MATLAB CODE WITH OUTPUT
[Link] Diversity vs. Receive Diversity
frmLen = 100; % frame length
numPackets = 1000; % number of packets
EbNo = [Link]; % Eb/No varying to 20 dB
N = 2; % maximum number of Tx antennas
M = 2; % maximum number of Rx antennas
%and set up the simulation.
% Create a local random stream to be used by random number generators for
% repeatability.
hStr = RandStream('mt19937ar', 'Seed', 55408);
% Create BPSK mod-demod objects
P = 2; % modulation order
bpskmod = [Link]('M', P, 'SymbolOrder', 'Gray');
bpskdemod = [Link](bpskmod);
% Pre-allocate variables for speed
tx2 = zeros(frmLen, N); H = zeros(frmLen, N, M);
r21 = zeros(frmLen, 1); r12 = zeros(frmLen, 2);
z21 = zeros(frmLen, 1); z21_1 = zeros(frmLen/N, 1); z21_2 = z21_1;
z12 = zeros(frmLen, M);
error11 = zeros(1, numPackets); BER11 = zeros(1, length(EbNo));
error21 = error11; BER21 = BER11; error12 = error11; BER12 = BER11; BERthy2 = BER11;
% Set up a figure for visualizing BER results
h = gcf; grid on;
hold on;
set(gca, 'yscale', 'log', 'xlim', [EbNo(1), EbNo(end)], 'ylim', [1e-4 1]);
xlabel(' Eb/No(dB)'); ylabel('BER'); set(h,'NumberTitle','off');
set(h, 'renderer', 'zbuffer'); set(h,'Name','Transmit vs. Receive Diversity');
title('Transmit vs. Receive Diversity');
% Loop over several EbNo points
for idx = 1:length(EbNo)
% Loop over the number of packets
for packetIdx = 1:numPackets
data = randi(hStr, [0 P-1], frmLen, 1); % data vector per user
% per channel
tx = modulate(bpskmod, data); % BPSK modulation
% Alamouti Space-Time Block Encoder, G2, full rate
% G2 = [s1 s2; -s2* s1*]
s1 = tx(1:N:end); s2 = tx(2:N:end);
tx2(1:N:end, :) = [s1 s2];
tx2(2:N:end, :) = [-conj(s2) conj(s1)];
% Create the Rayleigh distributed channel response matrix
% for two transmit and two receive antennas
H(1:N:end, :, :) = (randn(hStr, frmLen/2, N, M) + ...
1i*randn(hStr, frmLen/2, N, M))/sqrt(2);
% assume held constant for 2 symbol periods
H(2:N:end, :, :) = H(1:N:end, :, :);
% Received signals
% for uncoded 1x1 system
r11 = awgn(H(:, 1, 1).*tx, EbNo(idx), 0, hStr);
% for G2-coded 2x1 system - with normalized Tx power, i.e., the
% total transmitted power is assumed constant
r21 = awgn(sum(H(:, :, 1).*tx2, 2)/sqrt(N), EbNo(idx), 0, hStr);
% for Maximal-ratio combined 1x2 system
for i = 1:M
r12(:, i) = awgn(H(:, 1, i).*tx, EbNo(idx), 0, hStr);
end
% Front-end Combiners - assume channel response known at Rx
% for G2-coded 2x1 system
hidx = 1:N:length(H);
z21_1 = r21(1:N:end).* conj(H(hidx, 1, 1)) + ...
conj(r21(2:N:end)).* H(hidx, 2, 1);
z21_2 = r21(1:N:end).* conj(H(hidx, 2, 1)) - ...
