation state –2. On the
other hand sodium with electronic configuration 3s1 loses one electron to oxygen and is given oxidation
state +1. Thus, the oxidation state of an element in a particular compound can be defined as the
charge acquired by its atom on the basis of electronegative consideration from other atoms in the
molecule.
There are many elements which exhibit variable valence. This is particularly characteristic of transition
elements and actinoids.

MISCELLANEOUS SOLVED PROBLEMS

1. A M2+ ion derived from a metal in the first transition metal series has four electrons in 3d subshell. What
element might M be ?
Sol. Electron configuration of M2+ is : [Ar]18 4s0 3d4
Electron configuration of M is : [Ar]18 4s1 3d5 (and not 4s2 3d4)
So total number of electrons = 24.
Hence, metal M is chromium (Cr).

2. Following are the valence shell electronic configurations of some elements.

(i) 3s2 3p5 (ii) 3d10 4s2 (iii) 2s2 3p6 4s1 (iv) 1s2 2s2
Find out the blocks to which they belong in the periodic table ?
Ans. (i) p-block (ii) d-block (iii) s-block (iv) s-block
Sol. The block of the elements depend on the type of sub-shell which receive the last electron. In case of (i)
it enters in 3p-subshell, (ii) it enters 3d-subshell, (iii) it enters 4s-subshell and (iv) it enters 2s-subshell.

3. Find out the group of the element having the electronic configuration, 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2 .
Ans. As last electron enters in d-subshell, therefore this belongs to d-block. For d-block element the group
number is equal to the number of valence shell electrons + number of electrons in (n-1) d-subshell. So,
group number = 6 + 2 = 8.

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4. Ionisation energy and electron affinity of fluorine are respectively 17.42 and 3.45 eV. Calculate electronegativity
of fluorine atom.
Ionisation energy Electron affinity
Sol. According to Mulliken’s electronegativity ( M) =
2
17.42 3.45
= = 10.435
2

10.435
Therefore, electronegativity on Pauling’s scale ( P) = = 3.726
2. 8

Ans. P = 3.726
5. In Column-I, there are given electronic configurations of some elements. Match these with the correct
metals given in Column-II :
Column-I Column-II
2 5
(1) ns , np (p) Chromium
10 1
(2) (n – 1) d , ns (q) Copper
5 1
(3) (n – 1) d , ns (r) Krypton
10 2 6
(4) (n – 1) d , ns , np (s) Bromine
Ans. (1) (s) ; (2) (q) ; (3) (p) ; (4) (r).
2 5
Sol. (1) ns np is general valence shell electron configuration of halogens. So this configuration belongs to bromine.
(2) (n – 1) d1-10 ns1-2 ; This is electron configuration of d-block elements. As it contains (n – 1) d10ns1 configuration
it belongs to copper.
(3) (n – 1) d1-10 ns1-2 ; This is electron configuration of d-block elements. As it contains (n – 1) d5 ns1 configuration
it belongs to chromium.
(4) Noble gases has valence shell electron configuration ns2 np6, so it belongs to krypton.

6. Match the metals given in Column-II with their type given in Column-I :
Column-I Column-II
(1) Metalloid (p) Sulphur
(2) Radioactive (q) Gold
(3) Transition metal (r) Arsenic
(4) Chalcogen (s) Uranium
Ans. (1) (r) ; (2) (s) ; (3) (q) ; (4) (p)
Sol. (1) Arsenic is a metalloid because it behaves as metal (forming cation, As3+ -AsCl3) as well as nonmetal
(forming anion, As3– -AsH3).
(2) Uranium is a radioactive element.
(3) Those elements which in their neutral atoms or in most common oxidation state have partially filled
d-orbitals are called as transition elements. Gold in its +3 oxidation state has electron configuration [Xe] 54,
5d86s0 .
(4) 16th group elements like oxygen and sulphur are ore forming elements and therefore are called as chalcogens.

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7. Match the metals given in Column-II with their type given in Column-I :
Column-I Column-II
(1) Representative element (p) Cerium
(2) Lanthanide (q) Aluminium
(3) Coinage metal (r) Thorium
(4) Actinide (s) Gold
Ans. (1) (q) ; (2) (p) ; (3) (s) ; (4) (r)
Sol. (1) s-block and p-block elements are collectively called as representative elements. As in aluminium last
electron enters in p-subshell ([Ne]103s23p1).
(2) Lanthanide series follows lanthanum (atomic number 57) and starts from cerium (atomic number 58) to
lutetium (atomic number 71), fourteen 4f- series elements.
(3) Group 11- transition elements copper, silver & gold are known as coinage metals (used for making the
coins).
(4) Actinides series follows actinium (atomic number 89) and starts from thorium (atomic number 90) to
lawrencium (atomic number 103), fourteen 5f- series elements.

8. Match the particulars given in Column-I with the process/metal / species given in Column-II.
Column-I Column-II
(1) Isoelectronic species (p) A+(g) + energy A ++(g) + e– (g)
(2) Half filled orbital (q) Ar, K+, Ca++
(3) Second ionisation energy (r) Lutetium
(4) Inner transition element (s) Antimony
Ans. (1) (q) ; (2) (s) ; (3) (p) ; (4) (r)
Sol. (1) Species having same number of electrons but different nuclear charge are called isoelectronic species. Ar,
K+ & Ca++ have same number of electrons i.e. 18 but 18, 19 & 20 number of protons respectively.
(2) np3, (n–1) d5 and (n–2) f 7 represent half filled orbitals. Antimony has ([Kr] 36 4d105s25p3).
(3) The energy required to remove an electron from an univalent cation(g) is called second ionisation energy.
(4) 4f and 5f- series elements are called inner transition elements because they have three outer most shells
incomplete.

9. Match the type of elements / characteristic of the elements listed in Column-I with the correct element
listed in Column-II.
Column-I Column-II
(1) st
Highest 1 ionisation energy (p) Technitium
(2) Highest electronegativity (q) Lithium
(3) Synthetic element (r) Helium
(4) Strongest reducing agent (s) Fluorine
Ans. (1) (r) ; (2) (s) ; (3) (p) ; (4) (q).
Sol. (1) Helium has highest 1st ionisation energy amongst all the elements of periodic table because of ns2 valence
electron configuration and its small size of atom.
(2) Fluorine has highest electronegativity i.e. 4.0 on Pauling scale on account of its small size.
(3) Technitium is a man made element.
(4) Lithium is a strongest reducing agent because of its highest negative value of Eº due to its higher
hydration energy on account of its small size of atom.

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 Extended or Long Form of the Periodic Ta-

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IA 0
Metals
Period 1 2
H Non metals He
IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
1.0079 4.0026

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
JEE (Adv.)-Chemistry

6.940 9.0122 10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.990 24.305 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.066 35.453 39.948

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.098 40.078 44.956 47.867 50.941 51.996 54.938 55.847 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.39 62.723 72.61 74.922 78.96 79.904 83.80

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.94 98 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29

55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 210 210 222

87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 The symbols for elements 104-109 used in this table are
Fr Ra Ac** Unq Unp Unh Uns Uno Une Uun Uuu Uub those proposed by the American Chemical Society and
223 226 227 261 262 266 264 269 268 269 272 277

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58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
*Lanthanide Series Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

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140.12 140.91 144.24 145 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.07 174.97
Dyspro-
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
7 **Actinide Series Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.04 231.04 238.03 237 244 243 247 247 251 252 257 258 259 262

IUPAC designations of groups of elements are given in brackets

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Periodic Table & Periodicity
 GENERAL TRENDS OF DIFFERENT PROPERTIES IN THE PERIOD AND GROUPS

PERIODS
Atomic radius Decreases
Ionisation potential Increases
Electronegativity Increases
Electron affinity Increases
JEE (Adv.)-Chemistry

Covalent character of halides Increases

Increases Metallic character Decreases
Decreases Oxidising nature Increases
G Decreases Reducing nature Decreases
R Decreases Screening effect Increases
Decreases Effective nuclear charge (Ze ff) Increases
O Increases Valency w.r.t Oxygen Increases
U Decreases Basic character of hydroxides Decreases
Increases Basic character of hydrides Decreases
P Increases Basic character of Oxides Decreases
S Constant Strength of oxy acids Increases
Constant Thermal stability of sulphate Decreases
(Metals)Increases Thermal stability of carbonates Decrease

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(Non metal) Decreases (Metals) Increases Thermal stability of nitrates Decrease

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Increases Therma stability of hydroxide Decrease
Decreases Density First increases then de-
creases
Increases Electro positivity Decrease
Increases
Increases

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Increases
Increases

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Marked Questions may have for Revision Questions.

PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Section (A) : Shielding Effect & Z eff
A-1. Tell the relation between effective nuclear charge (Z eff), atomic number (Z) and shielding constant ( ).
Explain it qualitatively.
A-2. Which orbital electrons are known to shield the nuclear charge improperly ? Does this generate some irregularity
in properties of elements ?

Section (B) : Atomic and Ionic radius

B-1. Explain why cations are smaller and anions larger in radii than their parent atoms ?
B-2. Arrange the following ions in the increasing order of their size : Be2+, Cl-, S2-, Na+, Mg2+, Br– ?
B-3. The atomic radii of palladium and platinum are nearly same. Why ?
B-4. In the ionic compound KF, the K+ and F– ions are found to have practically identical radii, about 1.34 Å each.
What can you predict about the relative atomic radii of K & F ?

