Lesson 1: Accommodation

1. Balcony – an area with a wall or bars around it that is joined to the outside wall
of a building on an upper level
2. Brick – a rectangular block of hard material used for building walls and houses
3. ceiling - the upper surface of a room that you see when you look above you
4. concrete - a very hard building material made by mixing together cement, sand,
small stones, and water
5. cottage - a small house, usually in the countryside
6. gadget - a small device or machine with a particular purpose
7. housing - buildings for people to live in
8. landmark - a building or place that is easily recognized
9. lift shaft - a vertical shaft in a building through which a lift moves to different
levels.
10. occupant - a person who lives or works in a room or building
11. platform - a flat raised area or structure
12. quarry - a large artificial hole in the ground where stone, sand, etc. is
dug for use as building material
13. residence - a home; the place where someone lives
14. steel - a strong metal that is a mixture of iron and carbon
15. timber - wood that is prepared for use in building, etc
16. airy - with a lot of light and space
17. conventional - traditional and ordinary
18. cosy - comfortable and pleasant, especially (of a building) because of
being small and warm
19. cramped - not having enough space or time.
20. disposable - used once then thrown away
21. exterior - outer; on or from the outside
22. futuristic - relating to the future, or very modern or advanced
23. high-rise - a tall modern building with many floors
24. mass-produced - produced in large numbers using machinery
25. multi-storey - a building that has several floors
26. ornate - having a lot of decoration
27. prefabricated - built from parts that have been made in a factory and can
be put together quickly
28. spacious - large and with a lot of space
29. state-of-the-art - very modern and using the most recent ideas and
methods
30. ultra-modern - extremely modern; advanced
31. automate - to change a factory, office, or process so that machines do
the work instead of people
32. condemn - to criticize something or someone strongly, usually for moral
reasons
33. demolish - knock down, destroy thoroughly
34. devise - to invent something, esp. with intelligence or imagination
35. haul - to pull something heavy slowly and with difficulty
36. hoist - to lift something heavy, often with special equipment
37. renovate - to repair and improve something, especially a building
38. skyward - in the direction of the sky
39. warehouse - a large building for storing things before they are sold,
used, or sent out to shops
40. tough - strong; not easily broken or made weaker or defeated
41. spring system - is an elastic object used to store mechanical energy.
42. mesh - to join together in the correct position
43. ratchet - a part of a machine that allows movement in one direction only.
44. unveil - to show or make something known for the first time
45. slack - not tight; loose
46. contraption - device
47. tenant - a person who rents a room, a building, or land
48. screw - a thin pointed piece of metal like a nail with a raised spiral line
49. heading - words written or printed at the top of a text as a title
50. obsession - something or someone that you think about all the time
51. consolidate - to combine into a single unit; to group together or join.
52. indebted - grateful because of help given
53. depict - to represent or show something in a picture, story, movie, etc.; portray
54. mixed success - successful only on few issues not on all of them
55. appliance - a device, machine, or piece of equipment, especially an
electrical one that is used in the house
56. team up - to join another person, or form a group with other people, in
order to do something together
57. surround - to be around something on all sides
58. combustion - the process of burning
59. self-propelled - able to move by its own power
60. stack - to arrange things in an ordered pile
61. marvel - a wonderful and surprising person or thing
62. apparent - easily seen or perceived, easily understood
63. hose - a long plastic or rubber pipe, used to direct water onto fires,
gardens, etc.
64. drapery - cloth arranged in folds
65. blast - a sudden strong blow of air
66. overriding - more important
67. acquisition - the process of getting something
68. incorporation - the act of including something
69. turmoil - a state of confusion, excitement, or anxiety
70. masculine - of man; male
71. rough and ready - produced quickly, with little preparation
72. stark - extreme
73. pejorative - insulting, disapproving
74. cherished - bringing the pleasure of love
75. utopian - romantic
76. blur - to make something hard to see
77. deployment - the use of something or someone in an effective way
78. rosy - optimistic, bright, happy
79. exhort - to strongly encourage or persuade someone to do something
80. self-indulgent - allowing yourself to have or do anything that you enjoy
81. free rein - the freedom to do, say, or feel what you want
82. spa - a town where water comes out of the ground and people come to
drink it or lie in it because they think it will improve their health
83. discotheque - disco
84. ebb - to becomes less strong or disappear
85. hectic - full of busy activity
86. imperative - extremely important or urgent
87. envisage - to have a mental picture of; visualize.
88. consumerism - the state of an advanced industrial society in which a lot
of goods are bought and sold
Lesson 2: Business

