Welcome to

Matrices & Determinants

 Table of contents
Session 01 𝟎𝟑 Session 04 73 Session 08 167

Introduction 04 Co-factor of an Element 74 Properties of Inverse of Matrix 171

Order of Matrix 09 Value of 3 x 3 Matrix Determinant 76
Value of Determinant in 78
Types of Matrices 12
terms of Minor and Cofactor Session 09 194
Principal Diagonal of Matrix 15 Properties of Determinant 84
Inverse of a Matrix by elementary 195
Trace of Matrix 16
Session 05 93 transformations
Types of Matrices 18 System of Linear Equations 203
Properties of Determinant 94
Session 02 𝟐𝟖
Some important Formulae 113 Cramer’s Rule 208
Algebra of Matrices 29
Properties of Addition/ 33
Subtraction of Matrices
Session 06 114
Session 10 222
Matrix Multiplication 35 Some important Determinants 115 Cramer’s Rule 227
Properties of Matrix 38 Product of Two Determinants 120 System of Linear Equations( 236
Multiplication Application of Determinants 125 Matrix Inversion)
Power of a Square Matrix 44 Homogeneous System of 240
Differentiation of Determinant 130
Linear Equations( Matrix
Integration/ Summation of 133 Inversion)
Session 03 47
Determinant
Polynomial Equation in Matrix 48
Session 07 140
Transpose of a Matrix 51
Session 11 243
Symmetric and Skew 56 Singular/Non-Singular Matrix 141
Symmetric Matrices Cofactor Matrix & Adjoint Matrix 142 Characteristic Polynomial and 244
Characteristic Equation
Properties of Trace of a Matrix 68 Properties of Adjoint Matrix 146
Determinants 71 Cayley-Hamilton Theorem 245
Inverse of a Matrix 159
Minor of an element 72 Special Types of Matrices 253
Matrix Properties 164
 Session 01

Introduction to Matrices

Return To Top
 Destination
D M B H K
Delhi D 0 1 1 0 1
M 2 0 0 0 0

Boarding
B 1 1 0 0 0
H 0 0 1 0 1
Kolkata
K 1 1 1 0 0

Mumbai
Hyderabad

Bangalore

Return To Top
 0 1 1 0 1
Delhi
2 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1
Kolkata 1 1 1 0 0

Mumbai
Hyderabad

Bangalore

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

• A rectangular arrangement of 𝑚 ⋅ 𝑛 numbers (real or complex) or

expressions (real or complex valued), having 𝑚 rows and 𝑛 columns is
called a matrix. (𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ)

𝑎11
𝑎21
𝑎12
𝑎22
𝑎13 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛
𝑎23 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛
• An element of a matrix is
Rows denoted by 𝑎𝑖𝑗 : Element of
𝐴=

⋯
𝑖 𝑡ℎ row & 𝑗𝑡ℎ column.
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑚3 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛

Columns

• Number of elements in a matrix

= Number of rows × Number of columns
=𝑚×𝑛
Return To Top
 Write 𝑎11 , 𝑎12 , 𝑎13 , 𝑎21 , 𝑎22 , 𝑎23 for the following matrix:

1 0 5
𝐴=
−2 3 −8

Solution :
𝑎11 = 1

𝑎12 = 0
𝑎13 = 5

𝑎21 = −2

𝑎22 = 3
𝑎23 = −8

Return To Top
 Find the value 𝑎23 in the following matrix
3 −4 0
𝐴 = −2 7 10
5 −6 9

A −6

B 0

C 10

D 5

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Order of a matrix

Order or dimension of a matrix denotes the arrangement of elements

as number of rows and number of columns.

• Order = Number of rows × Number of columns = 𝑚 × 𝑛

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛

Name of a matrix 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛
𝐴𝑚×𝑛 = Rows

⋯
⋯
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑚3 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛
Order of a matrix

Columns

• Thus, a matrix can also be represented as 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗

𝑚×𝑛
or (𝑎𝑖𝑗 )𝑚×𝑛
Return To Top
 If a matrix has 12 elements, then what are the possible orders it can have?

Solution :

Number of elements = Number of rows × Number of columns

12 = 𝑚 × 𝑛 (𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁)

Possible Order = 1 × 12 , 2 × 6 ,3 × 4 , 4 × 3, 6 × 2,,12 × 1

Return To Top
 𝑖+2𝑗
Construct a 2 × 3 matrix, whose elements are given by 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = .
3

Solution :
𝑖+2𝑗
𝑎𝑖𝑗 =
3
5 7
𝑎11 = 1 𝑎12 = 𝑎13 =
3 3

4 8
𝑎21 = 𝑎22 = 2 𝑎23 =
3 3
5 7
1
3 3
𝐴= 4 8
2
3 3

Return To Top
 Types of Matrices:

• Row Matrix (row vector) : A matrix having a single row is called a row matrix.

𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛 1×𝑛

1×𝑛

Example: 𝐵 = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 1×3

• Column Matrix (column vector) : Aa column

matrix having a single column is called
matrix.

𝑎11
𝑎21
𝑎 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 =
𝑚×1 ⋮
Example: 𝐵 = 𝑏
𝑐
𝑎𝑚1 𝑚×1
𝑑 4×1

• Matrices consisting of one row or one column are called vectors.

Return To Top
 Types of Matrix:

• Zero Matrix (null matrix) : If all the elements of a matrix are zero, then it is
called zero or null matrix
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is called a zero matrix, if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 , ∀ 𝑖 & 𝑗.
𝑚×𝑛

Examples:

0 0 0 0 0
𝐴= 𝐵=
0 0 0 0 0

Return To Top
 Vertical Matrix
A matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 is known as vertical matrix if 𝑚 > 𝑛, where 𝑚 is
equal to the number of rows and 𝑛 is equal to the number of columns.

Example: 2 5
1 1
3 6
2 4
• In the matrix example given the number of rows 𝑚 = 4, whereas the
number of columns 𝑛 = 2.

Therefore, this makes the matrix a vertical matrix.

Horizontal Matrix
A matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 is known as vertical matrix if 𝑛 > 𝑚, where 𝑚 is
equal to the number of rows and 𝑛 is equal to the number of columns.

Example:
1 2 3 4
2 5 1 1
• In the matrix example given the number of rows 𝑚 = 2, whereas the
number of columns 𝑛 = 4.
Return To Top Therefore, this makes the matrix a horizontal matrix.
 Key Takeaways

• Principal Diagonal of a Matrix : Diagonal containing the elements

𝑎𝑖𝑗 , where 𝑖 = 𝑗 is called principal
Examples: diagonal of a matrix

2 −6 10 2 3 4 −5
𝐴= 5 0 7 𝐵= 1 4 0 6
19 −3 −8 3×3 −3 7 8 9 3×4

Types of Matrix:

• Square Matrix : A matrix where number of rows = number of columns

is called square matrix.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛 Example:
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛
𝐴= −4 5 0
⋯

⋯
𝐴= 8 −1 3
𝑎𝑛1 𝑎𝑛2 𝑎𝑛3 ⋯ 𝑎𝑛𝑛 9 7 2
𝑛×𝑛 3×3

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

• Trace of a Matrix : Sum of all elements in the principal diagonal

of a matrix is called trace of a matrix.

𝑇𝑟 𝐴 = ෍ 𝑎𝑖𝑖
𝑖=1
Example:

2 −6 1
𝐴 = 15 9 0 ⇒ 𝑇𝑟 𝐴 = 2 + 9 − 8 = 3
−7 3 −8 3×3

0 −3 5 1
𝐵 = −2 3 6 −9 ⇒ 𝑇𝑟 𝐵 = 0 + 3 − 5 = −2
11 −8 −5 10 3×4

Return To Top
 If 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 where 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖 2 + 𝑗 2 . Then the trace of matrix 𝐴 is
3×3

Solution :
Trace is sum of elements in principle diagonal

∴ 𝑇𝑟 𝐴 = 𝑎11 + 𝑎22 + 𝑎33

= 12 + 12 + 22 + 22 + (32 + 32 )

= 28

Return To Top
 Types of Matrix:

• Diagonal Matrix : A square matrix 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑛 is said to be a diagonal matrix if

𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 , ∀ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗.
➢ A diagonal matrix is represented as : 𝐴 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔. (𝑎11 , 𝑎22 ,.., 𝑎𝑛𝑛 )

Example:
−3 0 0 1 0 0 0
𝐴= 0 2 0 0 2 0 0
𝐵=
0 0 −10 3×3
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 −4 4×4

𝐴 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔. −3,2, − 10 𝐵 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔. 1,2,0, −4

Return To Top
 Types of Matrix:

• Scalar Matrix : A diagonal matrix whose all diagonal elements are equal
is called scalar matrix
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is a scalar matrix if
𝑛

𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 , ∀ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑘 , ∀ 𝑖 = 𝑗

Example:
𝑎 0
𝐴=
0 𝑎

Return To Top
 Types of Matrix:

• Unit Matrix (identity matrix) : A diagonal matrix whose all diagonal elements are
equal to 1 is called identity matrix

• Unit matrix of order 𝑛 is denoted by 𝐼𝑛 ( 𝐼 ).

𝐼𝑛 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 such that

𝑛

𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 , ∀ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 1, ∀𝑖 = 𝑗

Example:
1 0 0
1 0
𝐼2 = 𝐼3 = 0 1 0
0 1
0 0 1

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Types of Matrix:

• Triangular Matrix :

𝑖 Upper Triangular Matrix

A matrix in which all the elements below the principal

diagonal are zero is called an upper triangular matrix.

𝑃 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 such that 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 , ∀ 𝑖 > 𝑗

𝑛

Example:

1 3 0 2 −3 5 1
𝐴 = 0 −4 9 𝐵= 0 3 6 −9
0 0 −5 0 0 −5 10

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Types of Matrix:

• Triangular Matrix :

𝑖𝑖 Lower Triangular Matrix

A matrix in which all the elements above the principal

diagonal are zero is called a lower triangular matrix

𝑃 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 such that 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 , ∀ 𝑖 < 𝑗

𝑛

Example:
−7 0 0 −1 0 0 0
𝐴= 3 4 0 𝐵= 0 4 0 0
−2 10 0 −3 8 6 0

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Comparable Matrix:

Two matrices 𝐴 & 𝐵 are said to be comparable if,

order of matrix 𝐴 = order of matrix 𝐵

Example: If matrices 𝐴3×5 & 𝐵𝑚×𝑛 are comparable , then 𝑚, 𝑛 ≡ 3,5

Equal Matrix:

Two matrices are said to be equal if,

𝑖 They are comparable.

𝑖𝑖 corresponding elements of them are equal.

Let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 and 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗

𝑚×𝑛 𝑝×𝑞

Then 𝐴 = 𝐵 , if 𝑚 = 𝑝 ; 𝑛 = 𝑞 & 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 , ∀ 𝑖 & 𝑗

Return To Top
 1 1
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
2
Let 𝐴 = − 1 and 𝐵 = 2 . Find 𝜃 so that 𝐴 = 𝐵.
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
2
cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃 cos 𝜃 −1

A 𝜋
4

B 3𝜋
4

C 5𝜋
4

D 7𝜋
4

Return To Top
 1 1
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
2
Let 𝐴 = − 1 and 𝐵 = 2 . Find 𝜃 so that 𝐴 = 𝐵.
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
2
cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃 cos 𝜃 −1

Solution : Order is same .

A 𝜋
4
1
⇒ sin 𝜃 =
2
B 3𝜋
1 4
⇒ cos 𝜃 = −
2

3𝜋 C 5𝜋
⇒ tan 𝜃 = −1 ⇒ 𝜃 = 4
4

D 7𝜋
4

Return To Top
 𝑥−𝑦 1 𝑧 −1 1 4 , then 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑤 is
If =
2𝑥 − 𝑦 0 𝑤 0 0 5
Solution :
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 1 ,𝑦 = 2
𝑧 = 4 ,𝑤 = 5
Thus , 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑤 = 12

Return To Top
 Algebra of Matrix:

Multiplication of Matrix by a scalar

• Let 𝑘 be a scaler (real or complex) and 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗

𝑚×𝑛
thus 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗
𝑚×𝑛
,

where 𝑏𝑖𝑗 = 𝑘 𝑎𝑖𝑗 ∀ 𝑖 & 𝑗

−1 2 −6
Example: If A= , then −𝐴 is :
3 −4 7

Solution: −1 2 −6
− 𝐴 = −1 𝐴 = −1 ×
3 −4 7
1 −2 6
=
−3 4 −7
−𝐴 is the negative of matrix 𝐴

Return To Top
 Session 02
Algebra of Matrices
and
Multiplication of Matrices

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Algebra of Matrix:
Addition/Subtraction of Matrices:
• Let 𝐴 & 𝐵 are two comparable matrices, then
𝐴 ± 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 ± 𝑏𝑖𝑗 = 𝑐𝑖𝑗 , where 𝑐𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 ± 𝑏𝑖𝑗 ∀ 𝑖 & 𝑗.
𝑚×𝑛 𝑚×𝑛 𝑚×𝑛

Example: If 𝐴 = 2 −3 4 ,𝐵 =
−6 0 −2
, find 𝐴 + 𝐵 , 𝐴 − 𝐵.
0 1 5 1 7 −8

−4 −3 2 8 −3 6
𝐴+𝐵 = 𝐴−𝐵 =
1 8 −3 −1 −6 13

Properties of Addition/Subtraction of Matrices :

• Let 𝐴 & 𝐵 are two comparable matrices having order 𝑚 × 𝑛 , then
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐵 + 𝐴 ( commutative )
𝐴−𝐵 ≠𝐵−𝐴

Return To Top
 Algebra of Matrix:
3 0 1 7
Example: Let 𝐴 = −1 4 , 𝐵 = −2 5
5 −6 −8 10

3 0 1 7 4 7 3 0 1 7 2 −7
𝐴+𝐵 = −1 4 + −2 5 = −3 9 𝐴 − 𝐵 = −1 4 − −2 5 = 1 −1
5 −6 −8 10 −3 4 5 −6 −8 10 13 −16

1 7 3 0 4 7 1 7 3 0 −2 7
𝐵 + 𝐴 = −2 5 + −1 4 = −3 9 𝐵 − 𝐴 = −2 5 − −1 4 = −1 1
−8 10 5 −6 −3 4 −8 10 5 −6 −13 16

❑ 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐵 + 𝐴 ( commutative ) ❑ 𝐴−𝐵 ≠𝐵−𝐴

Return To Top
 2 0 −1 0 −2
If 𝑥 +𝑥 𝑥 + = then, 𝑥 is equal to :
3 2 −𝑥 + 1 𝑥 5 1

A −1

B 0

C 1

D −2

Return To Top
 2 0 −1 0 −2
If 𝑥 +𝑥 𝑥 + = then, 𝑥 is equal to :
3 2 −𝑥 + 1 𝑥 5 1

Solution :
𝑥2 + 𝑥 𝑥 + 0 −1 0 −2
3 2 −𝑥 + 1 𝑥
=
5 1 A −1

𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 = 0 −2
−𝑥 + 4 2 + 𝑥 5 1 B 0

𝑥2 + 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0, −1

𝑥 − 1 = −2 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 C 1

−𝑥 + 4 = 5 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1
D −2
2+𝑥 =1 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1

∴ 𝑥 = −1

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Algebra of Matrix:

Properties of Addition/Subtraction of Matrices :

• Let 𝐴 , 𝐵 & 𝐶 are two comparable matrices having order 𝑚 × 𝑛 , then

𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 ( associative )

• Let 𝐴 is a matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 , then

𝐴+𝑂 =𝑂+𝐴 =𝐴 (𝑂 = 𝑂𝑚×𝑛 is the additive identity )

𝐴 + −𝐴 = 𝑂 = −𝐴 + 𝐴 ( −𝐴 is the additive inverse of 𝐴 )

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Algebra of Matrix:

Properties of Scalar Multiplication :

• Let 𝐴 & 𝐵 are two comparable matrices having order 𝑚 × 𝑛 , then

❑ 𝑘𝐴 = 𝐴𝑘 , 𝑘 is a scalar

❑ 𝑘 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = 𝑘𝐴 ± 𝑘𝐵 , 𝑘 is a scalar

❑ 𝑘1 ± 𝑘2 𝐴 = 𝑘1 𝐴 ± 𝑘2 𝐴 ; 𝑘1 , 𝑘2 are scalars

❑ 𝑘 𝛼 𝐴 = 𝑘𝛼 𝐴 = 𝛼 𝑘𝐴 ; 𝑘 , 𝛼 are scalars

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Multiplication of Matrix:

Matrix Multiplication :

• Product of two matrices 𝐴 & 𝐵 will exist only when number of columns of 𝐴
is same as number of rows of 𝐵 .

i.e. let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 and 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗

𝑚×𝑝 𝑝×𝑛

𝑝
𝐴𝑚×𝑝 . 𝐵𝑝×𝑛 = 𝐶𝑚×𝑛 = 𝑐𝑖𝑗 , where 𝑐𝑖𝑗 = σ𝑘=1 𝑎𝑚𝑘 𝑏𝑘𝑛
𝑚×𝑛

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Multiplication of Matrix:
𝑝
• 𝐴𝑚×𝑝 . 𝐵𝑝×𝑛 = 𝐶𝑚×𝑛 = 𝑐𝑖𝑗
𝑚×𝑛
, where 𝑐𝑖𝑗 = σ𝑘=1 𝑎𝑚𝑘 𝑏𝑘𝑛

1 −3
Example: 2 0 −1
𝐴= ,𝐵 = 0 5
3 −4 6
−7 −2

1 −3
2 0 −1
𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 = 0 5 𝑐𝑖𝑗 =Dot product of 𝑖 𝑡ℎ row vector of 𝐴 with 𝑗𝑡ℎ
3 −4 6 2×3
−7 −2 3×2 column vector of 𝐵

2 ⋅ 1 + 0 + −1 ⋅ −7 2 −3 + 0 + −1 ⋅ −2
=
3 ⋅ 1 + 0 + 6 −7 3 −3 − 4 ⋅ 5 + 6 −2 2×2

9 −4
=
−39 −41 2×2

Return To Top
 1 −3
2 0 −1
If 𝐴 = ,𝐵 = 0 5 . Find the matrix 𝐵𝐴.
3 −4 6
−7 −2

Solution :

1 −3
2 0 −1
𝐴= ,𝐵 = 0 5
3 −4 6
−7 −2

1 −3
2 0 −1
𝐵𝐴 = 0 5
3 −4 6 2×3
−7 −2 3×2

2−9 0 + 12 −1 − 18 −7 12 −19
= = −20 30
0 + 15 0 − 20 0 + 30 15
−20 8 −5 3×3
−14 − 6 0+8 7 − 12

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Properties of Multiplication

• In general, 𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴

If 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴, then 𝐴 & 𝐵 are said to be commute.