Section (C) : Ionisation energy

C-1. Why second ionization enthalpy is always higher than the first ionisation enthalpy for every element ?
C-2. The first ionization enthalpy of carbon is greater than that of boron, whereas the reverse is true for second
ionization enthalpy. Explain.
C-3. Among the elements B, Al, C and Si, (i) which element has the highest first ionisation enthalpy ?
(ii) which element has the most metallic character ?
Justify your answer in each case.
C-4. The (IE1) and the (IE2) in kJ mol–1 of a few elements designated by Roman numerals are shown below:

I II III
IE1 403 549 1142
IE2 2640 1060 2080

Which of the above elements is likely to be a

(a) non-metal (b) alkali metal (c) alkaline earth metal ?

Section (D) : Electron gain enthalpy

D-1. Why the electron gain enthalpy values of alkaline earth metals are lower (i.e. less negative) or positive?
D-2. Be and Ne have positive values of electron gain enthalpy against the general trend in their period in Modern
periodic table. Explain.
D-3. Nitrogen has positive electron gain enthalpy whereas oxygen has negative. However, oxygen has lower
ionisation enthalpy than nitrogen. Explain.
D-4. A– (g) A2+ (g) H = 1100 KJ/mol
A (g) A (g)
2+
H = 1200 KJ/mol
Electron gain enthalphy of A is P × 102 KJ/mol. What is the value of P ?

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Section (E) : Electronegativity
E-1. Among alkali metals, which element do you expect to be least electronegative ?
E-2. Explain the following according to Modern periodic table :
(a) Electronegativity of elements increase on moving from left to right in a period.
(b) Ionisation enthalpy decrease in a group from top to bottom.

Section (F) : Oxidation states & Inert pair effect

F-1. Pb4+ compounds are very good oxidising agents. Explain.

F-2. Arrange the following in correct order of stability :

(i) Ga+, In+, Tl+ (ii) As+5 , Sb+5, Bi+5

PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

Section (A) : Shielding Effect & Z eff
A-1. The order of screening effect of electrons of s, p, d and f orbitals of a given shell of an atom on its outer shell
electrons is :
(A) s > p > d > f (B) f > d > p > s (C) p < d < s > f (D) f > p > s > d

A-2. Which of the following is generally true regarding effective nuclear charge (Zeff) :
(A) It increases on moving left to right in a period.
(B) It remains almost constant on moving top to bottom in a group.
(C) For isoelectronic species, as Z increases, Zeff decreases.
(D) Both (A) and (B).

A-3. Among following species which of them have maximum Zeff

(A) Sn (B) Sn4+ (C) In (D) In+

A-4. From the given set of species, point out the species from each set having highest Zeff
(a) O2–, F–, Na+ (b) Li, Be, Na (c) He, Li+, H–
a b c a b c
(A) Na+ Be Li+ (B) O2– Li H–
(C) F– Na He (D) Na+ Be He

Section (B) : Atomic and Ionic radius

B-1. Which of the following order of radii is correct :
(A) Li < Be < Mg (B) H+ < Li+ < H– (C) O < F < Ne (D) Li < Na < K < Cs < Rb

B-2. The lanthanide contraction refers to :

(A) radius of the series. (B) valence electrons of the series.
(C) the density of the series. (D) electronegativity of the series.

B-3. Select correct statement about radius of an atom :

(A) Values of Vander waal's radii are larger than those of covalent radii because the Vander waal's forces are
much weaker than the forces operating between atoms in a covalently bonded molecule.
(B) The metallic radii are smaller than the Vander waal's radii, since the bonding forces in the metallic crystal
lattice are much stronger than the Vander waal's forces.
(C) Both (A) & (B)
(D) None of these

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B-4. Match the correct atomic radius with the element :
[Link]. Element Code Atomic radius (pm)
(i) Be (p) 74
(ii) C (q) 88
(iii) O (r) 111
(iv) B (s) 77
(v) N (t) 66
(A) (i) – r, (ii) – q, (iii) – t, (iv) – s, (v) – p (B) (i) – t, (ii) – s, (iii) – r, (iv) – p, (v) – q
(C) (i) – r, (ii) – s, (iii) – t, (iv) – q, (v) – p (D) (i) – t, (ii) – p, (iii) – r, (iv) – s, (v) – q
B-5. Choose the correct order of atomic radii of Fluorine and Neon (in pm) out of the options given below :
(A) 72, 160 (B) 160, 160 (C) 72, 72 (D) 160, 72
B-6. The size of isoelectronic species O-2 , F– and Na+ is affected by :
(A) nuclear charge (Z)
(B) valence principal quantum number (n)
(C) electron-electron interaction in the outer orbitals
(D) none of the factors because their size is the same.

Section (C) : Ionisation energy

C-1. Decreasing ionization potential for K, Ca & Ba is
(A) Ba> K > Ca (B) Ca > Ba > K (C) K > Ba > Ca (D) K > Ca > Ba
C-2. The correct order of second I.P.
(A) Na < Mg > Al < Si (B) Na > Mg < Al > Si
(C) Na > Mg > Al < Si (D) Na > Mg > Al > Si
C-3. The second ionization enthalpies of elements are always higher than their first ionization enthalpies because:
(A) cation formed always have stable half filled or completely filled valence shell electron configuration.
(B) it is easier to remove electron from cation.
(C) ionization is an endothermic process.
(D) the cation is smaller than its parent atom.
C-4. A large difference between the third and fourth ionization energies indicates the presence of :
(A) 4 valence electrons in an atom (B) 5 valence electrons in an atom
(C) 3 valence electrons in an atom (D) 2 valence electrons in an atom
C-5. Which one of the following statements is incorrect in relation to ionisation enthalpy ?
(A) Ionization enthalpy increases for each successive electron.
(B) The greatest increase in ionization enthalpy is experienced on removal of electron from core of noble gas
configuration.
(C) End of valence electrons is marked by a big jump in ionization enthalpy.
(D) Removal of electron from orbitals bearing lower n value is easier than from orbitals having higher n value.

C-6. The first ionisation enthalpies (in eV) of N & O are respectively given by :
(A) 14.6, 13.6 (B) 13.6, 14.6 (C) 13.6, 13.6 (D) 14.6, 14.6
C-7. The first ionisation enthalpies of Na, Mg, Al and Si are in the order :
(A) Na < Mg > Al < Si (B) Na > Mg > Al > Si (C) Na < Mg < Al < Si (D) Na > Mg > Al < Si
C-8. Which represents alkali metals (i.e. 1st group metals) based on (IE)1 and (IE)2 values (in kJ/mol) ?
(IE)1 (IE)2 (IE)1 (IE)2
(A) X 500 1000 (B) Y 600 2000
(C) Z 550 7500 (D) M 700 1400

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C-9. Which of the following relation is correct with respect to first (I) and second (II) ionization enthalpies of
potassium and calcium ?
(A) ICa > IIK (B) IK > ICa (C) IICa > IIK (D) IIK > IICa

Section (D) : Electron gain enthalpy

D-1. Which one of the following statement is correct ?
(A) The elements having large negative values of electron gain enthalpy generally act as strong oxidising
agents.
(B) The elements having low values of ionisation enthalpies act as strong reducing agents.
(C) The formation of S2–(g) from S(g) is an endothermic process.
(D) All of these.
D-2. The correct order of electron gain enthalpy (most endothermic first and most exothermic last) is :
(A) Be < B < C < N (B) Be < N < B < C (C) N < Be < C < B (D) N < C < B < Be
D-3. Among halogens, the correct order of amount of energy released in electron gain (electron gain enthalpy) is:
(A) F > Cl > Br > I (B) F < Cl < Br < I (C) F < Cl > Br > I (D) Cl > Br > F > I
D-4. Which of the following will have the most negative electron gain enthalpy and which the least negative ?
F, P, S, Cl.
(A) P, Cl (B) Cl, F (C) Cl, S (D) Cl, P
D-5. The order of electron gain enthalpy (magnitude) of O, S and Se is :
(A) O > S > Se (B) S > Se > O (C) Se > S > O (D) S > O > Se

D-6. Electronic configurations of four elements A, B, C and D are given below :

(i) 1s22s22p6 (ii) 1s22s22p4 (iii) 1s22s22p63s1 (iv) 1s22s22p5
Which of the following is the correct order of increasing tendency to gain electron :
(A) (i) < (iii) < (ii) < (iv) (B) (i) < (ii) < (iii) < (iv) (C) (iv) < (ii) < (iii) < (i) (D) (iv) < (i) < (ii) < (iii)
D-7. Which of the following statement is correct ?
(A) Electron gain enthalpy may be positive for some elements.
(B) Second electron gain enthalpy always remains positive for all the elements.
(C) egH(K+) = – IE (K)
(D) All of these
D-8. Highest electron affinity is shown by
(A) F¯ (B) Cl¯ (C) Li+ (D) Na+

Section (E) : Electronegativity

E-1. The correct set of decreasing order of electronegativity is :
(A) Li, H, Na (B) Na, H,Li (C) H, Li, Na (D) Li, Na, H
E-2. Which of the following is most electronegative in p-block elements
(A) Oxygen (B) Chlorine (C) Fluorine (D) Phosphorus
E-3. Which of the following is affected by the stable electron configuration of an atom ?
(a) Electronegativity (b) Ionisation enthalpy (c) Electron gain enthalpy
Correct answer is :
(A) only electronegativity (B) only ionisation enthalpy
(C) both electron gain enthalpy and ionisation enthalpy (D) all of the above
E-4. The electronegativity values of C,N,O and F on Pauling scale :
(A) decrease from carbon to fluorine.
(B) increase from carbon to fluorine.
(C) increase upto oxygen and then decrease upto fluorine.
(D) decrease from carbon to nitrogen and then increase continuously.