conj(r21(2:N:end)).* H(hidx, 1, 1);
z21(1:N:end) = z21_1; z21(2:N:end) = z21_2;
% for Maximal-ratio combined 1x2 system
for i = 1:M
z12(:, i) = r12(:, i).* conj(H(:, 1, i));
end
% ML Detector (minimum Euclidean distance)
demod11 = demodulate(bpskdemod, r11.*conj(H(:, 1, 1)));
demod21 = demodulate(bpskdemod, z21);
demod12 = demodulate(bpskdemod, sum(z12, 2));
% Determine errors
error11(packetIdx) = biterr(demod11, data);
error21(packetIdx) = biterr(demod21, data);
error12(packetIdx) = biterr(demod12, data);
end % end of FOR loop for numPackets
% Calculate BER for current idx
% for uncoded 1x1 system
BER11(idx) = sum(error11)/(numPackets*frmLen);
% for G2 coded 2x1 system
BER21(idx) = sum(error21)/(numPackets*frmLen);
% for Maximal-ratio combined 1x2 system
BER12(idx) = sum(error12)/(numPackets*frmLen);
% for theoretical performance of second-order diversity
BERthy2(idx) = berfading(EbNo(idx), 'psk', 2, 2);
% Plot results
semilogy(EbNo(1:idx), BER11(1:idx), 'r*', ...
EbNo(1:idx), BER21(1:idx), 'go', ...
EbNo(1:idx), BER12(1:idx), 'bs', ...
EbNo(1:idx), BERthy2(1:idx), 'm');
legend('No Diversity (1Tx, 1Rx)', 'Alamouti (2Tx, 1Rx)',...
'Maximal-Ratio Combining (1Tx, 2Rx)', ...
'Theoretical 2nd-Order Diversity');
drawnow;
end % end of for loop for EbNo
% Perform curve fitting and replot the results
fitBER11 = berfit(EbNo, BER11);
fitBER21 = berfit(EbNo, BER21);
fitBER12 = berfit(EbNo, BER12);
semilogy(EbNo, fitBER11, 'r', EbNo, fitBER21, 'g', EbNo, fitBER12, 'b');
hold off;
2. ORTHOGONAL Space-Time Block Coding
load [Link];
% Set up a figure for visualizing BER results
%clf(h); grid on; hold on; set(h, 'renderer', 'zbuffer');
set(gca, 'yscale', 'log', 'xlim', [EbNo(1), EbNo(end)], 'ylim', [1e-5 1]);
xlabel('Eb/No (dB)');
ylabel('BER');
%set(h,'Name','Orthogonal Space-Time Block Coding(2)');
title('MIMO 4x4 System and Other Comparisons');
hold on; grid on;
% Theoretical performance of fourth-order diversity for QPSK
BERthy4 = berfading(EbNo, 'psk', 4, 4);
% Plot results
semilogy(EbNo, ber11, 'r*', EbNo, ber41, 'ms', EbNo, ber22, 'c^', ...
EbNo, ber14, 'ko', EbNo, BERthy4, 'g');
legend('No Diversity (4Tx, 4Rx), QAM', 'OSTBC (4Tx, 4Rx), QAM', ...
'Alamouti (4Tx, 4Rx), QAM', 'Maximal-Ratio Combining (4Tx, 4Rx), QAM', ...
'Theoretical 4th-Order Diversity, QAM');
% Perform curve fitting
fitBER11 = berfit(EbNo, ber11);
fitBER41 = berfit(EbNo(1:9), ber41(1:9));
fitBER22 = berfit(EbNo(1:8), ber22(1:8));
fitBER14 = berfit(EbNo(1:7), ber14(1:7));
semilogy(EbNo, fitBER11, 'r', EbNo(1:9), fitBER41, 'm', ...