If 𝐴𝐵 = −𝐵𝐴, then 𝐴 & 𝐵 are said to be anti – commute.

• 𝐴𝑂 = 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑂, whenever defined .
• Let 𝐴 = 𝑎 . Then 𝐴𝐼 = 𝐴 & 𝐼
𝑖𝑗 𝑚×𝑛 𝑛 𝑚𝐴 = 𝐴,

where 𝐼𝑚 & 𝐼𝑛 are identity matrices of order 𝑚 & 𝑛 respectively.

• If 𝑘 is a scalar and product of matrices 𝐴 & 𝐵 is defined, then

𝑘𝐴 𝐵 = 𝐴 𝑘𝐵 = 𝑘(𝐴𝐵).
Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Properties of Multiplication

• 𝐴 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 𝐶, whenever defined. (associative)

• 𝐴 𝐵 ± 𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 ± 𝐴𝐶, whenever defined. (left distributive)
• 𝐵 ± 𝐶 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐴 ± 𝐶𝐴, whenever defined. (right distributive)
• 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝐴 + B = 𝐴 + 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴 + 𝐵
2
2 2

• 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐴 − 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴 − 𝐵
2 2

Return To Top
 If 𝐴 & 𝐵 be two matrices such that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵 & 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐴, then 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 is:

A 2𝐴𝐵

B 2𝐵𝐴

C 𝐴+𝐵

D 𝐴𝐵

Return To Top
 If 𝐴 & 𝐵 be two matrices such that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵 & 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐴, then 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 is:

Solution : 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵 (given)
A 2𝐴𝐵
Pre-multiply 𝐵 on both sides.
⇒ 𝐵𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵2
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵2 B 2𝐵𝐴
⇒ 𝐵 = 𝐵2 … (𝑖) (∵ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵)

C 𝐴+𝐵
𝐵𝐴 = 𝐴 (given)
Pre-multiply 𝐴 on both sides.
𝐴𝐵𝐴 = 𝐴2 D 𝐴𝐵
⇒ 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐴2
⇒ 𝐴 = 𝐴2 … (𝑖𝑖) (∵ 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐴)

𝐴2 + 𝐵2 = 𝐴 + 𝐵

Return To Top
 𝛼 0 1 0
If 𝐴 = and 𝐵 = then a value of α for which 𝐴2 = 𝐵 is:
1 1 5 1

A 1

B −1

C 4

D No real values

Return To Top
 𝛼 0 1 0
If 𝐴 = and 𝐵 = then a value of α for which 𝐴2 = 𝐵 is:
1 1 5 1

Solution : 𝐴=
𝛼 0
1 1 A 1

𝛼 0 𝛼 0 = 𝛼2 0
𝐴2 =
1 1 1 1 𝛼+1 1 B −1
𝐴2 = 𝐵
C 4
2
⇒ 𝛼 0 = 1 0
𝛼+1 1 5 1
D No real values
⇒ 𝛼2 = 1 & 𝛼 + 1 = 5

No real values

Return To Top
 Power of a Square Matrix

If 𝐴 is a square matrix of order 𝑛 ,

• 𝐴𝐼𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛 𝐴 = 𝐴, 𝐼𝑛 is called the multiplicative identity.

• 𝐴2 = 𝐴. 𝐴

• 𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐴 ⋯ 𝐴 ( up to 𝑛 times ) , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁

• 𝐴𝑛 𝐴𝑚 = 𝐴𝑚+𝑛 , 𝑚 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁

Return To Top
 Power of a Square Matrix

• If 𝐴 = diag . (𝑎 , 𝑎 , ⋯ , 𝑎 ) , then 𝐴
1 2 𝑛
𝑘
= diag . 𝑎1 𝑘 , 𝑎2 𝑘 , ⋯ , 𝑎𝑛 𝑘

𝑎1 0 0
Proof: Let 𝐴 = diag . (𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 ) = 0 𝑎2 0
0 0 𝑎3

𝑎1 0 … ..0 𝑎1 0… ..0 𝑎12 0… ..0

0 𝑎2 … . . 0 0 𝑎2 … ..0 0 2
𝑎2 … . . 0
𝐴2 = =
: : : : : : : : :
0 0 … . . 𝑎𝑛 0 0… . . 𝑎𝑛 0 0 … . . 𝑎𝑛 2

𝑎1𝑘 0… ..0
⇒ 𝐴𝑘 =
0 𝑎2 𝑘 … ..0
: : :
0 0 … . . 𝑎𝑛 𝑘

• 𝐼 𝑘 = 𝐼, where 𝐼 is identity matrix of order 𝑛 .

Return To Top
 If 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 are given square matrices of same order such that
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂 & 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐼. Then 𝐴 + 𝐵 2
𝐴+𝐶 2
is equal to:

Solution : 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐼 , pre multiplying by 𝐴

𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐼 (∵ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂)
⇒𝑂=𝐴
2 2 2 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴+𝐶 = 𝐵 𝐶

= 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶

= 𝐵𝐼𝐶

= 𝐵𝐶

2 2
⇒ 𝐴+𝐵 𝐴+𝐶 =𝐼

Return To Top
 Session 03
Transpose of Matrix
and
Introduction of Determinants

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Polynomial Equation in Matrix

A matrix polynomial equation is an equality between two matrix polynomials,

which holds for specific matrices.

▪ If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 , then

𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑎0 𝐴𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝐴𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝐼, where 𝐴 is a square matrix.

▪ If 𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑂, then 𝐴 is called zero divisor of the polynomial .

Return To Top
 2 3
If 𝐴 = & 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7 , then the 𝑓(𝐴) is :
−1 2

A 𝐴

B 7𝐼

C 𝑂

D 𝐴−𝐼

Return To Top
 2 3
If 𝐴 = & 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7 , then the 𝑓(𝐴) is :
−1 2

Solution : 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7
A 𝐴
𝑓(𝐴) = 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 + 7𝐼

B 7𝐼
2 3 2 3 1 12
𝐴2 = =
−1 2 −1 2 −4 1
C 𝑂
1 12 2 3 1 0
𝑓 𝐴 = − 4 + 7
−4 1 −1 2 0 1

0 0 D 𝐴−𝐼
=
0 0

𝑓 𝐴 =𝑂

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Transpose of a Matrix:

The matrix obtained by interchanging rows and columns of a matrix 𝐴

is called Transpose of matrix 𝐴.

Let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , then its transpose is denoted by 𝐴′ or 𝐴𝑇 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 ,

𝑚×𝑛 𝑛×𝑚
where 𝑏𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 , ∀ 𝑖 & 𝑗

Example:
𝑧 𝑎 𝑥
𝐴= 𝑐 𝑒 𝑓 2×3

𝑧 𝑐
Its transpose is : 𝐴′ = 𝑎 𝑒
𝑥 𝑓 3×2

Return To Top
 cos2𝜃 −sin 2𝜃
If 𝐴 = and 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐼 where 𝐼 is 2 × 2 unit matrix and 𝐴𝑇 is the
sin2𝜃 cos2𝜃
transpose of 𝐴, then the value of 𝜃 is equal to

A 𝜋
6

B 𝜋
2

C 𝜋
3

D 3𝜋
2

Return To Top
 cos2𝜃 −sin 2𝜃
If 𝐴 = and 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐼 where 𝐼 is 2 × 2 unit matrix and 𝐴𝑇 is the
sin2𝜃 cos2𝜃
transpose of 𝐴, then the value of 𝜃 is equal to

Solution : cos2𝜃 −sin 2𝜃

We have 𝐴 = A 𝜋
sin2𝜃 cos2𝜃
6

cos2𝜃 sin 2𝜃
⇒ 𝐴𝑇 =
−sin2𝜃 cos2𝜃 B 𝜋
2

2cos2𝜃 0 1 0
⇒ 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 = =𝐼=
0 2cos2𝜃 0 1 C 𝜋
3
⇒ 2cos2𝜃 = 1

1 𝜋 D 3𝜋
⇒ cos2𝜃 = = cos 2
2 3

𝜋
⇒ 2𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋 +
3

𝜋
∴𝜃=
6
Return To Top
 Properties of transpose of a matrix:

❑ For a matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , 𝐴′ ′

=𝐴
𝑚×𝑛

❑ Let 𝑘 is a scalar and 𝐴 is a matrix. Then 𝑘𝐴 ′ = 𝑘𝐴′

❑ 𝐴1 ± 𝐴2 ± ⋯ ± 𝐴𝑛 ′
= 𝐴1 ′ ± 𝐴2 ′ ± ⋯ ± 𝐴𝑛 ′ , for comparable matrices 𝐴𝑖

❑ Let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 & 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 , then 𝐴𝐵 ′

= 𝐵′ 𝐴′
𝑚×𝑝 𝑝×𝑛

Return To Top
 Properties of transpose of a matrix:
Let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 & 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 then 𝐴𝐵 ′
= 𝐵′ 𝐴′
𝑚×𝑝 𝑝×𝑛

Example:
−2 1
2 0 −1
𝐴= and 𝐵 = 0 −6
4 −3 5
3 −1
−2 1
2 0 −1 −7 3
𝐴𝐵 = 0 −6 =
4 −3 5 7 17
3 −1
−7 7
𝐴𝐵 ′ =
3 17
2 4
−2 0 3
𝐴′ = 0 −3 𝐵′ =
1 −6 −1
−1 5
2 4
′ −2 0 3 −7 7 ∴ 𝐴𝐵 ′ = 𝐵′ 𝐴′
𝐵 𝐴′ = 0 −3 =
1 −6 −1 3 17
−1 5

❑ 𝐴1 𝐴2 … 𝐴𝑛 ′
= 𝐴𝑛 ′ 𝐴𝑛−1 ′ … 𝐴2 ′ 𝐴1 ′ , whenever product is defined .
Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Symmetric and skew symmetric Matrix:

A square matrix 𝐴 is said to be symmetric if, 𝐴′ = 𝐴

Let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , then 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 , ∀ 𝑖 & 𝑗

𝑛

Example:
𝑎12 = 𝑎21
3 −1 2
𝐴 = −1 4 5 𝑎13 = 𝑎31
2 5 7
𝑎23 = 𝑎32

3 −1 2
𝐴′ = −1 4 5 = 𝐴
2 5 7

Return To Top
 If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are symmetric matrices of the same order and 𝑋 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴
and 𝑌 = 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴, then 𝑋𝑌 𝑇 is equal to

A 𝑋𝑌

B 𝑌𝑋

C −𝑋𝑌

D None of these

Return To Top
 If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are symmetric matrices of the same order and 𝑋 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴
and 𝑌 = 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴, then 𝑋𝑌 𝑇 is equal to

Solution : Given : 𝐴 and 𝐵 are symmetric.

A 𝑋𝑌
Then, 𝐴 = 𝐴 and 𝐵 = 𝐵
𝑇 𝑇

𝑋𝑌 𝑇 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴 𝑇
B 𝑌𝑋
𝑇 𝑇
= 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴

C −𝑋𝑌
= 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇 − 𝐴𝑇 𝐵𝑇

= 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴 𝐵𝐴 − 𝐴𝐵
D None of these
= − 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴

= −𝑋𝑌

∴ 𝑋𝑌 𝑇 = −𝑋𝑌
Return To Top
 3 𝑥
If 𝐴 = and 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑇 , then which of the following is correct
𝑦 0

A 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3

B 𝑥+𝑦 =3

C 𝑥=𝑦

D 𝑥 = −𝑦

Return To Top
 3 𝑥
If 𝐴 = and 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑇 , then which of the following is correct
𝑦 0

Solution :
3 𝑥
Given : 𝐴 = and 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑇 A 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3
𝑦 0

It is symmetric
B 𝑥+𝑦 =3
∴𝑥=𝑦

C 𝑥=𝑦

D 𝑥 = −𝑦

Return To Top
 Symmetric and skew symmetric Matrix:
A square matrix 𝐴 is said to be skew symmetric if, 𝐴′ = −𝐴

Let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , then 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = −𝑎𝑗𝑖 , ∀ 𝑖 & 𝑗

𝑛

Example:

0 −3 2
𝐴= 3 0 −6
−2 6 0

0 3 −2
𝐴′ = −3 0 6 = −𝐴
2 −6 0

In skew – symmetric matrix, all diagonal elements are zero .

𝑎𝑖𝑗 = −𝑎𝑗𝑖 ⇒ 𝑎𝑖𝑖 = −𝑎𝑖𝑖 ⇒ 𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 0

Return To Top
 0 𝑎 −3
If the matrix 𝐴 = 2 0 −1 is skew-symmetric, then
𝑏 1 0

A 𝑎 = −2

B 𝑎=2

C 𝑏=3

D 𝑏 = −3

Return To Top
 0 𝑎 −3
Ifthe matrix 𝐴 = 2 0 −1 is skew-symmetric, then
𝑏 1 0
0 𝑎 −3
Given : 𝐴 = 2 0 −1 is skew-symmetric A 𝑎 = −2
𝑏 1 0

0 2 𝑏
B 𝑎=2
𝑇
𝐴 = 𝑎 0 1 We know that 𝐴 is skew symmetric if 𝐴 = −𝐴𝑇
−3 −1 0

C 𝑏=3
0 𝑎 −3 0 2 𝑏 0 −2 −𝑏
∴ 2 0 −1 = − 𝑎 0 1 = −𝑎 0 −1
𝑏 1 0 −3 −1 0 3 1 0
D 𝑏 = −3
𝑎 = −2

⇒ −3 = −𝑏

∴𝑏=3
Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Symmetric and skew symmetric Matrix:

All positive integral power of a symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix.
Proof:
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑇
Let 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑛 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁
𝐵𝑇 = 𝐴𝑛 𝑇

𝐵𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴𝑇 … 𝐴𝑇 (up to 𝑛 times)
𝐵𝑇 = 𝐴𝐴 … 𝐴 (up to 𝑛 times) = 𝐴𝑛
𝐵𝑇 = 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐴𝑛 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑛 ⇒ symmetric matrix

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Symmetric and skew symmetric Matrix:

All odd positive integral power of a skew – symmetric
matrix is a skew – symmetric matrix.

All even positive integral power of a skew –

symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix.
Proof:
𝐴 = −𝐴𝑇

Let 𝐶 = 𝐴𝑛 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁

𝐶 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑛 𝑇
= 𝐴𝑇 𝐴𝑇 … 𝐴𝑇 (up to 𝑛 times)

𝐶 𝑇 = −𝐴 −𝐴 … (−𝐴) (up to 𝑛 times) = (−1)𝑛 𝐴𝑛

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Proof:

𝐶 𝑇 = −𝐴 −𝐴 … (−𝐴) (up to 𝑛 times) = (−1)𝑛 𝐴𝑛

𝐴𝑛 , 𝑛 is even
𝑇 𝑛 𝑛
Let 𝐶 = 𝐴𝑛 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 𝐶 = (−1) 𝐴
−𝐴𝑛 , 𝑛 is odd

𝐶, 𝑛 is even → symmetric matrix

𝐶𝑇 =
−𝐶, 𝑛 is odd→ skew – symmetric matrix

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Symmetric and skew symmetric Matrix:

Every square matrix can be written as sum of a

symmetric and a Skew - symmetric matrix .
1 1
𝐴= 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇
2 2

Symmetric Skew – symmetric

matrix matrix

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Properties of Trace of a Matrix

Let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , and 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗

𝑛 𝑛

• 𝑇𝑟 . 𝐴 = 𝑇𝑟. (𝐴′ )

• 𝑇𝑟. 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘 𝑇𝑟. 𝐴 , 𝑘 is scalar

• 𝑇𝑟. 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = 𝑇𝑟. 𝐴 ± 𝑇𝑟. (𝐵)

• 𝑇𝑟. 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑇𝑟. 𝐵𝐴

Return To Top
 Number of possible ordered sets of two 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵
for which 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼:

A Infinite

B 𝑛2

C 𝑛!

D zero

Return To Top
 Number of possible ordered sets of two 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵
for which 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼:

Solution :

A Infinite
𝑇𝑟. 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴 = 𝑇𝑟. (𝐼) 𝑇𝑟. 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = 𝑇𝑟. 𝐴 ± 𝑇𝑟. (𝐵)

𝑇𝑟. 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑇𝑟. 𝐵𝐴
𝑇𝑟. 𝐴𝐵 − 𝑇𝑟. 𝐵𝐴 = 𝑛
B 𝑛2

𝑛=0
C 𝑛!

D zero

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Determinants

• A determinant is a scalar value that is a function( real or complex

valued ) of entries of a square matrix .

Let a matrix be : 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , then its determinant is denoted as det 𝐴 = |𝐴|

𝑛

If 𝐴 = 𝑎 1𝑋1 , 𝐴 =𝑎

𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
If 𝐴 = , 𝐴 = = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑

5 −1
Example: 𝐴 = , its determinant is
4 3

𝐴 = 15 − −4 = 19

Return To Top
 Minor of an Element

• Let ∆ be a determinant
𝑎 𝑏
∆=
𝑐 𝑑

Minor, of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , denoted by 𝑀𝑖𝑗 is defined as determinant of a

sub – matrix obtained by deleting the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ row and 𝑗𝑡ℎ column, in which
the element is present, of ∆.

𝑀11 = 𝑑 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑
𝑀12 = 𝑐

𝑀21 = 𝑏

𝑀22 = 𝑎

Return To Top
 Session 04

Properties of Determinants

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Co-factor of an Element

• Let ∆ be a determinant

𝑎 𝑏
∆=
𝑐 𝑑

Co – factor, of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , denoted by 𝐶𝑖𝑗 is defined as

𝐶𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗

𝐶11 = 𝑀11 = 𝑑

𝐶12 = −𝑀12 = −𝑐

𝐶21 = −𝑀21 = −𝑏

𝐶22 = 𝑀22 = 𝑎

Return To Top
 Find the minor and co – factors of elements 𝑎11 , 𝑎12 , 𝑎23 , 𝑎33 of the determinant.
−1 2 4
∆ = 0 −5 3
6 −7 −9

𝑀11 = −5 3 = 66 𝐶11 = 66
−7 −9

𝑀12 = 0 3 = −18 𝐶12 = 18

6 −9

𝑀23 = −1 2 = −5 𝐶23 = 5
6 −7

𝑀33 = −1 2 = 5 𝐶33 = 5
0 −5

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Value of 3 × 3 order determinant

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

∆ = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

Expansion of determinant can be done by any row or column.