1. boss - manager; the person who is in charge of an organization and who tells
others what to do
2. campaign - a plan consisting of a number of activities directed toward the
achievement of an aim
3. career - the job or series of jobs that you do during your working life
4. clerk - a person who works in an office, dealing with records or performing
general office duties
5. colleague - someone you work with
6. credibility - the fact that someone can be believed or trusted
7. employee - someone who is paid to work for someone else
8. goods - things for sale, or the things that you own
9. job satisfaction - the feeling of pleasure and achievement which you experience
in your job when you know that your work is worth doing
10. labourer - a person who does physical work, especially outdoors
11. manual worker - a worker who does physical work
12. manual work - work involving the hands, as opposed to an office job,
for example
13. niche - a job, position, or place that is very suitable for someone
14. occupation - a person's job
15. overtime - time worked in addition to your usual job hours
16. perk - an advantage
17. profession - any type of work, esp. one that needs a high level of
education or a particular skill
18. prospects - the possibility of being successful, especially at work
19. qualification - an ability, characteristic, or experience that makes you
suitable for a particular job or activity
20. retirement - the act of leaving your job and stopping working, usually
because you are old
21. share - one of the equal parts that the ownership of a company is divided
 into, and that can be bought by members of the public
22. shift work - a system in which different groups of workers work
somewhere at different times of the day and night
23. supervisor - a person whose job is to supervise someone or something
24. takeover - a situation in which a company gets control of another
company by buying enough of its shares
25. wages - the money earned by an employee, esp. when paid for the hours
worked
26. casual - not regular or fixed
27. demanding - needing a lot of time, attention, or energy
28. hospitality - the act of being friendly and welcoming to guests and
visitors:
29. monotonous - not changing and therefore boring
30. retail - the activity of selling goods to the public, usually in shops
31. endorse - to state publicly that you approve of or support someone or
something
32. invest (in) - to spend money on something which you believe will make
a profit
33. shelf stacker - shelf filler; someone whose job is to put goods on the
shelves in a supermarket
34. redundant - having lost your job because your employer no longer needs
you
35. next to nothing - very little; hardly anything; almost nothing
36. workplace - a building or room where people perform their jobs, or these
places generally
37. cosmetics - substances that you put on your face or body that are
intended to improve your appearance
38. skincare - things that you do and use to keep your skin healthy and attractive
39. dermatologist - a doctor who studies and treats skin diseases
40. invaluable - extremely useful
41. work ethic - the belief that work is morally good
Lesson 3: Childhood
1. adolescence - the period of time in a person's life when they are developing into
an adult
2. adulthood - the part of someone's life when they are an adult
3. bond - a close connection joining two or more people
4. brotherhood - friendship and loyalty
5. character - the particular combination of qualities in a person or place that
makes them different from others
6. childhood - the time when someone is a child
7. conflict - an active disagreement, as between opposing opinions or needs
8. fatherhood - the state or time of being a father
9. instinct - the way people or animals naturally react or behave, without having to
think or learn about it
10. interaction - an occasion when two or more people or things
communicate with or react to each other
11. motherhood - the state or time of being a mother
12. nature - the type or main characteristic of something
13. resemblance - a way in which two or more things are alike
14. rivalry - a situation in which people, businesses, etc. compete with each
other for the same thing
15. sibling - a brother or sister
16. temperament - a person’s or animal’s nature, especially as it
permanently affects their behaviour
17. ties - the friendly feelings that people have for other people, or special
connections with places
18. upbringing - the way in which someone is treated and trained as a child
19. extended family - a family unit that includes grandmothers,
grandfathers, aunts, and uncles, etc. in addition to parents and children
20. family gathering - when family members meeting together
21. immediate family - closest relations, such as your parents, children,
husband, or wife
22. maternal instinct - the natural tendency that a mother has to behave or
react in a particular way around her child or children
23. sibling rivalry - competition and arguments among brothers and sisters
24. stable upbringing - having a safe and secure family in your childhood
25. striking resemblance - impressive similarity
26. close-knit - involving groups of people in which everyone supports each
other
27. maternal - behaving or feeling as a mother does toward her child
28. parental - relating to parents or to being a parent
29. rewarding - satisfying or beneficial
30. accommodate - to provide someone with a room or place to sleep, live,
or sit
31. adopt - to take somebody else's child into your family and become its
legal parent(s)
32. break down - of a relationship, agreement, or process) cease to continue;
collapse
33. endure - last; keep on; undergo; bear; stand
34. establish - to start having a relationship with, or communicating with
another person, company, country, or organization
35. have something in common - to share interests, experiences, or other
characteristics with someone or something
36. inherit - derive (a quality, characteristic, or predisposition) genetically
from one’s parents or ancestors
37. chaotic - disorganized
38. nurture - to feed and care for a child, or to help someone or something
develop by encouraging that person or thing
39. alike - similar to each other
40. play a role - to be involved in something, especially in a way that is
important
41. relate to somebody - to understand someone and be able to have a
friendly relationship with them
 42. paddling pool - a pool that is not deep that small children can play in
43. sophisticated - (1) Having a thorough knowledge of the ways of society.
(2) Highly complex or developed.
44. tone - the general character or attitude of a person, situation, etc.
45. competency - an important skill that is needed to do a job
46. coordinate - to make various, separate things work together
47. recruitment - the process of employing new people to work for a
company or organization
48. hand down something - to give something to a younger member of your
family when you no longer need it, or to arrange for someone younger to get it
after you have died
49. enrol - officially register as a member of an institution or a student on a
course

Lesson 4: Communication
1. accuracy - the fact of being exact or correct
2. communication - the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking,
writing, or using some other medium.
3. conjecture - a guess; an opinion or judgment that is not based on proof
4. dialect - regional language
5. fluent - able to speak or write a particular foreign language easily and accurately.
6. hesitation - the act of pausing before saying or doing something.
7. language barrier - absence of communication between people who speak
different languages
8. linguist - someone who studies foreign languages or can speak them very well
9. linguistics - the scientific study of the structure and development of language in
general
10. means - a method or way of doing something
11. sign language - a system of communication for people who cannot hear
that uses hand and finger movements
12. vocabulary - all the words that exist in a particular language or subject
13. incoherent - expressing yourself in a way that is not clear
14. inherent - existing as a natural or basic part of something
15. clarify - to make something clear or easier to understand by
giving more details
16. comprehend - to understand something completely
17. converse - to have a conversation with someone
18. define - to say or explain what the meaning of a word or phrase is
19. demonstrate - to show or make something clear
20. emerge - to become known or develop as a result of something
21. evolve - to develop gradually; to rise to a higher level
22. gesture - to use movement to express a thought or a feeling
23. illustrate - make clear or explain by stories, examples, comparisons, or
other means
24. imply - to suggest something in an indirect way or without actually
 saying it
25. signify - to be a sign of something
26. stutter - to speak or say part of a word with difficulty, esp. by repeating
it several times or by pausing before it
27. there's something to be said for - said to mean that something has
advantages
28. needless to say - of course
29. have the say - to be involved in making a decision about something
30. when all is said and done - when everything is finished and settled;
when everything is considered.
31. having said that - despite what has just been said
32. to say the least - to not describe something in the strongest way you
could, often in order to be polite
33. you can say that again - I completely agree with you
34. that is to say - used when explaining more clearly what you
have just said
35. marine - related to the sea or sea transport
36. odd - strange or unexpected
37. devastating - causing a lot of damage or destruction
38. recap - to repeat the main points of an explanation or description
39. connotation - suggested or implied meaning of an expression;
V. connote
40. intimate - to make clear what you think or want without saying it
directly
41. narrate - to tell a story, often by reading aloud from a text, or to describe
events as they happen
42. profound - very great or intense
43. youngster - a young person or a child
44. merely - only; just
45. intrigue - fascinate; to interest someone, often because of an unusual or
unexpected quality
46. pinpoint - to discover or establish something exactly
47. idle speculation - speculation that is unlikely to be true
48. ancestor - a person related to you who lived a long time ago
49. wander - to walk around slowly in a relaxed way or without any clear
purpose or direction
50. chit-chat - informal conversation about matters that are not important
51. Homo sapiens - modern humans considered together as a species
52. string together - to arrange a group of things into a series
53. grunt - to make a short, low sound instead of speaking, usually
because of anger or pain
54. archaic - ancient
55. hyoid - a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue.
56. larynx - an organ in the throat which contains the vocal cords (= tissue
that moves to produce the voice)
57. ritual - a set of fixed actions and sometimes words performed regularly,
especially as part of a ceremony
58. burial - the act of putting a dead body into the ground, or the ceremony
connected with this
59. hearth - the area in front of a fireplace.
60. groom - to clean an animal, often by brushing its fur
61. social grooming - is an activity in which individuals in a group clean or
maintain one another's body or appearance.
62. alliance - a union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially
between countries or organizations.
63. opiate - a drug with morphinelike effects, derived from opium.
64. banter - conversation that is not serious and is often playful
65. smattering - a slight knowledge of something, or a small amount
66. gurgle - (of babies) to make a happy sound with the back of the throat
67. cling - to hold on tightly to somebody/something
68. soothe - to make someone more calm and more relaxed
69. primate - any member of the group of animals that includes human
 beings, apes, and monkeys.
70. nomadic - a person who does not stay long in the same place; a wanderer
71. maiden - a girl or young unmarried woman;
Lesson 5: Crime & Punishment