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E-5. Correct order of electronegativity of N, P, C and Si on Pauling scale is :
(A) N > P > C > Si (B) C > Si > N > P (C) N < P < C < Si (D) N > C > P > Si

E-6. The correct order of electronegativity on Pauling scale is :

(A) F > Cl > O > S (B) Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs (C) Be < B < N < C (D) Both (A) and (B)

E-7. Which of the following is most electronegative element.

(A) Li (B) Mg (C) H (D) Na

Section (F) : Oxidation states & Inert pair effect

F-1. The atomic number of an element which can not show the oxidation state of +3 is-
(A) 13 (B) 32 (C) 33 (D) 17
F-2. The most common oxidation state of an element is –2. The number of electrons present in its outer most
shell is -
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8
F-3. Most stable oxidation state of gold is :
(A) + 1 (B) +3 (C) +2 (D) zero
F-4. Which can have both +ve and –ve oxidation states in their compounds
(A) F (B) I (C) Na (D) Al
F-5. The oxidation state of nitrogen varies from :
(A) –3 to + 5 (B) 0 to +5 (C) –3 to 1 (D) +3 to +5
F-6. Which metal exhibtis more than one oxidation states in their compounds
(A) Na (B) Mg (C) Al (D) Fe
F-7. Electrons of which subshell do not participate in bonding due to inert pair effect ?
(A) 6s (B) 6p (C) 5d (D) 4f
F-8. In which of the following elements, + 3 oxidation state is more stable than + 5 ?
(A) P (B) As (C) N (D) Bi

F-9. Which of the following is correct order of stability :

(A) Tl3+ > Bi3+ (B) PbO2 > PbO (C) BiI5 < BiF5 (D) Sn2+ = Ge2+

PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMNS

1. The Column-I has certain details about the elements of s-, p- and d-block elements. Match those with
the group number of the elements listed in Column-II.
Column-I Column-II
(element / elements) (group number)
(A) An element whose fourth shell contains two p-electrons (p) 8th group
(B) An element whose valence shell contains one unpaired p-electron (q) 12th group
(C) An element which receives last electron in (n – 1) d-subshell (r) 14th group
(D) An element with the ground-state electron configuration [Ar]4s23d10 (s) 17th group
2. Match the characteristics mentioned in column II with the process in column I.
Column-I Column-II
(A) O(g) + e — O (g)
– –
(p) Positive Electron gain enthalpy
(B) O–(g) + e– — O2–(g) (q) Negative Electron gain enthalpy
(C) Na–(g) — Na(g) + e– (r) Exothermic
(D) Mg+(g) + e– — Mg(g) (s) Endothermic

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Marked Questions may have for Revision Questions.

PART - I : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE
1. Which group of atoms have nearly same atomic radius :
(A) Na, K, Rb, Cs (B) Li, Be, B, C (C) Fe, Co, Mn (D) F, Cl, Br, I
2. The incorrect order of radius is :
(A) Cu– > Cu > Cu+ (B) Sc3+ > K+ > S2– (C) Ni < Cu < Zn (D) All of these
3. Which of the following order of atomic / ionic radius is not correct ?
(A) F < Cl < Br < (B) Y3+ > Sr2+ > Rb+ (C) Nb Ta (D) Li > Be > B
4. When the following five anions are arranged in order of decreasing ionic radius, the correct sequence is :
(A) Se2–, I–, Br–, O2–, F– (B) I– , Se2–, Br– , F–, O2–
(C) Se , I , Br , F , O
2– – – – 2–
(D) I–, Se2–, Br–, O2–, F–
5. In which of the following compounds, manganese shows maximum radius ?
(A) MnO2 (B) KMnO4 (C) MnO (D) K3[Mn(CN)6]
6. Amongst the following, the incorrect statement is
(A) IE1 (Al) < IE1 (Mg) (B) IE1 (Na) < IE1(Mg)
(C) IE2 (Mg) > IE2 (Na) (D) IE3 (Mg) > IE3 (Al)
7. Which of the following is the correct order of ionisation enthalpy ?
(1) Be+ > Be (2) Be > Be+ (3) C > Be (4) B > Be
(A) 2, 3 (B) 3, 4 (C) 1, 3 (D) 1, 4

8. Considering the elements B, Al, Mg, and K, the correct order of their metallic character is :
(A) B > Al > Mg > K (B) Al > Mg > B > K
(C) Mg > Al > K > B (D) K > Mg > Al > B
9. Which of the following is the correct order of ionisation enthalpy ?
(A) Te2– < I– < Cs+ < Ba2+ (B) I– < Te2– < Cs+ < Ba2+
(C) Te < Cs < I < Ba
2– + – 2+
(D) Ba2+ < Cs+ < I– < Te2–
10. Which is true statement(s) ?
(A) Larger is the value of ionisation enthalpy, easier is the formation of cation.
(B) Larger is the value of electron gain enthalpy, easier is the formation of anion.
(C) Larger is the value of ionisation energy as well as electron affinity, smaller is the Mulliken electronegativity of
atom.
(D) Larger is the Zeff, larger is the size of atom.
11. Fluorine has the highest electronegativity among the ns2 np5 group on the Pauling scale, but the electron
affinity of fluorine is less than that of chlorine because :
(A) the atomic number of fluorine is less than that of chlorine.
(B) fluorine being the first member of the family behaves in an unusual manner.
(C) chlorine can accommodate an electron better than fluorine by utilising its vacant 3d–orbital.
(D) small size, high electron density and an increased electron repulsion makes addition of an electron to
fluorine less favourable than that in the case of chlorine in isolated stage.
12. Which one of the following arrangements represents the correct order of electron gain enthalpy (with negative
sign) of the given atomic species ?
(A) Cl < F < S < O (B) O < S < F < Cl (C) S < O < Cl < F (D) F < Cl < O < S

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13. Which of the following statement is incorrect ?
(A) The tendency to attract bonded pair of electron in case of hybrid orbitals follow the order : sp > sp2 > sp3
(B) Alkali metals generally have negative value of electron gain enthalpy.
(C) Cs+(g) releases more energy upon gain of an electron than Cl(g).
(D) The electronegativity values for 2p-series elements is less than that for 3p-series elements on account of
small size and high inter electronic repulsions.

14. Which of the following order is incorrect against the property indicated :

(A) Mg < Ar < Na (2nd I.E.) (B) Be < F < Cl HEA

(C) Rb < Na < K > Ca (atomic radius) (D) P < S < N (electronegativity)

15. The electronic configuration of an element is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4. The atomic number and the group number
of the element ‘X’ which is just below the above element in the periodic table are respectively.
(A) 24 & 6 (B) 24 & 15 (C) 34 & 16 (D) 34 & 8
16. Which of the following can show +7 oxidation state?
(A) Mn (B) F (C) In (D) N
17. Which of following does not exist :
(A) TlI3 (B) PbF4 (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these
18. Elements of which period show maximum inert pair effect :
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6

PART - II : SINGLE AND DOUBLE VALUE INTEGER TYPE

1. If internuclear distance between A atoms in A2 is 10Å and between B atoms in B2 is 6Å, then calculate
internuclear distance between A and B in Å. [Electronegativity difference between A and B has negligible
value].
2. Report atomic number of the element having largest size among the following :
Ni, Cu, Zn
3. Total number of elements which have more ionization energy as compare to their next higher atomic number
elements. Li, Be, C, N, O, F, Ne

4. Total number of elements which have less IE1 than that of 'N'.
Be, B, C, F, P, He

5.

Where a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h are 3rd period elements. If difference between atomic number of elements b and
e is x and difference between atomic number of elements c and f is y. What is the value of x – y.
6. For an element the successive ionisation energy values (in eV/atom), are given below.
14.534, 29.601, 47.448, 77.472, 97.888, 552.057, 667.029
Find the number of valence shell electrons in that element.

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7. For the gaseous reaction K + F K+ + F–, H was calculated to be 18.4 kcal/mol under conditions where
the cations and anions were preverted from combining with each other. The ionisation enthalpy of K is 4.3
eV/atom. What is the electron gain enthalpy of F (in eV) ?
If your answer is x report it as –2x.
8. The electron gain enthalpy of a hypothetical element ‘A’ is –3 eV per atom. How much energy in kCal is
released when 10 g of ‘A’ are completely converted to A– ions in gaseous state ?
(Take : 1 eV per atom = 23 kCal mol–1, Molar mass of A = 30 g)
9. How many of the following elements are more electronegative than Boron.
H, Li, Be, C, N, O, F
10. What is atomic number of element which have maximum electron affinity in Modern Periodic table.