By 1𝑠𝑡 row :
= 𝑎11 𝑎22 𝑎33 − 𝑎23 𝑎32 − 𝑎12 𝑎21 𝑎33 − 𝑎31 𝑎23 + 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎32 − 𝑎31 𝑎22

By 2𝑛𝑑 row :

= −𝑎21 𝑎12 𝑎33 − 𝑎13 𝑎32 + 𝑎22 𝑎11 𝑎33 − 𝑎31 𝑎13 − 𝑎23 𝑎11 𝑎32 − 𝑎31 𝑎12

Return To Top
 Evaluate value of the determinants

log 3 8 log 3 512 1 −3 5

𝑖 ∆= 𝑖𝑖 ∆ = 2 −1 0
log 2 3 log 4 9 −7 6 8

log 3 8 log 3 512 log𝑎 𝑥 𝑘 = 𝑘 log𝑎 𝑥

𝑖 ∆=
log 2 3 log 4 9 1
log 𝑎𝑘 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥
𝑘
= log3 8 log 4 9 − log 2 3 log 3 512
1
= 3 log 3 2 log2 3 − 2 log 2 3 ⋅ log3 29
9 3
= 3−2 = −
2

1 −3 5
𝑖𝑖 ∆ = 2 −1 0
−7 6 8

= 1 −8 − −3 16 + 5(12 − 7)

= 65
Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Value of determinant in terms of minor and co-factor

By 1𝑠𝑡 row :
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
∆ = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

= 𝑎11 𝑎22 𝑎33 − 𝑎23 𝑎32 − 𝑎12 𝑎21 𝑎33 − 𝑎31 𝑎23 + 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎32 − 𝑎31 𝑎22

In terms of minor

∆ = 𝑎11 𝑀11 − 𝑎12 𝑀12 + 𝑎13 𝑀13

In terms of co – factor

∆ = 𝑎11 𝐶11 + 𝑎12 𝐶12 + 𝑎13 𝐶13

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Value of determinant in terms of minor and co-factor

By 2𝑛𝑑 row :
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
∆ = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
= −𝑎21 𝑎12 𝑎33 − 𝑎13 𝑎32 + 𝑎22 𝑎11 𝑎33 − 𝑎31 𝑎13 − 𝑎23 𝑎11 𝑎32 − 𝑎31 𝑎12

In terms of minor

∆ = −𝑎21 𝑀21 + 𝑎22 𝑀22 − 𝑎23 𝑀23

In terms of co – factor

∆ = 𝑎21 𝐶21 + 𝑎22 𝐶22 + 𝑎23 𝐶23

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Value of determinant in terms of minor and co-factor

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

∆ = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

• Sum of product of elements of a row (column) and corresponding co –

factors of elements of the same row (column) gives value of determinant .

𝑎11 𝐶11 + 𝑎12 𝐶12 + 𝑎13 𝐶13 = ∆

• Sum of product of elements of a row (column) and corresponding

co – factors of elements of any other row (column) is zero.

𝑎11 𝐶21 + 𝑎12 𝐶22 + 𝑎13 𝐶23 = 0

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Value of determinant in terms of minor and co-factor

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

∆ = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎11 𝐶21 + 𝑎12 𝐶22 + 𝑎13 𝐶23 = 0
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

Proof: 𝑎11 𝐶21 + 𝑎12 𝐶22 + 𝑎13 𝐶23

= 𝑎11 𝑎32 𝑎13 − 𝑎12 𝑎33 + 𝑎12 𝑎11 𝑎33 − 𝑎31 𝑎13 + 𝑎13 𝑎12 𝑎31 − 𝑎11 𝑎32

=0

Return To Top
 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
If ∆ = 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 then :
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

A 𝑥 𝑀21 − 𝑦 𝑀22 + 𝑧 𝑀23 = ∆

B 𝑎 𝐶11 + 𝑏 𝐶12 + 𝑐 𝐶13 = 0

C 𝑥 𝐶21 − 𝑦 𝐶22 + 𝑧 𝐶23 = ∆

D 𝑝 𝑀11 − 𝑞 𝑀12 + 𝑟 𝑀13 = ∆

Return To Top
 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
If ∆ = 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 then :
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

Solution :
A 𝑥 𝑀21 − 𝑦 𝑀22 + 𝑧 𝑀23 = ∆
By property, 𝑎11 𝐶11 + 𝑎12 𝐶12 + 𝑎13 𝐶13 = ∆

𝑎 𝐶11 + 𝑏 𝐶12 + 𝑐 𝐶13 = 0

B 𝑎 𝐶11 + 𝑏 𝐶12 + 𝑐 𝐶13 = 0
𝑎11 𝐶21 + 𝑎12 𝐶22 + 𝑎13 𝐶23 = 0

𝑝 𝑀11 − 𝑞 𝑀12 + 𝑟 𝑀13 = ∆

C 𝑥 𝐶21 − 𝑦 𝐶22 + 𝑧 𝐶23 = ∆

D 𝑝 𝑀11 − 𝑞 𝑀12 + 𝑟 𝑀13 = ∆

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Properties of determinant

• Determinant of upper or lower triangular square matrix is equal

to product of its diagonal elements .

Example:

𝑎 𝑑 𝑒 +𝑎 𝑑 𝑒
𝑏 𝑓
𝐴= 0 𝑏 𝑓 ⇒− 0 𝑏 𝑓 =𝑎 +0+0
0 𝑐
0 0 𝑐 +0 0 𝑐

⇒ 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐

The determinant of the transpose of a square matrix is equal to the

determinant of the matrix.

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Properties of determinant

• The determinant of the transpose of a square matrix is equal to the

determinant of the matrix.

Example:
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎21 𝑎31
∆= 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ′
∆ = 𝑎12 𝑎22 𝑎32
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎13 𝑎23 𝑎33

By 1𝑠𝑡 row, ∆ = 𝑎11 𝑀11 − 𝑎12 𝑀12 + 𝑎13 𝑀13

By 1𝑠𝑡 column, ∆′ = 𝑎11 𝑀11 − 𝑎12 𝑀12 + 𝑎13 𝑀13

∆ = ∆′

Value of determinant doesn’t change

by interchanging rows with column
Return To Top
 −1 2 4 −1 5 6
If ∆1 = 5 −3 9 , ∆2 = 2 −3 7 ; then
6 7 −8 4 9 −8

A ∆1 + ∆2 = 0

B ∆1
=2
∆2

C ∆1
=1
∆2

D ∆1
= −2
∆2

Return To Top
 −1 2 4 −1 5 6
If ∆1 = 5 −3 9 , ∆2 = 2 −3 7 ; then
6 7 −8 4 9 −8

Solution :

A ∆1 + ∆2 = 0
Value of determinant and its transpose is same.

∆1 = ∆2
B ∆1
=2
∆2
∆1
⇒ =1
∆2
C ∆1
=1
∆2

D ∆1
= −2
∆2

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Properties of determinant

• If corresponding elements of any two rows (or columns) are identical

(or proportional), then value of determinant is zero .

Example:

𝑎11 𝑎11 𝑎13

∆ = 𝑎21 𝑎21 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎31 𝑎33

⇒ ∆ = 𝑎11 𝑎21 𝑎33 − 𝑎23 𝑎31 − 𝑎11 𝑎21 𝑎33 − 𝑎31 𝑎23 + 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎31 − 𝑎31 𝑎21

⇒∆=0

3 5 7
∆= 1 2 3 =0
3 5 7
Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Properties of determinant

• If all the elements of a row or column are zero , then the value of
determinant is zero .

Example:

0 0 0
∆ = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

⇒ ∆ = 𝑎11 𝑎22 𝑎33 − 𝑎23 𝑎32 − 𝑎12 𝑎21 𝑎33 − 𝑎31 𝑎23
+𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎32 − 𝑎31 𝑎22

⇒ ∆ = 0 ⋅ 𝑀11 − 0 ⋅ 𝑀12 + 0 ⋅ 𝑀13

⇒∆=0

Return To Top
 𝜔501 𝜔502 𝜔503
If 𝐴 = 𝜔1101 𝜔1102 𝜔1102 , where 𝜔 is cube root of unity, then the value of 𝐴 is:
𝜔1501 𝜔1502 𝜔1503

A 1

B 0

C −1

D 𝜔2

Return To Top
 𝜔501 𝜔502 𝜔503
If 𝐴 = 𝜔1101 𝜔1102 𝜔1102 , where 𝜔 is cube root of unity, then the value of 𝐴 is:
𝜔1501 𝜔1502 𝜔1503

𝜔3𝑛+1 = 𝜔, 𝜔3𝑛+2 = 𝜔2 , 𝜔3 = 1
A 1

1 𝜔 𝜔2
𝐴= 1 𝜔 𝜔2 B 0
𝜔 𝜔2 1

∵Two rows are same C −1

∴ Determinant is zero
D 𝜔2

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Properties of determinant

• If any of two rows ( or columns ) of a determinant are interchanged, then

its value gets multiplied by (−1).
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
∆= 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 ′
∆= 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 ⇒ ∆′ = −∆
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

Proof: 𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
∆1 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ∆2 = 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

⇒ ∆1 = 𝑎11 𝑀11 − 𝑎12 𝑀12 + 𝑎13 𝑀13 With respect to second row
⇒ ∆2 = −𝑎11 𝑀11 + 𝑎12 𝑀12 − 𝑎13 𝑀13

Return To Top
⇒ ∆2 = −∆1
 Session 05

Some Special Determinants

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Properties of determinant

• If elements of a row ( or column ) are multiplied by a constant, then value

of determinant also gets multiplied by the same constant .
Proof:
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑘𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
∆1 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ∆2 = 𝑘𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑘𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
∆2 = 𝑘 Δ1
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Δ2 = 𝑘 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
∆1 = 𝑎11 𝑀11 − 𝑎21 𝑀21 + 𝑎31 𝑀31
With 1𝑠𝑡 column
Δ2 = 𝑘𝑎11 𝑀11 − 𝑘𝑎21 𝑀21 + 𝑘𝑎31 𝑀31
Δ2 = 𝑘 𝑎11 𝑀11 − 𝑎21 𝑀21 + 𝑎31 𝑀31 = 𝑘Δ1
Return To Top
 Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 be such that 𝑏 𝑐 + 𝑎 ≠ 0. If

𝑎 𝑎+1 𝑎−1 𝑎+1 𝑏+1 𝑐−1

−𝑏 𝑏+1 𝑏−1 + 𝑎−1 𝑏−1 𝑐 + 1 = 0 . Then the value of 𝑛 is :
𝑐 𝑐−1 𝑐+1 −1 𝑛+2 𝑎 (−1)𝑛+1 𝑏 (−1)𝑛 𝑐

A Zero

B Any even integer

C Any odd integer

D Any integer

Return To Top
 Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 be such that 𝑏 𝑐 + 𝑎 ≠ 0. If

𝑎 𝑎+1 𝑎−1 𝑎+1 𝑏+1 𝑐−1

−𝑏 𝑏 + 1 𝑏 − 1 + 𝑎 − 1 𝑏−1 𝑐 + 1 = 0 . Then the value of 𝑛 is :
𝑐 𝑐−1 𝑐+1 −1 𝑛+2 𝑎 (−1)𝑛+1 𝑏 (−1)𝑛 𝑐
Solution:
A Zero
𝑎 𝑎+1 𝑎−1 −1 𝑛+2 𝑎 𝑎+1 𝑎−1
−𝑏 𝑏 + 1 𝑏 − 1 + (−1)𝑛+1 𝑏 𝑏+1 𝑏−1 =0
𝑐 𝑐−1 𝑐+1 (−1)𝑛 𝑐 𝑐−1 𝑐+1 B Any even integer

∆1 ∆2
C Any odd integer
−1 𝑛+2 𝑎 (−1)𝑛+1 𝑏 (−1)𝑛 𝑐 −1 𝑛+2 𝑎 𝑎+1 𝑎−1
𝑛+1
∆2 = 𝑎+1 𝑏+1 𝑐 − 1 = (−1) 𝑏 𝑏+1 𝑏−1
𝑎−1 𝑏−1 𝑐+1 (−1)𝑛 𝑐 𝑐−1 𝑐+1 D Any integer

∆1 + ∆2 = 0

𝑛 is odd integer
Return To Top
 1 1 1 1 𝑎 𝑏𝑐
∆1 = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 & ∆2 = 1 𝑏 𝑐𝑎 , then ∆2 − ∆1 is :
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 1 𝑐 𝑎𝑏

A 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ∆1

B ∆1

C 0

D 𝑎𝑏𝑐 ∆1

Return To Top
 1 1 1 1 𝑎 𝑏𝑐
∆1 = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 & ∆2 = 1 𝑏 𝑐𝑎 , then ∆2 − ∆1 is :
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 1 𝑐 𝑎𝑏
A 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ∆1
Solution:
1 𝑎 𝑏𝑐 1 1 1
∆2 = 1 𝑏 𝑐𝑎 ∆1 = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 B ∆1
1 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Multiply 1𝑠𝑡 column by 𝑎 and divide ∆2 by 𝑎. C 𝟎
Multiply 2𝑛𝑑 column by 𝑏 and divide ∆2 by 𝑏.
Multiply 3𝑟𝑑 column by 𝑐 and divide ∆2 by 𝑐. D 𝑎𝑏𝑐 ∆1

1
𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎 𝑎2 1 𝑎 1 𝑎2 1 𝑎 𝑎2
∆2 = 𝑏 𝑏2 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝑏 𝑏2 1 = − 𝑏 1 𝑏2 = 1 𝑏 𝑏2
𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑐 𝑐2 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑐 𝑐2 1 𝑐 1 𝑐2 1 𝑐 𝑐2

∆2 = ∆1

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Properties of Determinants

• If each element of any row ( or column ) can be expressed as sum of two terms ,
then the determinant can also be expressed as sum of two determinants .

𝑎+𝑥 𝑏+𝑦 𝑐+𝑧 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

∆= 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 = 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 + 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑔 ℎ 𝑖

Proof:

∆ = (𝑎 + 𝑥)𝑀11 − (𝑏 + 𝑦)𝑀12 + (𝑐 + 𝑧)𝑀13

= 𝑎𝑀11 − 𝑏𝑀12 + 𝑐𝑀13 + 𝑥𝑀11 − 𝑦𝑀12 + 𝑧𝑀13

Return To Top
 13 + 3 2 5 5
Find value of the determinant 15 + 26 5 10 :
3 + 65 15 5

A 1 2 1 B 1 2 1
5 5 2 5 13 5 5 2
3 3 5 3 3 5

C D 1 2 1
0 5 3 5 5 2
3 3 5

Return To Top
 13 + 3 2 5 5
Find value of the determinant 15 + 26 5 10 :
3 + 65 15 5

Solution: A B
1 2 1 1 2 1
13 + 3 2 5 5 5 5 2 5 13 5 5 2
= 15 + 26 5 10 3 3 5 3 3 5
3 + 65 15 5

13 2 5 5 3 2 5 5
= C D 1 2 1
26 5 10 + 15 5 10
65 15 5 3 15 5 0 5 3 5 5 2
3 3 5
1 2 5 1 1 2 1
= 5 13 2 5 2 +5 3 5 5 2
5 15 5 3 3 5

1 2 1 1 2 1
= 5 13 × 0 + 5 3 5 5 2 =5 3 5 5 2
3 3 5 3 3 5
Return To Top
 Key Takeaways
Properties of Determinants

• If 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗
𝑛
, then 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘 𝑛 𝐴 where 𝑘 is a scalar.

Example: 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑘𝑎11 𝑘𝑎12 𝑘𝑎13

𝐴 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘𝑎21 𝑘𝑎22 𝑘𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑘𝑎31 𝑘𝑎32 𝑘𝑎33

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

⇒ |𝑘𝐴| = 𝑘 3 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ⇒ 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘 3 |𝐴|
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

• If 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗
𝑛 𝑛
, then 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴 𝐵

𝐴𝑘 = 𝐴 𝑘

𝑘
⇒ 𝐴⋅𝐴⋅𝐴 ⋯ 𝐴 = 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐴 ⋯ 𝐴 = 𝐴

𝑘 times 𝑘 times
Return To Top
 If 𝐴 & 𝐵 are square matrices of order 𝑛 , such that 𝐴 = 3 , 𝐵 = 5,
then the value of 2𝐴 𝐵 is :

A 5.6𝑛

B 2
2𝑛 ⋅ 15𝑛

C
15.2𝑛

D 2
5 ⋅ 2𝑛 ⋅ 3𝑛

Return To Top
 If 𝐴 & 𝐵 are square matrices of order 𝑛 , such that 𝐴 = 3 , 𝐵 = 5,
then the value of 2𝐴 𝐵 is :

Solution:
A 5.6𝑛
2𝐴 𝐵 = 2𝐴 𝑛
𝐵 Since kA = k A
n

= 2𝑛 𝐴 𝑛
𝐵 B 2
2𝑛 ⋅ 15𝑛
2
= 2𝑛 𝐴 𝑛
⋅ 𝐵
C
15.2𝑛
2
= 2𝑛 ⋅ 3 𝑛 ⋅ 5

D 2
5 ⋅ 2𝑛 ⋅ 3𝑛

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways
Properties of Determinants

• Determinant of an odd order skew – symmetric matrix is zero .