1. appreciate - to recognize how good someone or something is and to value him,

her, or it
2. arson - the crime of intentionally starting a fire in order to damage or destroy
something, especially a building
3. authority - the official power to make decisions for other people
4. convict - someone who is in prison because they are guilty of a crime
5. criminal - someone who commits a crime
6. deterrent - a thing that discourages or is intended to discourage someone from
doing something
7. fine - an amount of money that has to be paid as a punishment for not obeying a
rule or law
8. fraud - the crime of getting money by deceiving people
9. imprisonment - the state of being in prison, or the time someone spends there
10. inequality - an unfair situation, in which some groups in society have
more money, opportunities, power etc than others
11. intent - the fact that you want and plan to do something
12. intrusion - an occasion when someone goes into a place or situation
where they are not wanted or expected to be
13. kidnap - to take someone somewhere illegally by force, often in order to
get money for returning them; ransom
14. motive - a reason for doing something
15. offense - a specific act that breaks the law
16. pickpocketing - the crime of stealing things out of people's pockets or
bags, especially in a crowd
17. prosecutor - a person, especially a public official, who institutes legal
proceedings against someone.
18. recklessness - lack of regard for the danger or consequences of one's
 actions
19. smuggling - the crime of taking goods or people into or out of a country
illegally
20. swearing - rude or offensive language that someone uses, especially
when they are angry
21. the accused - the person who is on trial in a law court
22. vandalism - the crime of intentionally damaging property belonging to
other people
23. violation - an action that breaks a law, agreement, rule, etc.
24. evil - morally bad, cruel, or very unpleasant
25. harsh - unpleasant, unkind, cruel, or more severe than is necessary
26. intentional - planned or intended; done on purpose; deliberate
27. law-abiding - someone who obeys the law
28. offensive - very rude or insulting and likely to upset people
29. petty - not important and not worth giving attention to
30. punishable - (of an act) subject to a judicial punishment
31. strict - limiting people’s freedom to behave as they wish beyond what is
usual
32. victimless - (of a crime) lacking a victim, or thought not to involve a
victim
33. abide - accept and follow out; remain faithful to; dwell; endure
34. abolish - to put an end to something, such as an organization, rule, or
custom
35. combat - to try to stop something unpleasant or harmful
36. deter - to prevent or discourage someone from doing something
37. enforce - to make people obey a rule or law
38. imprison - to put someone in prison
39. offend - to make someone upset or angry
40. perpetrate - to commit a crime or a violent or harmful act
41. resent - to dislike or be angry at something or someone because you
have been hurt or not treated fairly
42. sanction - a strong action taken in order to make people obey a law or
rule, or a punishment given when they do not obey
43. on behalf of - for somebody; instead of somebody
44. insane - mentally ill
45. elusive - difficult to describe, find, achieve, or remember
46. deem - to consider or judge
47. bully - a person who threatens to hurt someone, often forcing that person
to do something
Lesson 6: Environment

1. biodiversity - the variety of plants and animals in a particular place

2. deforestation - the cutting down of trees in a large area, or the destruction of
forests by people
3. ecosystem - all the living things in an area and the way they affect each
other and the environment
4. emission - the act of sending out gas, heat, light, etc.
5. erosion - the fact of soil, stone, etc. being gradually damaged and removed by
the waves, rain, or wind
6. exhaust - the waste gas from an engine, especially a car's, or the pipe the gas
flows through
7. food chain - a series of living things in which each group eats organisms from
the group lower than itself in the series
8. fumes - strong, unpleasant, and sometimes dangerous gas or smoke
9. impact - the effect or influence
10. pollutant - a substance that pollutes something, especially water or the
atmosphere
11. refuse - rubbish; matter thrown away or rejected as worthless;
12. achievable - a task, ambition, etc. that is one that is possible to achieve
13. advantageous - useful
14. at risk - in a dangerous situation
15. chronic - (esp. of a disease or something bad) continuing for a long time
16. conceivable - possible to imagine or to believe
17. devastating - causing a lot of damage or destruction
18. environmentally friendly - not harmful to the environment
19. fruitless - unsuccessful or not productive
20. futile - achieving no result; not effective
21. immune - unaffected; protected from or unable to be influenced by
something.
22. impracticable - (of a course of action) impossible in practice to do or
 carry out.
23. improbable - not likely to happen or be true
24. irreparable - impossible to repair or make right again
25. irreplaceable - too special, valuable, or unusual to be replaced by
anything else
26. irreversible - not possible to change; impossible to return to a previous
condition
27. liable - legally responsible for the cost of something
28. pervasive - present or noticeable in every part of a thing or place
29. pointless - having no useful purpose
30. pristine - original and pure; not spoiled or worn from use
31. questionable - not certain, or wrong in some way
32. sustainable - causing little or no damage to the environment
33. taxing - challenging; needing too much effort
34. unattainable - not able to be achieved
35. unlikely - not probable or likely to happen
36. unprecedented - never having happened or existed in the past
37. worthwhile - useful, important, or good enough to be a suitable reward
for the money or time spent or the effort made
38. confront - to face, meet, or deal with a difficult situation or person
39. contaminate - to make something less pure or make it poisonous
40. dispose of something - to get rid of something; throw out or destroy
41. inexorable - a process that cannot be stopped
42. inevitable - certain to happen and unable to be avoided or prevented
43. toll - suffering, deaths, or damage
44. quest - a long search for something that is difficult to find
45. insurmountable - (especially of a problem or a difficulty) so great that it
cannot be dealt with successfully
46. insoluble - (of a problem) so difficult that it is impossible to solve
47. omnipresent - present or having an effect everywhere at the same time
48. shred - to cut or tear something roughly into thin strips
 - burrow - a hole dug in the ground that an animal, such as a rabbit, lives in
49. den - the home of particular types of wild animal
50. ecology - the relationship of living things to their environment
51. evolution - the way in which living things change and develop over
millions of years
52. extinction - a situation in which something no longer exists
53. fauna - all the animals of a particular area or period of time
54. flora - all the plants of a particular place or from a particular time in
history
55. habitat - the place where a plant or animal lives
56. human nature - the behaviour and feelings common to most people
57. Mother Nature - the nature, esp. when it is thought of as a force that
affects people and the world
58. predator - an animal that hunts, kills, and eats other animals
59. prey - an animal that is hunted by another animal
60. repercussion - negative effect
61. scent - a pleasant natural smell
62. vegetation - plants in general, or the plants that are found in a particular
area
63. vermin - small animals and insects that can be harmful
64. disastrous - extremely bad or unsuccessful
65. domesticated - brought under human control
66. endangered - at risk or in danger of dying out completely
67. extinct - not now existing
68. vulnerable - able to be easily hurt, influenced, or attacked
69. adapt - to change something in order to make it suitable for a new use or
situation
70. combat - to try to stop something unpleasant or harmful
71. eradicate - to get rid of completely or destroy something bad
72. hibernate - to spend the winter sleeping
73. tolerate - to bear something unpleasant or annoying
74. twig - a small, thin branch of a tree or bush, esp. one removed from the
tree or bush and without any leaves
75. coat - the hair, wool, or fur covering an animal
76. beak - the hard, pointed part of a bird's mouth
77. hide - the strong, thick skin of an animal, used for making leather
78. scales - one of the many very small, flat pieces that cover the skin of fish,
snakes, etc.
79. paw - the foot of an animal that has claws or nails, such as a cat, dog, or
bear
80. claw - one of the sharp, curved nails at the end of each of the toes of
some animals and birds
81. thorn - a small, sharp pointed growth on the stem of a plant
82. petal - one of the thin soft coloured parts of a flower
83. horn - a hard, pointed part, usually one of a pair, on the head of cows,
goats, and other animals
84. vegan - a person who does not eat or use any animal products, such as
meat, fish, eggs, cheese, or leather
85. human being - a person
86. meerkat - a small, grey Southern African animal that sometimes sits up
on its back legs
87. endemic - belonging to a particular area; inherent
88. prickly pear - type of cactus (= desert plant) that has oval fruit
89. paddock - a field of any size that is used for farming
90. render - to cause something to change in a certain way, make.
91. larva - the active immature form of an insect
92. cane - the long, hollow stems of particular plants such as bamboo
93. toad - a small animal, similar to a frog, that has dry, brown skin and lives
mostly on land
94. controversial - causing disagreement or discussion
95. caterpillar - a small creature like a worm with many legs that eats leaves
and that develops into a butterfly or other flying insect
96. hedgehog - small animal with spikes on its back
97. executive - director, someone in a high position
98. slug - a small animal with a soft body like a snail without a shell
99. forage - to go searching, esp. for food
100. saliva - the natural, watery liquid in the mouth that keeps it wet and helps
prepare food for digestion
101. lineage - all the living things that are related directly to the same living
thing that existed long ago
102. marsupials - have pouch and teat, mainly in Australia
103. trace - to find the origin of something
104. foetus - a young human being or animal before birth, after the organs
have started to develop
105. equator - an imaginary line around the earth or another planet at an equal
distance from the North Pole and the South Pole
106. proximity - the state of being near in space or time
107. scrap - to have a fight or an argument
108. primarily - mainly
109. litter - a group of animals that are born at the same time and have the
same mother
110. rodent - a type of small mammal with sharp front teeth
111. scrape - to (cause to) rub against something so that slight damage is
produced
112. retract - moves back into the main part
113. belly - the stomach
114. quill - any of the long sharp pointed hairs on the body
115. perceive - to become aware of, know, or identify by means of the senses
116. spring up - take on form or shape
117. bristle - a short, stiff hair, usually one of many
118. squeak - to make a short high sound that is not very loud
119. vertebrate - an animal that has a spine
120. spine - the line of bones down the centre of the back
121. laden - heavily loaded with something
122. frothy - (of a liquid) with small white bubbles on it
123. prick - to make a small hole or holes in the surface of something
124. venomous - poisonous
125. irritating - making you feel annoyed
126. toll - suffering, deaths, or damage
127. bonfire - a large outdoor fire for burning waste or as part of a celebration
128. cattle grid - a set of bars, placed over a hole in the road, that allows
vehicles to cross but not animals such as cows and sheep
129. ironically - in a way that is different or opposite from the result you
would expect
130. all over again - start something again from the beginning
131. wading bird - a long-legged bird that frequents shallow water, especially
in search of food.
132. inference - a conclusion drawn from evidence
133. hoglet - a small or young hog or pig; a baby hedgehog
134. feast on something - to eat a lot of good food
135. cull - to kill animals so that there are not too many of them, or so that a
disease does not spread
Lesson 7: Fuels & Energy

