Faculty of Health, Arts and Design
Laboratory Report COVER SHEET
Family Name: Kariyawasam First Name: Tharashi Student ID Number:
102886587
Unit Code: NTR20003 Unit Title: Physiology in Medical and Health Sciences
Lab Report Number and Title: Lab Report 5 – Cardiopulmonary Responses to Exercise
Name of Demonstrator: Jeremy Lab Group (Day & Time): Wednesday 8.30-10.30AM
Drake
Date Submitted: 25th May 2022 Student Email Address: 102886587@[Link]
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Cardiopulmonary Responses to Exercise
Introduction
Testing for cardiopulmonary exercise in heart failure patients and other cardiac conditions, the
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) has become an important clinical tool for evaluating
exercise capacity and predicting outcome. It assesses integrative workout responses involving
the pulmonary, cardiovascular, and skeletal muscle systems, which are not adequately reflected
by individual organ system function measurements.
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing is increasingly being used in a variety of clinical settings to
assess undiagnosed exercise intolerance and determine functional ability and impairment
objectively. The methods, symptoms suggestive, potential complications, and interpretation of
CPET in healthy people and patients with heart failure are discussed in this review (Albouaini et
al., 2007).
The cardiovascular system regulates heartbeat and is activated in tandem with motor cortical
inputs to undertaking skeletal muscle. Within contracting skeletal muscle, baroreceptors,
chemoreceptors, volume receptors, and afferents modify this "central command." The mode of
exercise, exercise intensity, and active muscle mass all influence the cardiovascular response to
exercise. As a result, responses to various types of exercise can reveal a lot about the
cardiovascular system's health. Increases in cardiovascular cerebrovascular disease volume and
heart rate increase cardiac output during exercise, which, when combined with a transient
increase in systemic arterial stiffness, raises mean arterial pressure (60). Long-term exercise, on
the other hand, can lead to a net decrease in blood pressure at rest (Rizzi et al., 2013).
Whatever the mode, duration, intensity, or pattern of human movement, it necessitates an
energy expenditure above resting values. Oxygen will provide a significant portion of this
energy. The cardiovascular and respiratory systems must collaborate to provide enough oxygen
to the working muscles.
A sedentary life, defined as consistent low levels of physical activity, is now recognized as a
leading contributor to poor cardiovascular health among the many risk factors that predispose
to CVD initiation and progression. Regular exercise and physical activity, on the other hand, are
linked to numerous medical benefits as well as a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. Increased
physical activity has been linked to a reduction in all-cause mortality and may modestly increase
life expectancy in several long-term studies, an effect that is strongly linked to a reduction in
the risk of creating cardio - respiratory illnesses (Benjamin et al., 2017).
Method
As described in NTR20003 Physiology in Medical and Health Sciences Laboratory manual for
students – SUT, 2022, Practical number five: Cardiopulmonary Responses to Exercise.
Results
STATIC EXERCISE bp
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
test 1 test 2
Figure 1: static exercise bp
According to this static exercise test 1 results in resting time it is 99.66 MAP, in 1 min it is 119
MAP, in 2 mins it is 122.66 MAP, in 3 mins it is 117.33 MAP, in 4 mins it is 110 MAP, in 5 mins it
is 98 MAP, in 6 mins it is 99.33 MAP. Moreover, in test 2 102 MAP is the resting time and in 1
min it is 118.3 MAP, in 2 mins it is 120 MAP and in 3 mins it is 115.33 MAP, in 4 mins it is 116.66
MAP, in 5 mins it is 116.66 MAP, in 6 mins it is 114.33 MAP, in 7 mins it is 101.33 MAP, in 8 mins
it is 97.33 MAP and in 9 mins it is 93.66 MAP.
STATIC EXERCISE hr
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
test 1 test 2
Figure 2: static exercise heart rate
According to static exercise test 1 heart rate in the resting time it is 68 and and in 1 min it is 81
and in 2 mins it is 89 and in 3 mins it is 85. According to the test 2 it is 70 in the resting time 90
in 1 min, 82 in 2 mins and 84 in 3 mins.
DYNAMIC EXECISE bp
180
160
140 map arm
120 sbp arm
dbp arm
100 map leg
80 sbp leg
dbp leg
60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
figure 3: dynamic exercise blood pressure
According to the dynamic exercise arm blood pressure in systolic blood pressure in resting time
is it 120, in 4 mins it is 132, in 8 mins it is 130 and in 12 mins it is 140. According to the mean
aortic pressure in resting time it is 88, in 4 mins it is 90.66, in 8 mins it is 100.66 and in 12 mins
it is 110. Moreover, in diastolic blood pressure in resting time it is 72, in 4 mins it is 70, in 8 mins
it is 86 and in 12 mins it is 95.