Proof:

𝐴 = −𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = −𝐴𝑇

𝑛
= −1 𝐴𝑇

If 𝑛 is odd,

𝐴 =−𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 =0
0 𝑝−𝑞 𝑞−𝑟
Example: Value of determinant 𝑞 − 𝑝 0 𝑟 − 𝑝 is 0.
𝑟−𝑞 𝑝−𝑟 0

Return To Top
 Statement 1 : Determinant of a skew- symmetric matrix of odd order is zero.
Statement 2 : For any matrix 𝐴 , det 𝐴𝑇 = det(𝐴) & det −𝐴 = − det 𝐴 .
where det(𝐵) denotes determinant of matrix 𝐵 . Then

A Both statements are true

B
Both statements are false

C
Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false

D Statement 2 is true, statement 1 is false

Return To Top
 Statement 1 : Determinant of a skew- symmetric matrix of odd order is zero.
Statement 2 : For any matrix 𝐴 , det 𝐴𝑇 = det(𝐴) & det −𝐴 = − det 𝐴 .
where det(𝐵) denotes determinant of matrix 𝐵 . Then

Solution:
Let 𝐴 is a skew-symmetric matrix A
Both statement are true
𝑇
𝐴 = −𝐴 ⋯ (𝑖)
Taking determinant of 𝑖 , we get B Both statement are false
𝑇
|𝐴 | = | − 𝐴|
|𝐴| = (−1)|𝐴| (∵ |𝐴| = |𝐴𝑇 |)
⇒ |𝐴| = −1 𝑛 |𝐴| where n is order of matrix C Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false
Since, 𝑛 = 3 is odd
⇒ |𝐴| = −|𝐴|
D
⇒ 2|𝐴| = 0 Statement 2 is true, statement 1 is false
Therefore, statement 1 is true.
Hence, option 'C' is correct.
Statement 2 is incorrect det(𝐴) = −(det𝐴) for odd order matrix only
Return To Top
 Key Takeaways
Properties of Determinants

• The value of determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row
( or column ) a constant multiple of corresponding elements of any other
row ( or column ) .

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

∆1 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑝𝑅2 , where 𝑝 is a scalar.
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

𝑎11 + 𝑝𝑎21 𝑎12 + 𝑝𝑎22 𝑎13 + 𝑝𝑎23

∆2 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

∆1 = ∆2

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways
Properties of Determinants

• The value of determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row
( or column ) a constant multiple of corresponding elements of any other row
( or column ) .

Proof: 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑝𝑎21 𝑝𝑎22 𝑝𝑎23

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
∆2 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 + 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 ∆1 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
∆2 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 + 𝑝 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

∆2 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 + 𝑝 × 0
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

∆2 = ∆1

Return To Top
 𝑎 𝑎3 𝑎4 − 1
If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are all different and 𝑏 𝑏3 𝑏 4 − 1 = 0, then the value of
𝑐 𝑐3 𝑐4 − 1
𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎) is equal to:

A 𝑎−𝑏−𝑐

B
𝑎−𝑏+𝑐

C
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐

D 0

Return To Top
 𝑎 𝑎3 𝑎4 − 1
If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are all different and 𝑏 𝑏3 𝑏 4 − 1 = 0, then the value of
𝑐 𝑐3 𝑐4 − 1
𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎) is equal to:
Solution:
𝑎 𝑎3 𝑎4 𝑎 𝑎3 −1
⇒ 𝑏 𝑏3 𝑏 4 +
𝑏 𝑏3 −1 = 0
𝑐 𝑐3 𝑐 4
𝑐 𝑐3 −1

Taking 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 from the first determinant and apply 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1

in both determinants

1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎 𝑎3 1
⇒ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 0 𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 3
𝑏 −𝑎 3 −
𝑏−𝑎 𝑏 3 − 𝑎3 0 =0
0 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 3
𝑐 −𝑎 3
𝑐−𝑎 𝑐 3 − 𝑎3 0

As 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are all distinct and cancelling out 𝑏 − 𝑎 and 𝑐 − 𝑎

⇒ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑏 + 𝑎 𝑏 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 = 1 𝑏 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏
𝑐+𝑎 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑐 1 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑐
Return To Top
 𝑎 𝑎3 𝑎4 − 1
If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are all different and 𝑏 𝑏3 𝑏 4 − 1 = 0, then the value of
𝑐 𝑐3 𝑐4 − 1
𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎) is equal to:

Solution:
A 𝑎−𝑏−𝑐
⇒ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑏 + 𝑎 𝑏 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 = 1 𝑏 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏
𝑐+𝑎 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑐 1 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑐
B
Applying 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 and then cancelling 𝑐 − 𝑏 on both sides, we get 𝑎−𝑏+𝑐

⇒ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑏 + 𝑎 𝑏 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 = 1 𝑏 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏
1 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 0 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 C 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐

∴ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐
D
⇒ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 0

Return To Top
 Some Important Formula

1 1 1
• 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

Proof:
1 1 1
𝐶2 → 𝐶2 − 𝐶1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝐶3 → 𝐶3 − 𝐶1

1 0 0
= 𝑎 𝑏−𝑎 𝑐−𝑎
𝑎2 𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 𝑐 − 𝑎2
2

1 0 0
= (𝑏 − 𝑎)(𝑐 − 𝑎) 𝑎 1 1 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)
𝑎2 𝑏+𝑎 𝑐+𝑎

Return To Top
 Session 06

Application of Determinants

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Some Important Determinants

1 1 1
• 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3

Degree = 4 Degree = 3 Linear term

Proof:
Δ = 1 𝑏1 𝑐 3 − 𝑏 3 𝑐

Put 𝑎 = 𝑏 ⇒ Δ = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 − 𝑏 is a factor of Δ

𝑏 = 𝑐 ⇒ Δ = 0 ⇒ 𝑏 − 𝑐 is a factor of Δ

𝑐 = 𝑎 ⇒ Δ = 0 ⇒ 𝑐 − 𝑎 is a factor of Δ

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Some Important Determinants

1 1 1
• 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎)
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3

Degree = 5 Degree = 3 2𝑛𝑑 degree terms

Put 𝑎 = 𝑏 or 𝑏 = 𝑐 or 𝑐 = 𝑎

⇒Δ=0

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Some Important Determinants

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
• 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 = 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 − 𝑐 3 = −(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎)
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏

Proof:

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝐶1 → 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑏 𝑐 1 𝑏 𝑐
= 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑐 𝑎 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 1 𝑐 𝑎
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 1 𝑎 𝑏

= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 )

= −(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎)

Return To Top
 Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝜖 𝑅 be all non – zero and satisfy 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 = 2. If the matrix
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝐴 = 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 satisfies 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼 , then a value of 𝑎𝑏𝑐 can be :
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏

A 2
3

B −
1
3

C 3

1
D
3

Return To Top
 Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝜖 𝑅 be all non – zero and satisfy 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 = 2. If the matrix
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝐴 = 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 satisfies 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼 , then a value of 𝑎𝑏𝑐 can be :
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏

Solution: 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼
A 2
3
⇒ |𝐴𝑇 𝐴| = |𝐼|

⇒ 𝐴𝑇 |𝐴| = 1 B −
1
3
2
⇒ 𝐴 =1
C 3
⇒ 𝐴 = ±1

1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 D
𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 = 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 − 𝑐 3 3
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏

⇒ 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 − 𝑐 3 = ±1
1
⇒ 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 1 , 3 ⇒ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 3 , 1
Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Product of Two Determinants

• Let the two determinants of 2X2 order be :

𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑙1 𝑙2
∆1 = 𝑏 and ∆2 =
1 𝑏2 𝑚1 𝑚2

then their product ∆ will be :

𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑎1 𝑙1 + 𝑎2 𝑚1 𝑎1 𝑙2 + 𝑎2 𝑚2
∆= 𝑏 𝑏2 𝑚1 =
1 𝑚2 𝑏1 𝑙1 + 𝑏2 𝑚1 𝑏1 𝑙2 + 𝑏2 𝑚2

Note: Multiplication of same order determinants

can be done in four ways –

𝑅 × 𝑅, 𝑅 × 𝐶, 𝐶 × 𝐶, 𝐶 × 𝑅

Return To Top
 1 −2 4 6 −1 3
Evaluate 5 0 −6 × −4 2 8
−3 7 1 0 −9 5
Solution:
1 −2 4 6 −1 3
5 0 −6 × −4 2 8
−3 7 1 0 −9 5

6+8+0 −1 − 4 − 36 3 − 16 + 20
= 30 + 0 + 0 −5 + 0 + 54 15 + 0 − 30
−18 − 28 + 0 3 + 14 − 9 −9 + 56 + 5

14 −41 7
= 30 49 −15
−46 8 52

Return To Top
 1 cos(𝐵 − 𝐴) cos(𝐶 − 𝐴)
Evaluate cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) 1 cos(𝐶 − 𝐵)
cos( 𝐴 − 𝐶) cos(𝐵 − 𝐶) 1
A cos𝐴 cos𝐵 cos𝐶

1 cos(𝐵 − 𝐴) cos(𝐶 − 𝐴) B
cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) 1 cos(𝐶 − 𝐵) 1
cos( 𝐴 − 𝐶) cos(𝐵 − 𝐶) 1
C 0
cos(𝐴 − 𝐴) cos(𝐵 − 𝐴) cos(𝐶 − 𝐴)
= cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) cos(𝐵 − 𝐵) cos(𝐶 − 𝐵)
cos( 𝐴 − 𝐶) cos(𝐵 − 𝐶) cos(𝐶 − 𝐶) D cos𝐴+cos𝐵+cos𝐶

cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐴 + sin 𝐵 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐶 cos 𝐴 + sin 𝐶 sin 𝐴
= cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐵 sin 𝐵 cos 𝐶 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐶 sin 𝐵
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐶 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐶 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 + sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 cos 𝐶 cos 𝐶 + sin 𝐶 sin 𝐶
cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴 1 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶
= cos 𝐵 sin 𝐵 1 × sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 = 0
cos 𝐶 sin 𝐶 1 0 0 0
Return To Top
 If 𝛼, 𝛽 ≠ 0 and 𝑓 𝑛 = 𝛼 𝑛 + 𝛽 𝑛 and
3 1 + 𝑓(1) 1 + 𝑓(2)
1 + 𝑓(1) 1 + 𝑓(2) 1 + 𝑓(3) = 𝑘 1 − 𝛼 2 (1 − 𝛽)2 (𝛼 − 𝛽)2, then 𝑘 is equal to :
1 + 𝑓(2) 1 + 𝑓(3) 1 + 𝑓(4)

A 1

B −1

C α𝛽

1
D
α𝛽

Return To Top
 If 𝛼, 𝛽 ≠ 0 and 𝑓 𝑛 = 𝛼 𝑛 + 𝛽 𝑛 and
3 1 + 𝑓(1) 1 + 𝑓(2)
1 + 𝑓(1) 1 + 𝑓(2) 1 + 𝑓(3) = 𝑘 1 − 𝛼 2 (1 − 𝛽)2 (𝛼 − 𝛽)2, then 𝑘 is equal to :
1 + 𝑓(2) 1 + 𝑓(3) 1 + 𝑓(4)

Solution:
A 1

1+1+1 1+𝛼+𝛽 1 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2
1+𝛼+𝛽 1 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 1 + 𝛼 3 + 𝛽3 B −1
1 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 1 + 𝛼 3 + 𝛽3 1 + 𝛼 4 + 𝛽4

C α𝛽
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1 𝛼 𝛽 × 1 𝛼 𝛼2 ∵ 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)
1 𝛼2 𝛽2 1 𝛽 𝛽2 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 1
D
α𝛽
2
= 1−𝛼 𝛼−𝛽 𝛽−1 ⇒𝑘=1

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Application of determinants:

• Area of triangle with vertices 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 is:

1 𝑥1 𝑦1 1
∆= 𝑥2 𝑦2 1
2 𝑥 𝑦3 1
3

Note: If ∆= 0 , then points are collinear .

• Equation of straight line passing through points 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 & 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 is :

𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥1 𝑦1 1 =0
𝑥2 𝑦2 1

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Application of determinants:

• The lines:
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 are concurrent if,
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 = 0
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 = 0
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
Note: The converse is not true

• The general 2 – degree equation

𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0,
represents a pair of straight lines if,
𝑎 ℎ 𝑔
ℎ 𝑏 𝑓 = 0 or 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2ℎ𝑔𝑓 − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑔2 − 𝑐ℎ2 = 0
𝑔 𝑓 𝑐
Return To Top
 Consider the lines given by
𝐿1 : 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5 = 0
𝐿2 : 3𝑥 − 𝑘𝑦 − 1 = 0
𝐿3 : 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 12 = 0

Match the statements / expressions in column 𝐼 with the statements /

expressions in column 𝐼𝐼.

COLUMN 𝐼 COLUMN 𝐼𝐼

(𝐴) 𝐿1 , 𝐿2 , 𝐿3 are concurrent, if (𝑝) 𝑘 = −9

One of 𝐿1 , 𝐿2 , 𝐿3 is parallel to at least 6

(𝐵) one of the other two, if (𝑞) 𝑘 = − 5

5
(𝐶) 𝐿1 , 𝐿2 , 𝐿3 form a triangle, if (𝑟) 𝑘 = 6

(𝐷) 𝐿1 , 𝐿2 , 𝐿3 do not form a triangle, if (𝑠) 𝑘 = 5

Return To Top
 Solution:
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝐿1 : 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5 = 0
(𝐴) 𝐿1 , 𝐿2 , 𝐿3 are concurrent , if 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 = 0 𝐿2 : 3𝑥 − 𝑘𝑦 − 1 = 0
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝐿3 : 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 12 = 0

1 3 −5
3 −𝑘 −1 = 0
5 2 −12

⇒ (12𝑘 + 2) −3(−36 + 5) −5 6 + 5𝑘 = 0

⇒ 12𝑘 + 2 + 93 − 30 − 25𝑘 = 0

⇒ 65 − 13𝑘 = 0

⇒𝑘=5

𝐴 → (𝑠)
Return To Top
 Solution:

(𝐵)One of 𝐿1 , 𝐿2 , 𝐿3 is parallel to at least one 𝐿1 : 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5 = 0

of the other two, if 𝐿2 : 3𝑥 − 𝑘𝑦 − 1 = 0
3 1 5
𝐿3 : 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 12 = 0
=− or −
𝑘 3 2
6
𝑘 = −9 or −
5
𝐵 → 𝑝 , (𝑞)

(𝐶) 𝐿1 , 𝐿2 , 𝐿3 form triangle, if neither they are

concurrent nor parallel
6
⇒ 𝑘 ≠ 5, −9, −
5
𝐶 → 𝑟

(𝐷) 𝐿1 , 𝐿2 , 𝐿3 do not form a triangle, if they are

parallel or concurrent
6
⇒ 𝑘 = 5 or − 9 or −
5

𝐷 → 𝑝 , (𝑞), (𝑠)
Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Differentiation of determinant

𝑓1 (𝑥) 𝑓2 (𝑥) 𝑓3 (𝑥)

• If ∆(𝑥) = 𝑔1 (𝑥) 𝑔2 (𝑥) 𝑔3 (𝑥)
ℎ1 (𝑥) ℎ2 (𝑥) ℎ3 (𝑥)

𝑓1 ′ 𝑥 𝑓2 ′ 𝑥 𝑓3 ′ 𝑥 𝑓1 𝑥 𝑓2 𝑥 𝑓3 𝑥 𝑓1 𝑥 𝑓2 𝑥 𝑓3 𝑥
∆′ 𝑥 = 𝑔1 𝑥 𝑔2 𝑥 𝑔3 𝑥 + 𝑔1 ′ 𝑥 𝑔2 ′ 𝑥 𝑔3 ′ 𝑥 + 𝑔1 𝑥 𝑔2 𝑥 𝑔3 𝑥
ℎ1 𝑥 ℎ2 𝑥 ℎ3 𝑥 ℎ1 𝑥 ℎ2 𝑥 ℎ3 𝑥 ℎ1 ′ 𝑥 ℎ2 ′ 𝑥 ℎ3 ′ 𝑥

(differentiation can also be done column - wise)

Return To Top
 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 1 𝑑2 𝑦
If 𝑦(𝑥) = 23 17 13 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, then + 𝑦 is equal to :
𝑑𝑥 2
1 1 1

A 6

B 4

C −10

D 0

Return To Top
 Solution:

sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 1

𝑦 𝑥 = 23 17 13 , differentiate w.r.t 𝑥
1 1 1 A 6
cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝑦′ 𝑥
= 23 17 13
1 1 1
B 4
cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝑦′ 𝑥 = 23 17 13 , differentiate w.r.t 𝑥 C
1 1 1 −10

− sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 D 0

𝑦′′ 𝑥 = 23 17 13
1 1 1

0 0 1
′′
𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 = 23 17 13 = 6
1 1 1

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Integration/Summation of determinant

𝑓1 (𝑥) 𝑔1 (𝑥) ℎ1 (𝑥)

• If ∆(𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓

σ 𝑓1 (𝑥) σ 𝑔1 (𝑥) σ ℎ1 (𝑥)

σ ∆(𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓

Note: If variable is present in more than one row (or column), then first
expand the determinant and then apply summation or integration .

Return To Top
 1 𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑛 𝑛+1
∆ 𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑦
2
, then σ𝑛𝑟=0 ∆(𝑟) is equal to:
2𝑟 − 1 𝑧 𝑛2 − 1

A 𝑛2 𝑛 + 1
2

B 𝑛3

C 𝑛(2𝑛+1) 3𝑛+1
2

D 0

Return To Top
 Solution:
𝑛 σ𝑛𝑟=0 1 𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑛 𝑛+1
෍ ∆(𝑟) = σ𝑛𝑟=0(𝑟) 𝑦
2
A 𝑛2 𝑛 + 1
𝑟=0
σ𝑛𝑟=0(2𝑟 − 1) 𝑧 𝑛2 − 1 2

B 𝑛3
𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛+1

= 𝑛 𝑛+1
𝑦
𝑛 𝑛+1
2 2 C 𝑛(2𝑛+1) 3𝑛+1
2
𝑛2 − 1 𝑧 𝑛2 − 1
D 0
=0

Return To Top
 2𝑟−1 2. 3𝑟−1 4. 5𝑟−1
If ∆ 𝑟 = 𝛼 𝛽 𝛾 , then the value of σ𝑛𝑟=1 ∆(𝑟)
𝑛 𝑛
2 −1 3 −1 5𝑛 − 1

A 0

B 𝛼𝛽𝛾

C 𝛼+𝛽+𝛾

D 𝛼2𝑛 + 𝛽3𝑛 + 𝛾4𝑛

Return To Top
 Solution:
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛
෍ 2𝑟−1 ෍ 2. 3𝑟−1 ෍ 4. 5𝑟−1 𝑎 1 − 𝑟𝑛 A
෍ ∆(𝑟) = 𝑆𝑛 = 0
𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1 1−𝑟
𝑟=1 𝛼 𝛽 𝛾
2𝑛 − 1 3𝑛 − 1 5𝑛 − 1
B 𝛼𝛽𝛾

2 𝑛 − 1 3 𝑛 − 1 5𝑛 − 1
C 𝛼+𝛽+𝛾
= 𝛼 𝛽 𝛾
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
2 −1 3 −1 5 −1

D 𝛼2𝑛 + 𝛽3𝑛 + 𝛾4𝑛

=0

Return To Top
 sec 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 𝜋/2
𝜋 8
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 2 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 2
cosec 𝑥 , Prove that : න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − +
4 15
1 cos 2 𝑥 2
cos 𝑥 0

Solution:

sec 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 cosec 𝑥

𝑓 𝑥 = cos2 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 cosec 2 𝑥
1 cos 2 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥

Operate 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − sec 𝑥 𝑅3

0 0 sec 2 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 cosec 𝑥

𝑓 𝑥 = cos2 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 cosec 2 𝑥
1 cos 2 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥

= sec 2 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 cos4 𝑥 − cos 2 𝑥

cos3 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 1+ − cos3 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 − 1
sin2 𝑥

sin2 𝑥+cos3 𝑥−cos3 𝑥 sin2 𝑥

= − sin2 𝑥
sin2 𝑥
Return To Top
 sec 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 𝜋/2
𝜋 8
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 2 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 2
cosec 𝑥 , Prove that : න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − +
4 15
1 cos 2 𝑥 2
cos 𝑥 0

Solution:

cos3 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 1+ − cos3 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 − 1
sin2 𝑥

sin2 𝑥+cos3 𝑥−cos3 𝑥 sin2 𝑥

= − sin2 𝑥
sin2 𝑥

𝑓 𝑥 = − sin2 𝑥 + cos 5 𝑥

𝜋/2 𝜋/2
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න sin2 𝑥 + cos 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0

1 𝜋 4⋅2
=− ⋅ +
2 2 5⋅3

𝜋 8
=− +
4 15
Return To Top
 Session 07
Adjoint of Matrix
and
Inverse of a Matrix

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Singular/Non-singular Matrices

• A square matrix 𝐴 is said to be singular or non – singular according as

𝐴 = 0 or |𝐴| ≠ 0 respectively.