1. biofuel - a fuel that is made from living things or their waste

2. crisis - a time of great disagreement, confusion, or suffering
3. fossil fuel - a fuel such as gas, coal, and oil that has been produced in
the earth from plants and animals
4. hybrid - a vehicle with an engine that uses both petrol and another type of
energy, usually electricity
5. petrol - a liquid obtained from petroleum, used especially as a fuel for cars and
other vehicles
6. resource - something that can be used to help you
7. turbine - a type of machine through which liquid or gas flows and turns a special
wheel with blades in order to produce power
8. disposable - intended to be thrown away after use
9. drastic - (of a change) severe and sudden; extreme
10. rechargeable - able to be recharged
11. unleaded - (of gasoline (= a fuel)) not containing lead (= a metal)
12. conserve - to keep and protect something from damage, change, or waste
13. counter - to do something in order to prevent something bad from
happening or to reduce its bad effects
14. deplete - to reduce something in size or amount, especially supplies of
energy, money, etc.
15. emit - to send out a beam, noise, smell, or gas
16. expend - to use or spend time, effort, or money
17. outweigh - to be greater or more important than something else
18. offset - counteract (something) by having an equal and opposite force or
effect.
19. make up for something - to compensate for something bad with
something good
20. tidy up - to clean and put things in a room in their proper place
21. forth - going out from a place or point, and moving forwards or
 outwards
22. clutter - a state of being untidy
23. needlessly - in a way that is not necessary
24. zap - to cook or heat something in a microwave
25. tumble dryer - a machine that uses hot air to dry clothes after they have
been washed
26. round trip - a trip from one place to another and back to where you
started
27. myth - a commonly believed but false idea
28. flick something on/off - to move a switch in order to make electrical
equipment start/stop working
29. windmill - a structure with parts that turn around in the wind, used for
producing electrical power or crushing grain
30. supplies - food and other ordinary goods needed by people every day
31. commonplace - ordinary; happening or seen frequently
32. diesel - a type of heavy oil used as fuel
33. lexical - relating to words
34. abuzz - filled with noise and activity
35. hurdle - a problem that you have to deal with before you can make
progress
36. derivative - having qualities taken from something else
37. ponder - to think carefully about something
38. advocate - someone who publicly supports something
39. premise - to base an argument or theory on
40. appraisal - an act of assessing something or someone
41. derived - coming from or caused by something else
42. rapeseed - canola; a plant with yellow flowers from which oil

and animal food are produced

43. burden - a load, typically a heavy one
44. disruption - an interruption in the usual way that a system, process, or
 event works
45. immense - extremely large in size or degree
46. sobering - making you feel serious
47. wean - (1) to accustom (a child or young animal) to food other than its
mother's milk. (2) to withdraw a person from some object or habit.
48. ongoing - continuing to exist, happen, or develop
49. destruction - the process of causing so much damage to something
50. conservationist - someone who works to protect animals, plants etc
51. dire - very serious or extreme
52. prospect - (1) possibility (2) a good view of a large land area
53. fleet - a number of buses, aircraft, etc. under the control of one person or
organization
54. algae - very simple, usually small plants that grow in or near water and
do not have ordinary leaves or roots
55. order of magnitude - the approximate size of something, especially a
number
56. entrepreneur - someone who makes money by starting their own
business
57. scheme - a plan or system for doing or organizing something
58. feat - achievement
59. dim - not bright, lacking light, being weak.
60. not go anywhere - to make no progress at all
Lesson 8: Health & Fitness

