Graphs & Transformations
Compiled by: Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)
+263772978155/+263717267175
[email protected]
25 January 2020
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 1
SYLLABUS (6042) REQUIREMENTS
illustrate relationship amongst the graphs of
sketch graphs of the form y = f (x), where
and or is an integer, and where f(x) is a
quadratic or cubic polynomial
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 2
Common Functions
The different types of functions to be considered are: Linear; Quadratic; Power; Rational;
Exponential & Logarithmic
General Graphs of Functions
(a) Linear
Linear functions are of the form , where is the gradient and is the
axis intercept.
When is positive When is negative
(b) Quadratic
Quadratic functions are of the form .
Example:
When is positive When is negative
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 3
(c) Power
Power functions are of the form .
When is positive When is negative
Example: Example:
NB: ‘ ’ is positive in both cases
When is fractional
Example:
(d) Rational
Rational functions are of the form , where .
Example:
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 4
NB: The axes becomes the asymptotes
(e) Exponential
Exponential functions are of the form .
Example:
NB:
(f) Logarithmic
Logarithmic functions are of the form .
Example:
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 5
NB: and
Sketching Graphs
o Sketching is different from plotting
o When sketching graphs we only show critical points i.e. the points where the graphs cuts
the axes (intercepts)
(a) The graph cuts the axis when
(b) The graph cuts the axis when
o When asked to show the turning/stationary points we apply differentiation i.e.
(a) At turning points
(b) When we have a minimum turning point
(c) When we have a maximum turning point
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 6
Sketch Graphs
Graphs of Factorised functions
Question One
Sketch the graphs of the following functions. [No need to show the turning points on (b), (c)
and (d)]
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Solution
NB:
(i) Every graph cuts the when and the when .
(ii) If is a critical value then use any value between the critical values to inspect
whether is negative or positive.
(a)
When and when .
Finding turning points
At turning points .
Now when the coordinates of the turning points are .
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 7
NB: You also need to observe symmetry.
(b)
When and when .
Since is a critical point, thus consider any value between and , say :
.
c)
When and when .
d)
When and when .
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 8
Since is a critical point, thus consider any value between and or between and , say
: .
TRANSFORMATIONS
To transform means to change in shape (size) and position.
There are three types of transformations which are: Translation, Reflection and Stretch.
[1] TRANSLATION
(i)
: This is translation along the with translation vector or
simply moving units to the right side.
: This is translation along the with translation vector or
simply moving units to the left side.
(ii)
: This is translation along the with translation vector or
simply moving units downwards.
: This is translation along the with translation vector or
simply moving units upwards.
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 9
[2] REFLECTION
(i)
: This is reflection along the
(ii)
: This is reflection along the
[3] STRETCH
(i)
: This is stretch along the with factor or simply divide every
by .
(ii)
: This is stretch along the with factor or simply multiply every
by .
EXAMPLES
Question One
Given that . Sketch on separate diagrams, without showing
turning points, graphs of the following functions:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 10
Suggested solution
a) When , and when
b)
c)
Translation, with translation vector , or simply moving unit leftwards
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 11
d)
Stretch, with factor , or simply dividing every .
e)
Translation, with translation vector , or simply moving unit downwards.
f) Combined Transformations:
(i) Stretch, with factor , or simply dividing every .
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 12
(ii) Translation, with translation vector , or simply moving unit
rightwards. [
(iii)Reflection along the .[
(iv) Translation, with translation vector , or simply moving unit
downwards. [
Question Two
State the sequence of transformation which the graph of undergoes
to produce the graph of . Hence sketch the graph of
Suggested solution
Performing the long division for yields .
The resultant transformations are:
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 13
(i) Translation, with translation vector , or simply moving unit
rightwards. [
(ii) Stretch, with factor , or simply multiply every .
[
(iii)Reflection along the .[
(iv) Translation, with translation vector , or simply moving unit
downwards. [
Question Three
Express the in the form
Hence state the sequence of transformation which the graph of undergoes
to produce the graph of .
Suggested solution
Now
The resultant transformations are:
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 14
(i) Translation, with translation vector , or simply moving unit
rightwards. [
(ii) Stretch, with factor , or simply multiply every .
[
(iii)Translation, with translation vector , or simply moving unit
upwards. [
Question Four
The graph of undergoes the following transformations:
(i) Translation along the with translation vector ,
(ii) Stretch, with factor and
(iii)Translation, with translation vector
Write down the equation of the resultant graph.
Suggested solution
The resultant transformations are:
(i) [
(ii) [
(iii)[ .
The resultant graph is
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 15
Question Five
Sketch on separate diagrams, graphs of the following functions, showing clearly coordinates
of the intercepts and turning points:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Suggested solution
(i)
Translation -axis moving unit rightwards
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 16
(ii)
Stretch -axis with factor .
(iii)
Reflection along the -axis and Translation -axis moving unit upwards
(iv)
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 17
Question Six
Sketch the graph of .
Hence on separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of the following functions and state the
resultant transformation.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Suggested solution
i)
Reflection along the
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 18
ii)
Stretch along the with factor
Reflection along the -axis
Translation -axis moving unit upwards
iii)
Translation along the with translation vector .
iv)
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 19
Translation along the with translation vector .
Question Seven
Sketch the graph of for .
Hence on separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of the following functions and state the
resultant transformation.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Suggested solution
NB: is a graph of which has been translated unit below the .