Co-factor matrix and Adjoint (Adjugate) matrix

• Let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗
𝑛
be a square matrix

➢ The matrix obtained by replacing each element of 𝐴 by corresponding

co factor is called a co factor matrix .
𝐶 = 𝑐𝑖𝑗
𝑛
, where 𝑐𝑖𝑗 is co factor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , ∀ 𝑖 & 𝑗

➢ Transpose of co factor matrix of 𝐴 is called adjoint of matrix 𝐴 ,

and is denoted by 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 .
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝑑𝑖𝑗
𝑛 , where 𝑑𝑖𝑗 = 𝑐𝑗𝑖 , ∀ 𝑖 & 𝑗

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Co-factor matrix and Adjoint (Adjugate) matrix

• Let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗
𝑛
be a square matrix

𝐶 = 𝑐𝑖𝑗
𝑛
, where 𝑐𝑖𝑗 is co factor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , ∀ 𝑖 & 𝑗

𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝑑𝑖𝑗
𝑛 , where 𝑑𝑖𝑗 = 𝑐𝑗𝑖 , ∀ 𝑖 & 𝑗
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑐11 𝑐12
𝐴= 𝑎 𝑎22 , 𝐶= 𝑐 𝑐22
21 21

𝑐11 𝑐21
𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴) = 𝐶 𝑇 = 𝑐 𝑐22
12

𝑎22 −𝑎12
= −𝑎 𝑎11
21
Note:

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎22 −𝑎12

For 𝐴 = 𝑎 𝑎22 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = −𝑎 𝑎11
21 21
Return To Top
 Example:

2 5 6
Find adjoint of matrix 𝐴 = 1 3 1 .
2 2 3

2 5 6 𝐶11 = 7; 𝐶12 = −1; 𝐶13 = −4 ; 𝐶21 = −3 ; 𝐶22 = −6 ; 𝐶23 = 6 ;

𝐴= 1 3 1
2 2 3 𝐶31 = −13 ; 𝐶32 = 4; 𝐶33 = 1

7 −1 −4
⇒ 𝐶 = −3 −6 6
−13 4 1

7 −3 −13
⇒ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐶 𝑇 = −1 −6 4
−4 6 1
Return To Top
 2 −3
If 𝐴 = , then 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (3𝐴2 + 12𝐴) is equal to :
−4 1

A 72 −84
−63 51

B 51 63
84 72

C 51 84
63 72

D 72 −63
−84 51

Return To Top
 2 −3
If 𝐴 = , then 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (3𝐴2 + 12𝐴) is equal to :
−4 1

Solution:
2 −3
𝐴= A 72 −84
−4 1
−63 51
2 −3 2 −3 16 −9 48 −27
⇒ 3𝐴2 = 3 =3 =
−4 1 −4 1 −12 13 −36 39 B 51 63
84 72
2 −3 24 −36
12 𝐴 = 12 =
−4 1 −48 12
72 −63 C 51 84
3𝐴2 + 12 𝐴 = 63 72
−84 51

𝑎𝑑𝑗 3𝐴2 + 12 𝐴 = 51 63 D 72 −63

84 72 −84 51

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Properties of adjoint matrix

• Let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗
𝑛
be a square matrix .

𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴𝑇 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 𝑇

Proof:
L.H.S = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐶 𝑇 𝑇
=𝐶

R.H.S = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 𝑇
= ( 𝐶 𝑇 )𝑇 = 𝐶
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴𝑇 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 𝑇

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Properties of adjoint matrix

• Let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗
𝑛
be a square matrix .

𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐼𝑛 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 𝐴
Proof:
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑐11 𝑐12 𝑐13
𝐴 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ⇒ 𝐶 = 𝑐21 𝑐22 𝑐23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑐31 𝑐32 𝑐33
𝑐11 𝑐21 𝑐31
𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴) = 𝐶 = 𝑐12
𝑇 𝑐22 𝑐32
𝑐13 𝑐23 𝑐33
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑐11 𝑐21 𝑐31
𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴) = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑐12 𝑐22 𝑐32
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑐13 𝑐23 𝑐33

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Properties of adjoint matrix

• Let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗
𝑛
be a square matrix .

𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐼𝑛 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 𝐴
Proof:
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑐11 𝑐21 𝑐31
𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴) = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑐12 𝑐22 𝑐32 𝑎11 𝐶11 + 𝑎12 𝐶12 + 𝑎13 𝐶13 = ∆
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑐13 𝑐23 𝑐33
𝑎11 𝐶21 + 𝑎12 𝐶22 + 𝑎13 𝐶23 = 0
|𝐴| 0 0
𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴) = 0 |𝐴| 0
0 0 |𝐴|

𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴) = |𝐴|𝐼𝑛

Return To Top
 If 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is a scalar matrix with 𝑎11 = 𝑎22 = 𝑎33 = 2 and
3𝑋3
𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝑘𝐼3 , then 𝑘 is equal to :

A 7

B 8

C 2

D −1

Return To Top
 If 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is a scalar matrix with 𝑎11 = 𝑎22 = 𝑎33 = 2 and
3𝑋3
𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝑘𝐼3 , then 𝑘 is equal to :

Solution:
2 0 0
𝐴= 0 2 0 𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴) = |𝐴|𝐼𝑛 A 7
0 0 2

𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 8𝐼3 B 8
𝑘=8
𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝑘𝐼3 C 2

D −1

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Properties of adjoint matrix

• Let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗
𝑛
be a square matrix .

𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = |𝐴|𝑛−1
Proof:
We know, 𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐼𝑛

⇒ |𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 | = | 𝐴 𝐼𝑛 |

⇒ 𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = |𝐴|𝑛

⇒ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = |𝐴|𝑛−1

Note:
𝐶 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = |𝐴|𝑛−1

Return To Top
 1 𝛼 3
If 𝑃 = 1 3 3 is adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix 𝐴 and 𝐴 = 4, then 𝛼 is equal to :
2 4 4

A 4

B 11

C 5

D 0

Return To Top
 1 𝛼 3
If 𝑃 = 1 3 3 is adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix 𝐴 and 𝐴 = 4, then 𝛼 is equal to :
2 4 4

1 𝛼 3
𝑃= 1 3 3
2 4 4 A 4
1 𝛼 3
𝑃 = 1 3 3 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1
2 4 4 B 11
1 𝛼 3
0 3−𝛼 0 = 3 − 𝛼 4 − 6 = 2𝛼 − 6
2 4 4 C 5

∵ 𝑃 is the adjoint of the matrix 𝐴

D 0
2 𝑛−1
⇒ 𝑃 = |𝐴| = 16 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = |𝐴|

⇒ 2𝛼 − 6 = 16
Return To Top ⇒ 𝛼 = 11
 Key Takeaways

Properties of adjoint matrix

• Let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗
𝑛
be a square matrix .

𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = |𝐴|𝑛−2 𝐴

Proof:
𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = 𝐴 𝐼 𝐴 → 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴
⇒ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 𝐼 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = |𝐴|𝑛−1
⇒ 𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐼𝑛 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 𝐴
⇒ 𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐴|𝐴|𝑛−1

⇒ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = |𝐴|𝑛−2 𝐴

Return To Top
 If 𝐴 is a square matrix of order 𝑛, then 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 is :

A |𝐴|𝑛−2
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = |𝐴|𝑛−2 𝐴

𝑛−2
⇒ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐴 B |𝐴|𝑛
2 −2𝑛

𝑛−2 𝑛
⇒ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐴
C |𝐴|𝑛
2 −𝑛

2
⇒ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = |𝐴|(𝑛−1)
D |𝐴|(𝑛−1)
2

Return To Top
 1 1 2
𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐵)
If the matrices 𝐴 = 1 3 4 , 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 and 𝐶 = 3𝐴 , then is equal to :
𝐶
1 −1 3
JEE MAIN JAN 2019

A 8

B 2

C 16

D 72

Return To Top
 1 1 2
𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐵)
If the matrices 𝐴 = 1 3 4 , 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 and 𝐶 = 3𝐴 , then is equal to :
𝐶
1 −1 3
JEE MAIN JAN 2019
1 1 2
𝐴 = 1 3 4 A
1 −1 3 8

𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
B 2
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1

1 1 2 C 16
𝐴 = 0 2 2 =6
0 −2 1
D 72
𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐵) 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴
𝐶
=
3𝐴
2
|𝐴|(3−1) 63
= =
33 |𝐴| 33

𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐵)
⇒ =8
𝐶
 Key Takeaways

Properties of adjoint matrix

• If 𝐴 is a symmetric matrix , then 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 is also a symmetric matrix.

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 −𝑏
𝐴= ⇒ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 =
𝑏 𝑐 −𝑏 𝑎

• If 𝐴 is a singular matrix , then 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 is also a singular matrix.

𝐴 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 =0 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = |𝐴|𝑛−1

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Inverse of a matrix (Reciprocal matrix)

• If 𝐴, 𝐵 are square matrices of order 𝑛 and 𝐴 ≠ 0,

𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼𝑛 = 𝐵𝐴, then 𝐵 is multiplicative inverse of 𝐴 i.e. 𝐵 = 𝐴−1

⇒ 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐼 = 𝐴−1 𝐴
To find inverse of a matrix :
We know , 𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐼𝑛 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐴
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴
⇒𝐴⋅ = 𝐼𝑛 = ⋅𝐴
𝐴 𝐴

⇒ 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐴−1 = 𝐼𝑛 = 𝐴−1 ⋅ 𝐴
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴
⇒ 𝐴−1 =
𝐴

Note: For a matrix to be invertible, it must be non – singular .

Return To Top
 1 3 3
Find the inverse of matrix 𝐴 1 4 3 :
1 3 4

1 3 3
𝐴 = 1 4 3 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 3 4

1 3 3
𝐴 = 1 4 3 ⇒ 𝐴 =1
0 0 1
𝐶11 = 7; 𝐶12 = −1; 𝐶13 = −1 ; 𝐶21 = −3 ; 𝐶22 = 1 ; 𝐶23 = 0 ;
1 3 3
𝐴= 1 4 3
1 3 4 𝐶31 = −3; 𝐶32 = 0; 𝐶33 = 1

7 −1 −1
𝐶 = −3 1 0
−3 0 1
7 −3 −3
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = −1 1 0
−1 0 1
Return To Top
 1 3 3
Find the inverse of matrix 𝐴 1 4 3 :
1 3 4

1 3 3
𝐴= 1 4 3
1 3 4

7 −3 −3
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = −1 1 0 𝐴−1 =
𝐴
−1 0 1

7 −3 −3
−1 𝐴 =1
𝐴 = −1 1 0
−1 0 1

Return To Top
 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 cos 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡
If 𝐴 = 𝑒 −𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑡 cos 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 cos 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 , then 𝐴 is
𝑒 −𝑡 2𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 −2𝑒 −𝑡 cos 𝑡
JEE MAIN JAN 2019

A Non-invertible for any 𝑡 ∈ ℝ

B Invertible only if 𝑡 =
𝜋
2

C Invertible only if 𝑡 = 𝜋

D Invertible for all 𝑡 ∈ ℝ

Return To Top
 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 cos 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡
If 𝐴 = 𝑒 −𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑡 cos 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 cos 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 , then 𝐴 is
𝑒 −𝑡 2𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 −2𝑒 −𝑡 cos 𝑡
JEE MAIN JAN 2019
−𝑡 −𝑡 −𝑡
𝑒 𝑒 cos 𝑡 𝑒 sin 𝑡
𝐴 = 𝑒 −𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑡
cos 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡
cos 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 A Non-invertible for any 𝑡 ∈ ℝ
𝑒 −𝑡 2𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 −2𝑒 −𝑡 cos 𝑡
1 cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡
⇒ 𝐴 =𝑒 −3𝑡
1 − cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡 B Invertible only if 𝑡 =
𝜋
2
1 2 sin 𝑡 −2 cos 𝑡
1
𝑅1 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
2
C Invertible only if 𝑡 = 𝜋
5
0 0
2
⇒ 𝐴 = 𝑒 −3𝑡 D
1 − cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡 Invertible for all 𝑡 ∈ ℝ
1 2 sin 𝑡 −2 cos 𝑡
5
⇒ 𝐴 = 𝑒 −3𝑡 ⋅ 2 cos 2 𝑡 + 2 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 − 2 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 + 2 sin2 𝑡
2

⇒ 𝐴 = 𝑒 −3𝑡 (5 ) ≠ 0 ∴ 𝐴 is invertible for all 𝑡 ∈ ℝ

Return To Top
 Matrix Properties :

• 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴

Proof :

−1
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐵 =
det 𝐴𝐵

Or 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐴𝐵 −1
⋅ det 𝐴𝐵 ⋯ 1

It is also known = 𝐴𝐵 −1
⋅ det 𝐴𝐵

And det 𝐴𝐵 = det 𝐴 ⋅ det 𝐵 ⋯ 2

𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵
Also,𝐴−1 = 𝐵−1 =
det 𝐴 det 𝐵

Or 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵 ⋅ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = det 𝐴 ⋅ det 𝐵 ⋅ 𝐵−1 ⋅ 𝐴−1 ⋯ 3

Return To Top
 Matrix Properties :

Proof :
−1
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐴𝐵 ⋅ det 𝐴𝐵 ⋯ 1

det 𝐴𝐵 = det 𝐴 ⋅ det 𝐵 ⋯ 2

𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵 ⋅ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = det 𝐴 ⋅ det 𝐵 ⋅ 𝐵−1 ⋅ 𝐴−1 ⋯ 3

Putting 2 in equation 1

𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴𝐵 = det 𝐴 ⋅ det 𝐵 ⋅ 𝐵−1 ⋅ 𝐴−1 ⋯ 4

From 3 and 4

𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵 ⋅ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴

Return To Top
 Matrix Properties :

• 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑂 =𝑂

Proof :

As we know that 𝑂 = 0

Also, cofactors of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 for all 𝑖 and 𝑗.

So, 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑂 = 𝑂

• 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐼 =𝐼

Proof :

As we know that 𝐼 = 1

Also, cofactors of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 1 when 𝑖 = 𝑗 and 0 when 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗.

′
So, 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐼 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝐼 ′ = 𝐼
Return To Top
 Session 08
Properties of Inverse
Matrix

Return To Top
 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 𝑛−1 1 78 1 𝑛
If … = , then the inverse of is :
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

1 1 1 2 1 3 1 𝑛−1 JEE MAIN APRIL 2019

Solution: …
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
A 1 0
1+2 1 3 … 1 𝑛−1 12 1
= 1
0 1 0 1 0 1
B 1 2
1 1+2+3 1 4 … 1 𝑛−1 13 1
=
0 1 0 1 0 1
C 1 −12
= 1 1 + 2 + ⋯ + (𝑛 − 1) 0 1
0 1
𝑛 𝑛−1 D 1 −13
1 78
= 1 2 = 0 1
0 1 0 1

𝑛 𝑛−1
⇒ = 78 ⇒ 𝑛 = 13
2

1 𝑛 1 13 1 −13
Inverse of = =
0 1 0 1 0 1

Return To Top
⇒ 𝐵 = 1 ⇒ 𝐵 −1 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐵
 Commander sent the message 31 11 − 19 − 1 encoded with a matrix
1 2
𝐴= . Find the decoded message received by captain using the war code.
−1 0

WAR CODE :

Encoder matrix

𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵

Coded message Decoded message

Return To Top
 Let’s help the captain to decode the message!