1. allergy - a medical condition that causes you to react badly or feel sick when you
eat or touch a particular substance
2. anxiety - an uncomfortable feeling of nervousness or worry about something
3. appetite - the feeling that you want to eat food
4. artery - one of the larger tubes that carry blood from the heart to other parts of
the body
5. asset - a valuable thing to have
6. craving - a strong or uncontrollable desire
7. depression - the state of feeling very unhappy and without hope for the future
8. diagnosis - the identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by
examination of the symptoms.
9. dietitian - a person who scientifically studies and gives advice about food and
eating
10. eating disorder - Any of a range of psychological disorders
characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating habits
11. heart attack - a serious medical condition in which the heart does not
get enough blood, causing great pain and often leading to death
12. ingredient - one of the things from which something is made
13. insomnia - the condition of being unable to sleep, over a period of time
14. intake - the amount of something such as food, breath, or a liquid that is
taken in by someone or something
15. junk food - food that is unhealthy but is quick and easy to eat
16. nutrient - any substance that plants or animals need in order to live and
grow
17. obesity - extreme fatness
18. onset - the moment at which something unpleasant begins
19. portion - (1) a part or share of something larger. (2) the amount of a
particular food that is served to one person.
20. serving - the amount of one type of food given to one person
 21. stroke - a sudden change in the blood supply to a part of the brain, which
can result in a loss of some mental or physical abilities, or death.
22. acute - very serious, extreme, or severe
23. alternate - every second, or every other
24. brisk - quick, energetic, and active
25. chronic - (esp. of a disease or something bad) continuing for a
long time
26. infectious - (of a disease) able to be passed one person, animal, or plant
to another
27. obese - excessively overweight
28. persistent - determined to do something despite difficulties.
29. vital - essential, important
30. counteract - to reduce or remove the effect of something by producing
an opposite effect
31. curb - to control or limit something that is not wanted
32. diminish - to reduce or be reduced in size or importance
33. disrupt - to prevent something, esp. a system, process, or event, from
continuing as usual or as expected
34. overdo - to do something in a way that is too extreme
35. overeat - to eat more food than your body needs
36. trigger - to cause something bad to start
37. tempt - to encourage someone to want to have or do something, esp.
something wrong
38. miss out on - to lose an opportunity
39. excess - an amount that is more than acceptable, expected, or reasonable
40. mouth - to move the lips as if speaking a word
41. teethe - (of a baby or small child) to grow teeth
42. writhe - to make large twisting movements with the body
43. bathe - to wash something with water, esp. a part of your body
44. agony - extreme physical or mental pain or suffering
45. tablet - a small, solid piece of medicine
46. notion - belief or idea
47. staple - main or important, especially in terms of consumption
48. swap - exchange; to give something and be given something else instead
49. more or less - approximately
50. apt - suitable; appropriate
51. cope - to deal successfully with a difficult situation
52. wording - the exact choice of words
53. build-up - an increase, especially one that is gradual
54. debilitating - causing weakness
55. pace - the speed at which somebody/something walks, runs or moves
56. aspect - a particular part or feature of a situation or a problem
57. attitude - the way you feel about something or someone
58. creativity - the ability to produce original and unusual ideas
59. daily routine - typical or everyday activity
60. desire - a strong feeling that you want something
61. fulfilment - a feeling of happiness because you are doing what you
intended to do in life
62. hobby - an activity that someone does for pleasure when they are not
working
63. insight - the capacity to gain an accurate and deep understanding of
someone or something.
64. leisure - the time when you are not working or doing other duties
65. lifestyle - the way that you live
66. optimist - someone who always believes that good things will happen
67. outlook - the likely future situation
68. opportunity - a chance to do something
69. personality - the type of person you are, shown by the way you behave, feel, and
think
70. pessimist - someone who feels that bad things are more likely to happen
than good things
71. priority - something that is very important and must be dealt with before
 other things
72. realist - a person who tends to accept and deal with people and situations
as they are
73. risk taker - someone who often takes risks
74. self-expression - expression of your personality, emotions, or ideas,
especially through art, music, or acting
75. sense - the ability to make reasonable judgments
76. intense - extreme
77. materialistic - believing that having money and possessions is the most
important thing in life
78. outdoor - existing, happening, or done outside a building
79. recreational - relating to or denoting activity done for enjoyment when
one is not working.
80. appeal - to make a serious or formal request
81. fulfil - to do something that is expected
82. motivate - to cause someone to behave in a particular way
83. regret - to feel sad about a lost opportunity
84. lead a happy life - having a purpose each day and achieving that goal.
85. live life on the edge - to have an adventurous or perilous lifestyle
86. live life to its fullest - often said to encourage people who are feeling
down, a bit depressed, lonely or self-pitying.
87. make a choice - to select; to separate and take in preference.
88. make a decision - decide
89. make a living - to earn enough money to buy the things you need
90. meet a need - to do something that someone wants, needs, or expects
you to do
91. take part - involve
92. do something for a living - to do something as your job or a way of
making money
93. walks of life - various levels of social position or achievement
94. cost of living - the amount of money that a person needs to live
95. lifelong ambition - very strong desire
96. once in a lifetime - only likely to happen once in a person's life
97. standard of living - the degree of comfort that people in a particular
social class, country, etc. have
98. way of life - the manner in which a person lives
99. inevitable - unavoidable
100. arcade - a covered passageway usually lined with shops
101. quilt - a decorative cover for a bed
102. be spoilt for choice - to be unable to choose because there are so many
possible good choices
103. ahead of time - sooner than was expected
104. upcoming - happening soon
105. delighted - very pleased
106. babysit - to take care of other people's children in your own home as a job
 Lesson 9: History

1. archaeologist - someone who studies the buildings, graves, tools, and other
objects of people who lived in the past
2. era - a period of time known for particular events or developments
3. excavate - to remove earth from a place in order to find old objects
buried there
4. the Middle Ages - a period in European history, between about AD 1000 and
AD 1500, when the power of kings, people of high rank, and the Christian
Church was strong
5. millennium - a period of 1,000 years
6. pioneer - a person who is one of the first people to do something
7. timeline - a line showing the order in which events happened
8. chronological - in order of time from the earliest to the latest
9. consecutive - following each other continuously.
10. imminent - (esp. of something unpleasant) likely to happen very soon
11. middle-aged - in middle age; too careful and not showing the
enthusiasm, energy, or style of someone young
12. nostalgic - feeling happy and also slightly sad when you think about
things that happened in the past
13. prior - coming before in time, order, or importance
14. time-consuming - taking a lot of time to do or complete
15. erode - to rub or be rubbed away gradually
16. inter - to bury a dead body
17. predate - to have existed or happened before another thing
18. span - extend over; to exist or continue for a particular length of time
19. in time - early enough
20. lose track of time - to be unaware of what time it is
21. on time - at the correct time or the time that was arranged
22. take so long - to spend a lot of time to do something
23. at the right time - at the proper time, at the right moment
 24. formerly - in the past
25. Stonehenge - a circle of very large stones built in ancient times in
southern England
26. pole - a long, thin stick of wood or metal, often used standing straight up
in the ground to support things
27. ice age - a time in the past when the temperature was very cold
28. frenzy - a state or period of uncontrolled excitement
29. awe - a feeling of great respect, usually mixed with fear or surprise
30. sketch something out - to give some details about something
31. posthole - a hole dug in the ground to hold a fence post.
32. post - a vertical stick or pole stuck into the ground, usually to support
something or show a position
33. ditch - a narrow channel dug at the side of a road or field, to hold or
carry away water.
34. carve - to cut out
35. chalk - a type of soft white rock
36. pasture - land covered with grass or similar plants suitable for animals,
such as cows and sheep, to eat:
37. henge - a prehistoric circle of large stones or wooden objects
38. astronomy - the scientific study of the universe
39. infer - to form an opinion or decide that something is true from the
information you have
40. nevertheless - despite what has just been said or referred to
41. hunter-gatherer - a member of a society that lives by hunting and
collecting wild food, rather than by farming
42. wear away - to become thin and disappear after repeated use or rubbing
43. the arrival of something - the time when a new idea, product
etc is first used or discovered
44. antiquated - old-fashioned or unsuitable for modern society
45. consecutive - events, numbers, etc. follow one after another without an
interruption
 46. engrossed - absorbed
47. plait - to join three or more pieces of hair
48. bride - a woman who is about to get married
49. obsess - to think about something or someone all the time
50. skull - the bone of your head
51. oral diseases - diseases of the mouth
52. by no means - not at all
53. plague - to cause pain or difficulty to someone or something over a
period of time
54. acupuncture - a treatment for pain and illness in which special needles
are put into the skin at particular positions
55. therapeutic - having a healing effect
56. undertake - to do or begin to do something
57. forefront - the most important or leading position
58. treatise - a formal piece of writing that deals with a particular subject