PART - III : ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS CORRECT TYPE

1. Select correct order of size :
(A) Ti2+ < Ti < Zr (B) Ti2+ < Ti < Hf (C) Zr2+ < Zr Hf (D) Hf 2+ < Hf Zr
2. Which of the following orders of atomic / Ionic radius is correct ?
(A) B < Al Ga (B) Sc > Cu < Zn (C) C < O < N (D) Al+3 < Al+2 < Al+

3. Which is/are the correct order/s of atomic radius ?

(A) Li < B < Be (C) Be < B < Li (C) Li > Be > B (D) N > O > F
4. Which is/are the correct order/s of atomic radius ?
(A) Mn > Fe > CO (B) Mn Fe Co (C) Sc > Ti > V (D) Zn < Cu < Ni
5. Which of the following orders is(are) correct for size :
(A) Al Ga (B) Te2– > I– > Cs+ > Ba2+
(C) Cr3+ < Cr6+ (D) Pd Pt
6. The ionic radii depends upon in the following factors :
The ionic radii depends upon in the following factors :
(A) Charge on cation
(B) Charge on anion
(C) Shell number of valence shell electron(s) of the ion.
(D) Effective nuclear charge
7. Which of the following statements is/are correct ?
(A) The second ionization enthalpy of oxygen element is greater than that of fluorine element.
(B) The third ionization enthalpy of phosphorus is greater than that of aluminium.
(C) The first ionization enthalpy of aluminium is slightly greater than that of gallium.
(D) The second ionization enthalpy of copper is greater than that of zinc.
8. Which of the following are correct ?
(A) IE2(Mg) < IE2 (Na)
(B) EA (N) < EA (P)
(C) Atomic size Mg+2 > Atomic size (Li+)
(D) IP of Na < Mg < Al
9. Which of the following elements will gain one electron more readily in comparison to other elements of their
group ?
(A) S(g) (B) N(g) (C) O(g) (D) Cl (g)
10. Which of the following is/are correct order/s of electron affinity.
(A) N < C < O < F (B) P < Si < S < Cl (C) Si < P < S < Cl (D) C < N < O < F
11. Order of Electron affinity of the elements or ions shown correctly?
(A) S > O– (B) P > N– (C) O– > S (D) N– > P

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12. Which of the following is correct order of electronegativity :
(A) Cs > Rb > Na (B) Li < Be < B (C) C < N < O (D) Cl > F > Br

13. Choose the correct statement(s) :

(A) In general more the ionisation energy more will be electronegativity.
(B) Electronegativity increase means metallic character increases.
(C) In general lower will be the ionisation energy, easier will be to remove electron.
(D) Electron affinity of S is less than that of Cl.

PART - IV : COMPREHENSION
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions.
Comprehension # 1
It is not possible to measure the atomic radius precisely since the electron cloud surrounding the atom does
not have a sharp boundary. One practical approach to estimate the size of an atom of a non-metallic element
is to measure the distance between two atoms when they are bound together by a single bond in a covalent
molecule and then dividing by two. For metals we define the term “metallic radius” which is taken as half the
internuclear distance separating the metal cores in the metallic crystal. The van der waal’s radius represents
the over all size of the atoms which includes its valence shell in a non bonded situation. It is the half of the
distance between two similar atoms in separate molecules in a solid. The atomic radius decreases across a
period and increases down the group. Same trends are observed in case of ionic radius. Ionic radius of the
species having same number of electrons depends on the number of protons in their nuclei. Sometimes,
atomic and ionic radii give unexpected trends due to poor shielding of nuclear charge by d- and f-orbital
electrons.
Now answer the following three questions :

1. Which of the following relations is correct, if considered for the same element :
(A) rVanderwaal > rCovalent > rMetallic (B) rCovalent > rMetallic > rVanderwaal
(C) rVanderwaal > rMetallic > rCovalent (D) rMetallic > rCovalent > rVanderwaa

2. K+, CI– , Ca2+ , S2– ions are isoelectronic. The decreasing order of their size is :
(A) Ca2+ > K+ > Cl– > S2– (B) S2– > Cl– > K+ > Ca2+
(C) K+ > Cl– > Ca2+ > S2– (D) S2– > Cl– > Ca2+ > K+

3. Select the INCORRECT option regarding atomic/ionic sizes :

(A) Zn > Cu (B) Pb2+ > Pb4+ (C) Zr Hf (D) N3– < Al3+

Paragraph for Questions 4 to 5

The IE1 and the IE2 in KJ/mol of a few elements designated by U, V, W, X are shown below.
Atom IE1 IE2
U 2464 6110
V 610 7542
W 928 1810
X 1588 3410
Based on the above information answer the follwoing question :-

4. Which of the elements represent a noble gas.

(A) U (B) V (C) W (D) X

5. Which of the following element belongs to group 1 (IA).

(A) U (B) V (C) W (D) X

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Comprehension # 3
The periodicity is related to the electronic configuration. That is, all chemical and physical properties are a
manifestation of the electronic configuration of the elements.
The atomic and ionic radii generally decrease in a period from left to right. As a consequence, the ionization
enthalpies generally increase and electron gain enthalpies become more negative across a period. In other
words, the ionization enthalpy of the extreme left element in a period is the least and the electron gain
enthalpy of the element on the extreme right is the highest negative. This results into high chemical reactivity
at the two extremes and the lowest in the centre. Similarly down the group, the increase in atomic and ionic
radii result in gradual decrease in ionization enthalpies and a regular decrease (with exception in some third
period elements) in electron gain enthalpies in the case of main group elements.
The loss and gain of electrons can be co-related with the reducing and oxidising behaviour, and also with
metallic and non-metallic character respectively, of the elements.

6. The correct order of the metallic character is :

(A) Al > Mg > Na > Si (B) Na > Mg < Al > Si (C) Na > Mg > Al > Si (D) Al > Mg > Si > Na

7. Considering the elements B, C, N, F, and Si, the correct order of their non-metallic character is :
(A) B > C > Si > N > F (B) Si > C > B > N > F
(C) F > N > C > B > Si (D) F > N > C > Si > B

8. Which of the following statement is correct ?

(A) Ionisation enthalpies of elements decrease along a period and increase along a group in Modern periodic
table.
(B) In the 3rd period of Modern periodic table, the two most reactive elements are sodium and fluorine.
(C) Fluorine has the least negative electron gain enthalpy among all halogens.
(D) Ionisation enthalpy of Pb is greater than that of Sn.

Paragraph for Questions 9 to 10

kJ
First electron gain enthalpy (in ) of few elements are given below :
mol

Elements Heg
I –60
II –45
III –328
IV –295
V + 48

Answer the following questions on the basis of above data:

9. Which element may be an inert gas

(A) I (B) III (C) IV (D) V

10. Which element is most non-metallic among all the elements -

(A) I (B) II (C) III (D) IV

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* Marked Questions may hav e more than one correct option.

PART - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

1. The correct order of radii is : [JEE-2000, 1/35]

(A) N < Be < B (B) F– < O2– < N3– (C) Na < Li < K (D) Fe3+ < Fe2+ < Fe+4

2. Assertion : The first ionization energy of Be is greater than that of B.

Reason : 2p orbital is lower in energy than 2s. [JEE-2000, 1/35]
(A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not correct explanation of Assertion.
(C) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(D) Assertion is false but Reason is true.

3. The set representing the correct order of first ionization potential is : [JEE-2001, 1/35]
(A) K > Na > Li (B) Be > Mg > Ca (C) B > C > N (D) Ge > Si > C
4. Identify the least stable ion amongst the following : [JEE-2002, 3/90]
(A) Li– (B) Be– (C) B– (D) C–
5. Among the following, the number of elements showing only one non-zero oxidation state is :
[JEE 2010, 3/163]
O, Cl, F, N, P, Sn, Tl, Na, Ti

6. The increasing order of atomic radii of the following group 13 elements is

(A) Al < Ga < In < Tl (B) Ga < Al < In < Tl [JEE 2016]
(C) Al < In < Ga < Tl (D) Al < Ga < Tl < In

7. The option(s) with only amphoteric oxides is (are): [JEE 2017]

(A) Cr2O3, CrO, SnO, PbO (B) NO, B2O3, PbO, SnO2
(C) Cr2O3, BeO, SnO, SnO2 (D) ZnO, Al2O3, PbO, PbO2

PART - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

1. The increasing order of the first ionization enthalpies of the elements B, P, S and F (lowest first) is :
[AIEEE-2006, 4/220]
(1) F < S < P < B (2) P < S < B < F (3) B < P < S < F (4) B < S < P < F

2. Lanthanoid contraction is caused due to : [AIEEE-2006, 4/220]

(1) the appreciable shielding on outer electrons by 4ƒ electrons from the nuclear charge
(2) the appreciable shielding on outer electrons by 5ƒ electrons from the nuclear charge
(3) the same effective nuclear charge from Ce to Lu
(4) the imperfect shielding on outer electrons by 4f electrons from the nuclear charge
3. The stability of dihalides of Si, Ge, Sn and Pb increases steadily in the sequence. [AIEEE-2007, 3/120]
(1) SiX2 << GeX2 << SnX2 << PbX2 (2) PbX2 << SnX2 << GeX2 << SiX2
(3) GeX2 << SiX2 << SnX2 << PbX2 (4) SiX2 << GeX2 << PbX2 << SnX2