According to the dynamic exercise leg blood pressure in resting time it is 124, in 4 mins it is 135,
in 8 mins it is 142 and in 12 mins it is 156. According to the mean aortic pressure in resting time
it is 85.33 and in 4 mins it is 91.66 and in 8 mins it is 88.66 and in 12 mins it is 94. And in
diastolic blood pressure resting time it is 66, in 4 mins it is 70, in 8 mins it is 62 and in 12 mins it
is 63.
In this figure MAP arm has high blood pressure compared to the DBP arm and SBP arm has the
highest blood pressure to from all three. In addition, MAP in arm is higher than DBP in arm and
MAP in leg is also higher than DBP in leg.
DYNAMIC EXERCISE hr
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
arm leg
Figure 4: dynamic exercise heart rate
According to the dynamic exercise in resting time it in the arm it is 78 and in the leg it is 82. In 4
mins arm is 98 and leg is 116, in 8 mins the arm is 117 and in the leg it is 140, in 12 mins the
arm is 127 and the leg is 151.
Discussion
Even though our comprehension of the participation of the underlying mechanisms remains
incomplete, both cardiac and vascular changes have been linked to a variety of changes in
tissue metabolism and signaling. Despite the fact that moderate levels of exercise have been
consistently linked to a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, there is evidence that consistently
high levels of exercise may be harmful to cardiovascular health. Despite this, there is no clear
dose dependent correlation between the quantity and duration of exercise as well as the
decrease in cardiovascular risk and death rates (Moholdt et al.,2018).
In static exercise need to record the resting heart rate first and after that need to measure the
blood pressure number of times to get the resting values. After recording the resting values
then place the blood pressure cuff on the arm that is not been exercised. With your dominant
hand, apply maximum force to the hand-grip dynamometer while seated. The maximum
voluntary contraction should be recorded in the highest of the three trials (MVC).
Start and maintain a 30 percent MVC handgrip contraction on the hand-held dynamometer for
3 minutes while breathing normally. And during this exercise, keep track of your heart rate and
blood pressure every minute. Stop contracting after 3 minutes of contracting. During the 3
minutes of recovery, keep track of your heart rate and blood pressure (refer to figure 1 and 2).
After 20 mins repeat the test 1 with placing the second blood pressure cuff on the exercising
arm's biceps. Start and hold a 30 percent MVC handgrip contraction on the hand-held
dynamometer for 3 minutes while breathing properly, and record heart rate and blood pressure
as before. Inflate the cuff on the exercise arm to 160-200 mmHg during the last 30 seconds of
exercise to obstruct the blood supply. For 3 mins of rest with circulatory occlusion, record heart
rate and blood pressure, and then for another 3 minutes of recovering with the cuff deflated,
record the same variables.
In dynamic exercise for blood pressure, place a blood pressure monitor on the arm and to set
up resting values, record heart rate and blood pressure. And after that need to exercise for 12
mins for 4 mins 3 workloads in two ways. For leg exercise step ups are performed at a rate of
one every three seconds, two secs, and then one every second. And for arm exercise for both
arms light, medium and heavy loads and should record the heart rate and need measure the
blood pressure during the last 30 secs of each workload (refer to figure 3 and 4).
References
Albouaini, K., Egred, M., Alahmar, A. and Wright, D.J., 2007. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing
and its application. Postgraduate medical journal, 83(985), pp.675-682.
Benjamin, E.J., Blaha, M.J., Chiuve, S.E., Cushman, M., Das, S.R., Deo, R., De Ferranti, S.D., Floyd,
J., Fornage, M., Gillespie, C. and Isasi, C.R., 2017. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2017
update: a report from the American Heart Association. circulation, 135(10), pp.e146-e603
Moholdt, T., Lavie, C.J. and Nauman, J., 2018. Sustained physical activity, not weight loss,
associated with improved survival in coronary heart disease. Journal of the American College of
Cardiology, 71(10), pp.1094-1101.
Rizzi, C.F., Cintra, F., Mello-Fujita, L., Rios, L.F., Mendonca, E.T., Feres, M.C., Tufik, S. and
Poyares, D., 2013. Does obstructive sleep apnea impair the cardiopulmonary response to
exercise?. Sleep, 36(4), pp.547-553.