Lesson 10: Information Technology

 1. the latest - the most recent news or technical development
2. patent - the official legal right to make or sell an invention for a particular
number of years
3. prototype - the first one made of a machine or system
4. silicon chip - a small piece of silicon that is used in computers, calculators, and
other electronic devices
5. telecommunications - the sending and receiving of messages over distance,
especially by phone, radio, and television
6. vision - an idea or mental image of something
7. cutting edge - the most recent stage in the development of something
8. cyber - involving, using, or relating to computers, especially the internet
9. dated - old-fashioned; out-of-date.
10. labour-saving - a device or method that saves a lot of effort and time.
11. portable - light and small enough to be easily carried or moved
12. virtual - made, done, seen etc on the Internet or on a computer, rather
than in the real world
13. access - to get information, esp. when using a computer
14. revolutionize - to completely change something so that it is much better
15. scroll - to move text or other information on a computer screen
in order to see a different part of it
16. surpass - do better than; be greater than; excel
17. live up to something - to be as good as something
18. takeover - to begin to have control of something
19. awash - there is a large amount of something
20. be a tribute to - to be a clear sign of the good qualities of
21. redundant - unnecessary
22. guise - the appearance of someone or something
23. date - to say how long something has existed or when it was made
24. dump - deposit or dispose of (rubbish, waste, or unwanted material)
25. tricky - difficult to do or deal with
 26. awkward - clumsy; not well-suited to use; not easily managed;
embarrassing

Lesson 11: Mental & Physical Development

1. adolescent - Characteristic of a teenager; not fully grown up
2. concept - a principle or idea
3. consequence - a result of a particular action or situation
4. imagination - the ability to create pictures in your mind
5. infancy - the time when someone is a baby or a very young child
6. milestone - an important event in the development or history of something or in
someone's life
7. peer - [usually plural] a person of the same age, status, or ability as another
specified person.
8. social skills - skills required for successful social interaction.
9. toddler - a young child who has just learnt to walk
10. cognitive - connected with mental processes of understanding
11. clumsy - awkward in movement or manner
12. fond - to like someone or something very much
13. full-grown - completely grown
14. rebellious - somebody who breaks the rules
15. acquire - to obtain or begin to have something
16. imitate - to copy the speech or behaviour, etc. of someone or something
17. look back (on) - to think about what happened in the past
18. master - to learn or understand something completely
19. reminisce - to talk or write about past experiences that you remember
with pleasure
20. throw a fit/tantrum - to experience and show a strong feeling of anger,
especially suddenly
21. visualise - to imagine or remember someone or something by forming a
picture in your mind
22. bear in mind - to remember someone or something
23. broaden the mind - to increase a person's knowledge, experience, or
interests. widen.
24. have something on your mind - to be worrying about something
 25. it slipped my mind - to forget something that you had to do
26. keep an open mind - to wait until you know all the facts before forming
an opinion or making a judgment
27. my mind went blank - cannot remember anything
28. make a choice - to select; to separate and take in preference.
29. shoelace - a thin string or strip of leather used to fasten shoes
30. mimic - copy, imitate
31. overly - too; very
32. unparalleled - having no equal; better or greater than any other
33. spurt - to flow out suddenly
34. infinity - time or space that has no end
35. grasp - to understand something, especially something difficult
36. overindulge - to allow yourself or someone else to have too much of something
enjoyable, especially food or drink
37. displeased - annoyed or unhappy
38. overdue - late; not done or happening when expected or when needed
39. enquire - to ask for information
40. unassisted - unsupported by other people
41. momentarily - for a very short time
42. tantrum - a sudden period of extreme anger
43. spontaneous - happening naturally, without planning or encouragement
44. obstacle - something that makes it difficult for you to achieve something

Lesson 12: Modern Times

1. brand - a type of product made by a particular company
2. demographics - statistical data relating to the population and particular groups
within it.
3. globalization - the development of closer economic, cultural, and political
relations among all the countries of the world
4. hindsight - understanding the nature of an event after it has actually happened
5. icon - a person or thing regarded as a representative symbol or as worthy of
veneration.
6. identity - who or what somebody/something is
7. implication - a likely consequence of something
8. joint venture - a business or business activity that two or more people or
companies work on together
9. monopoly - the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a
commodity or service.
10. modernization - the process of adapting something to modern needs or
habits.
11. multiculturalism - the belief that different cultures within a society
should all be given importance
12. projection - a calculation or guess about the future based on information
that you have
13. proportion - the number or amount of a group or part of something
when compared to the whole
14. ethnic - relating to a particular race of people
15. exotic - exciting and unusual because it is connected with foreign
countries
16. long-term - continuing a long time into the future
17. sceptical - doubting that something is true or useful
18. subsequent - later; following; coming after
19. wealthy - rich
20. contribute - give (something, especially money) in order to help achieve
or provide something.
21. dwindle - become smaller and smaller; shrink
22. urbanization - the process by which more and more people leave the
countryside to live in cities
23. ethnicity - a large group of people who have the same national, racial, or
cultural origins, or the state of belonging to such a group
24. astounding - very surprising or shocking
25. ridiculous - stupid or unreasonable
26. commentator - a person on radio or television who describes and
discusses news events, sports, books, or other subjects
27. bug - (1) a very small insect. (2) a mistake or problem in a computer
program
28. flatten off/out - to stop rising or falling, and stay at the same level
29. meddle - to try to change or have an influence on things that are not your
responsibility
30. unfold - to happen as time passes.
31. factor in - take into account
32. project - to calculate an amount or number expected in the future from
information already known
33. GDP - Gross Domestic Product: the total value of goods and services
produced by a country in a year
34. embrace - to accept something enthusiastically
35. compound - to make a problem or difficult situation worse
Lesson 13: School Life