4. The set representing the correct order of ionic radius is : [AIEEE-2009, 4/144]
(1) Na+ > Li+ > Mg2+ > Be2+ (2) Li+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > Be2+
(3) Mg > Be > Li > Na
2+ 2+ + +
(4) Li+ > Be2+ > Na+ > Mg2+

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5. The correct sequence which shows decreasing order of the ionic radii of the elements is :
[AIEEE-2010, 4/144]
(1) Al > Mg > Na > F > O
3+ 2+ + – 2–
(2) Na > Mg > Al > O > F
+ 2+ 3+ 2– –

(3) Na > F > Mg > O > Al

+ – 2+ 2– 3+
(4) O2– > F– > Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+

6. The outer electron configuration of Gd (Atomic No : 64) is : [AIEEE 2011 (Cancelled), 4/120]
(1) 4f 3 5d5 6s2 (2) 4f 8 5d0 6s2 (3) 4f 4 5d4 6s2 (4) 4f 7 5d1 6s2

7. The correct order of electron gain enthalpy with negative sign of F, Cl, Br and I, having atomic number 9, 17,
35 and 53 respectively, is: [AIEEE 2011, 4/120]
(1) F > Cl > Br > I (2) Cl > F > Br > I (3) Br > Cl > I > F (4) I > Br > Cl > F

8. The increasing order of the ionic radii of the given isoelectronic species is : [AIEEE-2012, 4/144]
(1) Cl–, Ca2+ , K+, S2– (2) S2– , Cl–, Ca2+, K+ (3) Ca2+, K+ , Cl– , S2– (4) K+, S2–, Ca2+ , Cl–

9. Which of the following represents the correct order of increasing first ionization enthalpy for Ca, Ba, S, Se and
Ar ? [JEE Mains-2013, 4/120]
(1) Ca < S < Ba < Se < Ar (2) S < Se < Ca < Ba < Ar
(3) Ba < Ca < Se < S < Ar (4) Ca < Ba < S < Se < Ar

10. The first ionisation potential of Na is 5.1 eV. The value of electron gain enthalpy of Na+ will be :
[JEE Mains-2013, 4/120]
(1) –2.55 eV (2) –5.1 eV (3) –10.2 eV (4) +2.55 eV

11. Which of the following arrangements represents the increasing order (smallest to largest) of ionic radii of the
given species O2–, S2–, N3–, P3– ? [JEE(Main) 2014 Online (15-04-14), 4/120]
(1) O < N < S < P
2– 3– 2– 3–
(2) O < P3– < N3– < S2–
2–

(3) N3– < O2– < P3– < S2– (4) N3– < S2– < O2– < P3–

12. Which one of the following has largest ionic radius ? [JEE(Main) 2014 Online (19-04-14), 4/120]
(1) Li+ (2) O22– (3) B3+ (4) F–

13. The ionic radii (in Å) of N3–, O2– and F– are respectively : [JEE Mains-2015, 4/120]
(1) 1.36, 1.40 and 1.71 (2) 1.36, 1.71 and 1.40
(3) 1.71, 1.40 and 1.36 (4) 1.71, 1.36 and 1.40

14. In the long form of the periodic table, the valence shell electronic configuration of 5s25p4 corresponds to the
element present in : [JEE(Main) 2015 Online (10-04-15), 4/120]
(1) Group 17 and period 6 (2) Group 17 and period 5
(3) Group 16 and period 6 (4) Group 16 and period 5

15. Which of the following atoms has the highest first ionization energy? [JEE(Main)-2016, 4/120]
(1) Na (2) K (3) Sc (4) Rb

16. The group having isoelectronic species is : [JEE(Main)-2017, 4/120]

(1) O–, F–, Na, Mg+ (2) O , F , Na, Mg
2– – 2+

(3) O–, F–, Na+, Mg2+ (4) O2–, F–, Na+, Mg2+

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17. Consider the following ionization enthalpies of two elements 'A' and 'B'
Element Ionization enthalpy (kJ/mol)
1st 2nd 3rd
A 899 1757 14847
B 737 1450 7731
Which of the following statements is correct ? [JEE(Main) 2017 Online (08-04-17), 4/120]
(1) Both 'A' and 'B' belong to group-1 where 'B' comes below 'A'.
(2) Both 'A' and 'B' belong to group-2 where 'A' comes below 'B'.
(3) Both 'A' and 'B' belong to group-2 where 'B' comes below 'A'.
(4) Both 'A' and 'B' belong to group-1 where 'A' comes below 'B'.

18. The electronic configuration with the highest ionization enthalpy is :

[JEE(Main) 2017 Online (09-04-17), 4/120]
(1) [Ne] 3s 3p
2 1
(2) [Ne] 3s 3p
2 2
(3) [Ne] 3s2 3p3 (4) [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3

19. The correct order of electron affinity is :- [JEE-MAIN 2018]

(1) Cl > F > O (2) F > O > Cl (3) F > Cl > O (4) O > F > Cl

20. For Na+, Mg2+, F– and O2– the correct order of increasing ionic radii is :
[JEE(Main) 2019 Online (15-04-18), 4/120]
(1) O < F < Na < Mg
2– – + 2+
(2) Na < Mg2+ < F– < O2–
+

(3) Mg2+ < Na+ < F– < O2– (4) Mg2+ < O2– < Na+ < F–

21. In general, the properties that decrease and increase down a group in the periodic table, respectively, are :
[JEE(Main) 2019 Online (09-01-19), 4/120]
(1) atomic radius and electronegativity
(2) electronegativity and atomic radius
(3) electron gain enthalpy and electronegativity
(4) electronegativity and electron gain enthalpy

22. The atomic radius of Ag is closest to : [JEE(Main) Online (January set-1 2020]
(1) Cu (2) Hg (3) Au (4) Ni

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ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # 1
PART - I
A-1. Zeff = Z –
A-2. d- and f-orbital electrons are known for poor shielding of nuclear charge, because of their scattered structure.
This poor shielding generates some irregularities in properties like atomic radii and ionisation enthalpy of d-
block elements, f-block elements and group-13 elements.
B-1. The ionic radius of a cation is always smaller than the parent atom because the loss of one or more
electrons increases the effective nuclear charge (Zeff). As a result, the force of attraction of nucleus
for the remaining electrons increases and hence the electron cloud contracts and ionic radii decreases.
In contrast, the ionic radius of an anion is always larger than its parent atom because the addition of one or
more electrons decreases the effective nuclear charge (Z eff). As a result, the force of attraction of the
nucleus for the remaining electrons decreases and hence electron cloud expands and the ionic radii
increases.
B-2. Be2+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < Cl– < S2– < Br–
B-3. Due to lanthanide contraction (poor shielding of nuclear charge by 4f-electrons), atomic radii of 4d and 5d
elements are nearly same.
B-4. Atomic radius of K is larger than F because the size of cation is smaller than its parent atom while size of
anion is bigger than its parent atom. Thus, atomic radii of K will be greater than 1.34 Å while atomic radii of
F will be less than 1.34 Å.
C-1. Electron is more tightly bound by the nucleus in an cation (i.e. M+) as the number of proton remains the same
as in neutral atom whereas number of electron is one less than the proton. This increases the attraction
between the valence shell electrons and the nucleus (Zeff increases). So, second ionization enthalpy is
always higher than the first ionisation enthalpy for every element.
C-2. Carbon has higher IE1 because of smaller atomic size and greater Zeff. Removal of second electron from
stable 1s2 2s2 configuration in case of B+ requires greater energy. So, B has greater IE2.
C-3. (i) C (ii) Al
C-4. (a) non-metal(III) - Due to highest ionisation energy, (IE1) and (IE2).
(b) alkali metal(I) - Due to lowest ionisation energy, (IE1) and there is quite high jump in (IE2) due to inert gas
configuration.
(c) alkaline earth metal (II) - There is little difference in (IE1) and (IE2) and the value of (IE1) is slightly greater
than(I) due to stable configuration(ns2).
D-1. The general valence shell electron configuration of alkaline earth metals is ns2 (stable configuration).
The extra electron must enter np subshell, which is effectively shielding by the two ns electrons and the inner
electrons. Consequently, the alkaline earth metals have little or no tendency to pick up an extra electron.
D-2. In Be, the extra electron is to be added in 2p orbital because 2s orbital is completely filled and in Ne, it is to
be added to a noble gas configuration. Since full-filled orbitals and noble gas configuration are more stable,
reluctancy in accepting the electron is found. So, they have positive values of electron gain enthalpy.
D-3. Nitrogen has stable half filled configuration 2s2 2p3. So removal of one electron will require more energy than
oxygen. Similarly, in nitrogen, addition of one electron will require energy (endothermic) while in oxygen,
addition of one electron will release energy (exothermic).
D-4. 1
E-1. Caesium (Cs).