1 2
31 11 − 19 − 1
−1 0
31 11
𝐶=
−19 −1
Encoder matrix

𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵

Coded message Decoded message

So in order to get the decoded message we need to find 𝐵 = 𝐴−1 𝐶

1 2 0 −1 31 11
𝐴= 𝐵= 1 1
−1 0 2 2 −19 −1

𝐴 =2 19 1
𝐵=
6 5
1 1 0 −2 0 −1
𝐴−1 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = = 1 1 Message → 19 1 6 5
2 1 1 2 2
S A F E
Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Properties of Inverse of a matrix

If 𝐴 is a non – singular matrix ,

• 𝐴−1 ≠ 0
det(𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵) = det(𝐴) ⋅ det(𝐵)
𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐼
det(𝐼) = 1
⇒ det(𝐴 ⋅ 𝐴−1 ) = det(𝐼)

⇒ 𝐴| |𝐴−1 = 1

1
⇒ 𝐴−1 = ∵ 𝐴 ≠0
𝐴

1
⇒ 𝐴−1 = → non singular
|𝐴|

Return To Top
 Let 𝐴 & 𝐵 be two invertible matrices of order 3 × 3. If det 𝐴𝐵𝐴𝑇 = 8
and det 𝐴𝐵−1 = 8 , then det(𝐵𝐴−1 𝐵𝑇 ) is equal to :
JEE MAIN JAN 2019

Solution:
𝐴𝐵𝐴𝑇 = 8
A 16
𝑇
⇒ 𝐴 𝐵 |𝐴 | = 8

2 𝐴 3
= 64 B 1
⇒ 𝐴 𝐵 =8
1
⇒ 𝐴 =4 & 𝐵 =
2
det 𝐴𝐵−1 = 8 C 1
16
−1
𝐴𝐵 =8
det(𝐵𝐴−1 𝐵𝑇 )
D 1
4
⇒ 𝐴||𝐵−1 = 8 = 𝐵 ⋅
1
⋅ |𝐵|
𝐴
𝐴
⇒ =8 1 1 1
𝐵 = ⋅ ⋅
2 4 2

1
=
16

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Properties of Inverse of a matrix

If 𝐴 is a non – singular matrix , ⇒ 𝐴−1 is also non singular

• 𝐴−1 −1
=𝐴 Let 𝐵 = 𝐴−1

𝐵𝐵−1 = 𝐼 ⇒ 𝐴−1 𝐴−1 −1

= 𝐼 (Pre multiply by 𝐴 on both sides)

𝐴𝐴−1 𝐴−1 −1
=𝐴𝐼

⇒ 𝐴−1 −1
=𝐴

• If 𝐴 = diag (𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … , 𝑎𝑛 ) , then 𝐴−1 = diag ( 𝑎1 −1 , 𝑎2 −1 ,…, 𝑎𝑛 −1 )

1
𝑎1 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯
𝑎1
𝐴= ⋯ 𝑎2 ⋯ ⇒ 𝐴−1 = ⋯ 1 ⋯
𝑎2
⋯ ⋯ 𝑎3 1
⋯ ⋯
𝑎3

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Properties of Inverse of a matrix

If 𝐴 is a non – singular matrix ,

• 𝐴−1 −1
=𝐴

• If 𝐴 = diag (𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … , 𝑎𝑛 ) , then 𝐴−1 = diag ( 𝑎1 −1 , 𝑎2 −1 ,…, 𝑎𝑛 −1 )

𝑎1 0 0
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴
Proof : 𝐴 = 0 𝑎2 0 𝐴 = 𝑎1 ⋅ 𝑎2 ⋅ 𝑎3 , 𝐴 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐴−1 =
𝐴
0 0 𝑎3

𝑎2 𝑎3 0 0
⇒ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 0 𝑎1 𝑎3 0
0 0 𝑎2 𝑎1
1
0 0
𝑎2 𝑎3 0 0 𝑎1
1 1
⇒ 𝐴−1 = 0 𝑎1 𝑎3 0 ⇒ 𝐴−1 = 0 𝑎2
0
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
0 0 𝑎2 𝑎1 0 0
1
𝑎3
Return To Top
 1 2 1 0
If 𝐴 = & 𝐵= and 𝑋 be a matrix such that 𝐴 = 𝐵𝑋, then 𝑋 is equal to :
3 −5 0 2

1 2 4
A
2 3 −5

B 1 −2 4
2 3 5

C 2 4
3 −5

D −2 4
3 5

Return To Top
 1 2 1 0
If 𝐴 = & 𝐵= and 𝑋 be a matrix such that 𝐴 = 𝐵𝑋, then 𝑋 is equal to :
3 −5 0 2

Solution:
1 2 4
A
2 3 −5
𝐴 = 𝐵𝑋 Since, 𝐵 ≠ 0

𝑋 = 𝐵−1 𝐴
B 1 −2 4
𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐵) 2 3 5
𝐵−1 =
|𝐵|
1 2 0 1 2
𝑋 =
2 0
C 2 4
2 0 1 3 −5 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵 = 3 −5
0 1
1 2 4
⇒𝑋=
2 3 −5 D −2 4
3 5

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Properties of Inverse of a matrix

If matrix 𝐴 is invertible , then

• 𝐴−𝑘 = 𝐴−1 𝑘 , 𝑘 ∈ ℕ

𝐴−2 = 𝐴−1 2
= 𝐴−1 ⋅ 𝐴−1

𝐴−3 = 𝐴−1 3
= 𝐴−1 ⋅ 𝐴−1 ⋅ 𝐴−1

Return To Top
 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 𝜋
If 𝐴 = , then the matrix 𝐴−50 when 𝜃 = , is equal to :
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 12

JEE MAIN JAN 2019

cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴)
Solution: 𝐴= 𝐴−1 =
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 |𝐴| 1
−
3
A 2 2
3 1
𝐴 = cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1 2 2

cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 ⇒ 𝐴−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴

3 1
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 =
− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 B 2 2
1 3
−2 2
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝐴−1 =
− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 3 1
−2
C 2
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 2𝜃 sin 2𝜃 1 3
𝐴−2 = = 2 2
− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 cos 2𝜃
1 3
𝐴−3
=
cos 2𝜃 sin 2𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 = cos 3𝜃 sin 3𝜃 D 2 2
− sin 2𝜃 cos 2𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 3𝜃 cos 3𝜃 3 1
− 2 2

cos 50𝜃 sin 50𝜃

Similarly , 𝐴−50 =
− sin 50𝜃 cos 50𝜃
Return To Top
 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 𝜋
If 𝐴 = , then the matrix 𝐴−50 when 𝜃 = , is equal to :
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 12

JEE MAIN JAN 2019

Solution: 𝐴−1 =
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

cos 50𝜃 sin 50𝜃

Similarly , 𝐴−50 =
− sin 50𝜃 cos 50𝜃

𝜋 𝜋
cos sin
𝐴−50𝜃= 𝜋 = 6
𝜋
6
𝜋
12 − sin cos
6 6

3 1

𝐴−50𝜃= 𝜋 = 2 2
12 1 3
−
2 2

Return To Top
 Properties of Inverse of a matrix

If matrix 𝐴 is invertible , then

• 𝐴−1 𝑇
= 𝐴𝑇 −1

Proof :

𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴)
𝐴−1 =
|𝐴|

𝑇
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 𝑇
𝐴 −1 𝑇
= 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴𝑇
|𝐴|

𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴𝑇
=
|𝐴𝑇 |

= 𝐴𝑇 −1

Return To Top
 If 𝐴 is 3 × 3 non singular matrix such that 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 and 𝐵 = 𝐴−1 𝐴𝑇 , then 𝐵𝐵𝑇 equals :

JEE MAIN 2014

A 𝐵 −1

B 𝐵−1 𝑇

C 𝐼+𝐵

D 𝐼

Return To Top
 If 𝐴 is 3 × 3 non singular matrix such that 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 and 𝐵 = 𝐴−1 𝐴𝑇 , then 𝐵𝐵𝑇 equals :

JEE MAIN 2014

Solution:
A 𝐵 −1
𝐵𝐵𝑡 = 𝐴−1 𝐴𝑇 𝐴−1 𝐴𝑇 𝑇 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼 = 𝐴𝐴−1
B 𝐵−1 𝑇
= 𝐴−1 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 𝐴−1 𝑇
𝐴−1 𝑇
= 𝐴𝑇 −1

= 𝐴−1 𝐴𝐴𝑇 𝐴−1 𝑇

C 𝐼+𝐵
= 𝐼𝐴𝑇 𝐴−1 𝑇

D 𝐼
=𝐼

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Properties of Inverse of a matrix

If matrix 𝐴 is invertible , then

• 𝑘𝐴 −1 1
= 𝐴−1 , Where 𝑘 is a scalar
𝑘

Proof : 𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐴 −1
=𝐼 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐼

1
⇒ 𝐴 ⋅ 𝑘𝐴 −1
= ⋅𝐼 ∵ 𝐴 ≠0
𝑘
Premultiply by 𝐴−1
1
⇒ 𝐴−1 ⋅ 𝐴 ⋅ 𝑘𝐴 −1
= ⋅ 𝐴−1 ⋅ 𝐼
𝑘

−1
1 −1
𝑘𝐴 = 𝐴
𝑘

Return To Top
 1
If 𝐵 = , then 3𝐴 −1
𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵 is equal to :
3

Solution:
A 3𝐵−1
−1 1
𝑘𝐴 = 𝐴−1
3𝐴 −1
𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵 = 1
𝐴 −1
𝐴 ⋅ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵 𝑘
B 𝐵−1
3
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐴−1
1
= ⋅ 𝐼 ⋅ 𝐵−1 ⋅ 𝐵
3
C 1
𝐵 −1
9

1 1
= ⋅ 𝐼 ⋅ 𝐵−1 ⋅
3 3 D 𝐼
1
= 𝐵 −1
9

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Properties of Inverse of a matrix

If matrix 𝐴 is invertible , then

• 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘 𝑛−1 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴) , where 𝑘 is scalar & 𝑛 is the order of matrix

−1
Proof : 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐴−1
1 −1
= 𝑘𝑛 𝐴 𝐴 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘 𝑛 |𝐴|
𝑘
1
= 𝑘 𝑛−1 𝐴 𝐴−1 𝑘𝐴 −1
= 𝐴−1
𝑘

𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘 𝑛−1 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴)

Return To Top
 1
If 𝐴 is a square matrix of order 4 and 𝐴 = 2 , then 𝑎𝑑𝑗 5𝐴 equals :
2

A 𝐴−1

B 125𝐴−1

C 50 𝐼

D 5
𝐴−1
2

Return To Top
 1
If 𝐴 is a square matrix of order 4 and 𝐴 = 2 , then 𝑎𝑑𝑗 5𝐴 equals :
2

Solution: A 𝐴−1
1 1 3 1
𝑎𝑑𝑗 5𝐴 = 5 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐴−1
2 𝐴 𝐴
B 125𝐴−1
= 53 𝐴−1

C 50 𝐼
= 125𝐴−1

D 5
𝐴−1
2

Return To Top
 Properties of Inverse of a matrix

If matrix 𝐴 is invertible , then

• 𝐴𝐵 −1
= 𝐵−1 𝐴−1

Proof : 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵 −1
=𝐼 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐼

𝐴−1 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵 −1
= 𝐴−1 𝐼

−1
𝐵 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴−1 𝐼

𝐵−1 𝐵 𝐴𝐵 −1
= 𝐵−1 𝐴−1

−1
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵−1 𝐴−1

Return To Top
 Let 𝑀 & 𝑁 be two 2𝑛 × 2𝑛 non singular , skew symmetric matrices such that
𝑀𝑁 = 𝑁𝑀 . If 𝑃𝑇 denotes the transpose of 𝑃, then 𝑀2 𝑁 2 𝑀𝑇 𝑁 −1
𝑀𝑁 −1 𝑇
is
equal to :
IIT JEE 2011

A 𝑀2

B −𝑁 2

C −𝑀2

D 𝑀𝑁

Return To Top
 Let 𝑀 & 𝑁 be two 2𝑛 × 2𝑛 non singular , skew symmetric matrices such that
𝑀𝑁 = 𝑁𝑀 . If 𝑃𝑇 denotes the transpose of 𝑃, then 𝑀2 𝑁 2 𝑀𝑇 𝑁 −1
𝑀𝑁 −1 𝑇
is
equal to :
IIT JEE 2011

Solution: 𝑀𝑇 = −𝑀 𝑁 𝑇 = −𝑁 𝑀𝑁 = 𝑁𝑀
A 𝑀2
𝑀 2 𝑁 2 𝑀𝑇 𝑁 −1
𝑀𝑁 −1 𝑇
𝐴𝐵 −1
= 𝐵−1 𝐴−1

𝐴𝐵 𝑇
= 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇 B −𝑁 2
= 𝑀 2 𝑁 2 𝑁 −1 𝑀𝑇 −1
𝑁 −1 𝑇 𝑀𝑇

𝐴−1 𝑇
= 𝐴𝑇 −1
2
= −𝑀 𝑁 𝑁 2 −1
𝑀 −1
𝑁 −1
𝑀 C −𝑀2

= −𝑀2 𝑁𝑀−1 𝑁 −1 𝑀
D 𝑀𝑁
= −𝑀𝑁𝑁 −1 𝑀

= −𝑀2

Return To Top
 Properties of Inverse of a matrix

Generally, 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂 ⇏ 𝐴 = O or 𝐵 = 𝑂

both are singular matrices

𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂
if one is non singular, other will be a null matrix.

Proof : 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂

⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵 = 0

If 𝐴 is non singular 𝐴 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐴−1 exists

𝐴⋅𝐵 =0 ( Premultiply by 𝐴−1 )

𝐴−1 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂 ⇒ 𝐵 = 𝑂

Return To Top
 Left cancellation law:

If 𝐴 is a non-singular matrix, then

𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 ⇒ 𝐵 = 𝐶

Proof : 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶

⇒ 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑂 ⇒ 𝐴 𝐵 − 𝐶 = 𝑂

Since 𝐴 is non singular

⇒ 𝐵 − 𝐶 = 0 (has to be null)

⇒𝐵=𝐶

Return To Top
 5𝑎 −𝑏
If 𝐴 = and 𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴𝑇 , then 5𝑎 + 𝑏 is equal to :
3 2
JEE MAIN 2016

𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴𝑇 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶

𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = 𝐴𝑇 ⇒𝐵=𝐶

2 𝑏 5𝑎 3
⇒ =
−3 5𝑎 −𝑏 2

5𝑎 = 2 ; 𝑏 = 3

⇒ 5𝑎 + 𝑏 = 5

Return To Top
 Session 09
System of Linear
Equations

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Inverse of a matrix by elementary transformations :

• Elementary row/column transformation include the following operations :

(𝑖) Interchanging two rows ( columns ).

(𝑖𝑖) Multiplication of all elements of a row (column) by a non – zero scalar.

(𝑖𝑖𝑖) Addition of a constant multiple of a row (column) to another row(column).

Note:

Two matrices are said to be equivalent if one is obtained from other

using elementary transformation 𝐴 ≈ 𝐵.

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Inverse of a matrix by elementary transformations :

0 1 2
Example: By using elementary row transformation, find inverse of 𝐴 = 1 2 3
3 1 1
Solution:

𝐴 = 𝐼𝐴 By applying transformation, reduce to

convert ′𝐴′ matrix into ′𝐼′ matrix
𝐼 𝐴−1

0 1 2 1 0 0
1 2 3 = 0 1 0 𝐴 𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2
3 1 1 0 0 1

1 2 3 0 1 0
0 1 2 = 1 0 0 𝐴
3 1 1 0 0 1
Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Inverse of a matrix by elementary transformations :

0 1 2
Example: By using elementary row transformation, find inverse of 𝐴 = 1 2 3
3 1 1
Solution:

1 2 3 0 1 0
0 1 2 = 1 0 0 𝐴 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
3 1 1 0 0 1

1 2 3 0 1 0
0 1 2 = 1 0 0 𝐴 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 2𝑅2
0 −5 −8 0 −3 1

1 0 −1 −2 1 0
0 1 2 = 1 0 0 𝐴
0 −5 −8 0 −3 1

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Inverse of a matrix by elementary transformations :

0 1 2
Example: By using elementary row transformation, find inverse of 𝐴 = 1 2 3
3 1 1
Solution:

1 0 −1 −2 1 0
0 1 2 = 1 0 0 𝐴 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 5𝑅2
0 −5 −8 0 −3 1

1 0 −1 −2 1 0
1
0 1 2 = 1 0 0 𝐴 𝑅3 → 𝑅3
2
0 0 2 5 −3 1

−2 1 0
1 0 −1 1 0 0
0 1 2 = 5 3 1 𝐴
0 0 1 −
2 2 2
Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Inverse of a matrix by elementary transformations :

0 1 2
Example: By using elementary row transformation, find inverse of 𝐴 = 1 2 3
3 1 1
Solution:
−2 1 0
1 0 −1 1 0 0 𝑅1 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅3
0 1 2 = 5 3 1 𝐴
0 0 1 − 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 2𝑅3
2 2 2

1 1 1
1 0 0 −
2 2 2
0 1 0 = −4 3 −1 𝐴
5 3 1
0 0 1 −
2 2 2

1 1 1
−
2 2 2
𝐴−1 = −4 3 −1
5 3 1
−
2 2 2
Return To Top
 3 0 2
The inverse of 2 0 −2 is
0 1 1

1 1 1 1
0 − 1
A 5 5 B 5 5
1 3 1 3
− 1 − 1
5 10 5 10
1 3 1 3
− 0 − 0
5 10 5 10

2 3 1 2
−1 − 0
C 5
1
5
3 D 5
3
5
3
− 1 − 1
5 5 5 10
1 3 1 3
− 0 − 0
5 10 5 10

Return To Top
 3 0 2
The inverse of 2 0 −2 is
0 1 1
Solution: 3 0 2 1 0 0
2 0 −2 = 0 1 0 ⋅ 𝐴 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
0 1 1 0 0 1
5 0 0 1 1 0 𝑅1
2 0 −2 = 0 1 0 ⋅ 𝐴 𝑅1 →
5
0 1 1 0 0 1
1 1
1 0 0 0
5 5
2 0 −2 = 0 1 0 ⋅ 𝐴 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2 𝑅1
0 1 1 0 0 1
1 1
1 0 0 0
5 5 1
0 0 −2 = − 2 3 0 ⋅ 𝐴 𝑅2 → − 2 𝑅2
0 1 1 5 5
0 0 1
1 1
1 0 0 0
5 5
0 0 1 = 𝑅2 ⟷ 𝑅3
0 ⋅𝐴
1 3
−
0 1 1 5 10
Return To Top
0 0 1
 3 0 2
The inverse of 2 0 −2 is
0 1 1
Solution:
1 1 1 1
1 1 0 − 1
1 0 0 5 5
0 A 5 5 B 5 5
1 3 1 3
0 1 1 = 0 0 1 ⋅𝐴 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3 − 1 − 1
5 10 5 10
1 3
0 0 1 − 0 1 3 1 3
5 10 − 0 − 0
5 10 5 10
1 1
0 2 3
−1 −
1 2
0
1 0 0 5 5
1 3 C 5 5
D 5 5
0 1 0 = −5 10
1 ⋅𝐴 −
1 3
1 −
3 3
1
0 0 1 5 5 5 10
1 3
− 0 1
−
3
0
1
−
3
0
5 10
5 10 5 10

This is of the form 𝐼 = 𝐴−1 ⋅ 𝐴

1 1
0
5 5
1 3
𝐴−1 = − 5 10
1
1 3
− 0
5 10
Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

System of linear equations (Cramer’s rule):

Two variables :