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 20
(i)
Stretch along the with factor or multiply every by or
divide every by .
(ii)
Translation along the with translation vector or moving
rightwards.
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 21
(iii)
Stretch along the with factor or multiplying every by .
(iv)
(a) Translation along the with translation vector or moving
rightwards.
(b) Translation along the with translation vector or moving
upwards.
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 22
PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
UCLES NOVEMBER 1996 PAPER 1
The diagram shows the graph of The curve passes through the origin, and cuts the
positive axis at the points where and .
(i) Write down, in terms of and , the solution set of the inequality . [2]
(ii) Sketch the graph of [2]
UCLES JUNE 1997 PAPER 1
It is given that
where and are positive constant. Sketch on separate diagrams the curves with the
following equations, giving in each case the coordinates of the points at which the curve
meets the -axis.
(i) , [2]
(ii) , [2]
(iii) . [3]
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 23
UCLES JUNE 1998 PAPER 1
The diagram shows the graph of , where
(i) Sketch the graph of . [1]
(ii) Hence solve the inequality . [3]
UCLES NOVEMBER 2002 PAPER 1
The points , and are on the graph of as shown in the
diagram.
(i) Sketch the graph of , labelling clearly the points corresponding to ,
and with their coordinates. [2]
(ii) Briefly explain why the point is also on the graph of [1]
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 24
ZIMSEC NOVEMBER 2003 PAPER 1
Given that , describe the geometrical transformations required to obtain the
graph of from the graph . [4]
ZIMSEC JUNE 2004 PAPER 1
(i) Sketch the graph of . [1]
(ii) Sketch the graph of . [1]
(iii)By using the graphs of and , or otherwise, solve
the inequality . [4]
ZIMSEC JUNE 2006 PAPER 1
(a) The graph of is first stretched in the positive -direction by a scale factor of .
It is then translated by units in the negative -direction.
Write the equation of the resulting graph. [3]
(b) Given that , where
(i) find [3]
(ii) state how the graph of is related to the graph of , [1]
(iii)determine the range of , [1]
(iv) sketch the graph of . [2]
ZIMSEC JUNE 2007 PAPER 1
Show is a factor of the function [2]
Factorise completely. [2]
Hence sketch on separate diagrams, the graphs of
Write the equation of the resulting graph. [3]
(i) showing clearly the coordinates of the points at which the graph meets
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 25
the axes, [1]
(ii) showing clearly the coordinates of the points at which the graph
meets the - axis, [1]
(iii) showing clearly the coordinates of the point at which the graph
meets the - axis, [1]
State, without solving, the number of real roots of the equation . [1]
ZIMSEC JUNE 2008 PAPER 1
The diagram shows the graph of
The points , and have coordinates and respectively. Sketch
on separate axes, the graphs of
(i)
(ii)
Show clearly in each case the coordinates of the points corresponding to , and . [4]
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 26
ZIMSEC JUNE 2011 PAPER 1
The diagram shows the graph of Sketch on separate diagrams, showing the images
of , and , the graphs of
(i)
(ii) ,
(iii) . [6]
ZIMSEC NOVEMBER 2011 PAPER 1
Describe the transformations needed to transform the graph of onto
the graph of . [3]
ZIMSEC JUNE 2015 PAPER 1
Given that .
(i) factorise completely
(ii) sketch the curve showing all the intersections with the axes. [6]
[You need not find the turning points]
Hence or otherwise, write down the solution of the inequality . [2]
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 27
ZIMSEC JUNE 2016 PAPER 1
The function f is defined by
Sketch on separate diagrams, showing clearly all the intercepts and turning points, the graphs
of:
(i) . [4]
(ii) [2]
(iii) . [2]
(iv) . [2]
(v) . [2]
ZIMSEC NOVEMBER 2016 PAPER 1
(i) Given that , sketch the graph of [2]
(ii) Hence from (i) solve the inequality . [2]
ZIMSEC JUNE 2017 PAPER 1
State the geometrical transformations which map the graph of onto the graph
of . [3]
ZIMSEC NOVEMEBER 2017 PAPER 2
Sketch, on the same axis, the graphs of and for
showing clearly the intercepts with the axes. [3]
Hence state the geometrical relationship between the graph and the graph of
. [2]
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 28
ZIMSEC NOVEMBER 2018 PAPER 2
The function f is defined by
Sketch on separate diagrams the graphs of the following functions showing clearly all
intercepts and turning points.
(i) . [2]
(ii) [3]
(iii) . [2]
(iv) . [2]
(v) . [3]
ZIMSEC NOVEMBER 2019 PAPER 1
Given that .
a) Sketch the graph of for . [3]
b) Describe the transformations which maps onto . [3]
ZIMSEC NOVEMBER 2019 PAPER 2
(a) Express in the form . [2]
(b) Hence state the correct sequence of transformation which transform the graph of
onto the graph . [4]
(c) Sketch the graph of showing clearly any asymptotes and intercepts with
axes. [4]
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 29
ASANTE SANA
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 30
*******THERE IS A LIGHT AT THE END OF EVERY TUNNEL *******
CONTRIBUTIONS ARE WELCOME; FEEL
FREE TO CONTACT ME SO THAT WE CAN
IMPROVE THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER.
***ENJOY***
Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)
+263772978155/+263717267175
[email protected]
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175
Page 31