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E-2. (a) On moving left to right in a period, tendency of an atom to attract the shared electron pair towards itself
increases due to increasing Zeff. So, electronegativity of elements increase on moving from left to right in a
period.
(b) On moving top to bottom in a group, size increases due to addition of extra shells. So, attraction of
nucleus outermost electron decreases. So, ionisation enthalpy decrease in a group from top to bottom.
F-1. Pb4+ is less stable than Pb2+ due to inert pair effect. So, Pb4+ compounds are very good oxidising agents.
F-2. (i) Ga+ < In+ < Tl+ (ii) As+5 > Sb+5 > Bi+5
PART - II
A-1. (A) A-2. (D) A-3. (B) A-4. (A) B-1. (B) B-2. (A) B-3. (C)
B-4. (C) B-5. (A) B-6. (A) C-1. (B) C-2. (B) C-3. (D) C-4. (C)
C-5. (D) C-6. (A) C-7. (A) C-8. (C) C-9. (D) D-1. (D) D-2. (B)
D-3. (C) D-4. (D) D-5. (B) D-6. (A) D-7. (D) D-8. (C) E-1. (C)
E-2. (C) E-3. (C) E-4. (B) E-5. (D) E-6. (B) E-7. (C) F-1. (B)
F-2. (C) F-3. (D) F-4. (B) F-5. (A) F-6. (D) F-7. (A) F-8. (D)
F-9. (C)
PART - III
1. (A) (r) ; (B) (s) ; (C) (p, q) ; (D) (q).
2. (A - q,r) ; (B - p,s) ; (C - s) ; (D - q,r)

EXERCISE # 2
PART - I
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (D) 5. (C) 6. (C) 7. (C)
8. (D) 9. (A) 10. (B) 11. (D) 12. (B) 13. (D) 14. (C)
15. (C) 16. (A) 17. (D) 18. (D)
PART - II
1. 8 2. 30 3. 3 4. 4 5. 0 6. 5 7. 7
8. 23 9. 5 10. 17
PART - III
1. (ABCD) 2. (ABD) 3. (CD) 4. (BC) 5. (ABD) 6. (ABCD)
7. (ABD) 8. (AB) 9. (AD) 10. (AB) 11. (AB) 12. (BC)
13. (ACD)
PART - IV
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. (A) 5. (B) 6. (C) 7. (C)
8. (D) 9. (D) 10. (C)
EXERCISE # 3
PART - I
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (B) 5. 2 6. (B) 7. (CD)
PART - II
1. (4) 2. (4) 3. (1) 4. (1) 5. (4) 6. (4) 7. (2)
8. (3) 9. (3) 10. (2) 11. (1) 12. (2) 13. (3) 14. (4)
15. (3) 16. (4) 17. (3) 18. (3) 19. (1) 20. (3) 21. (2)
22. (3)

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Marked Questions may have for Revision Questions.

This Section is not meant for classroom discussion. It is being given to promote self-study and
self testing amongst the Reliable students.

PART- 1 : PAPER JEE (MAIN) PATTERN

SECTION–I : (Maximum Marks : 80)

This section contains TWENTY questions.
Each question has FOUR options (A), (B), (C) and (D). ONLY ONE of these four options is correct.
For each question, darken the bubble corresponding to the correct option in the ORS.
For each question, marks will be awarded in one of the following categories :
Full Marks : +4If only the bubble corresponding to the correct option is darkened.
Zero Marks : 0 If none of the bubbles is darkened.
Negative Marks : –1 In all other cases

1. The size of the following species increases in the order:

(A) Mg2+ < Na+ < F– (B) F– < Na+ < Mg2+
(C) Mg2+ < F– < Na+ (D) Na+ < F– < Mg2+

2. Highest size will be of

(A) Br– (B) I (C) I– (D) I+

3. Of the following pairs, the one containing examples of metalloid elements is :

(A) B and Al (B) Ga and Ge (C) Al and Si (D) As and Sb

4. Which of the following is the wrong statement ?

(A) All the actinide elements are radioactive.
(B) Alkali and alkaline earth metals are s-block elements.
(C) Pnicogens and halogens are p-block elements.
(D) The first member of the lanthanide series is lanthanum.

5. Atomic number of 15, 33, 51 represents the following family :

(A) carbon family (B) nitrogen family (C) oxygen family (D) None of these

6. Which of the following is correct order of Zeff :

(A) I– > I > I+ (B) Mg2+ > Na+ > F– (C) P5+ < P3+ (D) Li > Be >B

7. What is correct order of reducing capacity :

(A) Ge2+ > Sn2+ > Pb2+ (B) Ge2+ < Sn2+ < Pb2+ (C) Ge2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ (D) Pb2+ > Ge2+ > Sn2+

8. The correct order of increasing atomic size of element N,F, Si & P.

(A) N < F < Si < P (B) F > N < P < Si (C) F < N < P < Si (D) F < N < Si < P

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9. The correct order of atomic or ionic size
(A) N < Li < B (B) Cl < Mg < Ca (C) Ca+2 < S–2 < Cl¯ (D) Na+ < Mg+2 < Cl¯

10. The correct order of second ionisation potential of C, N, O and F is:

(A) C > N > O > F (B) O > N > F >C (C) O > F > N > C (D) F > O > N > C

11. The ionization energy will be maximum for which process?

(A) Ba Ba+ (B) Be Be+ (C) Cs Cs+ (D) Li Li+

12. The atomic number of Vanadium (V), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn) and Iron (Fe) are respectively
23, 24, 25 and 26 which one of these may be expected to have the highest second Ionization enthalpy.
(A) V (B) Cr (C) Mn (D) Fe

13. With reference to 1st IP which are correct.

(a) Li < C (b) O < N (c) Be < N < Ne
(A) a, b (B) b, c (C) a, c (D) a, b & c

14. Values of 1st four ionisaiton energies (kJ/mol) of an element are respectively 496, 4563, 6913, 9541 ; the
electronic configuration of that element can be.
(A) 1s2, 2s1 (B) 1s2 2s2 2p1 (C) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6 3s1 (D) (B) and (C) both

15. Of the following elements, which possesses the highest electron affinity?
(A) As (B) O (C) S (D) Se

16. For magnitude of electron gain enthalpy of chalcogens and halogens, which of the following options is correct?
(A) Br > F (B) S > F (C) O < Cl (D) S < Se

17. The process requires absorption of energy is

(A) F F– (B) Cl Cl– (C) O– O2– (D) H H–

N0
18. atoms of X (g) are converted into X+ (g) by absorbing E1 energy. 2N0 atoms of X (g) are converted into X–(g) by
2
releasing E2 energy. Calculate ionisation enthalpy and electron gain enthalpy of X(g) per atom.

2E1 E2 E2 2E1
(A) I.E. = , H = – (B) I.E. = – 2N , H =
N0 eq 2N 0 0
eq N0

E1 E2 N0 2N0
(C) I.E. = 2N , eq
H = – 2N0
(D) I.E. = 2E , eq
H = – E2
0 1

19. The properties which are not common to both groups 1 and 17 elements in the periodic table are :
(A) Elelctropositive character increase down the gorups.
(B) Reactivity decrease from top to bottom in these groups.
(C) Atomic radii increase as the atomic number increase.
(D) Electronegativity decrease on moving down a group.

20. For which of the following species 2nd IE < 1st IE

(A) Be (B) Ne (C) Na+ (D) None of these

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SECTION-II : (Maximum Marks: 20)
This section contains FIVE questions.
The answer to each question is a NUMERICAL VALUE.
For each question, enter the correct numerical value (If the numerical value has more than two decimal
places, truncate/round-off the value to TWO decimal places; e.g. 6.25, 7.00, –0.33, –.30, 30.27, –127.30,
if answer is 11.36777..... then both 11.36 and 11.37 will be correct) by darken the corresponding bubbles
in the ORS.
For Example : If answer is –77.25, 5.2 then fill the bubbles as follows.
Answer to each question will be evaluated according to the following marking scheme:
Full Marks : +4 If ONLY the correct numerical value is entered as answer.

21. Identify the group (in Modern Periodic Table) and valency of a hypothetical element having atomic number
119. If group number is x and valency is y. Give the the value of x + y.

22.^ An element belonging to 3d series of modern periodic table has spin magnetic moment = 5.92 B.M. in +3
oxidation state. Determine the atomic number of element.

23. An element has atomic number 29. It belongs to x period and y group. Give value of 2x + y :

24. How many of the following compounds are found to exist?

BiF5, T I3, PbO2, SnCl2, T 2O3, PbI4, As2O3

25. The number of unpaired electrons in Ni2+ is

PART 2 : PAPER JEE (ADVANCED) PATTERN

SECTION-I : (Maximum Marks : 12)
This section contains FOUR questions.
Each question has FOUR options (A), (B), (C) and (D). ONLY ONE of these four options is correct.
For each question, darken the bubble corresponding to the correct option in the ORS.
For each question, marks will be awarded in one of the following categories :
Full Marks : +3 If only the bubble corresponding to the correct option is darkened.
Zero Marks : 0 If none of the bubbles is darkened.
Negative Marks : –1 In all other cases

1. Which set does not shows correct matching according to Modern periodic table :
(A) Cr = [Ar] 3d5 4s1 ; element belongs to 6th group.
(B) Fe2+ = [Ar] 3d6 ; element belongs to 8th group.
(C) Sc3+ = [Ne] 3s2 3p6 ; element belongs to zero/eighteen group.
(D) All of the above.

2. In which element shielding effect is not possible ?

(A) H (B) Be (C) B (D) N

3. Which of following ions do not exist together in aqueous solution :

(A) Pb2+, F– (B) Tl3+, I– (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these

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4. Select correct statement(s) :
(A) Across a transition series (from Cr to Cu), there is only a small change in atomic radius from one element
to another due to very small change in effective nuclear charge.
(B) The rate of decrease in the size across the lanthanide series is less than the across the first transition
series.
(C) Both are correct statements.
(D) None of the statement is correct.