EbNo(1:8), fitBER22, 'c', EbNo(1:7), fitBER14, 'k'); hold off;
3 . COMPARISON OF BER vs. SNR (4-QAM) FOR AN OFDM
%OFDM
% close all
% clear all
% clc
tt = tic();
%%
% Initialisations
Single_frame_size = 96;
Total_no_of_Frames = 100;
scatter_plot_frame = 48;
x=1; %Frame distinction xx=1; %Scatter plot distinction
si=1; %for BER rows
pilt=3+3j; % Pilot complex insertion data
no_of_Carriers = 64; % Data to be transmitted without CP/CE
initial_test_snr = -2;
snr_step_size = 2;
final_test_snr = 50;
BER = zeros( Total_no_of_Frames ,floor( (final_test_snr+snr_step_size)/snr_step_size )); % To store
final Bit error rate results; here it is 100*26
no_of_pilots = 4;
no_of_data_without_carriers = (Single_frame_size*2/no_of_pilots) + no_of_pilots; % 52 in this case ;
derived from line "x"
cyclic_extension = 16;
choice_snr = 14; % choose a valid snr value to plot the result ---- see below
%%
% Generating data
t_data = floor(2*rand(1,Single_frame_size*Total_no_of_Frames));
t_rxed_data=zeros(2,Single_frame_size*Total_no_of_Frames);
% Time averaging for optimum results
ber = zeros(1,26);
BER = BER';
for col=1:26; %%%change if SNR loop Changed
ber(1,col)=ber(1,col)+sum(BER(col,:));
end
%ber=ber/(Single_frame_size*Total_no_of_Frames*log2(M)); % Normalisation
%%% RESULTS
%%
% Scatter Plot
% Create scatter plot of noisy signal and transmitted
% signal on the same axes. h = scatterplot(scatter_plot_requirement(2,:),1,0,'g.');
hold on;
%scatterplot(scatter_plot_requirement(1,:),1,0,'k*',h);
choice_snr = num2str(choice_snr);
title_print = strcat('received Signal of SNR = ',choice_snr);
title(title_print);
legend('Noisy received Signal','Signal Constellation');
axis([-5 5 -5 5 ]); % Set axis ranges.
hold on;%%
% Plot for comparison between original signal wrt processed rxed signal
figure;
space = 10;
t = 1:space:Single_frame_size*Total_no_of_Frames;
subplot(211);
y=[t_rxed_data(1,1:space:Single_frame_size*Total_no_of_Frames);t_data(1:space:Single_frame_size*To
tal_no_of_Frames)]';
h = stem(t,y);
set(h(1),'MarkerFaceColor','blue') ;
set(h(2),'MarkerFaceColor','G','Marker','square');
title('Blue --> Processed received Signal at SNR = 50 & Red --> Original generated data');
subplot(212);
y=[t_rxed_data(2,1:space:Single_frame_size*Total_no_of_Frames);t_data(1:space:Single_frame_size*To
tal_no_of_Frames)]';
h = stem(t,y);
set(h(1),'MarkerFaceColor','blue') ;
set(h(2),'MarkerFaceColor','red','Marker','square') ;
title_print = strcat('Blue --> Processed received Signal of SNR = ',choice_snr,' & Red --> Original
generated data');
title(title_print);%%
% BER vs SNR graph
figure;
i=[Link];
theoryBer = (1/4)*3/2*erfc(sqrt(4*0.1*(10.^(i/10))));
semilogy(i,theoryBer,'bs-','LineWidth',2);
hold on;
%semilogy(i,ber(1:9),'mx-','LineWidth',2);
title('BER vs SNR');
ylabel('Normalised BER');
xlabel('SNR (dB)');
grid on;
legend('OFDM technique', '-');
%%
toc(tt); % Processing time on my laptop was ~2 seconds
4. BER and SNR (4-QAM) for the proposed technique for MIMO-OFDM system
clear
N = 10^6; % number of bits or symbols
Eb_N0_dB = (0:25); % multiple Eb/N0 values
nTx = 2;
nRx = 2;
for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)
% Transmitter
ip = rand(1,N)>0.5; % generating 0,1 with equal probability
s = 2*ip-1; % BPSK modulation 0 -> -1; 1 -> 0
sMod = kron(s,ones(nRx,1)); %
sMod = reshape(sMod,[nRx,nTx,N/nTx]); % grouping in [nRx,nTx,N/NTx ] matrix
h = 1/sqrt(2)*(randn(nRx,nTx,N/nTx) + 1i*randn(nRx,nTx,N/nTx)); % Rayleigh channel