Consider system of equations

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2

𝑎1 𝑏1
∆= = 𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑐1 𝑏1 = 𝑐1 𝑏2 − 𝑐2 𝑏1
∆1 (∆𝑥 ) =
𝑐2 𝑏2

𝑎1 𝑐1
∆2 (∆𝑦 ) = 𝑎 = 𝑎1 𝑐2 − 𝑎2 𝑐1
2 𝑐2
∆𝑥 ∆𝑦
Solution : 𝑥 = ;𝑦 =
∆
∆
Return To Top
 Two variables :

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑏1
∆= = 𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2 𝑎2 𝑏2

Consistent System:

𝑎1 𝑏1
(𝑖) If ≠ , then system of equations has unique solution.
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
(𝑖𝑖) If = = , then system of equations has infinite solution.
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

Return To Top
 Two variables :

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑏1
∆= = 𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2 𝑎2 𝑏2

Inconsistent System:

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
If = ≠ , then system of equations has no solution.
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

Return To Top
 The number of values of 𝑘 , for which the system of equations :
𝑘 + 1 𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 4𝑘 ; 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘 + 3 𝑦 = 3𝑘 − 1, has no solution, is :

A Infinite

B 1

C 2

D 3

Return To Top
 The number of values of 𝑘 , for which the system of equations :
𝑘 + 1 𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 4𝑘 ; 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘 + 3 𝑦 = 3𝑘 − 1, has no solution, is :

Solution: 𝑘 + 1 𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 4𝑘 A Infinite
no solution
𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘 + 3 𝑦 = 3𝑘 − 1

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 B 1
For no solution : = ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

𝑘+1 8 4𝑘 C 2
= ≠
𝑘 𝑘 + 3 3𝑘 − 1
𝑘+1 8
𝑘
=
𝑘+3
⇒ 𝑘 = 1, 3 D 3
8 4×1
For 𝑘 = 1 = (not possible)
1+3 3×1−1

8 4×3
For 𝑘 = 3 ≠ (possible)
3+3 3×3−1
Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

System of linear equations (Cramer’s rule):

Two variables :

Consider system of equations

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 = 𝑐3

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
∆ = 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Two variables :
𝑖) For consistent system , ∆= 0 ( concurrent lines )

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2 ∆ = 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 = 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3

𝑖𝑖) For inconsistent system , ∆≠ 0

Return To Top
 If the system of equations : 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 ; 𝑘𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5 = 0 ; 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 3
is consistent , then the value of 𝑘 is :

A 5

B −2

C 3

D −7

Return To Top
 If the system of equations : 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 ; 𝑘𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5 = 0 ; 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 3
is consistent , then the value of 𝑘 is :

Solution:
A 5
For consistent system : ∆ = 0

2 1 1 B −2
𝑘 3 −5 =0
1 −2 3
C 3
⇒ −5𝑘 + 30 − 40 = 0

⇒ 𝑘 = −2 D −7

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

System of linear equations (Cramer’s rule):

Three variables : Consider system of equations

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2 ∆ = 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3

𝑑1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑑1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑑1
∆ 𝑥 = 𝑑2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ∆𝑦 = 𝑎2 𝑑2 𝑐2 ∆𝑧 = 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑑2
𝑑3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑑3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑑3

∆𝑥 ∆𝑦 ∆𝑧
Solution : 𝑥 = ;𝑦 = ;𝑧 =
∆
∆ ∆

Δ≠0

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

System of linear equations (Cramer’s rule):

Three variables : Consider system of equations

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2 ∆ = 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3

For 0, 0, 0

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 0
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 0
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3

If 𝑑1 , 𝑑2 , 𝑑3 all are zero simultaneously, then we have HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEM.

Note: (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (0,0,0) is always a solution of this equation and it’s called Trivial solution.
Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

System of linear equations (Cramer’s rule):

Three variables : HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEM

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 0 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 0 ∆ = 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 0

(𝑖) If ∆ ≠ 0 , then system has trivial solution.

(𝑖𝑖) If ∆ = 0 , then system has non - trivial solution

(infinitely many solutions).

Return To Top
 Geometric Interpretation for Three Variables

(𝑖) Unique Solution

Planes intersecting at one point

like a corner of a room

If point of Intersection: (0,0,0)

then trivial Solution

If point of Intersection: (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 not all zero simultaneously

then Non-Trivial Solution

Return To Top
 Geometric Interpretation for Three Variables
(𝑖𝑖) Infinite Solutions

All 3 planes are coincident

All 3 planes are intersecting on a line

Return To Top
 Geometric Interpretation for Three Variables

(𝑖𝑖𝑖) No Solution

𝑃3 𝑃2

𝑃1
All three planes
form a triangle
shape

Two planes are parallel

All three planes are parallel

Return To Top
 The number of values of 𝜃 ∈ 0, 𝜋 for which the system of linear
equations 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 0 ; sin 3𝜃 𝑥 + cos 2𝜃 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0 ; −𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 0,
has a non – trivial solution, is :

A Four

B Three

C Two

D One

Return To Top
 The number of values of 𝜃 ∈ 0, 𝜋 for which the system of linear
equations 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 0 ; sin 3𝜃 𝑥 + cos 2𝜃 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0 ; −𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 0,
has a non – trivial solution, is :
Solution: 𝜃 ∈ 0, 𝜋
𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 0
sin 3𝜃 𝑥 + cos 2𝜃 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0 non – trivial solution

−𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 0

For non – trivial solution : ∆ =0

1 3 7
−1 4 7 =0 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
sin 3𝜃 cos 2𝜃 2

0 7 14
−1 4 7 =0 𝐶3 → 𝐶3 − 2𝐶2
sin 3𝜃 cos 2𝜃 2

0 1 0
−1 4 −1 =0
Return To Top sin 3𝜃 cos 2𝜃 2 − 2 cos 2𝜃
 The number of values of 𝜃 ∈ 0, 𝜋 for which the system of linear
equations 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 0 ; sin 3𝜃 𝑥 + cos 2𝜃 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0 ; −𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 0,
has a non – trivial solution, is :
Solution: 𝜃 ∈ 0, 𝜋

0 1 0
−1 4 −1 =0
sin 3𝜃 cos 2𝜃 2 − 2 cos 2𝜃

⇒ −1 2 − 2 cos 2𝜃 + sin 3𝜃 = 0

⇒ sin 3𝜃 + 2 cos 2𝜃 = 2

⇒ sin 3𝜃 = 4sin2 𝜃

⇒ 3 sin 𝜃 − 4sin3 𝜃 − 4sin2 𝜃 = 0

⇒ − sin 𝜃 4 sin2 𝜃 + 4 sin 𝜃 − 3 = 0

1 3
Return To Top
⇒ sin 𝜃 = 0, , −
2 2
 The number of values of 𝜃 ∈ 0, 𝜋 for which the system of linear
equations 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 0 ; sin 3𝜃 𝑥 + cos 2𝜃 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0 ; −𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 0,
has a non – trivial solution, is :

𝜃 ∈ 0, 𝜋
A Four
0 1 0
1 3
−1 4 −1 =0 ⇒ sin 𝜃 = 0, , −
2 2
sin 3𝜃 cos 2𝜃 2 − 2 cos 2𝜃 B Three
𝑌
2 C Two
1
1
2 D One
𝑋
0 𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋 3𝜋 11𝜋 2𝜋
6 2 6 6 2 6
−1

−2
Number of values = 2
Return To Top
 Session 10
System of Linear Equations
(Matrix Inversion) and
Homogeneous System of
Equations

Return To Top
 If the system of linear equations 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 ; 𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0 &
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0, has a non – trivial solution 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 , then + + + 𝑘 is equal to :
𝑦 𝑧 𝑥
JEE MAIN Apr 2019
Solution:
A 1
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 2

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0 non – trivial solution 𝑦
+ + +𝑘 =?
𝑧 𝑥
B 3
4
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
C −
1
For non – trivial solution : Δ = 0 4

2 3 −1 0 3 − 2𝑘 3
1 𝑘 −2 = 0
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 2𝑅2
⇒ 1 𝑘 −2 = 0 D −4
2 −1 1 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2 0 −1 − 2𝑘 5

⇒ −1 15 − 10𝑘 + 3 + 6𝑘 = 0 ⇒ 18 − 4𝑘 = 0
9
⇒ 𝑘=
2

Return To Top
 If the system of linear equations 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 ; 𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0 &
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0, has a non – trivial solution 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 , then + + + 𝑘 is equal to :
𝑦 𝑧 𝑥
JEE MAIN Apr 2019
Solution:
So, the equations will be :

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖)

9
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
2

2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑦 1
𝑖 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖 ∶ 4𝑦 = 2𝑧 ⇒ =
𝑧 2
𝑥 1
𝑖 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖 ∶ 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 ⇒ =−
𝑦 2
𝑧
𝑖 + 3 𝑖𝑖𝑖 ∶ 8𝑥 + 2𝑧 = 0 ⇒ = −4
𝑥

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 1
+ + +𝑘 =
𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 2
Return To Top
 Let 𝑆 be the set of all integer solutions (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧), of the system of equations 𝑥 − 2𝑦 +
5𝑧 = 0 ; −2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 ; −7𝑥 + 14𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 0, such that 15 ≤ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ≤ 150. Then,
the number of elements in the set 𝑆 is ___
JEE MAIN Apr 2019
Solution: 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 0 ⋯ 𝑖

−2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖 15 ≤ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ≤ 150

−7𝑥 + 14𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 0 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖𝑖

1 −2 5
∆ = −2 4 1 =0
−7 14 9
Let 𝑥 = 𝑘, in 𝑖 & (𝑖𝑖)

𝑘 − 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 𝑘

⇒ −2𝑘 + 4𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 4𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2𝑘
𝑘
⇒𝑧 = 0, 𝑦 =
2

Return To Top Since 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 are integers, 𝑘 = even integer

 Let 𝑆 be the set of all integer solutions (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧), of the system of equations 𝑥 − 2𝑦 +
5𝑧 = 0 ; −2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 ; −7𝑥 + 14𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 0, such that 15 ≤ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ≤ 150. Then,
the number of elements in the set 𝑆 is ___
JEE MAIN Apr 2019
Solution: 1 −2 5 ∆= 0 𝑥 = 𝑘,
∆ = −2 4 1
𝑘
−7 14 9 𝑧 = 0, 𝑦 =
2

Since 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 are integers , 𝑘 = even integer

5𝑘 2
15 ≤ ≤ 150
4

⇒ 12 ≤ 𝑘 2 ≤ 120 ⇒ 𝑘 2 ∈ [12 , 120]

𝑘 ∈ ±4, ±6, ±8, ±10

𝑁 number of elements in the set 𝑆 is = 8.

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

System of linear equations (Cramer’s rule):

• Three variables: NON-HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEM (If 𝑑 , 𝑑 , 𝑑 1 2 3 are not all

simultaneously zero)
Consider system of equations
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2 ∆ = 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3

𝑑1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑑1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑑1
∆ 𝑥 = 𝑑2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ∆𝑦 = 𝑎2 𝑑2 𝑐2 ∆𝑧 = 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑑2
𝑑3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑑3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑑3

∆𝑥 ∆𝑦 ∆𝑧
Solution: 𝑥 = ;𝑦 = ;𝑧 =
∆ ∆ ∆

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

System of linear equations (Cramer’s rule):

If at least one of ∆𝑥 , ∆𝑦 , ∆𝑧 ≠ 0
Unique non-trivial solution.
𝑖 If ∆≠ 0, system of equation is
consistent and has unique solution
If all ∆𝑥 , ∆𝑦 , ∆𝑧 = 0
Unique trivial solution.

(𝑖𝑖) If ∆= ∆𝑥 = ∆𝑦 = ∆𝑧 = 0 , system of equation has infinite solution.

Example:
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2
4𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 4
Infinite solution

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

System of linear equations (Cramer’s rule):

𝑖𝑖𝑖 If ∆= 0 , but at least one of ∆𝑥 , ∆𝑦 , ∆𝑧 ≠ 0 ,

system of equations is inconsistent and has no solution.

∆≠ 𝟎 Consistent system Unique solution

∆𝑥 = ∆𝑦 = ∆𝑧 = 0 Consistent system Infinite solution

∆= 𝟎
at least one of
Inconsistent system No solution
∆𝑥 , ∆𝑦 , ∆𝑧 ≠ 0

Return To Top
 The system of linear equations 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 ; 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 5 ;
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑎2 − 1 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 1

A Has a unique solution for 𝑎 = 3

B Is inconsistent for 𝑎 = 3

C Has infinitely many solutions for 𝑎 = 4

D Is inconsistent for 𝑎 = 4

Return To Top
 The system of linear equations 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 ; 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 5 ;
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑎2 − 1 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 1

Solution: 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =2
A Has a unique solution for 𝑎 = 3
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 5

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑎2 − 1 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 1 B Is inconsistent for 𝑎 = 3
1 1 1
∆= 2 3 2 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
2 2
3 𝑎 −1 C Has infinitely many solutions for 𝑎 = 4
1 1 1
⇒ 2 3 2 =0⇒ 𝑎 = 3
0 0 2
𝑎 −3 D Is inconsistent for 𝑎 = 4
For 𝑎 = 3,
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =2

Equations become: 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 5

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = ± 3 + 1
Return To Top Inconsistent system
 Let 𝑆 be the set of all 𝜆 ∈ ℝ for which the system of linear equations 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2;
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = −4 ; 𝑥 + 𝜆𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4, has no solution. Then the set 𝑆
JEE MAIN Apr 2019

A Contains more than two elements C Is a singleton

B Contains exactly two elements D Is an empty set

Solution: 𝑆 be the set of all 𝜆 ∈ ℝ 𝐶1 → 𝐶1 − 𝐶3

2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2 0 −1 2
∆ = 1−𝜆 −2 𝜆 =0
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = −4 No solution 0 𝜆 1
𝑥 + 𝜆𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
⇒ 𝜆 − 1 −1 − 2𝜆 = 0
2 −1 2
∆ = 1 −2 𝜆 = 0 1
1 𝜆 1 ⇒ 𝜆 = 1, −
2

Return To Top
 Let 𝑆 be the set of all 𝜆 ∈ ℝ for which the system of linear equations 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2;
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = −4 ; 𝑥 + 𝜆𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4, has no solution. Then the set 𝑆
JEE MAIN Apr 2019
Solution: 𝑆 be the set of all 𝜆 ∈ ℝ

2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2

𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = −4 If ∆= 0 , but at least one of ∆𝑥 , ∆𝑦 , ∆𝑧 ≠ 0 ,system

No solution
of equations is inconsistent and has no solution.
𝑥 + 𝜆𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
1
For 𝜆 = 1 For 𝜆 =
2

2 −1 2
2 −1 2 1
∆𝑥 = −4 −2 1 ≠ 0 ∆𝑥 = −4 −2 −
2 ≠0
4 1 1 1
4 − 1
2

∆𝑥 = −6 27
∆𝑥 =
2

Then the set 𝑆 contains two values

Return To Top
 If the system of linear equations 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5 ; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 6 & 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇,
𝜆, 𝜇 ∈ ℝ has infinitely many solutions, then the value of 𝜆 + 𝜇 is:

A 10

B 9

C 12

D 7

Return To Top
 If the system of linear equations 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5 ; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 6 & 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇,
𝜆, 𝜇 ∈ ℝ has infinitely many solutions, then the value of 𝜆 + 𝜇 is:
Solution: A 10
𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =5 infinitely many solutions B 9

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 6

1 1 1 C 12
∆= 1 2 2 =0 ⇒𝜆=3 ∆= ∆𝑥 = ∆𝑦 = ∆𝑧 = 0
1 3 𝜆

1 1 5 D 7
∆𝑧 = 1 2 6 = 0 ⇒ 2𝜇 − 18 − 𝜇 − 6 + 5 3 − 2 = 7 ⇒ 𝜇 − 7 = 0 ⇒ 𝜇 = 7
1 3 𝜇
Putting 𝜆 = 3 and 𝜇 = 7
5 1 1 1 5 1
∆𝑥 = 6 2 2 = 0 ∆𝑦 = 1 6 2 =0 𝜆 + μ = 10
7 3 3 1 7 3
Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

System of linear equations (Matrix inversion):

• Consider system of equations ( If 𝑑1 , 𝑑2 , 𝑑3 are not all simultaneously zero )

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑑1
Let 𝐴 = 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 , 𝑋 = 𝑦 and 𝐵 = 𝑑2
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑧 𝑑3

Thus, we have, in matrix form 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵

where 𝐴 is a square matrix .

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

System of linear equations (Matrix inversion):

Thus, we have, in matrix form 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 where 𝐴 is a square matrix .

𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵

𝐴 ≠0 𝐴 =0

Unique solution
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 𝐵 = 𝑂 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 𝐵 ≠ 𝑂
−1
𝑋=𝐴 𝐵

Infinite solution No solution

Return To Top
A trust fund has Rs. 30,000 that will be split between two types of fixed deposits.
The first pays 5% interest per year, while the second pays 7% interest per year.
Determine how to divide Re. 30,000 among two types of fixed deposits if the trust fund
obtains an annual total interest of Rs. 1800..

The equations are 1 1 7 −1

𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗 =
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 30000 (1) 5 7 −5 1
5 7 1 1 7 −1
𝑥+ 𝑦 = 1800 ⇒ 5𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 180000 (2) 𝐴−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 =
100 100 |𝐴| 2 −5 1
Putting eq(1) and eq(2) in matrices form 𝑋=2
1 7 −1 30000 1 210000 − 180000
=2
−5 1 180000 −150000 + 180000
1 1 𝑥 30000
𝑦 = 15000
5 7 180000 𝑋=
15000
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
𝑅𝑠. 15,000 in each bond.
𝐴 =7−5=2≠0
∴ Inverse exists.

Return To Top
 Solve the system of equations :
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6 ; 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1, using matrix inverse.

Solution:
1 1 1 𝑥 6
𝐴 = 1 −1 1 𝑋 = 𝑦 and 𝐵 = 2
2 1 −1 𝑧 1

1 1 2
𝐶3 → 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 |𝐴| = 1 −1 0 𝐴 =6
2 1 0
𝐴 = 2 1 + 2 = 6 ≠ 0 (Unique solution)

∴ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
0 2 2 0 2 2
Adj 𝐴 = 3 −3 0 𝐴 −1
=
1
3 −3 0
6
3 1 −2 3 1 −2
𝑥 0 2 2 6 𝑥 6
1 1
𝑦 = 3 −3 0 2 ⇒ 𝑋 = 𝑦 = 12 ⇒𝑥=1, 𝑦=2, 𝑧=3
6 6
𝑧 3 1 −2 1 𝑧 18
Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Homogenous system of equations (Matrix inversion):

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑑1 Consider system of equations

• Let 𝐴 = 𝑎2
𝑎3
𝑏2
𝑏3
𝑐2
𝑐3
𝑋 = 𝑦 and 𝐵 = 𝑑2
𝑧 𝑑3 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 0
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 0
Thus, we have, in matrix form 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 0
where 𝐴 is a square matrix.