1. assignment - a piece of work that is given to someone as a part of their job

2. controversy - a disagreement, often a public one
3. curriculum - all the courses given in a school, college, etc.
4. dissertation - a long piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one that
is done in order to receive a degree at college or university
5. findings - information that has been discovered esp. by detailed study
6. funding - money given by a government or organization for an event or activity
7. graduation - finishing a degree or other course of study at a university
or school
8. grant - a sum of money given by the government, a university, or a private
organization to another organization or person for a special purpose
9. junior school - a school in the UK for children who are seven to eleven years old
10. kindergarten - a nursery school; a school for children between the ages
of about two and five
11. learning disorder - a disorder found in children of normal intelligence
who have difficulties in learning specific skills
12. lecturer - someone who teaches at a college or university
13. nursery - a place where small children are cared for while their parents
are at work
14. resource - something that can be used to help you
15. scholarship - money given to someone to help pay for that person's
education.
16. scope - the range of a subject covered by a book, programme, discussion,
class, etc.
17. syllabus - a plan showing the subjects or books to be studied in a
particular course
18. tutor - a teacher paid to work privately with one student or a small group
19. eligible - being able or allowed to do it
20. mixed - including both sexes
21. relevant - connected with what is happening or being discussed
22. seniors - older people, usually retired
23. studious - someone who enjoys studying or spends a lot of time studying
24. adopt - to accept or begin to use something
25. conduct - to organize and perform a particular activity
26. consider - to think about something carefully
27. overcome - to control or defeat something
28. review - to consider something in order to make changes in it, study it, or
give an opinion about it
29. struggle - to work hard to do something
30. distraction - something that prevents someone from giving their
attention to something else
31. protractor - a device for measuring and drawing angles, usually shaped
in a half circle
32. dyslexia - word blindness; learning disorder marked by impairment of
the ability to read
33. knit - to join together
34. artefact - an object that is made by a person, such as a tool or a
decoration, especially one that is of historical interest
35. internship - on-the-job training
36. placement - a temporary position or job in an organization
37. daunting - making you feel slightly frightened or worried about your
ability to achieve something
38. specialization - the limiting of one’s study or work to one particular
area, or a particular area of knowledge
Lesson 14: Space

1. asteroid - one of many large rocks that circle the sun

2. cosmos - the whole universe, especially when you think of it as a system
3. crater - a large hole in the top of a volcano
4. debris - broken or torn pieces of something larger
5. exploration - the activity of searching and finding out about something
6. galaxy - large isolated system of stars, such as the Milky Way
7. horizon - the place in the distance where the earth and sky seem to meet
8. launch - an occasion when a ship is put into water, or a spacecraft is sent into
space, for the first time
9. meteor - a piece of rock or other matter from space that produces a bright light
as it travels through the atmosphere
10. outer space - the universe beyond the earth’s atmosphere (= the
air surrounding the earth).
11. simulator - a piece of equipment that is designed to represent real
conditions, for example in an aircraft or spacecraft
12. solar system - the sun and the group of planets that move around it
13. spacecraft - a vehicle used for travel in space
14. space shuttle - a vehicle that takes people into space and comes back to
Earth again
15. cosmic - pertaining to the universe; vast
16. gravitational - involving gravity
17. lunar - of or relating to the moon
18. meteoric - relating to or caused by a meteor
19. outer - at a greater distance from the centre
20. terrestrial - relating to the earth
21. uninhabitable - not habitable (= suitable to live in)
22. unmanned - does not have a person inside it
23. acclimatize - to (cause to) change to suit different conditions of life,
weather, etc.
24. colonize - to send people to live in and govern another country
25. propel - to cause something to move forward
26. sustain - to keep something in operation; maintain
27. undergo - experience or be subjected to (something, typically something
unpleasant or arduous)
28. acrophobia - fear of heights
29. feasible - able to be made, done, or achieved
30. in terms of - used to describe which particular area of a subject you are
discussing
31. thunderstorm - a storm with thunder and lightening
32. barely - only just
33. scramble - to climb up, down, or over something quickly and with
difficulty
34. fellow - a member of an official organization for a particular subject or
job
35. eventuality - a possible happening or result
36. contemplate - to spend time considering a possible future action
37. cathedral - a very large, usually stone, building for Christian worship
38. foresee - to know about something before it happens
39. shield - something or someone used as protection or providing protection
40. realm - an area of interest or activity
41. faith - complete trust or confidence.
42. frontier - an area that is being explored
Lesson 15: Arts

1. art appreciation - understanding the qualities of great art

2. appealing - attractive or interesting
3. aesthetics - the formal study of the principles of art and beauty
4. artefact - an object that is made by a person, such as a tool or a decoration,
especially one that is of historical interest
5. ballerina - a female ballet dancer
6. ballet - a type of dancing where carefully organized movements tell a story or
express an idea
7. carving - a shape or pattern cut into wood or stone or the skill of doing this
8. conception - an idea about what something is like, or a general understanding of
something
9. concert - a performance of music by one or more musicians
10. crafts - skill and experience, especially in relation to making objects
11. emotion - a strong feeling such as love or anger
12. exhibition - a collection of things shown publicly
13. expression - the act of saying what you think or showing how you feel
using words or actions
14. festival - an organized set of special events, such as musical
performances or plays
15. inspiration - someone or something that gives your ideas for doing
something
16. intimacy - a situation in which you have a close friendship or sexual
relationship with someone
17. literature - writing that has lasting value as art
18. performing arts - acting, singing, dancing, and other forms of public
entertainment
19. portrait - a painting, photograph, or drawing of a person
20. venue - the place where a public event or meeting happens
21. abstract - paintings, designs etc consist of shapes and patterns that do
 not look like real people or things
22. accomplished - skilled
23. burgeoning - developing quickly
24. classical - traditional in style or form
25. distracting - preventing concentration or diverting attention; disturbing
26. eclectic - consisting of different types, methods, styles, etc.
27. electric - very exciting
28. fundamental - basic; primary; essential
29. literary - connected with literature
30. mundane - very ordinary and therefore not interesting
31. passionate - full of emotion
32. vivid - brightly coloured or (of descriptions or memories) producing
clear, powerful, and detailed images in the mind
33. choreograph - to arrange how dancers should move during a
performance
34. depict - to represent or show something in a picture, story, movie, etc.;
portray
35. provoke - to cause a reaction, especially a negative one
36. transcendent - going beyond ordinary limits
37. impulse - a sudden strong wish to do something
38. neurological - relating to nerves
39. hardwired - the way of behaving etc that is a natural part of a person’s
character
40. push through - to make a plan or suggestion
41. throng - a crowd or large group of people
42. behold - to see or look at someone or something
43. enigmatic - mysterious and impossible to understand completely
44. tingle - to have a slight stinging feeling
45. thrill - a sudden feeling of excitement
46. glimpse - a short, quick view
47. curvaceous - having an attractively curved body shape – used about
 women
48. deft - skilful and quick
49. showcase - to show the best qualities or parts of something
50. dine - to eat dinner
51. scenery - the general appearance of natural surroundings
52. intricate - complex; containing many small parts or details that all work
or fit together
53. justifiable - understandable
54. consensus - general agreement; opinion reached by a group
55. explicit - clear and exact
56. comparison - the act of comparing two or more people or things
57. institutionalize - to send someone, especially someone who is not able
to live independently, to live in an institution
58. rote learning - learning something in order to be able to repeat it from
memory, rather than in order to understand it
Lesson 16: Media

1. author - the writer of a book, article, play, etc.