n = 1/sqrt(2)*(randn(nRx,N/nTx) + 1i*randn(nRx,N/nTx)); % white gaussian noise, 0dB variance
% Channel and noise Noise addition
y = squeeze(sum(h.*sMod,2)) + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n;
% Receiver
% Forming the MMSE equalization matrix W = inv(H^H*H+sigma^2*I)*H^H
% H^H*H is of dimension [nTx x nTx]. In this case [2 x 2]
% Inverse of a [2x2] matrix [a b; c d] = 1/(ad-bc)[d -b;-c a]
hCof = zeros(2,2,N/nTx) ;
hCof(1,1,:) = sum(h(:,2,:).*conj(h(:,2,:)),1) + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/10); % d term
hCof(2,2,:) = sum(h(:,1,:).*conj(h(:,1,:)),1) + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/10); % a term
hCof(2,1,:) = -sum(h(:,2,:).*conj(h(:,1,:)),1); % c term
hCof(1,2,:) = -sum(h(:,1,:).*conj(h(:,2,:)),1); % b term
hDen = ((hCof(1,1,:).*hCof(2,2,:)) - (hCof(1,2,:).*hCof(2,1,:))); % ad-bc term
hDen = reshape(kron(reshape(hDen,1,N/nTx),ones(2,2)),2,2,N/nTx); % formatting for division
hInv = hCof./hDen; % inv(H^H*H)
hMod = reshape(conj(h),nRx,N); % H^H operation
yMod = kron(y,ones(1,2)); % formatting the received symbol for equalization
yMod = sum(hMod.*yMod,1); % H^H * y
yMod = kron(reshape(yMod,2,N/nTx),ones(1,2)); % formatting
yHat = sum(reshape(hInv,2,N).*yMod,1); % inv(H^H*H)*H^H*y
% receiver - hard decision decoding
ipHat = real(yHat)>0;
% counting the errors
% nErr(ii) = size(find(ip- ipHat),2);
end
%simBer = nErr/N; % simulated ber
EbN0Lin = 10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10);
theoryBer_nRx1 = 0.5.*(1-1*(1+1./EbN0Lin).^(-0.5));
p = 1/2 - 1/2*(1+1./EbN0Lin).^(-1/2);
theoryBerMRC_nRx2 = p.^2.*(1+2*(1-p));
close all
figure
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBer_nRx1,'bp-','LineWidth',2);
hold on
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBerMRC_nRx2,'kd-','LineWidth',2);
%semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer,'mo-','LineWidth',2);
axis([0 25 10^-5 0.5])
grid on
legend(' 4-QAM system with model', ' effect of noise On 4-QAM system', 'sim (nTx=2, nRx=2, MMSE)');
xlabel('SNR,dB');
ylabel('Bit Error Rate');
title('BER vs SNR for QAM modulation with 2x2 MIMO-OFDM equalizer (Rayleigh channel)');
5. Linear Equalization for Frequency-selective Fading
simName = 'Linear equalization for frequency-selective fading';
%[Link] = [0 0.9 1.5]*Tsym; % Path delay vector (s)
%[Link] = [0 -3 -6]; % Average path gain vector (dB)
% Adaptive equalizer
nWeights = 8;
forgetFactor = 0.99; % RLS algorithm forgetting factor
alg = rls(forgetFactor); % RLS algorithm object
eqObj = lineareq(nWeights, alg, [Link]); % Equalizer object
[Link] = 3; % Reference tap
% Link simulation. Store BER values.
BERvect = zeros(1,nBlocks); % Preallocate storage
for block = 1:nBlocks, commadapteqloop; BERvect(block) = BER; end
avgBER2 = mean(BERvect); % Average BER over transmission blocks
6. Linear Equalization for Frequency-flat Fading
simName = 'Linear equalization for frequency-flat fading';
fd = 30; % Maximum Doppler shift (Hz)
%chan = rayleighchan(Tsamp, fd); % Create channel object.
[Link] = 0; % Allow state retention across blocks.
% Adaptive equalizer
nWeights = 1; % Single weight
stepSize = 0.1; % Step size for LMS algorithm
alg = lms(stepSize); % Adaptive algorithm object
% Link simulation
nBlocks = 50; % Number of transmission blocks in simulation
for block = 1:nBlocks, commadapteqloop; end % Run link simulation in
a loop