SECTION-II : (Maximum Marks: 32)

This section contains EIGHT questions.
Each question has FOUR options for correct answer(s). ONE OR MORE THAN ONE of these four option(s)
is (are) correct option(s).
For each question, choose the correct option(s) to answer the question.
Answer to each question will be evaluated according to the following marking scheme:
Full Marks : +4 If only (all) the correct option(s) is (are) chosen.
Partial Marks : +3 If all the four options are correct but ONLY three options are chosen.
Partial Marks : +2 If three or more options are correct but ONLY two options are chosen,
both of which are correct options.
Partial Marks : +1 If two or more options are correct but ONLY one option is chosen
and it is a correct option.
Zero Marks : 0 If none of the options is chosen (i.e. the question is unanswered).
Negative Marks : –1 In all other cases.
For Example : If first, third and fourth are the ONLY three correct options for a question with second
option being an incorrect option; selecting only all the three correct options will result in +4 marks. Selecting
only two of the three correct options (e.g. the first and fourth options), without selecting any incorrect
option (second option in this case), will result in +2 marks. Selecting only one of the three correct options
(either first or third or fourth option), without selecting any incorrect option (second option in this case),
will result in +1 marks. Selecting any incorrect option(s) (second option in this case), with or without
selection of any correct option(s) will result in –1 marks.

5. Which of the following statement is correct for the d-block elements :

(A) They have general electronic configuration (n – 1)d1–10 ns0–2.
(B) They generally exhibit variable valency.
(C) Last electron enters in (n – 1)d sub-shell in them.
(D) They are placed from 3rd to 6th period in modern periodic table.

6. Poor shielding of nuclear charge by d or f- orbital electrons is responsible for which of the following facts ?
(A) Atomic radius of Nb (4d-series) is comparable to that of Ta (5d-series)
(B) The Ist ionisation enthalpy of copper is less than that of zinc
(C) The value of electron gain enthalpy is more negative for sulphur than for oxygen.
(D) The Ist ionisation energy for gold is greater than that of silver.

7. Which of the following element(s) have only one non-zero oxidation state.
(A) Be (B) O (C) F (D) N

8. Which of the following is/are true order(s) ?

(A) B+ < B < B– Size (B) < Br < Cl < F Electron gain enthalpy
–– – +
(C) O < O < O Zeff (D) Na < Al < Mg < Si Ionisation potential

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9. Select the endothermic step(s) :
(A) S–(g) + e– S2–(g) (B) Ne(g) + e– Ne–(g)
–
(C) N(g) e N–(g) 2+
(D) AI (g) AI (g) + e–
3+

10. Which of the following has/have no unit ?

(A) Electronegativity (B) Electron gain enthalpy
(C) Ionisation enthalpy (D) Metallic character

11. Those elements impart colour to the flame on heating in it, the atoms of which require low energy for the
ionisation (i.e. absorb energy in the visible region of spectrum). The elements of which of the following groups
in Modern periodic table will impart colour to the flame ?
(A) 2 (B) 13 (C) 1 (D) 17

12. Amongst the following statements, which is / are correct?

(A) Electronegativity of sulphur is greater than that of oxygen.
(B) Electron affinity of oxygen is smaller than that of sulphur.
(C) Electron gain enthalpy of fluorine is most negative
(D) Electron gain enthalpy of chlorine is most negative

SECTION-III : (Maximum Marks: 18)

This section contains SIX questions.
The answer to each question is a NUMERICAL VALUE.
For each question, enter the correct numerical value (in decimal notation, truncated/rounded-off to the
second decimal place; e.g. 6.25, 7.00, –0.33, –.30, 30.27, –127.30, if answer is 11.36777..... then both
11.36 and 11.37 will be correct) by darken the corresponding bubbles in the ORS.
For Example : If answer is –77.25, 5.2 then fill the bubbles as follows.
Answer to each question will be evaluated according to the following marking scheme:
Full Marks : +3 If ONLY the correct numerical value is entered as answer.
Zero Marks : 0 In all other cases.

13. Atomic number of Ag is 47. In the same group the atomic numbers of elements placed above and
below Ag in long form of periodic table will be x and y respectively. Give the value of (x + y)/12.

14. What is oxidation states of hydrogen in CaH2 & CH4.

15. Most stable oxidation state of Thallium is +n. What is the Value of n.

16. How many elements are more electropositive than Cl.

B, N, O, C, S, P, At, H, Li

17. How many of following atoms have maximum ionization energy than boron.
Be, N , P, Ga, S, Mg

18. Values of IE1, IE2, IE3 of an element are 9.3, 18.2 and 553.8 eV. Predict group number in Modern Periodic
Table.

PART - 3 : OLYMPIAD (PREVIOUS YEARS)

1. The element whose electronic configuration is 1s2, 2s2 2p6 3s2 is a/an [NSEC-2000]
(A) metal (B) inert gas (C) metalloid (D) non-metal

2. Oxygen shows +2 oxidation state in [NSEC-2000]

(A) F2O (B) H2O (C) K2O (D) D2O

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3. Which Group IIIA element is expected to have physical and chemical properties least similar to other
members of that group ? [NSEC-2000]
(A) Ga (B) Al (C) B (D) ln

4. Which of the following ions will show highest magnetic moment (Z values for neutral atoms are as follows:
N = 7, Cr = 24, Fe = 26 & Co = 27) [NSEC-2000]
3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
(A) Fe (B) Cr (C) N (D) Co

5. The oxidation state of Cr in K2Cr2O7 is : [NSEC-2000]

(A) + 3 (B) + 6 (C) + 4 (D) – 4

6. Which of the following is the smallest in size ? [NSEC-2001]

(A) N3– (B) F– (C) O2– (D) Na+

7. Oxidation Number of Mn in [MnO4]– is : [NSEC-2001]

(A) –7 (B) + 7 (C) + 2 (D) – 2

8. The formation of anion from a neutral atom X is favoured by : [NSEC-2001]

(A) high electron affinity (B) large size of X
(C) low ionisation potential (D) high charge on anion X

9. Which element of 3rd row has biggest atomic size ? [NSEC-2002]

(A) chlorine (B) sodium (C) silicon (D) neon.

10. The atom of an element X contains 27 electrons. X is expected to be [NSEC-2003]

(A) a non-metal belonginig to p-block (B) paramagnetic belonging to d-block
(C) diamagnetic belonging to d-block (D) an s-block element.

11. The group in the periodic table that contains the elements in all the different physical states at room tempera-
ture is [NSEC-2004]
(A) V A (B) I A (C) VII A (D) IV A.

12. The ion having a noble gas electronic configuration is [NSEC-2004]

(A) Se2- (B) Fe3+ (C) Cr3+ (D) Cu+.

13. Element with Z = 83 belongs to which block? [NSEC-2005]

(A) s (B) p (C) d (D) f.

14. Inert pair effect plays an important role in the case of [NSEC-2005]
(A) P (B) Bi (C) Sb (D) As

15. The element having electronegativity next to that of fluorine is [NSEC-2005]

(A) oxygen (B) chlorine (C) iodine (D) sodium.

16. The lithium ion (Li+) and hydride ion (H– ) are isoelectronic ions. Which statement about these systems is true ?
[NSEC-2006]
(A) Chemical properties of these ions are identical since they are isoelectronic.
(B) Li+ is a stronger reducing agent than H–
(C) More energy is needed to ionize H– than Li+
(D) Radius of H– is larger than that of Li+.

17. Which of the following sequence of elements is arranged in the order of increasing atomic radii ?
[NSEC-2006]
(A) Na, Mg, AI, Si (B) C,N,O,F (C) O,S,Se, Te (D) ,Br,CI,F.

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18. The number of unpaired electrons in the scandium atom is [NSEC-2006]

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) 3.

19. Which of the following pairs represents isoelectronic ions? [NSEC-2006]

(A) Mn3+ and Fe2+ (B) Mn2+ and Fe3+ (C) Cr3+ and Mn2+ 2+
(D) Fe and Co . 2+

20. Element having (4, 0, 0, + 1/2) as a set of four quantum numbers for its valence electron is- [NSEC-2007]
(A) Na (B) Ca (C) K (D) Br
21. Europium forms stable Eu2+ ions because [NSEC-2007]
(A) Europium is a lanthanide. (B) +2 is the common oxidation state of lanthanides.
(C) Eu2+ has f 7 valence electronic configuration. (D) All of the above reasons.
22. How many unpaired electrons are in a Fe2+ ion in the ground state ? [NSEC-2008]
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 6
23. For the atoms Li, Be, B and Na, the correct order of increasing atomic redius is : [NSEC-2008]
(A) B, Be, Li, Na (B) Li, Be, B, Na (C) Be, Li, B, Na (D) Be, B, Li, Na
24. The noble gas was first time discovered by [NSEC-2008]
(A) Cavendish (B) Willian Ramsay (C) Rayleigh (D) Frankland
25. The correct order of increasing first ionization energy is [NSEC-2010]
(A) Ca < K < Ne < P < F (B) F < Ca < Ne < P < K
(C) K < Ca < P < F < Ne (D) Ne < F < P < Ca < K