➢ If 𝐴 ≠ 0, then system has trivial solution 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 0, 0, 0

𝐴−1 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐴−1 ⋅ 0 ⇒ 𝑋 = 0
➢ If 𝐴 = 0, then system has non–trivial (infinite) solution.

Return To Top
 The set of all values of 𝜆 for which the system of equations
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 𝜆𝑥; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝜆𝑦; −𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝜆𝑧 has a non –trivial solution
JEE Main Jan 2019

A Is a singleton

B Contains exactly two elements

C Is an empty set

D Contains more than two elements

Return To Top
 The set of all values of 𝜆 for which the system of equations
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 𝜆𝑥; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝜆𝑦; −𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝜆𝑧 has a non –trivial solution
JEE Main Jan 2019
Solution:

1−𝜆 −2 −2 A Is a singleton
𝐴 = 1 2−𝜆 1 =0
1 1 𝜆
B Contains exactly two elements
1 − 𝜆 𝜆 2 − 𝜆 − 1 + 2 𝜆 − 1 − 2(1 + 𝜆 − 2) = 0

⇒ 𝜆3 − 3𝜆2 + 3𝜆 − 1 = 0 C Is an empty set

⇒ (𝜆 − 1)3 = 0
D Contains more than two elements
⇒𝜆=1

Return To Top
 Session 11
Cayley – Hamilton Theorem
&
Special Types of Matrices

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

Characteristic polynomial and characteristic equation:

Let 𝐴 be a square matrix.

The polynomial 𝐴 − 𝜆I is called characteristic polynomial of 𝐴

and equation 𝐴 − 𝜆I = 0 is called characteristic equation of 𝐴.
(here 𝜆 is called eigen value of 𝐴)

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 1 0 0
𝐴 = 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ⇒ 𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 = 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 − 𝜆 0 1 0
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 0 0 1

𝑎1 − 𝜆 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝐴 − 𝜆I = 𝑎2 𝑏2 − 𝜆 𝑐2 =0
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 − 𝜆

will be the characteristic equation .

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways

• Cayley – Hamilton Theorem

Every square matrix 𝐴 satisfies its characteristic equation 𝐴 − 𝜆I = 0.

If 𝑎0 𝜆𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝜆𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝜆 + 𝑎𝑛 = 0 is the characteristic equation of 𝐴

∴ 𝑎0 𝐴𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝐴𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝐴 + 𝑎𝑛 𝐼 = 𝑂

Return To Top
 1 0 2
If 𝐴 = 0 2 1 is a root of the polynomial 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0, then the value of 𝑘 is:
2 0 3

A 2 B 4 C −2 D 1

1 0 2
Solution: 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0𝐴= 0 2 1
2 0 3
3 2
𝐴 − 6𝐴 + 7𝐴 + 𝑘𝐼 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖)

In order to get characteristics equation 𝐴 − 𝜆I = 0

1−𝜆 0 2
𝐴−𝜆 = 0 2−𝜆 1 =0
2 0 3−𝜆

⇒ 1−𝜆 2−𝜆 3−𝜆 −0 +2 0−2 2−𝜆 =0

⇒ 2−𝜆 1 − 𝜆 3 − 𝜆 − 4 = 0 ⇒ 2 − 𝜆 𝜆2 − 4𝜆 − 1 = 0

Return To Top ⇒ 𝜆3 − 6𝜆2 + 7𝜆 + 2 = 0 → characteristic equation

 1 0 2
If 𝐴 = 0 2 1 is a root of the polynomial 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0, then the value of 𝑘 is:
2 0 3
1 0 2
Solution: 3 2
𝐴 − 6𝐴 + 7𝐴 + 𝑘𝐼 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖) 𝐴= 0 2 1
2 0 3

⇒ 𝜆3 − 6𝜆2 + 7𝜆 + 2 = 0 → characteristic equation

∴ By Cayley – Hamilton Theorem ,

𝐴3 − 6𝐴2 + 7𝐴 + 2𝐼 = 0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

By 𝑖 & 𝑖𝑖 , 𝑘 = 2

Return To Top
 2 2 1 0
If 𝐴 = and 𝐼 = , then 10𝐴−1 is equal to :
9 4 0 1

A 𝐴 − 6𝐼

B 4𝐼 − 𝐴

C 6𝐼 − 𝐴

D 𝐴 − 4𝐼

Return To Top
 2 2 1 0
If 𝐴 = and 𝐼 = , then 10𝐴−1 is equal to :
9 4 0 1

Solution: 𝐴 − 𝜆I = 0

⇒
2−𝜆 2
=0
A 𝐴 − 6𝐼
9 4−𝜆

⇒ 2 − 𝜆 4 − 𝜆 − 18 = 0 B 4𝐼 − 𝐴
⇒ 𝜆2 − 6𝜆 + 8 − 18 = 0 → characteristic equation

By Cayley – Hamilton theorem, C 6𝐼 − 𝐴

𝐴2 − 6𝐴 − 10𝐼 = 0
D 𝐴 − 4𝐼
⇒ 𝐴−1 𝐴2 − 6𝐴−1 𝐴 − 10𝐴−1 𝐼 = 0

⇒ 𝐴 − 6𝐼 − 10𝐴−1 = 0

⇒ 10𝐴−1 = 𝐴 − 6𝐼
Return To Top
 1 0 0 1 0 0
1
If 𝐴 = 0 1 1 & 𝐼 = 0 1 0 and 𝐴−1 = 6 𝐴2 + 𝑐𝐴 + 𝑑𝐼 , then the ordered pair 𝑐, 𝑑 is:
0 −2 4 0 0 1

A −6, −11

B 6, −11

C −6, 11

D 6, 11

Return To Top
 1 0 0 1 0 0
1
If 𝐴 = 0 1 1 & 𝐼 = 0 1 0 and 𝐴−1 = 6 𝐴2 + 𝑐𝐴 + 𝑑𝐼 , then the ordered pair 𝑐, 𝑑 is:
0 −2 4 0 0 1

1 0 0
Solution: 1
𝐴= 0 1 1 𝐴−1 = 𝐴2 + 𝑐𝐴 + 𝑑𝐼 𝑐, 𝑑 = ?
6
0 −2 4

𝐴 − 𝜆I = 0

1−𝜆 0 0
0 1−𝜆 1 =0
0 −2 4−𝜆

⇒ 1−𝜆 1−𝜆 4−𝜆 +2 = 0

⇒ 1 − 𝜆 𝜆2 − 5𝜆 + 6 = 0

⇒ 𝜆3 − 6𝜆2 + 11𝜆 − 6 = 0 → characteristic equation

By Cayley – Hamilton theorem,

𝐴3 − 6𝐴2 + 11𝐴 − 6𝐼 = 0
Return To Top
 1 0 0 1 0 0
1
If 𝐴 = 0 1 1 & 𝐼 = 0 1 0 and 𝐴−1 = 6 𝐴2 + 𝑐𝐴 + 𝑑𝐼 , then the ordered pair 𝑐, 𝑑 is:
0 −2 4 0 0 1

Solution: 1 0 0 A (−6, −11)

𝐴= 0 1 1
0 −2 4

𝐴3 − 6𝐴2 + 11𝐴 − 6𝐼 = 0 B (6, −11)

𝐴−1 𝐴3 − 6𝐴−1 𝐴2 + 11𝐴−1 𝐴 − 6𝐴−1 𝐼 = 0

C (−6,11)
−1 2
6𝐴 = 𝐴 − 6𝐴 + 11𝐼

1
⇒ 𝐴−1 = 𝐴2 − 6𝐴 + 11𝐼 D
6 (6,11)

𝑐, 𝑑 ≡ −6, 11

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways
Special types of Matrices

• Orthogonal Matrix
A square matrix 𝐴 is said to be orthogonal if 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐼 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴

For orthogonal matrix 𝐴, 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴−1 𝐴 = ±1

Example: If 𝐴 is orthogonal and 𝐴𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵𝑇 , then

show that 𝐵𝐴 is symmetric .
𝐴𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵𝑇

Pre multiply 𝐴𝑇 on both sides 𝐴𝑇 𝐴𝐵𝐴 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐼

⇒ 𝐼 ⋅ 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐵𝑇 ⇒ 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐴𝑇 ⋅ 𝐵𝑇

𝐵𝐴 = (𝐵𝐴)𝑇 ⇒ 𝐵𝐴 is symmetric .

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways
Special types of Matrices

• Involutory matrix :
A square matrix 𝐴 is said to be involutory if 𝐴2 = 𝐼.

⇒ 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐴 = 𝐼 ⇒ 𝐴 = 𝐴−1

⇒ 𝐴3 = 𝐴2 ⋅ 𝐴 = 𝐼 ⋅ 𝐴

⇒ 𝐴3 = 𝐴

Note:

If 𝐴 is involutory , then 𝐴 = 𝐴−1

𝐴3 = 𝐴 ; 𝐴4 = 𝐼

𝐴2𝑘 = 𝐼 ; 𝐴2𝑘+1 = 𝐴 , 𝑘 ∈ Integer

Return To Top
 If 𝑃 is an orthogonal matrix and 𝑄 = 𝑃𝐴𝑃𝑇 and 𝐵 = 𝑃𝑇 𝑄1000 𝑃, then
𝐵−1 is ( where 𝐴 is involutory matrix )

A 𝐴

B 𝐴1000

C 𝐼

D None of these

Return To Top
 If 𝑃 is an orthogonal matrix and 𝑄 = 𝑃𝐴𝑃𝑇 and 𝐵 = 𝑃𝑇 𝑄1000 𝑃, then
𝐵−1 is ( where 𝐴 is involutory matrix )

Solution: 𝐵 = 𝑃𝑇 𝑄1000 𝑃 A 𝐴

= 𝑃𝑇 𝑃𝐴𝑃𝑇 1000
𝑃
B 𝐴1000
= 𝑃𝑇 𝑃𝐴𝑃𝑇 ⋅ 𝑃𝐴𝑃𝑇 ⋯ 𝑃𝐴𝑃𝑇 𝑃 𝑃𝑇 𝑃 = 𝐼

C
= 𝐴1000 = 𝐼 𝐴2𝑘 = 𝐼 𝐼

𝐵=𝐼
D None of these
𝐵−1 = 𝐼

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways
Special types of Matrices

Idempotent matrix

A square matrix 𝐴 is said to be idempotent if 𝐴2 = 𝐴.

Note:

If 𝐴 is idempotent, then 𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴 , ∀ 𝑛 ≥ 2 , 𝑛 ∈ ℕ

Return To Top
 If 𝐴 is idempotent and 𝐼 + 𝐴 10
= 𝐼 + 𝑘𝐴, then 𝑘 is:

A 1023 B 2047 C 1024 D 2048

Solution: 𝐼+𝐴 10
= 𝐶 0 𝐼 + 10𝐶 1 𝐼 ⋅ 𝐴 + 10𝐶 2 𝐼 ⋅ 𝐴2 + ⋯ + 10𝐶 10 𝐴10 𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴
10

= 𝐼 + 10𝐶 1 𝐴 + 10𝐶 2 𝐴 + ⋯ + 10𝐶 10 𝐴

𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴
10
=𝐼+ 𝐶 1 + 10𝐶 2 + ⋯ + 10𝐶 10 𝐴

= 𝐼 + 210 − 1 𝐴

= 𝐼 + 1024 − 1 𝐴

∴ 𝑘 = 1023

Return To Top
 Special types of Matrices

• Nilpotent Matrix
A square matrix 𝐴 is said to be nilpotent matrix of order 𝑝

If 𝐴𝑝 = 𝑂 and 𝐴𝑝−1 ≠ 𝑂

• Conjugate of a Matrix
The matrix obtained from any matrix 𝐴 by replacing its elements by
the corresponding conjugate complex numbers is called the
conjugate of 𝐴 and denoted by 𝐴.ҧ

If 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 then 𝐴ҧ = 𝑎𝑖𝑗

𝑚×𝑛 𝑚×𝑛

Example :

1 + 2𝑖 3 − 5𝑖 4 1 − 2𝑖 3 + 5𝑖 4
If then 𝐴ҧ =
−11𝑖 8 2+𝑖 11𝑖 8 2−𝑖
Return To Top
 Special types of Matrices

• Transposed Conjugate of a Matrix

The transpose of the conjugate of a matrix is called the transposed conjugate of 𝐴
and is denoted by 𝐴∗ or 𝐴𝜃 . Clearly the transpose of the conjugate of a matrix is
same as the conjugate of the transpose of the matrix.
𝐴ҧ 𝑇
= 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝜃

If 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , then 𝐴𝜃 = 𝑏𝑗𝑖 where 𝑏𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎ത𝑖𝑗

𝑚×𝑛 𝑚×𝑛

Example :

1 − 2𝑖 11𝑖
1 + 2𝑖 3 − 5𝑖 4
If then 𝐴 = 3 + 5𝑖
𝜃
8
−11𝑖 8 2+𝑖
4 2−𝑖

Return To Top
 Special types of Matrices

• Hermitian and Skew-Hermitian Matrix

i) Hermitian Matrix : 𝐴 is Hermitian if 𝐴𝜃 = 𝐴

ii) Skew-Hermitian Matrix : 𝐴 is skew-Hermitian if 𝐴𝜃 = −𝐴

• Unitary Matrix
A square matrix 𝑃 with complex
elements is said to be unitary if 𝑃𝜃 𝑃 = 𝐼
Example :

1 1
−
2 2
𝑖 𝑖 is a unitary matrix
2 2

Return To Top
 1 1 3
Show that the matrix 𝐴 = 5 2 6 is nilpotent of order 3.
−2 −1 −3

Solution: 1 1 3
𝐴= 5 2 6
−2 −1 −3

1 1 3 1 1 3 0 0 0
2
𝐴 = 5 2 6 5 2 6 = 3 3 9
−2 −1 −3 −2 −1 −3 −1 −1 −3

0 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 0
3
𝐴 = 3 3 9 5 2 6 = 0 0 0
−1 −1 −3 −2 −1 −3 0 0 0

∴ 𝐴 is a nilpotent matrix of order 3.

Return To Top
 Let 𝜔 ≠ 1, be a cube root of unity and 𝑆 be the set of all non-singular
1 𝑎 𝑏
matrices of the form 𝜔 1 𝑐 where each of 𝑎, 𝑏, & 𝑐 is either 𝜔 or 𝜔2 .
𝜔2 𝜔 1
Then number of distinct matrices in set 𝑆 is:
IIT JEE 2011

A 2 B 6 C 4 D 8

1 𝑎 𝑏
Solution: 𝜔 1 𝑐 ≠0
𝜔2 𝜔 1

1 − 𝑎𝜔 − 𝑐𝜔 + 𝑎𝑐𝜔2 ≠ 0

1 1
⇒ (1 − 𝑎𝜔)(1 − 𝑐𝜔) ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑎 ≠ 𝜔 & 𝑐 ≠ 𝜔

So, 𝑎 = 𝑐 = 𝜔 , while 𝑏 can take 𝜔 or 𝜔2

Number of matrices = 2
Return To Top
 If 𝑃 is a 3 × 3 matrix such that 𝑃𝑇 = 2𝑃 + 𝐼, where 𝑃𝑇 is transpose of 𝑃 and 𝐼 is the
𝑥 0
3 × 3 identity matrix, then there exists a column matrix 𝑋 = 𝑦 ≠ 0 such that
𝑧 0

A 𝑃𝑋 = 𝑋

0
B 𝑃𝑋 = 0
0

C 𝑃𝑋 = −𝑋

D 𝑃𝑋 = 2𝑋

Return To Top
 If 𝑃 is a 3 × 3 matrix such that 𝑃𝑇 = 2𝑃 + 𝐼, where 𝑃𝑇 is transpose of 𝑃 and 𝐼 is the
𝑥 0
3 × 3 identity matrix, then there exists a column matrix 𝑋 = 𝑦 ≠ 0 such that
𝑧 0

Solution: 𝑃𝑇 = 2𝑃 + 𝐼
A 𝑃𝑋 = 𝑋
𝑇
𝑃 = 2𝑃 + 𝐼
0
= 4𝑃 + 3𝐼 B 𝑃𝑋 = 0
0

⇒ 𝑃 = −𝐼
C 𝑃𝑋 = −𝑋
𝑃𝑋 = −𝑋

D 𝑃𝑋 = 2𝑋

Return To Top
 1 0 0
Let 𝑃 = 4 1 0 and 𝐼 is an identity matrix of order 3. If 𝑄 = 𝑞𝑖𝑗 is a
16 4 1
𝑞31 +𝑞32
matrix such that 𝑃50 − 𝑄 = 𝐼 , then equals :
𝑞21

A 52 B 103 C D
201 205

Solution: 1 0 0 𝑄 = 𝑞𝑖𝑗 𝑞31 +𝑞32

𝑃= 4 1 0 =?
50 𝑞21
16 4 1 𝑃 −𝑄 =𝐼

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
𝑃2 = 4 1 0 4 1 0 = 8 1 0
16 4 1 16 4 1 48 8 1

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
3
𝑃 = 8 1 0 4 1 0 = 12 1 0
48 8 1 16 4 1 96 12 1

Return To Top
 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
Solution: 𝑃 = 8 1 0
3
4 1 0 = 12 1 0
48 8 1 16 4 1 96 12 1
A 52
Similarly,
1 0 0
4𝑛 1 0
B 103
𝑃𝑛 =
𝑛 𝑛+1
16 4𝑛 1
2
C 201
1 0 0
∴ 𝑃50 = 200 1 0
8 ⋅ 50 ⋅ 51 200 1 D 205

0 0 0
50
𝑃 −𝐼= 200 0 0
8 ⋅ 50 ⋅ 51 200 0

0 0 0 𝑞31 +𝑞32 400⋅51+200

⇒𝑄= 200 0 0 ∴ = = 103
𝑞21 200
8 ⋅ 50 ⋅ 51 200 0
Return To Top
 THANK
YOU

Return To Top