2. bias - the fact of preferring someone or something
3. censorship - the act of censoring books, films, etc.
4. current affairs - political news about events happening now
5. exposé - a public report of the facts about a situation, especially one that is
shocking or has been kept secret
6. exposure - the attention that someone or something gets from newspapers,
television etc
7. free press - a press having the freedom to operate without interference or
censorship
8. ideology - the set of ideas and beliefs of a group or political party.
9. mass media - newspapers, television, radio, and the internet
10. newsstand - a small structure where newspapers and magazines are sold
11. paparazzi - photographers who follow famous people in order to take
photographs they can sell to newspapers
12. publicity - notice or attention given to someone or something by the
media
13. relevance - the degree to which something is related or useful to what is
happening or being talked about
14. safeguard - a rule, agreement etc that is intended to protect
someone or something from possible dangers or problems
15. tabloid - a type of newspaper that has smaller pages, many pictures, and
short reports
16. attention–grabbing - attracting people's notice; striking
17. biased - unfairly preferring one person or group over another
18. celebrity - someone who is famous, especially in the entertainment
business
19. distorted - changed from the usual, original, natural, or intended form
20. entertaining - funny and enjoyable
21. factual - based on facts
22. informative - providing a lot of useful information
23. intrusive - affecting someone in a way that annoys them and makes them
feel uncomfortable
24. investigative - intended to examine a situation in order to discover the
truth
25. mainstream - (of beliefs or behaviour) common and shared by most
people
26. sensationalist - a person who presents stories in a way that is intended to
provoke public interest or excitement, at the expense of accuracy.
27. superficial - (of a person) never thinking about things that are serious or
important
28. unbiased - able to judge fairly because you are not influenced by your
own opinions
29. well-informed - having a lot of knowledge
30. exploit - to use something in a way that helps you
31. invade - to enter a place by force, often in large numbers
32. publicize - to make information about something generally available
33. corruption - illegal, bad, or dishonest behaviour, especially by people in
positions of power
34. pride oneself on - be especially proud of a particular quality or skill
35. reveal - to make known or show something usually secret or hidden
36. ill-informed - knowing less than you should about a particular subject
37. comply - to act according to an order, set of rules or request
38. alarming - causing worry and fear
39. underreport - fail to report (something) fully
40. relegate - to put someone or something into a lower or less important
rank or position
41. media hype - publicity
42. impartial - not supporting any of the sides involved in an argument
43. invasive - (especially of an action or sensation) tending to intrude on a
 person's thoughts or privacy; spreading
44. reality TV - television programs in which real people are continuously
filmed, designed to be entertaining rather than informative.
45. glamorous - attractive in an exciting and special way
46. rectify - to correct something or make something right
Lesson 17: Travel

1. countryside - the land and scenery of a rural area.

2. destination - the place that someone or something is going to
3. effect - a change that is caused by an event, action etc
4. inhabitant - a person or an animal that lives in a particular place
5. itinerary - a detailed plan or route of a journey
6. journey - a trip, esp. over a long period or a great distance
7. landscape - everything you can see when you look across a large area of land
8. luggage - the cases, bags etc that you carry when you are travelling
9. peak - the highest, strongest, or best point, value, or level of skill
10. trend - general tendency or direction
11. village - a group of houses and other buildings that is smaller than a
town, usually in the countryside
12. adventurous - willing to take risks or to try out new methods, ideas, or
experiences
13. budget - estimate of the amount of money that can be spent for different
purposes in a given time
14. breath-taking - very exciting, impressive or surprising
15. coastal - near the coast
16. cosmopolitan - containing people and things from many different parts
of the world
17. diverse - including many different types of people or things
18. luxurious - very comfortable and expensive
19. mountainous - having a lot of mountains
20. picturesque - (esp. of a place) attractive in appearance
21. quaint - attractive because of being unusual and especially old-
fashioned
22. remote - far away in distance or time
23. rough - approximate, bumpy
24. rural - happening in or relating to the countryside, not the city
25. scenic - surrounded by views of beautiful countryside
26. stunning - extremely beautiful or attractive
27. tough - strong; not easily broken or made weaker or defeated
28. unspoilt - a beautiful place which has not changed for a long time and
does not have a lot of new buildings
29. urban - of or in a city or town
30. affect - to have an influence on someone or something
31. fluctuate - to change or vary frequently between one level or thing and
another
Lesson 18: Urbanisation
1. challenge - something needing great mental or physical effort in order to be done
successfully
2. compromise - an agreement between two sides
3. dilemma - a difficult choice between two things
4. megacity - a very large city
5. migrant - a person that travels to a different country or place, often in order to
find work
6. overpopulation - when there are too many people living in a particular place
7. poverty - the state of being poor
8. setback - a problem that delays or prevents progress, or makes things worse than
they were
9. slum - a very poor and crowded area, especially of a city
10. adequate - as much as is needed; fully sufficient
11. booming - increasing; having a rapid economic growth
12. catastrophic - extremely harmful; causing financial or physical ruin
13. decent - socially acceptable or good
14. double-edged - something that acts in two ways, often with one negative
and one positive effect
15. one-sided - not balanced or fair
16. long-sighted - able to see things clearly that are far away but not things
that are near you
17. overpriced - too expensive
18. overworked - having to work too much
19. short-sighted - (1) a person who can only clearly see objects that are
close to them. (2) not thinking enough about how an action will affect the future.
20. staggering - shocking because of being extremely large
21. address - to give attention to or deal with a matter or problem
22. aggravate - to make (an injury, problem, etc.) more serious or severe.
 23. deteriorate - get gradually worse
24. exacerbate - to make worse
25. exclude - to keep out or omit (something or someone)
26. flourish - to grow or develop successfully
27. linger - to stay somewhere longer than expected
28. raise - (here) to begin to talk or write about a subject that you want to be
considered
29. remedy - to do something to correct or improve something that is wrong
30. resolve - to solve or end a problem or difficulty
31. worsen - to become worse
32. amend - to change for the better; to correct
33. exclusion - the act of not allowing someone or something to take part in
an activity or to enter a place
34. inclusion - the act of including someone or something as part of a group,
list, etc.
35. rag - a torn piece of old cloth
36. mount - to gradually increase, rise, or get bigger
37. scarce - not easy to find or get
38. cast-offs - things, usually clothes, that you no longer want
39. ubiquitous - found or existing everywhere
40. apparel - clothes, esp. of a special type
41. tradesman - a man who buys and sells goods, especially someone who
owns a store
42. pawnbroker - someone whose business is to lend people money in
exchange for valuable objects. If the money is not paid back, the pawnbroker can
sell the object.
43. nascent - in the earliest stages of development
44. wholly - completely
45. chronically - in a long-lasting or habitual and problematic way.
46. disposal - the act of getting rid of something, especially by
throwing it away
47. sewage - waste and liquid from toilets
48. neglected - not receiving enough care or attention
49. dust-yard - an example system of organised, municipal-wide solid waste
management
50. immortalize - to cause someone to be remembered for a very long time
51. spring up - to start to exist suddenly
52. filth - disgusting dirt
53. merchant - a person whose business is buying and selling goods for
profit
54. bug - (1) a very small insect. (2) a mistake or problem in a computer
program
55. cinder - a very small piece of burnt wood, coal etc
56. notorious - famous for something bad
57. hereditary - a quality or illness that is passed from a parent to a child
58. of the first order - very important; considerable of its kind
59. in the eyes of somebody - in another person's opinion
60. incinerator - a device for burning waste material