26. The group that has the species correctly listed in the order of decreasing radius is : [NSEC-2011]
(A) Cu2+, Cu+, Cu (B) V, V2+, V3+ (C) F–, Br –, I (D) B, Be, Li

27. The number of valence electrons in an atom with the configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 is : [NSEC-2011]
(A) 6 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 2

28. The most abundant element in the earth's crust is : [NSEC-2011]

(A) aluminium (B) oxygen (C) silicon (D) iron

29. Einsteinium has 11 electrons in the 4f subshell. The number of unpaired electrons in the subshell is :
[NSEC-2011]
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 7 (D) 11

30. Lanthanide contraction is caused due to [NSEC-2012]

(A) the appreciable shielding on outer electrons by 4f electrons from the nuclear charge
(B) the appreciable shielding on outer electrons by 5d electrons from the nuclear charge
(C) the same effective nuclear charge from Ce to Lu.
(D) the imperfect shielding on outer electrons by 4f electrons from the nuclear charge

31. Europium (Eu) and Terbium (Tb) attain stable 4f 7 configuration by exhibiting oxidation states of
[NSEC-2013]
(A) +2 and +4 (B) +3 and +4 (C) +2 and +3 (D) +1 and +3

32. 4s orbital has lesser energy than 3d orbital because it has [NSEC-2013]
(A) Greater value of n (B) Lesser value of
(C) Lesser value of (n + ) (D) = 0
33. In the compound Na2S2O3, the oxidation state of sulphur is : [NSEC-2013]
(A) –2 (B) +2 (C) +4 (D) +6
34. Of the following, the ion with the largest size is [NSEC-2014]
(B) Na+
3
(A) O 2 (C) F (D) Al
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PART - 4 : ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

Paragraph For Questions 1 to 3
EA1 value of some group of p-Block elements are given :

a, b, c........... are non radioactive p-Block elements :

1. Select the correct order of atomic radius :

(A) a < b < c < d (B) a < e < i (C) i > j > k > (D) e > f > g

2. Select the correct order of 2nd Ionisation energy :

(A) a < e < i (B) a < e < i (C) e < a < i (D) e > i > a

3. Choose correct match :

(A) a, b, c, d = Pnictogens (B) e, f, g, h = Chalogens
(C) i, j, k, l = Halogens (D) All of these

4. Match the electronic configurations of the elements given in List-I with their correct characteristic(s)
( i.e. properties for given configuration) given in List-II and select the correct answer using the code given
below the lists.
List-I List-II
2
P. 1s 1. Element shows highest negative oxidation state.
Q. 1s2 2s2 2p5 2. Element shows highest first ionisation enthalpy.
R. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 3. Element shows highest electronegativity on Pauling scale.
S. 1s2 2s2 2p2 4. Element shows maximum electron gain enthalpy (most
exothermic).
Code :
P Q R S
(A) 4 2 3 1
(B) 2 3 4 1
(C) 2 1 3 4
(D) 1 2 3 4

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RRP ANSWER KEY

PART - 1
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (D) 5. (B) 6. (B) 7. (A)

8. (C) 9. (B) 10. (C) 11. (B) 12. (B) 13. (D) 14. (C)

15. (C) 16. (C) 17. (C) 18. (A) 19. (B) 20. (D) 21. 2

22. 26 23. 19 24. 6 25. 2

PART - 2
1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (ABC) 6. (AD) 7. (AC)

8. (ACD) 9. (ABCD) 10. (AD) 11. (AC) 12. (BD) 13. 9 14. 0

15. 1. 16. 7 17. 4 18. 2

PART - 3
1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (C) 4. (A) 5. (B) 6. (D) 7. (B)

8. (A) 9. (D) 10. (B) 11. (C) 12. (A) 13. (B) 14. (B)

15. (A) 16. (D) 17. (C) 18. (A) 19. (C) 20. (C) 21. (C)

22. (C) 23. (A) 24. (B) 25. (C) 26. (B) 27. (C) 28. (B)

29. (A) 30. (D) 31. (A) 32. (C) 33. (B) 34. (A)

PART - 4
1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (B)

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RRP SOLUTIONS
PART- 1
3. As and Sb behave as metals as well as nonmetals because they form cations (M3+) and anions (M3–). Their
oxides and hydroxides react with acid as well as base forming corresponding salts.
4. The first member of the lanthanide series is Cerium (Z= 58).
5. Z = 15 = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 ; so element belongs to p-block. Thus its group number will be 10 + 2 + 3 = 15.
Z = 33 = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p3 ; so element belongs to p-block. Thus its group number will be
10 + 2 + 3 = 15.
Z = 51 = [Kr] 36 4d 10 5s2 5p 3 ; so element belongs to p-block. Thus its group number will be
10 + 2 + 3 = 15.
16. Order of egH for halogens : Cl > F > Br > I & Order of egH for chalcogens : S > Se > Te > Po > O.
Cl and F have the highest and IInd highest values in Modern periodic table.

18. X(g) X+(g) + e–

If I.E. is ionisation enthalpy, then
N0 2E1
(I.E.) = E1 ; I.E. =
2 N0

X(g) + e– X–(g)
If egH is electron gain enthalpy, then
E2
2N0(E.A.) = – E2 eg
H=– .
2N0

21. 8s1
x = 1, y = 1 ; 1 + 1 = 2.
22. Fe
23. x=4 Period ; y = 11 Group ; 8 + 11 = 19.
24. BiF5, T I3, PbO2, SnCl2, T 2O3, As2O3
25. Ni2+ : 3d8

No. of unpaired electron = 2

PART - 2
1. (A) 21Sc3+ ; [Ar]18 3d0 4s0 and 21
Sc ; [Ar]18 3d1 4s2
As last electron enters in d-subshell so it belongs to d-block and thus its group number = 2 + 1 = 3.
Element belong to 3rd group of Modern periodic table, not zero group.
2. It has only one orbital and single electron. So, shielding effect is not possible.

3. Tl3+ gets reduced to Tl+ because of I– and then it forms the compound TlI.
4. (A) Successive addition of d-electrons screen the outermost electrons (4s) from the inward pull of the nucleus.
As a result of this, the size of the atom does not change much from Cr to Cu.
(B) This is due to lanthanide contraction.
6. The d and f orbitals do not shield the nuclear charge very effectively .Therefore there is significant reduction in
the size of the ions, just after d or f orbitals have been filled completely. This is called lanthanide contraction.
Atomic radii of Nb (Nb3+ = 0.72 Å) and Ta (Ta3+ = 0.72 Å) are almost identical due to lanthanide contraction.
This is also the reason for the higher ionisation energy of gold than silver.

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8. Consider the factors on which these properties depend :
(A) Cation is smaller while anion is bigger than its parent atom.
(B) Correct order is Cl > F > Br > I.
(C) Cation is smaller as it is formed by the loss of electron(s). The anion is formed by the gain of electron(s).
The size of anion increases with increase in charge on anion i.e. as the Z/e ratio decreases the size increases.
(D) Across the period the size decreases and nuclear size increases. So, ionisation energy increases.
However, the first ionisation energy of Mg is greater than Al because of high penetration power of 2s2
electrons of Mg as compared to that of 2p1 electron of Al.
9. (A) S–(g) S2–(g) ; Heg = (+) ve because of electrostatic repulsion.
–
(B) Ne (g) + e (g) Ne–(g); Heg = (+) ve because of stable completely filled electron configuration.
–
(C) N(g) N (g) ; Heg = (+) ve because of stable half filled electron configuration.
(D) AI2+(g) AI3+(g) ; HIE = (+) ve because of the removal of electron from cation.
11. Elements of Group 1 & 2 have low IE values. So they impart colour to flame. E.g . Li, Na, K, Ca, Ba etc.
13. Atomic number of Cu is 29 = x

Atomic number of Au is 79 = y
x + y = 108
x y 108
= = 9.
12 12
16. B, C, S, P, At, H, Li
17. (Be, N, P, S)

PART - 3
13. 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p6, 5s2, 4d10, 5p6, 6s2, 4f 14, 5d10, 6p3 element is Bi.

26. V > V+2 > V+3

1
Radius of same atom
amount of the ch arg e

27. Valence shell is n = 3. So valence e– is 4 (3s2 3p2)

28. Most abundant element is earth crust is oxygen
30. 4f electrons does imperfect shielding on outer electrons there fore effective nuclear charge increase.
31. Tb : [Xe] 4f 9 6s2 ; Eu : [Xe] 4f 7 6s2
34. The size of isoelectronic atom or ion depends on the e/z ratio. So it is for O -2 ion.

PART - 4
3. a is N b is P c is As d is Sb e is O f is S
g is Se h is Te i is F j is Cl k is Br k is I
4. (A) This configuration belongs to He which has highest first ionisation enthalpy amongst all the elements of
the periodic table. This is attributed to stable configuration and its small size.
(B) and (C) Group 17th has ns2 np5 valence shell electron configuration. They have highest EN values and very
high negative electron gain enthalpy because they can attain stable noble gas electronic configuration by
picking up an electron. (B) configuration belongs to fluorine and F has highest electronegativity on Pauling
scale. (C) configuration belongs to Cl, which has hte maximum negative electron gain enthalpy (even greater
than F ; due to its larger size and lesser interelectronic repulsion).
(D) This configuration belongs to C and it shows –4 oxidation state because it attains inert gas configuration
of neon by gaining four electrons.

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